jkpo; - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/other/Tamil_Resource_book.pdf · jkpo; Mrpupau; tsE}y; f.ngh.j....

jkpo;

Mrpupau;; tsE}y;

juk; 12 (2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ.)

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk

,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

jkpo;

Mrpupau;; tsE}y;

juk; 12 (2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ.)

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

i

jkpo;

Mrpupau; tsE}y;

f.ngh.j. cau;juk;

juk; - 12

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

ISBN

Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2017

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

mr;Rg; gjpg;G:

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ii

gzpg;ghsh; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fy;tpapd; jutpUj;jpf;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gy;NtW

nraw;ghLfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;LtUk; mNjNtis> mt;tg; ghlq;fSf;Fupa

Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;L toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jd;gb f.ngh.j. cau;ju ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tFg;giwapDs; ntw;wpfukhfr;

nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthf> gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y;fisj; jahupj;J toq;fp tUfpd;wJ.

,k;Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}ypd; %yk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid> MrpupaUk; khztUk;

,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L gad;ngWthu;fs; vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

,e;j Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}ypid Ma;e;jwpe;J fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis

ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fsplj;jpYk; khztu;fsplj;jpYk; Nfl;Lf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

,k;Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}ypid> jq;fsJ fuq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fr; nra;tjw;fhf>

fy;tprhu; gq;fspg;gpid ey;fpa epWtfg; gzpazpapdu;fSf;Fk; ntspthup

mwpQu;fSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;jp FzNrfu>

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kfufk.

iii

iv

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wyhdJ> njhlu;r;rpahd fzpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. cau;e;j milTkl;lj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F> gue;jsT mDgtq;fs; fpilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gue;jsT

mDgtq;fSld; cau;e;j fzpg;gPl;ilg; ngWNthu; mjpfsT kfpo;r;rpailtu;.

,jd;nghUl;L cupa egu;fs;> ,lq;fs;> nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyfs; fpl;Ljy;

mtrpak;.

f.ngh.j. cau;ju fiyj;jpl;lj;ijg; gapYk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis

tpuptilar; nra;tjw;fhf Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyj; jahupf;f Kbe;jijapl;L> Njrpa

fy;tp epWtfk; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf fy;tprhu; gq;fspg;gpid ey;fpa Jiwg;

gzpg;ghsu; cl;gl gzpazpapdu;fSf;Fk; ntspthup mwpQu;fSf;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfs;

cupj;jhfpd;wJ.

khztu; r%fk; Nkw;gb thrpg;G E}iyg; gad;gLj;jp> mjpy; fhzg;gLk;

mwpT %yfq;fisAk; jkjhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;L> cau;e;j milTkl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr;

nry;yKbAk;. ,jw;fpzq;f khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; cl;gl;l

midtUk; ,J Fwpj;J> ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;gb Nkyjpf thrpg;G

E}iy nkd;NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd MNyhridfis

midtuplKk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. nghUj;jkhd VNjDk; fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLkhapd;

vkf;F mwpaj;jUtJld; jkJ gps;isfspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fj;

Njitahd #oy; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp. tz. khGy;nfhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;>

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

gzpg;ghsu; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; jkpo;nkhopj; Jiwapdu; jkf;nfdf; Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l

nraw;ghLfSld;> ,t;tUlj;jpypUe;J (2016) ‘tsE}y;’ ntspapLjiyAk; xU

nraw;ghlhfr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,t;tsE}y; rpwg;ghf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy;

Nguhrpupau; rp.jpy;iyehjd; mtu;fspd; jiyikapyhd tsthsu;fs; kpFe;j rpuj;ij

vLj;Js;sdu;.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lTld; Gw;wPry;fs; Nghyr; rpy E}y;fs;

ntsptUtJz;L. mit fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Jizahf ,Uf;Fkhapd;

vt;tpj gpur;rpidAk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> mtw;wpy; KOikngwhj epiyAk; fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itg;gjpy; njha;T epiyAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjdhy;> khztu;fSk;

Mrpupau;fSk; ,lu;g;gl Neuyhk;. mit ghlNgjk; nfhz;ldthf ,Uj;jy;>

nra;As;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ntt;NtW tpjkhff; fhzg;gLjy;> cau;ju tFg;G

khztu;fspd; nfhs;epiyiaj; jhz;badthff; fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLjy; Kjypa

fhuzq;fshy; Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; jpir jtw Neuplyhk;.

,tw;iwnay;yhk; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;ltplj;Jj;jhd; tsE}ypd; Njitg;ghL

czug;gl;lJ. Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; tpupthf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;w ,e;j tsE}y;>

Mrpupau;fspd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;bid ,yFgLj;Jk; vd;w ek;gpf;if

vkf;Fz;L. khztu;fisAk; ,t;tsE}y; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sj; jtwtpy;iy.

Mrpupau;fs; jkJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;Fk;NghJ>

,e;j tsE}iy mbg;gilahff;nfhs;sy; ed;W. tpjpf;fg;gl;l ghlg;gFjpfs;> ,yf;fpa

tuyhW> ,yf;fzk;> Mfpatw;wpd; vy;iyfisAk; khztu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

nkhopj;jpwd;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;Nl ,t;tsE}y; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;tsE}y;> rpwe;j topfhl;bahf mikaj; jkJ mauhj ciog;gpidj;

je;Jjtpa ntspthup mwpQu;fSf;Fk; ts mzpapdu;fSf;Fk; epWtfg;

gzpazpapdUf;Fk; kdk; epiwe;j ghuhl;Lf;fisAk; ed;wpiaAk; njuptpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

t.tp[anyl;Rkp

gzpg;ghsu;>

jkpo;nkhop Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

v

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; :fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ghl tpla MNyhrid:jifepiyg; Nguhrpupau;. rp. jpy;iyehjd;Xa;Tepiyg; Nguhrpupau;. nr. Nahfuh[hNguhrpupau;. t.kNf];tud;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.Nguhrpupau;. ukP]; mg;Jy;yhnjd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.fyhepjp. f. ,uFgud;njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.jpU. J.,uhN[e;jpuk;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;>jpUkjp. &gp tyd;updh gpuhd;rp];rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.jpU. <. Fkud;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkpgzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

,izg;ghf;fk;:jpU. K.jahepjprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.jpUkjp.eh.r Pjud;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tsg; gq;fspg;G:jpU. j.Atuh[d;cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.jpUkjp. j. khzpf;fuh[hXa;T ngw;w MrpupiajpU. Nf. FzNrfuk;cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> kl;lf;fsg;GNkw;F.

jpU. v];. fzgjpg;gps;istyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> `w;wd;.jpU. e.Nahfypq;fk;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> ,uj;jpdGup.jpUkjp. ujp NjtRe;juk;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.jpU. v];. Nfrtd;Mrpupau;> nfh / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> ,uj;kyhid.jpU. gh. kfhypq;frptk;>Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> typfhkk;.jpU. rp.uNk];ah / njy;ypg;gis kfh[df; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;.jpU. e.Ffgud;fpsp / fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fpspnehr;rp.[dhg;.vk;.mg;Jy; wrhf;mf; / mf;fiug;gw;W> Mrpuh[; k.tp.jpU. vk;. ,e;jpuFkhu;gJ / NfhNgh jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> gJis

nkhopg; gjpg;G: nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkpgzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

fzpdpg; gjpg;G: jpUkjp. mUzh jpahfuh[hehdhtpj cjtp: nry;tp. vd;. vd;. up. ypadN` jpU. I.gp. etuj;d

vi

tpla cs;slf;fk;

gf;fk;

gFjp - 1

01. rq;fg; ghly;fs; 01 - 12

02. jpUf;Fws; 13 - 29

03. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 30 - 32

04. Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk; 33 - 37

05. mkydhjpgpuhd; 38 - 41

06. fk;guhkhazk; 42 - 58

07. Njk;ghtzp 59 - 68

08. ghujpahu; ftpijfs; 69 - 73

09. <oehl;Lf; Fwk; 74 - 75

10. ghujpahu; 76 - 77

11. fl;Liufs; 78 - 89

12. rpWfijfs; 90 - 112

13. ehty; 113 - 114

14. ehlfk; 115 - 126

gFjp - 2

01. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW 127 - 138

02. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW 139 - 142

03. ,yf;fzk; 143 - 211

vii

1

jkpo; - juk; 12 - Mrpupau; tsE}y; - jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

m. FWe;njhifr; nra;As;fs; (04)

rq;ffhyj;jpy; vOe;j jdpr;nra;As;fspd; njhFjpfsha; mike;j vl;L E}y;fs; “vl;Lj;njhif” vdg;gLk;. mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j nra;As;fs;> mtw;wpd; mbfspd; vz;zpf;if

mbg;gilapYk; ahg;gpd; mbg;gilapYk; NtWNtW E}y;fshfj; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws;

ehybiar; rpw;nwy;iyahfTk; vl;lbiag; Ngnuy;iyahfTk; nfhz;l ehD}W nra;As;fspd;

njhFjpaha; mike;j E}Ny “FWe;njhif” MFk;.

FWe;njhif - 126

Mrpupau; : xf;$u; khrhj;jpahu;

,tu; rq;ffhyg; ngz;ghw; Gytu;fSs; xUtu;. FWe;njhifapy; 5 ghly;fSk; GwehD}w;wpy;

xU ghlYk; mfehD}w;wpy; 3 ghly;fSkhf nkhj;jk; 9 ghly;fs; ,tuhw; ghlg;gl;ld.

,sik ghuhu; tseir,r; nrd;Nwhu;

,tZk; thuh nutz Nuhntdg;

ngay;Gwe; je;j g+q;nfhb Ky;iyj;

njhFKif apyq;nfap whf

eFNk Njhop eWe;jz; fhNu.

,sik ghuhu; tsk; eir,r; nrd;Nwhu; ,tZk; thuhu; vtzNuh vdg; ngay; Gwk; je;j g+q;nfhb Ky;iyj; njhFKif ,yq;F vapW Mf eFNk Njhop eWk; jz; fhNu.

NgRnghUs;:

nghUsPl;lr; nrd;w jiykfd;> Fwpj;j gUtj;jpy; thuhik fz;L tUe;jpa jiykfs;>

Njhopf;Fr; nrhy;ypaJ.

nghUs; :

jd;DilaJk; vd;DilaJkhd ,sikg; gUtj;jpd; mUikiaf; fUjhJ> jiytd;

gpupe;J nrd;wJ nghUs; %yk; tUk; tskhd tho;f;ifia tpUk;gpNa. jiytd; Fwpj;Jr;

nrhd;d fhu;fhyk; te;Jtpl;lJ. Mdhy;> mtd; ,d;Dk; ,q;F tutpy;iy. mtd;

vq;Fs;shNdh? vd;W Nfl;L> (fhu;fhy kioahy;) nropj;J tsu;e;j Ky;iyapd; nfhj;Jf;

nfhj;jhd mUk;Gfis xspUk; gw;fshff; nfhz;L fhu;fhykhdJ (Vsdkhfr;) rpupf;fpwJ.

,sik epiyapy;yhjJ; Nghdhy; kPsg; ngwKbahjJ. Mdhy;> nghUs; vf;fhyj;jpYk;

Njlf;$baJ. ,sik cs;s fhyj;jpy; mDgtpf;f Ntz;ba tho;f;ifia tpl;Ltpl;L>

nghUisj;Njb ,sik fope;jgpd; te;J vij mDgtpf;fg; Nghfpwhd;? vd;W jiytdpd;

mwpahik Fwpj;Jf; fhu;fhyk; rpupg;gjhfj; jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpr; nrhy;fpwhs; jiytp.

jpiz : Ky;iy

Jiw : gUtq;fz;buq;fpaJ

01. rq;fr; nra;As;fs;

2


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

eir, - tpUk;gp ,tz; - ,t;tplk;

vtzNuh - vt;tplj;jpy; cs;shNuh? ngay; - kio

Kif - mUk;G ,yq;Fjy; - tpsq;Fjy;

vapW - gy; eFNk - rpupf;FNk

*********************************************

FWe;njhif - 225 Mk; nra;As;

Mrpupau; : fgpyu;

,tu; rq;ffhyg; Gytu;fSs; xUtu;. FwpQ;rpg; ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; Gfo;ngw;wtu;.

xsitahh;> guzh;> ,ilf;fhlu; KjyhNdhupd; rkfhyj;jtu;. ghhp> Ngfd; Nghd;w FWepy

kd;du;fSld; el;NghL tpsq;fpatu;. ‘ntWj;j Nfs;tp tpsq;F Gfo;f; fgpyd;’ vd;Wk;

‘ngha;ah ehtpw; fgpyd;’ vd;Wk; Gytu;fshy; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wtu;. Iq;FWE}wpy; %d;whk;

E}Wk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; Vohk; gj;Jk; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;lit. ,it jtpu> ew;wpizapy; 20

nra;As;;fSk; FWe;njhifapy; 34 nra;As;;fSk;; mfehD}w;wpy; 17 nra;As;;fSk;;

fypj;njhifapy; 27 nra;As;fSk; GwehD}w;wpy; 28 nra;As;fSk; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;lit.

FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L ,tuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

fd;Wjd; gaKiy khe;j Kd;wpw;

wpidgpb Az;Zk; ngUq;fd; dhl

nfl;blj; Jte;j cjtp fl;by;

tPWngw;W kwe;j kd;dd; Nghy

ed;wpkwe; jikah ahapd; nkd;rPu;f;

fypkapw; fyhtj; jd;dtpts;

xypnkd; $e;j Yupath epdf;Nf.

fd;W jd; gaKiy khe;j Kd;wpy;

jpidg;gpb cz;Zk; ngUq;fy; ehl

nfl;l ,lj;J cte;j cjtp fl;by;

tPW ngw;W kwe;j kd;dd; Nghy>

ed;wp kwe;J mikaha; Mapd;> nkd;rPu;f;

fypkapw; fyhtj;J md;d ,ts;

xypnkd; $e;jy; cupathy; epdf;Nf.

NgRnghUs;;:

jiytpNahL nfhz;l cwit kwthJ> mtis tpiue;J kzQ;nra;J nfhs;SkhW

Njhop> jiytid tw;GWj;jy;.

nghUs;:

ahidf;fd;W> jd; jha;kbapy; ghy; mUe;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj> tPl;bd; Kw;wj;jpy;;

tpise;j jpidapid cz;Zjw;F ,lkhfpa ngupa kiyehl;bd; jiytNd> NfL

te;Jw;wNghJ tpUg;Gld; xUtu; nra;j cjtpia> muR fl;bypy; mkUk; rpwg;G ngw;wgpd;

kwe;j muridg; Nghy> (fsTf; fhyj;jpy;) cdf;F ehk; nra;j ed;ikia / cjtpia

kwthJ xOFtha; Mapd;> jiytpapDila> nky;ypa kapypwF Nghd;w $e;jy; cdf;Nf

cupikAilajhFk;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :

3


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpiz : FwpQ;rp

Jiw : jpUkzj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jy; (tiutpil itj;Jg; gpupthw;Fj;

Njhop $wpaJ.)

,J tiuT flhTjy;. jiytpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak;gb> jiytid tw;GWj;Jtjhf

mikfpd;wJ.

jiytpapd; kjpEl;gk;:

1. jiytdpd; Mw;wiy cs;Siw / ,iwr;rpa+lhf tpsf;Fjy;

2. ctika+lhfj; jiytd; ed;wp kwf;fhJ> jdf;Fupa flikiar; nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W

tw;GWj;jy;

jdJ fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjw;fhf Njhop ctik> ,iwr;rp vd;gtw;iwf; ifahz;L

jiytdJ nray;fis tpsf;Ffpwhs;.

1) ngz;ahid Kw;wj;Jj; jpidiaj; jpd;wgbNa jd; fd;Wf;Fg; ghY}l;Lfpd;wJ.

mq;qdNk ePAk; nghUs; NjLk; cd; flikia epiwNtw;WtNjhL> ,tsJ

eyidAk; Ngz Ntz;Lk;.

(,t;thW Fwpg;Gj; Njhd;wypdhy; ,J ,iwr;rp mzpahFk;)

2) jiytNd> eP ,Jtiu jiytpaplk; mDgtpj;j eyq;fis kwe;jtdhf> mtis

tpl;Lr; nrd;Wtplhky;> mtis kzKbj;J ,y;ywk; elj;Jtha; vdpd;> mts;

kfpo;ths;; moNfhL Jyq;Fths;. mtsJ moF cdf;F cupajha; mikAk;.

(eP gpupapd; mts; Jd;GWths;; mofpog;ghs;; mtsJ moF cdf;F cupajy;yhj

- jhf MfptpLk; vd;gJ cl;fUj;J)

3) jhd; gykpoe;J ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; gpwupd; cjtpiag;ngw;W muRfl;by; Vwpagpd;>

jdf;F Kd;G cjtpnra;jtu;fis kwe;JtpLk; kd;dd; Nghy ed;wp kwe;jtdhf

eP mikatpy;iynadpy;> jiytpapd; eynky;yhk; cdf;F cupajhFk; vd;Dk;

Njhopapd; mwpTiuapy; jiytd; jiytpia tpl;Lg; gpuptJ mwk; md;W vd;w

fUj;Jj; njhdpf;fpwJ.

,jd; %yKk; “tpiuthf kzQ;nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;” ; vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Njhopapd; kjpEl;gk;:

jiytdJ nraiy ahidapd; nraYf;F ctkpj;J> Fwpg;gpd; %yk; mtd;

vt;thW nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jjy;.

ed;wp kwe;jtuJ nraw;ghl;il vLj;Jf;$wp> jiytdJ jw;Nghija

epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;.

,tw;wpd; %yk; jiytdJ flikiaAk; nghWg;igAk; vLj;J tpsf;Fjy;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :

fd;W - ahidf;fd;W Kd;wpy; - Kw;wk;

gpb - ngz; ahid ngUq;fy;ehL - ngupa kiy ehL

nfl;bj;J - NfL Neu;e;j ,lj;J fypkapy; - Muthuk; kpf;f kapy;

fyhgk; - Njhif / gPyp fl;by; - muR fl;by; / mupaiz

* * * * *

4


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

FWe;njhif - 226

Mrpupau;: kJiu vOj;jhsd; Nre;jk; g+jdhu;

kJiu rhu;e;jtuhfTk; VnlOJk; gzpapy; ,Ue;jikahYk;; kJiu vOj;jhsd; Nre;jk;

g+jdhu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu;. Nre;jd; vd;ghupd; kfdhfpa ,tu; FwpQ;rp> nea;jy;>

Ky;iyj; jpizr; nra;As;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. ew;wpiz (,uz;L ghly;fs;)> FWe;njhif

(3 ghly;fs;)> mfj;jpiz (2 ghly;fs;) Kjyhd E}y;fspy; ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

g+nthL GiuAq; fz;Zk; Ntnad

tpwy; tdg;nga;jpa NjhSk; gpiwnad

kjpkaf; FW}c EjY ed;Wk;

ey;ykd; thop Njhop ay;fYk;

jaq;Fjpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+f;

FUnfd kyUk; ngUe;Jiw

tpupePu;r; Nru;g;gndhL efhm t+q;Nf.

g+nthL GiuAk; fz;Zk; Nta; vd

tpwy; tdg;G va;jpa NjhSk; gpiw vd

kjpkaf; FW}ck; EjYk; ed;Wk;

ey;ykd; thop Njhop my;fYk;

jaq;F jpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+f;

FUF vd kyUk; ngUk;;Jiw

tpupePu;r; Nru;g;gndhL efhm Cq;Nf.

NgRnghUs;;:

gpupe;j jiytd; jpUk;gpte;J kzKbf;Fk; tiuapyhd gpupTj;Jaupidj; jiytp

jhq;fkhl;lhnsdf; fUjp tUe;jpa Njhopia Nehf;fpj; jiytp $wpaJ.

jiytidg; gpupa Kd;du; ,Ue;j jiytpapd; mofpid> ctikazp %yk; Mrpupau;

tpgupf;fpwhu;.

,tsJ G+it xj;jdtha; tpsq;Fk; fz;fs;

%q;fpiyg; Nghy moFk; ntw;wpAk; ngw;w Njhs;fs;

gpiw vd;W nrhy;Yk;gbahf> fz;lhu; mwpit kaq;fr; nra;Ak; new;wp

nghUs; :

,uhf;fhyq;fspy; nky;ypa miyfshy; jhf;fg;gLk; jhio kuq;fspNy> ntz;zpwkhd

g+f;fs; flw;gwitfs;Nghy kyu;e;J fhl;rp mspf;fpd;w ngupa Jiwia cila tpupe;j

fly;epyj; jiytNdhL ,ts; rpupj;Jg; goFtjw;F Kd;G> g+itnahj;j fz;Zk; %q;fpiy

xj;j NjhSk; gpiwia xj;jjhd new;wpAk; ngupJk; ed;wha; mike;jpUe;jd.

jhioapd; ntz;zpwkhd g+f;fs; ntz;zpwkhd flw;gwitfs; Nghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd

vd;gjd; %yk; jhok;g+f;fisf; FUF vdf; fUjpg; gpwu; mtw;iwf; nfha;J gad;

nfhs;shjJ Nghy> jiytDk; jiytpapd; cz;ik epiyapid czuhJ jpUkzk;

nra;ahJ mtsJ moifAk; tho;f;ifiaAk; tPzhf;Ffpwhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;.

5


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

‘my;fYk; jaq;Fjpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+’ vd;gjd; %yk; jiytp ,uTNjhWk;

tpuf Ntjidahy; miyf;fg;gLjy; Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ.

nea;jy; epyr;rpwg;G

mfd;w nea;jy; epy ePu;g;gug;G> “ngUe;Jiw tpupePu;” vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gly;.

jhioapd; ntz;zpwg; g+ ehiuf;F ctkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jhioapdJ ntz;zpwg;

g+it> ehiu vdf; fUjp Ja;f;fg;glhJ tpLgLjy; Nghy> Ja;f;fg;glhJ thOk;

jiytpapd; epiy Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;jg;gly;.

jpiz : nea;jy;

Jiw : Mw;whs; vdf; ftd;w Njhopf;Fj; jiytp ciuj;jJ.

mUk;gjq;fs; :

Giujy; - xj;jy; Nta; - %q;fpy;

tpwy; - ntw;wp Ejy; - new;wp

my;fYk;; - ,unty;yhk; jpiu - miy

FUF - ehiu / flw;gwit ngUj - Nkhjpa

Nru;g;gd; - nea;jy; epyj;jiytd; Jiw - milfiu

efhm t+q;Nf - kfpo;tjd; Kd; Kd; eFjy; - rpupj;jy; / kfpo;jy;

- rpupj;J kfpo;tjd; Kd;

- el;Gf; nfhs;tjd;

* * * * *

FWe;njhif - 258

Mrpupau; : guzu;

filr;rq;fg; Gytuhd ,tu; vz;gj;jpuz;L ghly;fisg; ghbatu;. Nrhod; cUtg;g/Nju;

,sQ;Nrl; nrd;dp> Nrukhd; Flf;Nfh neLQ; Nruyhjd;> itahtpf; Nfhg;ngUk; Ngfd;

Kjyhd kd;du;fs; gyiug; ghbAs;shu;. fgpyupd; ez;guhf tpsq;fpatu;.

thunyQ;; Nrup jhudpd; whNu

myuh fpd;whw; ngUk fhtpupg;

gyuhL ngUe;Jiw kUnjhL gpzpj;j

Ve;JNfhl; bahidr; Nre;jd; we;ij

mupayk; Gftpdq; Nfhl;L Ntl;il

epiua nths;th spisau; ngUkfd;

moprp ahu;f;fh ld;dtpts;

gopjPu; khzyk; njhiytd fz;Nl.

6


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

thuy; vk;;; Nrup jhuy; epd;; jhNumyuh fpd;why; ngUk fhtpupg;

gyu; ML ngUk; Jiw kUnjhL gpzpj;jVe;J Nfhl;L ahidr; Nre;jd; je;ij

mupay; mk; Gftpd; mk; Nfhl;L Ntl;ilepiua xs; ths; ,isau; ngUkfd;moprp Mu;f;fhL md;d ,ts;gop jPu; khz; eyk; njhiytd fz;Nl.

NgRnghUs;:

guj;ijauplk; nrd;Wte;j jiytd;Nky; jiytp nfhz;l Cly;> Njhopahy; jiytDf;F

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gly;.

nghUs; :

ngUkhNd> gyUk; te;J ePuhLk; fhtpupapd; ngupa ePu;j;Jiwapd; fiuapNy> kUj

kuj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l epkpu;e;j nfhk;GfNshL / je;jq;fNshL $ba ahidfisAilatd;

Nre;jd;. Nre;jdJ je;ij> fs;shfpa czitAk; mofpa tpyq;Ff; $l;lq;fis

Ntl;ilahLk; njhopiy cila moprp vd;gtdhthd;. me;j moprp giftUf;F eufj;ijg;

Nghyj; Jd;gk; jUk; xspnghUe;jpa thisAilatd;; ,isa tPuu;fSf;Fj;

jiytDkhdtd;. moprpapd; Cuhd Mu;f;fhL vd;Dk; Ciug; Nghd;w ,tSila

(jiytpapDila) Fw;wkw;w khl;rpikAila eyq;fs; mopjy; fz;l gpd;ghtJ vk;

Nrupf;F tUtjid epWj;jpf; nfhs;thahf. cdJ khiyiaj; jUjiyAk; iftpLf.

cdJ tUifahy; jiytpf;Fg; gopr;nrhy; cz;lhfpd;wJ.

jpiz : kUjk;

Jiw : thapy; Neu;e;jJ

guj;ijaplk; nrd;w jiytd;> jiytpaplk; te;J fghlk; / fjT / fil jpwf;ff; Nfl;ly;

thapy; kWj;jJ jiytd; / Njhop Cly; nfhz;L fil jpwf;f kWj;jy;

ctikazp ifahsg;gly; :

moprp vd;gtdpd; Mu;f;fhL efuk;> jiytpapd; Fw;wkw;w khl;rpikAila

eyq;fSf;F xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lg;gly;.

Nre;jd; - ahid Ntl;Ltdhd moprpapd; kfd;. Nrhou;fSf;fhf fhtpupg;

ngUe;Jiw mUNf> ahidfis trg;gLj;Jgtd;. Nfhil nghUedhfpa fba

neLNtl;Ltd; Nghy xU gilj;jiytd;. ,td; NrhoUf;Fupatd;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :

Nrup - thoplk; jhu; - khiy

myu; - gopr;nrhy; ngUk - jiytNd

ngUe;Jiw - ngupa ePu;j;Jiw kUJ - kUjkuk;

gpzpj;j - fl;ba NfhL - nfhk;G / je;jk;

mupay; - fs; epuak; - eufk;

njhiyjy; - mopjy; / Fiwjy;

epupa xs; ths; - giftUf;F euf Ntjidr; nra;Ak; xsp gilj;j ths;

* * * * *

7


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

M. ew;wpizr; nra;As;; (1)

rq;ffhyj;Jr; nra;As;fspd; njhFjpfshd vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fspy; xd;whf ew;wpiz

,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ehD}W nra;As;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ew;wpiz ehD}W vdTq;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j xd;gjbiar; rpw;nwy;iyahfTk; gd;dpuz;lbiag;

Ngnuy;iyahfTk; nfhz;l mfty; ahg;gpyhd nra;As;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; ,JthFk;.

ew;wpiz - 172

Mrpupau;: Mrpupau; ngau; njupatpy;iy.

tpisahL MankhL ntz;kzy; mOj;jp

kwe;jdk; Jwe;j fho;Kis mifa

nea;nga; jPk;ghy; nga;jpdpJ tsu;g;g

Ek;kpDQ; rpwe;jJ Et;it MFnkd;W

md;id $wpds; Gd;idaJ rpwg;Ng

mk;k ehZJk; Ek;nkhL eifNa

tpUe;jpw; ghzu; tpsupir fLg;g

tyk;Gup thd;NfhL euYk; ,yq;FePu;j;

JiwnfO nfhz;feP ey;fpd;

epiwgL ePoy; gpwTkh UsNt.

tpisahL MankhL ntz; kzy; mOj;jp kwe;jdk; Jwe;j fho; Kis mifa nea;nga; jPk;ghy; nga;jpdpJ tsu;g;g

Ek;kpDk; rpwe;jJ Et;it MFk; vd;W md;id $wpds; Gd;idaJ rpwg;Ng mk;k ehZJk; Ek;nkhL eifNa tpUe;jpw; ghzu; tpsu; ,ir fLg;g

tyk;Gup thd; NfhL euYk; ,yq;F ePu;; JiwnfO nfhz;f eP ey;fpd; epiwgL ePoy; gpwTkh csNt.

NgRnghUs;:

gfypy; jiytpiar; re;jpf;f te;j jiykfid Nehf;fp> mt;thW re;jpg;gjpYs;s ,lQ;riy

tpsf;fpa Njhop> kzKbj;Jf;nfhs;SkhW mtid typAWj;jpaJ.

nra;As;; tpsf;fk; :jiytpNahL gfw;Fwpapy; re;jpj;jiyj; jtpu;j;J> tpiuthf jiytpia kzQ;nra;J

nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij> jiytDf;Fj; Njhop czu;j;Jjy;.

nghUs; :

Gjpauha; te;j ghzu;fsJ nky;ypir Kof;ifg; Nghy> tyk;Gupr;rq;fpdJ nts;spa

NfhlhdJ xypj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w> ePu; tpsq;Fk; flw;Wiw nghUe;jpa ehl;bd; jiytNd>

tpisahl;iltpUk;Gk; MakfsPNuhL ntz;kzyplj;Nj Gd;idf; fha;fis mOj;jpa

gbahf tpisahbapUe;Njhk;. mtw;Ws; xd;iw vLf;f kwe;J NghNdhk;. mq;qdk;

ahk; mOj;jpa Gd;idf;fha; Kistpl;Lj; Njhd;wpaJ. mjid Nehf;fp kfpo;Tw;Nwhk;;

8


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nea; nga;J> fye;j ghypidg; nga;J mjid ,dpjhf tsu;f;fTk; nra;Njhk;. mjidf;

fz;lds; vk; md;id. nea; nga;j ghypidg; nga;J tsu;j;jJ ,Jthjypd; Ek;ikf;

fhl;bDk; rpwg;ghdJ> Ekf;Fj; jq;if Nghy;tJ vd;W $wpdhs;. MjypdhNy ,g;Gd;idapd;

epow;fPohf Ek;NkhL eifj;J tpisahb ,d;GWjw;F ehKk; ehzkilfpd;Nwhk;. mt;thwhd

gpw Gd;id ePoy;fs; ,ythfypd;> gfypy; thuhJ> mtis tiue;J nfhs;thahf.

Gd;id vq;fs; jq;if; jq;ifapd; mUfpNy epd;W fhjyNdhL ry;yhgpg;gJ Kiwahdjd;W.

ePq;fs; ry;yhgpg;gjw;F ,e;jg; Gd;idia tpl> epiwthd epoYk; NtW ,y;iy. MfNt>

mtNshL Ngrp kfpo tpUk;gpdhy;> mtis kzk; nra;tijj;jtpu NtW top ,y;iy

vd;gJ Fwpg;Gg;nghUs;.

jpiz : nea;jy;

Jiw : gfw;Fwpapy; re;jpf;fhJ> tpiue;J kzk;nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;baijj;

Njhop tw;GWj;jy;

ghlw; rpwg;G :

cwtpduhfpa Gd;id epow; fPo; tpisahb kfpo;tjw;F ehzkilfpd;Nwhk;> vd;W

$Wtjdhy; jiytd;> jiytp fsT xOf;fj;ij (fhjy;) Cuhu; mwpe;J nfhs;tjhfpa

myu; J}w;WjiyAk; mjdhw; gfw; Fwpaplj;J jiytidr; re;jpf;f mQ;RtijAk; $wp>

tpiuthfj; jiytpia kzQ;nra;J nfhs;SkhW jiytDf;Fj; Njhop $Wfpwhs;.

jdJ fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjw;F> Njhop ifahSk; cghaq;fs; :

Gd;id kuj;ij fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L> mjd; fhuzkhf jiytp gfw;Fwpf;F

mQ;Rtijf; Fwpg;gply;.

jiytd; Cuwpaj; jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jy;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :

tpisahL Mak; - tpisahLfpd;w Njhopkhu;

fho; - Gd;id

mifa - Nt&d;wp Kis Njhd;w

nea; nga; jPk;ghy; - nea; fye;j ,dpa ghy;

ehZjk; - ntl;fg;gLfpNwhk;

Et;it - Ek;Kld; gpwe;j jq;if (EkJ jq;if)

tyk;Gup - tyk;Gupr;rq;F

tyk;Gup thd;NfhL - nts;spa tyk;Gupr; rq;F

euYk; - xypf;Fk;

,yq;F - tpsq;fpa

tpUe;jpw; ghzu; - Gjpauha; te;j ghzu;

tpsu; ,ir fLg;g - nky;ypa ,irg;ghl;L xyp

tpsu; - nkd;ik / ,sik

***************************************

9


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,. GwehD}w;Wr;; nra;As;fs; (02)

rq;ffhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j Gytu;fs; ghba Gwj;jpiz rhu;e;j ehD}W nra;As;fspd; njhFg;Ng

GwehD}W vd;Dk; E}y; MFk;. tPuk;> nfhil Kjypa gz;GfisAk; xOfyhWfisAk;>

epiyahikf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; $Wtdthf ,r;nra;As;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,r;nra;As;fs;

rpytw;wpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu;fshf rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;J Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba tk;rj;J

Kb kd;du;fSk; ghup> Xup Kjypa FWepyj; jiytu;fSk; gpwUk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. rq;ffhy

kf;fspd; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs; ,r;nra;As;fspD}L ed;F Gydhfpd;wd.

GwehD}W - 72

Mrpupau; : jiyahyq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad;

jiyahyq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad; vDk; ghz;ba kd;ddhy; ghlg;ngw;wJ.

,tDf;Fk; gif muru;fs; vOtUf;Fkpilapy; jiyahyq;fhdk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; fLk;Nghu;

%z;lJ. gif muru; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; vjpu;g;glf; $wpa Gy;ypa thu;j;ijfis (rpW

thu;j;ijfs;) nghwhJ> fLq;NfhgKw;W (tQ;rpdq; nfhz;L) ntFspAk; vs;sYk;

ntspg;gLtjhfpa tQ;rpd thu;j;ijfshy; ghlg;ngw;wJ ,g;ghly;.

eFjf; fdNu ehLkPf; $Weu;

,isa dptndd Tisaf; $wpg;

gLkzp apul;Lk; ghtbg; gizj;jhs;

neLey; ahidAe; NjU khTk;

gilaik kwtU Kilak; ahnkd;

WWJg; gQ;rh Jly;rpdQ; nrUf;fpr;

rpWnrhw; nrhy;ypa rpdq;nfO Nte;jiu

mUQ;rkQ; rpijaj;jhf;fp Kurnkh

nlhUq;ffg; gNlv dhapw; nghUe;jpa

vd;dpoy; tho;eu; nrd;dpow; fhzhJ

nfhbandk; kpiwnadf; fz;zPu; gug;gpf;

Fbgop J}w;Wq; NfhNy dhFf

Xq;fpa rpwg;gp Dau;e;j Nfs;tp

khq;Fb kUjd; wiyt dhf

cyfnkhL epiy,a gyu;Gfo; rpwg;gpw;

Gytu; ghlhJ tiufntd; dpytiu

Gug;Nghu; Gd;fz; $u

,ug;Nghu;f; fPah tpd;ikah DwNt.

eFjf; fdNu ehLkP $Weu;,isad; ,td; vd cisaf; $wpgLkzp ,ul;Lk; gh mbg; giz jhs;neL ey; ahidAk; NjUk; khTk;gil mik kwtUk; cilak; ahk; vd;WcWJg;G mQ;rhJ cly; rpdk; nrUf;fprpW nrhy; nrhy;ypa rpdk; nfO Nte;jiumUk;; rkk; rpija jhf;fp KurnkhLxUq;F mfg;gNld; Mapd; nghUe;jpa

vd; epoy; tho;eu; nry; epoy; fhzhJ

nfhbad; vk; ,iw vd fz;zPu; gug;gp Fb goJ}w;wq; NfhNyd; MFf

Xq;fpa rpwg;gpd; cau;e;j Nfs;tp

10


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

khq;Fb kUjd; jiytdhfcyfnkhL epiy,a gyu; Gfo; rpwg;gpy;Gytu; ghlhJ tiuf vd; epytiuGug;Nghk; Gd;fz; $u,ug;Nghu;f;F <ah ,d;ikahd; cwNt.

jpiz : fhQ;rp

Jiw : tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rp

nghUs; :

“,tDila ehl;il cau;j;jpg; NgRgtu;fs; eifg;Gf;F ,lkhdtu;fs;”> “,td; kpfTk;

,isatd;” vd;nwy;yhk; vd; kdk; NehFk;gb $wp> vdJ ngUtypiag; nghUl;gLj;jhJ>

xypnaOg;Gk; kzpfs; ,UGwKk; fl;lg;gl;lJk; gue;j mbNahL $ba gUj;j fhiy

cilaJkhd cau;e;j ahid> Nju;> Fjpiu vd;gtw;iwAk; MAjq;fs; nghUe;jg;ngw;w

Nghu;tPuu;fisAk; nfhz;ltu;fs; ehk;> vd;W nrUf;NfhL Vsd thu;j;ijfisg; Ngrpa

rpdk; kpFe;j muru;fis mupa NghupNy rpjWk;gbahfj; jhf;fp> mtu;fsJ Kurj;NjhL

mtu;fisAk; xd;whff; ifg;gw;WNtd;. mt;thW nra;atpy;iynadpy;> nghUe;jpaike;j

vd; epoypNy (ghJfhg;gpNy) tho;gtu;fs; nrd;W jq;Fjw;Fupa NtW epoiyf;

fhzhjtu;fshf. vk; murd;> “nfhbatd;” vd;W $wpf; fz;zPu; tpl;L> Fbfs; gopJ}w;Wfpd;w

(nfhLq;) Nfhiy cilatdhFNtd;; rpwe;j GfioAk; cau;e;j mwpitAk; cila

khq;Fb kUjidj; jiytdhff; nfhz;l cyfj;NjhL (Gfohy;) epiyngw;w gyuhYk;

Gfog;gLfpd;w rpwg;gpid cila Gytu;fshy; vd; ehl;L vy;iy ghlg;glhjjhfl;Lk;.

vd;dhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLNthu; JaUWkhW vd;dplk; ,ug;NghUf;F xd;Wk; <ahjthW tWik

vd;id te;J milal;Lk;.

ghlypy; ntspg;gLk; mk;rq;fs;

ghz;bad; neLQ;nropadpd; jd;khd czu;Tk; tPuKk;

Fbfisg; ghJfhj;jypy; Xu; murDf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba flik czu;T

,ue;J te;jtu;fSf;F <jypd; cau;Tk; <aKbahikapd; ,opTk;

ngupatu;fspd; GfOf;F cupatuhjypd; rpwg;G> Fbfspd; gopf;F Mshtjd; ,opT

mf;fhyg; Gytu;fs; xU jiyikapd; fPo; Xu; mikg;ghf ,aq;fpaik

muru;fsplk; ehy;tifg; gil fhzg;gl;lik.

mUk;gjq;fs;:

eFjf;fdu; - rpupf;fj; jf;fhu; kPf;$Weu; - kpFj;Jr; nrhy;Ythu;

cisaf; $Wjy; - ntWg;gr; nrhy;Yjy; gLkzp - xypf;Fk; kzp

gizj;jhs; - ngupa fhy; ghtb - gue;j mb

kwtu; - tPuu; (cW) Jg;G - (kpf;f) typik

rpWnrhy; - Gy;ypa ,ope;j thu;j;ij rkk; - Nghu;

,iw - murd; epiy,a - epiyngw;w

Gug;Nghu; - Mjupj;Jf; fhg;gtu; Gd;fz; - Jauk;

<ah ,d;ik - nfhlh tWik

**********************************************

11


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

GwehD}W - 101

Mrpupau;: xsitahu;

rq;ffhyj;Jg; ngUk;Gytu;fSs; xUtu; xsitahu;. ghup> mjpakhd; Kjyhd FWepy

kd;du;fSlDk; Nru> Nrho> ghz;bau;fNshLk; gofpatu;. MAs; ePl;bg;Gf;fhfj; jdf;Ff;

fpilj;j ney;ypf;fdpia mjpakhd; jhd; cz;zhJ> taJKjpu;e;J tpsq;fpa

xsitahUf;Ff; nfhLj;jik xsitahu; ngw;wpUe;j ngUkjpg;gpidf; fhl;LtjhFk;.

GwehD}w;wpYk; Vida njhif E}y;fspYk; mtupaw;wpa 59 nra;As;fs; cs;sd. mit

mtuJ Gyikj; jpwid kl;Lkd;wpg; gue;j cyfpay; mwptpidAk; Mo;e;j tho;f;if

mDgtj;ijAk; fhl;LtdthFk;.

xUehl; nry;yy kpUehl; nry;yyk;

gyehs; gapd;W gynuhL nry;ypDk;

jiyehl; Nghd;w tpUg;gpdd; khNjh

mzpg+ zzpe;j ahid apaNwu;

mjpakhd; guprpy; ngW}cq; fhyk;

ePl;bD ePl;lh jhapDk; ahidjd;

Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; Nghyf;

ifafj; jJtJ ngha;ah fhNj

mUe;Nj khe;j neQ;rk;

tUe;j Ntz;lh tho;ftd; whNs.

xUehs; nry;yyk; ,Uehs; nry;yyk;

gyehs; gapd;W gynuhL nry;ypDk;

jiy ehs; Nghd;w tpUg;gpdd; khNjh

mzp g+z; mzpe;j ahid ,ay; Nju;

mjpakhd; guprpy; ngW}cq; fhyk;

ePl;bDk; ePl;lhJ MapDk; ahid jd;

Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; Nghy

if mfj;jJ mJ ngha; MfhNj

mUe;j Vkhe;j neQ;rk;

tUe;j Ntz;lh tho;f mtd; jhNs.

jpiz : ghlhz;jpiz

ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ Gfo;e;J ghlj;jf;f Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhW. xUtDila tPuk;>

nfhil> jz;zsp Kjyhdit Gfo;e;J ghlg;gLjy;.

Jiw : guprpy; flhepiy

guprpy; flhepiy vd;gJ ahtUk; guprpy; ngw;whu;. ahd; ngw;wpyd; vdj; jdJ guprpy;

ngWk; tpUg;gj;ijg; guprpy; nfhLg;Nghdplj;Nj Gyg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;. guprpyiu tpl;L

ePq;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; jiytDf;Fg; guprpy; tpUk;gpNahd; jd; Rw;wj;jpduJ Jd;gk;

Kjypatw;iwf; $wpg; guprpy; Nfl;L epd;w epiy> guprpy; jho;g;gpDk; jUjy; jg;ghJ vd;W

ciuj;J mjidj; jUkhW Fwpg;ghy; Ntz;Ljy; Kjyhdit MFk;.

12


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghly; ghlg;gl;l re;ju;g;gk; :

xsitahu; mjpakhdplk; guprpy; Ntz;bg; ghbr;nrd;w rkak; murd; mjid cld;

toq;ftpy;iy. mjpakhd; xsitahuplk; ngUk; kjpg;Gk; tpUg;Gk; cilatd;. guprpy;

toq;fj; jhkjpj;j NghJk; xsitahu; mjpakhdpd; cz;ik cs;sj;ijf; fUj;jpw;

nfhz;L> nfhilapd; epr;raj;jd;ikia jd; neQ;rpw;F ciug;gjha; mikfpwJ.

ghlg;gl;Nlhd; rpwg;G :

mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rp filnaO ts;sy;fspy; xUtd;> jdf;Ff; fpilj;j mupa

ney;ypf;fdpia jd; ed;ik fUjhJ xsitahupd; ed;ik fUjp mtUf;Ff; nfhLj;jtd;.

,td; Nrukhdpd; cwtpdd;. NfhtY}iu ntw;wp nfhz;ltd;. ehk; xU ehs; my;y

,uz;L ehs; my;y gyehSk; kPskPsg; gyNuhL $lr; nrd;whYk; Kjy; ehspidg;

NghyNt tpUg;gKld; cjTk; gz;Gilatd;. mzpfyd; mzpe;j ahidiaAk; NjiuAk;

cilatd; mjpakhd;. mtd; guprpy; juf; fhyk; rpwpJ jho;g;gpDk; jho;j;jhtpbDk;

mg;guprpy; ahidapdJ nfhk;gpdpilNa itf;fg;gl;l ftsk;Nghy ek; ifafj;jJ mJ

jg;ghky; fpilf;Fk;. cz;z Mirg;gl;l neQ;Nr> eP guprpYf;F tUe;j Ntz;lhk;. mtd;

jhs; tho;f.

mjpakhd; neLkhdQ;rpapd; nfhil khz;G rpwg;gpf;fg;gly;

xUehs;> ,Uehs;> gyehs; nrd;whYk; gyNuhL nrd;whYk; Kjypy; nrd;w ehs; Nghd;w

tpUg;gpdd; vd;wjdhy; mjpakhdpd; rypahj nfhilj;jpwk; Gydhfpd;wJ.

ctik mzpapD}lhff; nfhilr;rpwg;G $wg;gly;

“Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; Nghy.....”

ahidapdJ Nfhl;bil itj;j ftsk; vg;gbAk; mjd; thafj;Nj Ngha;r; NrUk;.

mJNghy fhyk; jho;e;jhYk; jhohtpl;lhYk; vg;gbAk; ifte;J NrUk;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :

jiyehs; - Kjypw; nrd;w ehs;

g+z; - mzpfyd;

NfhL - nfhk;G (je;jk;)

ftsk; - czTj;jpus;

Vkhe;j - Mirg;gl;l

***************************************************

13


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

02. jpUf;Fws;

1. mwpTilik

m/jhtJ> fy;tp Nfs;tpfspd; Ma mwpNthL cz;ik mwpT cilad; Mjy; mjpfhuKiwikAk; ,jdhNd tpsq;Fk;.

1. mwptw;wq; fhf;Fq; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk; cs;sopf;f yhfh muz;.

mwptw;wk;;; fhf;Fk;;; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk; cs;sopf;fy; Mfh muz;.

mwpT mw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp - muru;f;F mwpT vd;gJ ,Wjp thuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtpahk;:nrWthu;f;F mopf;fyhfh cs; muZk; - mJNtAkd;wpg; giftu;f;Fk; mopf;fyhfhjcs;suZk; Mk;.

fhj;jy;: kd; mwpe;J gupfupj;jy;. cs;suz;: cs;sha muz;: cs;Gf;F mopf;fhyhfhmuz; vd;Wk; Mk;. ,jdhy; mwptpdJ rpwg;Gf; $wg;gl;lJ.

2. nrd;w ,lj;jhw; nrytplh jPnjhuP,

ed;wpd;gh Ya;g;g jwpT.

nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP, ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.

nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh - kdj;ij mJ nrd;w Gyj;jpd; fz; nry;ytplhJ> jPJ xuP,ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT - mg; gyj;jpd; ed;ik jPikfis Muha;e;J jPajdpd; ePf;fpey;yjd;fz; nrYj;JtJ mwpT.

tpidf;F Vw;w nrag;gLnghUs; tUtpf;fg;gl;lJ. Xir> CW> xsp> Rit> ehw;wk; vdg;Gyk; Ie;jhapDk;> xU fhyj;J xd;wpd;fz; my;yJ nry;yhikapd; ‘,lj;jhy;’ vd;whu;.‘tplhJ’ vd;gJ filf;Fiwe;J epd;wJ. Fjpiuia eykwpe;J nrYj;Jk; thJtd;NghyNtwhf;fp> kdj;ijg; Gykwpe;J nrYj;JtJ mwpT vd;whu;> m/J capu;f;Fzk; Mfypd;.

3. vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;

nka;g;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.

vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.

vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu; tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; - ahnjhU nghUis ahtu; ahtu; nrhy;yf;Nfl;bgpDk;: mg; nghUs; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT - mg;nghUspd; nka;aha gaidf;fhzty;yJ mwpT.

Fzq;fs; %d;Wk; khwp khwp tUjy; ahtu;f;Fk; cz;ikapd; cau;e;j nghUs; mope;jhu;thapDk;. ,ope;j nghUs; cau;e;jhu; thapDk;> cWjpg; nghUs; giftu; thapDk;>nfLnghUs; el;lhu; thapDk;> xNuhtopf; Nfl;fg;gLjyhd; ‘vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f;Nfl;gpDk;” vd;whu;. mLf;Fg; gd;ik gw;wp te;jJ. ‘tha;’ vd;gJ mtu; mg; nghUspd;fz;gapyhik czuepd;wJ. nka;ahjy;: epiyngWjy;. nrhy;thuJ ,ay;G Nehf;fhJ

mg;nghUspd; gad; Nehf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;. xopjy; nra;tJ mwpT vd;gjhk;.

4. vz;nghUs thfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd;gpwu;tha;

Ez;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT.

vz;nghUs thfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd;gpwu;tha;Ez;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT.

jhd; vd;nghUs Mfr; nryr; nrhy;yp - jhd; nrhy;Yk; nrhw;fis mupa nghUs;MapDk; Nfl;ghu;f;F vspa nghUs MkhW kdk; nfhsr;nrhy;yp@ gpwu; tha; Ez;nghUs;fhz;gJ mwpT - gpwtha;f; Nfl;Fk; nrhw;fspd; Ez;zpa nghUs; fhz mupjhapDk;

mjidf; fhzty;yJ mwpT.

14


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cilatd; njhopy; mwptpd;Nky; Vw;wg;gl;lJ. nrhy;Ytd tOtpd;wp ,dpJ tpsq;fr;

nrhy;Yf vd;ghu; nrhy; Nky; itj;Jk;> Nfl;gd tOtpDk; ,dpJ tpsq;fh MapDk;gaidf; nfhz;nlhopf vd;ghu; nghUs; Nky; itj;Jk; $wpdhu;.

5. cyfe; joP,a njhl;gk; kyu;jyq; $k;gY kpy;y jwpT.

cyfk; joP,aJ xl;gk;@ kyu;jYk; $k;gYk; ,y;yJ mwpT.

cyfk; joP,a xl;gk; - cyfj;ij el;ghf;FtJ xUtDf;F xl;gkhy;@ kyu;jYk; $k;gYk;,y;yJ mwpT - me; el;gpd; fz; Kd; kyu;jYk; gpd; $k;GjYk; ,d;wp xU epiyadhtJmwpthk;.

‘joP,aJ’‘,y;yJ’ vd;gd mt;tj; njhopy;Nky; epd;w. ‘cyfk;’ vd;gJ <z;L cau;e;Njhiu.mtNuhL fag;G+g;’Nghy NtWglhJ Nfhl;Lg; G+g;Nghy xU epiyNa el;ghapdhd; vy;yh,d;gKk; va;Jk; Mjypd;> mjid mwpT vd;whu;. fhupaq;fs; fhuzq;fshf cgrupf;fg;gl;ld.,jidr; nry;tj;jpy; kyu;jYk; ey;Futpy; $k;gYk; ,y;yJ vd;W ciug;ghUk; csu;.

6. vt;t Jiwt Jyf Kyfj;Njh lt;t Jiwt jwpT.

vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT.

cyfk; vt;tJ ciwtJ - cyfk; ahnjhUthw;whd; xOFtjhapw;W@ cyfj;NjhLmt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT - mt; cyfj;NjhL Nktpj; jhDk; mt;thw;whd; xOFtJmurDf;F mwpT.

‘cyfj;ijnay;yhk; ahd; epakpj;jyhd; vd;id epakpg;ghupy;iy’ vdf; fUjpj; jhd;epidj;jthNw xOfpd; ghtKk; gopAk; Mk; Mfyhd;. mt;thW xOFjy; mwpT md;Wvd tpyf;fpathW Mapw;W. ,it Ie;J ghl;lhDk; mjdJ ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;lJ.

7. mwpTilahu; Mt jwpthu; mwptpyhu; m/jwp fy;yh jtu;.

mwpTilahu; MtJ mwpthu; mwptyhu; m/Jmwp fy;yh jtu;.

mwpTilahu; MtJ mwpthu; - mwpTilauhtu; tuf;fltjid Kd; mwpaty;yhu;@ mwptpyhu;m/J mwpfy;yhjtu; - mwptpyuhtu; mjid Kd; mwpakhl;lhjhu;.

Kd; mwpjy;: Kd;Nd vz;zp mwpjy;. m/J mwpfy;yhik MtJ: te;jhy; mwpjy;. ,dp‘MtJ mwpthu;’ vd;gjw;Fj; jkf;F ed;ikawpthu; vd;W ciug;ghUk; csu;.

8. mQ;Rt jQ;rhik Ngijik mQ;Rt jQ;ry; mwpthu; njhopy;.

mQ;RtJ mQ;rhik Ngjik@ mQ;RtJ mQ;ry; mwpthu; njhopy;.

mQ;RtJ mQ;rhik Ngijik - mQ;rg;gLtjid mQ;rhik Ngijikahk;: mQ;RtJmQ;ry; mwpthu; njhopy; - mt; mQ;rg;gLtjid mQ;Rjy; mwpthu; njhopyhk;.

ghtKk; gopAk; NfLk; Kjyhf mQ;rg;gLtd gythapDk;> rhjpgw;wp ‘mQ;RtJ’ vd;whu;.mQ;rhik@ vz;zhJ nra;J epw;wy;. mQ;Rjy;: vz;zpj; jtpu;jy;. mJ ,iwkhl;rpahfr;nrhy;yg;gl;likapd;> <z;L mQ;r Ntz;Lk; ,lk; $wpathW. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;

mjid cilahuJ ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;lJ.

15


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

9. vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f; fpy;iy

mjpu tUtNjhu; Neha;.

vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iymjpu tUtNjhu; Neha;.

vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F - tuf;fltjhfpa mjid Kd; mwpe;J fhf;fty;y

mwptpid cilahu;f;F@ mjputUtJ Xu; Neha; ,y;iy - mtu; eLq;f tUtnjhUJd;gKk; ,y;iy.~Neha;’ vd tUfpd;wikapd;> thsh ~vjpujh’ vd;whu;. ,jdhd; fhf;fyhk; fhyk;czu;j;jg;gl;lJ. fhj;jy;> mjd; fhuzj;ij tpyf;Fjy;. mtu;f;Fj; Jd;gk; ,d;ik

,jdhd; $wg;gl;lJ.

10. mwpTilahu; vy;yh Kilahu; mwptpyhu;

vd;Dila NuD kpyu;.

mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu;@ mwptpyhu;vd;Dila NuDk; ,yu;.

mwpTilahu; vy;yhk; cilahu; - mwpTilahu; gpwpnjhd;Wk; ,yuhapDk; vy;yhk;

cilauhtu;@ mwptpyhu; vd; cilaNuDk; ,yu; - mwptpyhu; vy;yhk; cilauhapDk;

xd;Wk; ,yuhtu;.

nry;tq;fs; vy;yhk; mwpthw; gilf;fTk; fhf;fTk; gLjypd; m/J cilahiu ‘vy;yhk;cilahu;’ vd;Wk;> mit vy;yhk; Kd;Nd mike;J fplg;gpDk; mopahky; fhj;jw;Fk;>

nja;tj;jhd; mope;Jopg; gilj;jw;Fk; fUtpAilahu; md;ikapd; m/J ,y;yhjhiu

vd;Dila NuDk; ,yu;’ vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ‘vd;Dk;’ vd;Gop ck;ik tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fJ.

,jdhd; mtuJ cilikAk; VidahuJ ,d;ikAk; $wg;gl;ld.

02. Fw;wk; fbjy;m/jhtJ> fhkk;> ntFsp> fLk; gw;Ws;sk;> khdk;> ctif> kjk; vdg;gl;l Fw;wq;fs;

MwpidAk; murd; jd;fz; epfohky; fbjy;. ,tw;iw tlE}yhu; giftu;f;fk; vd;g.

,it Fw;wk; vd;W mwpjYk; fbjYk; mwpTilahu;f;F my;yJ $lhikapd; mjd; gpd;

itf;fg;gl;lJ.

1 . nrUf;FQ; rpdKQ; rpWikAk; ,y;yhu;

ngUf;fk; ngUkpj ePu;j;J.

nrUf;Fk; rpdKk; rpWikAk; ,y;yhu;

ngUf;fk; ngUkpj ePu;j;J.

nrUf;Fk; rpdKk; rpWikAk; ,y;yhu; ngUf;fk; - kjKk; ntFspAk; fhkKk; MfpaFw;wq;fs; ,y;yhj muruJ nry;tk;@ ngUkpj ePu;j;J - Nkk;ghl;L ePu;ikapid cilj;J.kjk;: nry;tf;fspg;G. rpwpNahu; nrayhfypd;> mstpwe;j fhkk; ‘rpWik’ vdg;gl;lJ.,it ePjpay;yd nra;tpj;jyhd;> ,tw;iwf; fbe;jhu;. nry;tk; ey;topg;ghLk; epiyNgWk;

cilikapd;> kjpg;Gilj;J vd;gjhk;. kpFjp gw;wp ,it Kw;$wg;gl;ld.

2. ,twYk; khz;gpwe;j khdKk; khzh

ctifAk; Vjk; ,iwf;F.

,twYk; khz;G,we;j khdKk; khzh ctifAk; Vjk; ,iwf;F.

,twYk; - Ntz;Lk; topg;nghUs; nfhlhikAk;@ khz;G ,we;jkhdKk; - ed;ikapd; ePq;fpa

khdKk;@ khzh ctifAk; - mstpwe;j ctifAk;@ ,iwf;F Vjk; - murDf;Ff; Fw;wk;.

16


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

khl;rpahd khdj;jpd; ePf;Fjw;F ‘khz;G ,we;j khdk;’ vd;whu;. m/jhtJ “me;jzu;rhd;Nwhu; mUe;jtj;Njhu; jk; Kd;Ndhu;> je;ij jha; vd;wpt”iu (Gwg;.nt.ghlhz;.33)tzq;fhikAk;> Kbf;fg;glhjhapDk; fUjpaJ Kbj;Nj tpLjYk; Kjyhapd. mstpwe;jctifahtJ fopfz;Nzhl;lk;. gpwUk; “rpdNd fhkk; fopfz;Nzhl;lk;” vd;wptw;iw“mwe;njup jpfpupf;F topailahFk; jPJ” (gjpw;.22) vd;whu;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;

Fw;wq;fshtd ,it vd;gJ $wg;gl;lJ.

3. jpidj;Jizahq; Fw;wk; tupDk; gidj;Jizahf;

nfhs;tu; gopehZ thu;.

jpidj;Jizahk; Fw;wk; tupDk; gidj;Jizahf; nfhs;tu; gopehZ thu;.

gopehZthu; - gopia mQ;Rthu;@ jpidj;Jizahk; Fw;wk; tupDk; gidj;Jizahf;nfhs;tu; - jk;fz; jpidapd; msthk; Fw;wk; te;jjhapDk; mjid mt;tsthf md;wpg;gidapd; msthff; nfhs;tu;.

Fw;wk:; rhjpg;ngau; jkf;F Vyhikapd; rpwpJ vd;W nghwhu; ngupjhff; nfhz;L tUe;jpg;

gpd;Dk; mJ thuhky; fhg;gu; vd;gjhk;.

4. Fw;wNk fhf;f nghUshff; Fw;wNk

mw;we; j&ck; gif.

Fw;wNk fhf;f nghUshf@ Fw;wNk

mw;wk; j&ck; gif.

mw;wk; j&ck; gif Fw;wNk - jdf;F ,Wjp gaf;Fk; gif Fw;wNk@ Fw;wNk nghUshsf;fhf;f - Mfyhd; mf; Fw;wk; jd;fz; thuhikNa gadhff; nfhz;L fhf;f Ntz;Lk;.,it gw;wp my;yJ giftu; mw;wk; jhuhikapd; ‘,itNa gifahtd’ vd;Dk; tlE}yhu;kjk; gw;wpf; ‘Fw;wNk mw;wk; j&ck; gif’ vd;Wk;> ,tw;wJ ,d;ikNa Fzq;fsJcz;ikahff; nfhz;L vd;ghu; ‘nghUshf’ vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ~Fw;wNk fhf;f| vd;gJ

~~mUk;gz;gpdhw; jPik fhf;f|| vd;gJ Nghy epd;wJ.

5. tUKd;du;f; fhthjhd; tho;f;if vupKd;du;

itj;J}W Nghyf; nfLk;.

tUKd;du;f; fhthjhd; tho;f;if vupKd;du;

itj;J}W Nghyf; nfLk;.

tUKd;du;f; fhthjhd; tho;f;if - Fw;wk; tuf;fltjhfpd;w Kw;fhyj;jpNy mjidf;fhthj murd; tho;f;if@ vup Kd;du; itj;J}W Nghyf; nfLk; - mJ te;jhy; vupKfj;Jepd;w itf;Nfhy; Fit Nghy mope;JtpLk;.

~Fw;wk;| vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jhd; te;jJ. ~Kd;du;| vd;wjd; <w;wJ gFjpg; nghUs; tpFjp.~tUk;| vd;Dk; nganur;rk; ~Kd;du;| vd;Dk; fhyg; ngau; nfhz;lJ. mjdhy; fhf;fyhk;fhyk; ngwg;gl;lJ. Fw;wk; rpwpjhapDk; mjdhy; ngupa nry;tk; mope;NjtpLk; vd;gJ

ctikahy; ngw;whk;.

6. jd;Fw;w ePf;fpg; gpwu;Fw;wq; fhz;fpw;gpd;

vd;Fw;w khFk; ,iwf;F.

jd;Fw;wk; ePf;fpg; gpwu;Fw;wk; fhz;gpw;gpd;

vd;Fw;w khFk; ,iwf;F?

jd; Fw;wk; ePf;fpg; gpwu; Fw;wk; fhz;fpw;gpd; - Kd;du;j; jd; Fw;wj;ijf; fz;L fbe;Jgpd;du; gpwu; Fw;wq; fhz ty;ydhapd;@ ,iwf;F MFk; Fw;wk; vd; - murDf;F Mff;flt Fw;wk; ahJ?

17


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

murDf;Fj; jd; Fw;wk; fbahjtopNa gpwu; Fw;wk; fbjy; Fw;wk; MtJ> fbe;jtop

Kiwnra;jyhk; vd;ghu; ~vd; Fw;wk; MFk;| vd;whu;. vdNt> jd; Fw;wk; fbe;jtNd

Kiw nra;jw;F cupatd; vd;gjhapw;W. ,it ehd;F ghl;lhDk; mtw;wJ fbjw;ghL

nghJ tifahy; $wg;gl;lJ. ,dpr; rpwg;G tifahy; $Wg.

7. nraw;ghy nra;ah jptwpahd; nry;tk;

caw;ghy jd;wpf; nfLk;.

nraw;ghy nra;ahJ ,twpahd; nry;tk;

caw;ghyJ md;wpf; nfLk;.

nraw;ghy nra;ahJ ,twpahd; nry;tk; - nghUshy; jdf;Fr; nra;J nfhs;sg;gLk;

mtw;iwr; nra;J nfhs;shJ mjd;fz; gw;Ws;sk; nra;jhdJ nry;tk;@ caw;ghyJ

md;wpf; nfLk; - gpd; csjhk; ghd;ikj;J md;wp twpNj nfLk;.

nraw;ghy Mtd: mwk; nghUs; ,d;gq;fs;. nghUshw; nghUs; nra;jyhtJ ngUf;Fjy;@

mJ ~~nghd;dpd; MFk; nghUgil> mg;gil> jd;dpd; MFk; juzp> juzpapy;> gpd;id

MFk; ngUk;nghUs;> mg;nghUs;> Jd;Dk; fhiyj; Jd;dhjd ,y;iyNa|| (rPtf.tpkiy.35)

vd;gjdhd; mwpf. mwk; nra;ahikahDk; nghUs; ngUf;fhikahDk; ~caw;ghyjd;wp|

vd;Wk; ,d;gk; gad; nfhs;shikapd; ~nfLk;| vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ~caw;ghyjpd;wp| vd;W

ghlk; XJthUk; csu;.

8. gw;Ws;s nkd;Dk; ,twd;ik vw;Ws;Sk;

vz;zg; gLtnjhd; wd;W.

gw;Ws;sk; vd;Dk; ,twd;ik vw;Ws;Sk;

vz;zg; gLtnjhd;W md;W.

gw;Ws;sk; vd;Dk; ,twd;ik - nghUis tplj;jFk; ,lj;J tplhJ gw;Wjiyr; nra;Ak;

cs;sk; Mfpa cNyhgj;jpdJ jd;ik@ vw;Ws;Sk; vz;zg;gLtJ xd;W md;W - Fw;wj;

jd;ikfs; vy;yhtw;Ws;Sk; itj;J vz;zg;gLtJ xd;W md;W@ kpf;fJ.

,twyJ jd;ikahtJ: Fzq;fs; vy;yhk; xUq;F csthapDk; mtw;iwf; fPo;gLj;Jj;jhd; Nkw;gl;l ty;y ,ay;G> xope;jd mJkhl;lhikapd; ~vw;Ws;Sk; vz;zg;gLtnjhd;Wmd;W| vd;whu;. ~vw;Ws;Sk;| vd;gJ ,ilf;Fiwe;J epd;wJ. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;

cNyhgj;jpd; jPik $wg;gl;lJ.

9. tpatw;f vQ;Qhd;We; jd;id eatw;f

ed;wp gath tpid.

tpatw;w vQ;Qhd;Wk; jd;id; eatw;f

ed;wp gath tpid.

vQ;Qhd;Wk; jd;id tpatw;f - jhd; ,wg;g cau;e;j Qhd;Wk; kjj;jhy; jd;ided;FkjpahJ xopf@ ed;wp gath tpid eatw;f - jdf;F ed;ik gath tpidfis

khdj;jhy; tpUk;ghJ xopf.

jd;id tpae;Jop ,lKk; fhyKk; typAk; mwpag; glhikahDk;> mwDk; nghUSk;,fog;gLjyhDk;> ~vQ; Qhd;Wk; tpatw;f| vd;Wk;> ~fUjpaJ Kbj;Nj tpLty| vd;Wmwk; nghUs; ,d;gq;fs; gath tpidfis eag;gpd; mtw;why; ghtKk; gopAk; NfLk;tUkhfypd;> mtw;iw ~eatw;f| vd;Wk; $wpdh;. ,jdhd;> kj khdq;fspd; jPik

$wg;gl;lJ.

18


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

10. fhjy fhjy; mwpahik ca;f;fpw;gpd;

Vjpy Vjpyhu; E}y;.

fhjy fhjy; mwpahik ca;f;fpw;gpd;

Vjpy Vjpyhu; E}y;.

fhjy fhjy; mwpahik ca;f;fpw;gpd; - jhd; fhjypj;j nghUs;fis mtu; mf; fhjy;mwpahky; mDgtpf;f ty;ydhapd;@ Vjpyhu; E}y; Vjpy - giftu; jd;id tQ;rpj;jw;F

vz;Zk; vz;zk; gOjhk;.

mwpe;jtop mit thapyhfg; GFe;J tQ;rpg;ghu;. Mfypd;> mwpahky; ca;j;jhy;> thapy;,d;ikapd; tQ;rpf;fg;glhd; vd;gjhk;. fhkk;> ntFsp> ctif vd;gd Kw;wf;fbAk;Fw;wk; md;ikapd;> ,jdhd; ngUk;ghd;ikj;jhfpa fhkk; EfUkhW $wp> Vidr;

rpWghd;ikatw;wpw;Fg; nghJtif tpyf;fpidNa nfhz;nlhope;jhu;.

03. ngupahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly;

m/jhtJ> %tpU Fw;wKk; Kiwikapd; fbjypd; fhtw;rhfhL cifj;jw;F cupadha

murd;> jPnewp tpyf;fp ed;ndwpr; nrYj;Jk; NguwpTilahiuj; jdf;Fj; Jizahff;Nfhly;. mjpfhu KiwikAk; ,jdhNd tpsq;Fk;. NguwpT cilauhthu; muru;f;Fk;

mq;fq;fl;Fk; khDlj; nja;tf; Fw;wq;fs; thuhky; fhj;jw;F cupa mikr;ru;> GNuhfpju;.

1. mwdwpe;J %j;j mwpTilahu; Nfz;ik

jpwdwpe;J Nju;e;J nfhsy;.

mwd;mwpe;J %j;j mwpTilahu; Nfz;ik

jpwd; mwpe;J Nju;e;J nfhsy;.

mwd; mwpe;J %j;j mwpTilahu; Nfz;ik - mwj;jpdJ Ez;ikia mwpe;J jd;dpd;

%j;j mwpTilahuJ Nfz;ikia@ Nju;e;J jpwd; mwpe;J nfhsy; - murd; mjdJmUikia Xu;e;J> nfhs;Sk; jpwk; mwpe;J nfhs;f.

mwEz;ik E}yhNdad;wp ca;j;Jzu;thDk; mwpa Ntz;Ljypd; ~mwd; mwpe;J| vd;whu;.%j;jy; mwpthDk;> rPyj;jhDk; fhyj;jhDk; Kjpu;jy;. mwpT cilahu;: ePjpiaAk; cyf,aiyAk; mwpjiy cilahu;. jpwd; mwpjyhtJ ed;F kjpj;jy;> caur; nra;jy;> mtu;tiuepw;wy; vd;gd Kjyhf mtu; gpzpg;Gz;Zk; jpwd; mwpe;J nra;jy;.

2. cw;wNeha; ePf;fp cwhmik Kw;fhf;Fk;

ngw;wpahu;g; Ngzpf; nfhsy;.

cw;wNeha; ePf;fp cwhmik Kd;fhf;Fk; ngw;wpahu;g; Ngzpf; nfhsy;.

cw;wNeha; ePf;fp - nja;tj;jhdhf kf;fshdhfj; jdf;F te;j Jd;gq;fis ePf;FkhWmwpe;J ePf;fp@ cwhik Kw;fhf;Fk; ngw;wpahu; - gpd; mg;ngw;wpad thuhtz;zk; Kd;mwpe;J fhf;fty;y jd;ikapidAilahiu@ Ngzpf; nfhsy; - murd; mtu; ctg;gdnra;J Jizahff; nfhs;f.

nja;tj;jhd; tUk; Jd;gq;fshtd: kioapdJ ,d;ik kpFjpfshDk;> fhw;Wj; jPg;gpzpvd;W ,tw;whDk; tUtd. mit flTsiuAk; jf;NfhiuAk; Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; rhe;jpfshd;ePf;fg;gLk;. kf;fshd; tUk; Jd;gq;fshtd: giftu;> fs;tu;> Rw;wj;jhu;> tpidnra;thu;vd;wptu;fshd; tUtd@ mit rhk Ngj jhd jz;lq;fs; Mfpa ehy;tif cghaj;Js;Vw;wjdhy; ePf;fg;gLk;. Kw;fhj;jyhtJ nja;tj;jhd; tUtdtw;iw cw;ghjq;fshy; mwpe;J>mr; rhe;jpfshy; fhj;jYk;> kf;fshd; tUtdtw;iw mtu; Fzk;> ,q;fpjk;> Mfhuk;>

19


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nray; vd;gtw;whd; mwpe;J mt; cghaq;fSs; xd;why; fhj;jYk; Mk;. MfNt>GNuhfpjiuAk; mikr;riuAk; $wpathwhapw;W. ,q;fpjk;: Fwpg;ghy; epfOk; cWg;gpd;njhopy;.

Mfhuk;: Fwpg;gpd;wp epfOk; NtWghL. ctg;gd: ed;F kjpj;jy; Kjypad. ,it ,uz;L

ghl;lhDk; ngupahuJ ,yf;fzKk;> mtiuj; Jizahff; Nfhly; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJ}ck;> nfhs;SkhWk; $wg;gl;ld.

3. mupatw;W nsy;yhk; mupNj ngupahiug;

Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy;.

mupatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mupNj ngupahiug; Ngzpj; jkuhff; nfhsy;.

ngupahiug; Ngzpj; jkuhf;nfhsy; - mg; ngupatu;fis mtu; ctg;gd mwpe;J nra;J>jkf;Fr; rpwe;jhuhff; nfhs;Sjy;@ mupatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mupJ - muru;f;F mupa NgWfs;vy;yhtw;Ws;Sk; mupJ.

cyfj;J mupadnty;yhk; ngWjw;F cupa muru;f;F ,g;NgW rpwe;jJ vd;wJ. ,jdhy;

mitnay;yhk; csthjy; Nehf;fp.

4. jk;kpw; ngupahu; jkuh xOFjy;

td;ikA nsy;yhe; jiy.

jk;kpw; ngupahu; jkuh xOFjy; td;ikAs; vy;yhk; jiy.

jk;kpd; ngupahu; jkuh xOFjy; - mwpT Kjypatw;why; jk;kpd; kpf;fhu; jkf;Fr; rpwe;jhuhfj;jhk; mtu; top epd;W xOFjy;@ td;ikAs; vy;yhk; jiy - muru;f;F vy;yh typcilikapDk; jiy.

nghUs;> gil> muz;fshd; Ma typapDk; ,j;Jiz typ rpwe;jJ vd;wJ> ,tu;

mtw;whd;; ePf;fg;glhj nja;tj;Jd;gk; KjypadTk; ePf;Fjw;F cupau; Mfypd;.

5. #o;thu;fz; zhf xOfyhd; kd;dtd;

#o;thiur; #o;e;J nfhsy;.

#o;thu;fz; zhf xOfyhd; kd;dtd; #o;thiur; #o;e;J nfhsy;.

#o;thu; fz;Mf xOfyhd; - jd; ghuk; mikr;riuf; fz;zhff; nfhz;L elj;jyhd;@kd;dtd; #o;thiur; #o;e;J nfhsy; - murd; mj;jd;ikauha mikr;riu Muha;e;Jjdf;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.

,uz;lhtJ tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fJ. jhNd #o ty;ytdhapDk; mstpwe;j njhopy;fshd;MFyk; va;Jk; murd; ghuk; mJNt njhopyha mikr;ruhd; my;yJ ,dpJ elthikgw;wp> mtiuf; fz;zhff; $wpdhu;. Muha;jy;: mikr;rpaYs; nrhy;yg;gLk; ,yf;fzj;jpdu;vd;gjid Muha;jy;. ,it %d;W ghl;lhDk; ngupahiuj; Jizf; Nfhlypd;

rpwg;Gf; $wg;gl;lJ.

6. jf;fh updj;jdha;j; jhndhOf ty;yhidr;

nrw;whu; nraf;fple;j jpy;.

jf;fhu; ,dj;jdha;j; jhd;xOf ty;yhidr; nrw;whu; nraf;fple;jJ ,y;.

20


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jf;fhu; ,dj;jdha;j; jhd; xOf ty;yhid - jf;fuhfpa ,dj;ij ciladha;j; jhDk;mwpe;J xOfty;y murid@ nrw;whu; nraf; fple;jJ ,y; - giftu; nra;af; fple;jnjhUJd;gKk; ,y;iy.

jf;fhu;: mwpT xOf;fq;fshy; jFjp cilahu;. xOFjy;: mwePjpfspd; newp tOthky;elj;jy;. tQ;rpj;jy;> $bdiug; gpupj;jy;> NtW gif tpisj;jy; vd;W ,tw;whDk;>typahDk;> giftu; nra;Ae; Jd;gq;fs; gyjpwe;j MapDk;> jhDk; mwpe;J mwpthu;

nrhy;Yk; nfhz;nlhOFthd;fz; mtw;Ws; xd;Wk; thuhJ vd;ghu; ~nrw;whu; nraf;fple;jJ

,y;| vd;whu;.

7 . ,bf;Fe; Jizahiu ahs;thiu ahNu

nfLf;Fe; jifik atu;.

,bf;Fk; Jizahiu Ms;thiu ahNu nfLf;Fk; jifik atu;?

,bf;Fk; Jizahiu Ms;thiu - jPad fz;lhy; neUq;fpr; nrhy;Yk; Jizahe;jd;ikia

cilahiu ,tu; ekf;Fr; rpwe;jhu; vd;W MSk; muriu@ nfLf;Fk; jifik atu; ahu;- nfLf;Fk; ngUik cila giftu; cyfj;J ahtu;?

jPad: ghtq;fSk; ePjpay;ydTk; Jizahk; jd;ikahtJ: jkf;F mitapd;ikAk;

murd;fz; md;GilikAk; Mk;. mj;jd;ik cilahu; newpapd; ePq;ftplhikapd;> mtiu

MSk; muru; xUtuhDk; nfLf;fg;glhu; vd;gjhk;. ~neUq;fpr; nrhy;YkstpNdhiu|

vd;W ciug;ghUk; csu;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; mjd; gad; $wg;gl;lJ.

8 . ,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj vkuh kd;dd;

nfLg;gh upyhDq; nfLk;.

,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkhuh kd;dd;nfLg;ghu; ,yhDq;; nfLk;.

,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkuh kd;dd; - foWjw;F cupahiuj; jdf;Fj; Jizahff;

nfhs;shikapd; fhtyw;w murd;@ nfLg;ghu; ,yhDk; nfLk; - gifaha;f; nfLg;ghu;

,y;iyahapDk; jhNd nfLk;.

~,y;yhj| ~Vkuh| vd;gd nganur;r mLf;F. nfLg;ghu; csuhtu; vd;gJ Njhd;w. ,yhDk;

vd;whu;. jhNd nfLjyhtJ@ ghfdpy;yhj ahidNghy newpay;yh newpr;nrd;W nfLjy;.

9 . Kjypyhu;f; $jpa kpy;iy kjiyahQ;

rhu;gpyhu;f; fpy;iy epiy.

Kjy;,yhu;f;F Cjpak; ,y;iy kjiyahk;rhu;G,yhu;f;F ,y;iy epiy.

Kjy; ,yhu;f;F Cjpak; ,y;iy - Kjw;nghUs; ,y;yhj tzpfu;f;F mjdhy; tUk;

Cjpak; ,y;iyahk;@ kjiyahk; rhu;G ,yhu;f;F epiy ,y;iy - mJNghyj; jk;ikj;

jhq;Ftjhk; Jizapy;yhj muru;f;F mjdhd; tUk; epiyapy;iy.

Kjiyg; ngw;Nw ,yhgk; ngwNtz;LkhW Nghyj; jhq;Fthiug; ngw;Nw epiyngw

Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;. epiy: muru; ghuj;NjhL rypahJ epw;wy;.

10. gy;yhu; gifnfhsypw; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Nj

ey;yhu; nfhlu;if tply;.

21


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gy;yhu; gifnfsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Njey;yhu; njhlu;if tply;.

gy;yhu; gif nfhsypd; gj;J mLj;j jPikj;J - jhd; jdpadha; itj;Jg; gyNuhLk;gifnfhs;Sjypd; gjpw;W klq;F jPik cilj;J@ ey;yhu; njhlu; iftply; - murd;ngupahNuhL el;gpidf; nfhs;shJ xopjy;.

gyu; gif Maf;fhy; ~~Nkhjp Ks;nshL Kl;gif fz;bly;> NgJnra;J gpse;jply;||(rPtf.tpkiy.32) vd;gitay;yJ xUq;F tpidahf; Fwpj;Jr; nra;jhYk; xUthw;whd;

ca;jy; $Lk;@ ey;yhu; njhlu; iftpl;lhy; xUthw;whDk; ca;jy; $lhikapd;> ,J

nra;jy; mjdpDk; jPJ vd;gjhk;. ,it %d;W ghl;lhDk; mJ nra;ahj topg;gLk;

Fw;wk; $wg;gl;lJ.

04. rpw;wpdk; Nruhik

m/jhtJ> rpwpa ,dj;ijg; nghUe;jhik. rpwpa ,dkhtJ ~~ey;yjd; eyDk; jPajd;

jPikAk; ,y; vd;NghUk;|| (Gwk;.29) tplUk;> J}u;j;jUk;> elUk; cs;spl;l FO. mwpitj;jpupj;J ,UikAk; nfLf;Fk; ,ay;gpw;wha mjidg; nghUe;jpd; ngupahiuj; Jizf;

Nfhly; gad; ,d;W vd;gJ czu;j;jw;F ,/J mjd;gpd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.

1 . rpw;wpdk; mQ;Rk; ngUik rpWikjhd;

Rw;wkhr; #o;e;J tpLk;.

rpw;wpdk; mQ;Rk; ngUik> rpWikjhd;

Rw;whkhr; #o;e;J tpLk;.

ngUik rpw;wpdk; mQ;Rk; - ngupNahu; ,ay;G rpwpa ,dj;ij mQ;rh epw;Fk;@ rpWikjhd; Rw;wkhr; #o;e;J tpLk; - Vidr;rpwpNahu; ,ay;G mJ Nru;e;jnghONj mjidj;jdf;Fr; Rw;wkhf vz;zpj; JzpAk;.

jj;jk; mwpT jpupAkhWk; mjdhy; jkf;F tUk; Jd;gKk; Nehf;fypd; ~mwpTilahu;mQ;Rtu;| vd;Wk;> mwpT xw;Wikahd; gpwpJ Nehf;fhikapd;> mwptpyhjhu; jkf;Fr;

Rw;wkhfj; Jzptu; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. nghUspd; njhopy;fs; gz;gpd;Nky; epd;wd. ,jdhd;

rpwpa ,dk; ngupahu;f;F MfhJ vd;gJ $wg;gl;lJ.

2 . epyj;jpay;ghd; ePu;jpupe; jw;whFk; khe;ju;f;

fpdj;jpay;g jhFk; mwpT.

epyj;J ,ay;ghd; ePu;jpupe;J mw;whFk; khe;ju;f;F ,dj;J ,ay;gJ MFk; mwpT.

epyj;J ,ay;ghd; ePu; jpupe;J mw;whFk; - jhd; Nru;e;j epyj;jpdJ ,ay;ghNd ePu; jd;jd;ik jpupe;J me; epyj;jpd; jd;ikj;jhk;@ khe;ju;f;F ,dj;J ,ay;G mwpT (jpupe;J)mJ MFk; - mJNghy khe;ju;f;Fj; jhk; Nru;e;j ,dj;jpd; ,ay;ghNd mwpTk; jd;jd;ik jpupe;J mt; ,dj;jpd; jd;ikj;jhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik> tpRk;gpd;fz; jd; jd;ikj;jha ePu; epyj;NjhL Nru;e;j top> epwk;>Rit Kjypa gz;Gfs; jpupe;jhw;Nghy> jdpepiyf;fz; jd; jd;ikj;jha mwpT gpw

,dj;NjhL Nru;e;j topf; fhl;rp Kjypa njhopy;fs; jpupAk; vd ,jdhd; mjdJ fhuzq;

$wg;gl;lJ.

22


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

3. kdj;jhdhk; khe;ju;f; Fzu;r;rp ,dj;jhdhk;

,d;dh nddg;gLQ; nrhy;.

kdj;jhd; Mk; khe;ju;f;F czu;r;rp> ,dj;jhd; Mk; ,d;dhd; vdg;gLk; nrhy;.

khe;ju;f;F czu;r;rp kdj;jhd; Mk; - khe;ju;f;Fg; nghJ czu;T jk; kdk; fhuzkhfcz;lhk;@ ,d;dhd; vdg;gLk; nrhy; ,dj;jhd; Mk; - ,td; ,j; jd;ikad; vd;W

cyfj;jhuhy; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrhy; ,dk; fhuzkhf cz;lhk;.

,aw;ifahd Gyd;czu;T khj;jpuj;jpw;F ,dk; Ntz;lhikapd;> mjid kdj;jhd; Mk;vd;Wk;> nraw;ifaha tpNrl czu;T gw;wp ey;ytd; vd;whfj; jPad; vd;whf epfOk;nrhw;F ,dk; Ntz;Ljypd; mjid ,dj;jhd; Mk; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ctikasit

nfhs;shJ> mj;jpupGk; ~kdj;jhd;Mk;| vd;ghiu Nehf;fp ,jdhd; mJ kWj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ.

4. kdj;J sJNghyf; fhl;b xUtw;

fpdj;Js jhFk; mwpT.

kdj;J csJNghyf; fhl;b xUtw;F ,dj;J csJ MFk; mwpT.

mwpT - mt; tpNrl czu;T@ xUtw;F kdj;J csJ Nghyf; fhl;b - xUtw;F kdj;jpd;fz;Nz csjhtJ Nghyj; jd;idg; Gyg;gLj;jp@ ,dj;J csjhFk; - mtd; Nru;e;j,dj;jpd; fz;Nz csjhk;.

nka;k;ik Nehf;fhKd; kdj;JsJ Nghd;W fhl;bAk;> gpd; Nehf;fpatopg; gapd;w,dj;JsjhAk; ,Uj;jypd; ~fhl;b| vd ,we;jfhyj;jhy; $wpdhu;. tpNrl czu;T jhDk;kdj;jpd; fz;Nz md;NwAsjhtJ vd;ghiu Nehf;fp> Mz;Lg; Gyg;gLk; JizNa

cs;sJ. mjw;F %yk; ,dk; vd;gJ ,jdhd; $wg;gl;lJ.

5. kde;J}a;ik nra;tpid J}a;ik ,uz;Lk;

,de;J}a;ik J}th tUk;.

kdk; J}a;ik nra;tpid J}a;ik ,uz;Lk; ,dk; J}a;ik J}th tUk;.

kdk; J}a;ik nra;tpid J}a;ik ,uz;Lk; - mt;tpNrl czu;T Gyg;gLjw;F ,ldha

kdk; J}adhjy; jd;ikAk; nra;Ak; tpid J}adhjy; jd;ikAk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;@ ,dk;J}a;ik J}th tUk; - xUtw;F ,dk; J}adhjy; jd;ik gw;Wf; Nfhlhf csthk;.

kdk; J}adhjy; MtJ: tpNrl czu;T Gyg;gLkhW ,aw;ifaha mwpahikapd; ePq;Fjy;.nra;tpid J}adhjy; MtJ nkhop nka;fshy; nra;Ak; ey;tpid ciladhjy;. J}ntd;gJmg; nghUl;lhjy; ~J}twj; Jwe;jiu| (fyp.nea;.1) vd;gjdhDk; mwpf. xUtd; ,dk;J}adhfNt mjNdhL gapw;rp taj;jhd; kde;J}adha; mjd;fz; tpNrl czu;T Gyg;gl;Lmjdhy; nrhy;Yk; nraYk; J}adhk; vd ,jdhy;> ,dj;J cs;sthk; MW $wg;gl;lJ.

6. kdj;J}ahu;f; nfr;red; whFk; ,de;J}ahu;f;

fpy;iyed; whfh tpid.

kdk; J}ahu;f;F vr;rk; ed;W MFk;> ,dk; J}au;f;F ,y;iy ed;W Mfh tpid.

kdk; J}ahu;f;F vr;rk; ed;W MFk; - kdk; J}auhapdhu;f;F kf;fl;NgW ed;W MFk;@,dk; J}ahu;f;F ed;W Mfhtpid ,y;iy - ,dk; J}auhapdu;f;F ed;whfhj tpid

ahJk; ,y;iy.

23


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fhupak; fhuzj;jpd; NtWglhikapd; ~vr;rk; ed;W MFk;| vd;Wk; ey;ypdj;NjhL vz;zpr;

nra;ag;gLjypd; vy;yhtpidAk; ey;ythk; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;.

7 . kdeyk; kd;Dapu;f; fhf;fk; ,deyk;

vy;yhg; GfOe; jUk;.

kdeyk; kd; capu;f;F Mf;fk;> ,deyk; vy;yhg; GfOk; jUk;.

kd; capu;f;F kdeyk; Mf;fk; (jUk;) - epiyngw;w capu;fl;F kdj;jJ ed;ik

nry;tj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;@ ,d eyk; vy;yhg; GfOk; jUk; - ,dj;jJ ed;ik mjNdhL

vy;yhg; GfioAk; nfhLf;Fk;.

~kd; capu;| vd;wJ<z;L cau;jpiz Nky; epd;wJ. ~jUk;| vd;Dk; ,ltOtikjpr;

nrhy; Kd;Dk; $l;lg;gl;lJ. ck;ik ,we;jJ joP,a vr;r ck;ik. kdk; ed;whjy;jhNd mwk; Mfypd; mjid ~Mf;fk; jUk;| vd;Wk;> Gfo; nfhLj;jw;F cupa ey;Nyhu;jhNk ,dkhfypd; ~,deyk; vy;yhg; GfOe; jUk;| vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. Nky; kded;ik,ded;ik gw;wp tUk; vd;gjid cl;nfhz;L> m/J ,ay;ghfNt cilahu;f;F mt;,d ed;ik Ntz;lh vd;ghiu Nehf;fp ~mJNtad;wp mj;jd;ika gytw;iwAk; jUk;|

vd mtu;f;Fk; mJNtz;Lk; vd;gJ ,t; ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; $wg;gl;lJ.

8 . kdeyk; ed;Fila uhapDQ; rhd;Nwhu;f;

fpdeyk; Vkhg; Gilj;J.

kdeyk; ed;F cilau; MapDk; rhd;Nwhu;f;F ,deyk; Vkhg;G cilj;J.

kdeyk; ed;F cilau; MapDk; - kded;ikia Kd;id ey;tpidahy; jhNkcilauhapDk;@ rhd;Nwhu;f;F ,deyk; Vkhg;G cilj;J - mike;jhu;f;F ,ded;ikmjw;F typahjiyAilj;J.

ed;fhy; vd;Dk; %d;wd; cUG tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fJ. me; ey;tpid cs;topAk; kdeyj;ij

tsu;j;J tUjypd;> mjw;F Vkhg;Gilj;jhapw;W.

9 . kdeyj;jp dhFk; kWikkw; w/Jk;

,deyj;jp Ndkhg; Gilj;J.

kdeyj;jpd; MFk; kWikkw;W m/Jk; ,deyj;jpd; Vkhg;G cilj;J.

kdeyj;jpd; kWik MFk;. - xUtw;F kd ed;ikahNd kWik ,d;gk; cz;lhk;@ kw;Wm/Jk; ,deyj;jpd; Vkhg;G cilj;J - mjw;F mr;rpwg;Gj;jhDk; ,d ed;ikahd; typngWjiy cilj;J.

~kdeyj;jpd; MFk; kWik| vd;wJ> kWik gag;gJ kd ed;ikjhNd@ gpwpnjhd;Wmd;W> vd;Dk; kjj;ij clk;gl;Lf; $wpathW. kw;W> tpidkhw;W. ck;ik> ,we;jJjoP,a vr;r ck;ik. XNuhtopj; jhkj Fzj;jhd; kdeyk; jpupapDk;> ey;ypdk; xg;gepWj;jp kWik gag;gpf;Fk; vd epiyngwr; nra;AkhW $wg;gl;lJ. ,it Ie;J ghl;lhYk;

rpw;wpdk; NruhikaJ rpwg;G ey;ypdk; Nru;jyhfpa vjpu;kiw Kfj;jhy; $wpathW

mwpf.

10. ey;ypdj;jp D}q;Fe; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd;

my;yw; gLg;gJ}ck; kp;y;.

24


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jiz ,y;iy> jPapdj;jpd; my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.

ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;F Jiz ,y;iy - xUtw;F ey;ypdj;jpd; kpf;f JizAk; ,y;iy@

jPapdj;jpd; (Cq;F) my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y; - jPa ,dj;jpd; kpf;f gifAk; ,y;iy.

Ie;jd; cUGfs; cwo;nghUspd;fz; te;jd. ~Cq;F| vd;gJ gpd;Dk; $l;b ck;ik

khw;wp ciuf;fg;gl;lJ. ey;ypdk; mwpahikapd; ePf;fpj; Jau; cwhky; fhj;jypd; mjidj;

~Jiz| vd;Wk;> jPapdk; mwptpd; ePf;fpj; Jau; cWtpj;jypd; mjidg; ~gif| vd;Wk;

$wpdhu;. ~my;yw;gLg;gJ| vd;gJ VJg;ngau;. ,jdhd;tpjp vjpu;kiwfs; cld; $wg;gl;ld.

05. njupe;J nray;tif

m/jhtJ> murd; jhd; nra;Ak; tpidfis Muha;e;J nra;Ak; jpwk;. mr; nray;

ngupahiuj; Jizf; Nfhly; gaDilj;jha top mtNuhLk; nra;ag;gLtJ Mfypd;> ,J

rpw;wpdk; Nruhikapd; gpd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.

1. moptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mfp topgaf;Fk;

CjpaKQ; #o;e;J nray;.

moptJ}ck; MtJ}ck; Mfp topgaf;Fk;CjpaKk; #o;e;J nray;.

moptJ}ck; - tpidnra;Aq;fhy; mg;nghOJ mjdhy; moptjidAk;> MtJ}ck; -mope;jhy; gpd; MtjidAk;@ Mfp top gaf;Fk; CjpaKk; - Ma; epd;W gpw;nghOJ jUk;

Cjpaj;ijAk;@ #o;e;J nray; - rPu;J}f;fp cWtjhapd; nra;f.

cWtjhtJ: epfo;tpd;fz; moptjdpy; MtJ kpf;F - vjpu;tpDk; mJ tsu;e;J tUjy;.moptJ ,d;ikapd;> vjpu;tpd;fz; tUk; Mf;fj;ij ~Cjpak;| vd;whu;@ vdNt mt; Cjpak;ngwpd; epfo;tpd;fz; moptJk; MtJk; jk;Kd; xj;jhYk; xopjw;ghw;W md;W vd;gJ

ngw;whk;. ,uz;L fhyj;Jk; gad; cilik njupe;J nra;f vd;gjhk;.

2. njupe;j ,dj;NjhL Nju;e;njz;zpr; nra;thu;f;

fUk;nghUs; ahnjhd;W kpy;.

njupe;j ,dj;NjhL Nju;e;Jvz;zpr; nra;thuf;F

mUk; nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;.

njupe;j ,dj;NjhL Nju;e;J vz;zpr; nra;thu;f;F - jhk; njupe;Jnfhz;l ,dj;JlNd

nra;aj;jFk; tpidia Muha;e;J gpd; jhNkAk; vz;zpr; nra;J Kbf;fty;y muru;f;F@mUk; nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y; - va;Jjw;fupa nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy.Muhag;gLtd vy;yhk; Muha;e;J Nghe;j ,dk; vd;Wkhk;. nra;thUf;F vd;wjdhy;~tpid| vd;Dk; nrag;gL nghUs; tUtpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpidahtJ: Nkw;Nrwy; Kjy; Ntwy;<wha njhopy;. nghUs;fl;F VJtha mjdpy; jtwhikapd;> mupa nghUs;fs; vy;yhk;vspjpd; va;Jtu; vd;gjhk;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; nra;aj;jFk; tpidAk; mJnra;AkhWk; $wg;gl;ld.

3. Mf;fq; fUjp Kjypof;FQ; nra;tpid

Cf;fh uwpTil ahu;.

Mf;fk; fUjp Kjy; ,of;Fk; nra;tpidCf;fhu; mwpTilahu;.

25


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mf;fk; fUjp Kjy; ,of;Fk; nra;tpid - Nky; va;jf; flt Cjpaj;jpid Nehf;fp> Kd;va;jp epd;w Kjy; jd;idAk; ,oj;jw;F VJtha nra;tpidia@ mwpTilahu; Cf;fhu; -mwpTilahu; Nkw;nfhs;shu;.

~fUjp| vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk; ~,of;Fk;| vd;Dk; nganur;rtpid nfhz;lJ. vr;r ck;iktpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fhJ. Mf;fNk md;wp KjiyAk; ,of;Fk; tpidfshtd: typAk;fhyKk; ,lDk; mwpahJ gpwu; kz; nfhs;thd; nrd;W jk; kz;Zk; ,oj;jy; Nghy;td.Kd; nra;J Nghe;j tpidahapDk; vd;ghu; ~nra;tpid| vd;whu;.

4. njsptp yjidj; njhlq;fhu; ,spntd;Dk;Vjg;gh lQ;R gtu;.

njsptp yjidj; njhlq;fhu; ,spT vd;Dk;Vjg;ghL mQ;R gtu;.

njspT ,yjidj; njhlq;fhu; - ,dj;NjhLk; jdpj;Jk; Muha;e;J Jzpjy; ,y;yhjtpidiaj; njhlq;fhu;@ ,spT vd;Dk; Vjg;ghL mQ;Rgtu; - jkf;F ,sptuT vd;Dk;Fw;wk; cz;lhjiy mQ;Rgtu;.

njhlq;fpd; ,ilapd; klq;fyhfhikapd; ~njhlq;fhu;| vd;whu;. ,sptuT: mt;tpidahy;gpd; mopT va;jpatop> mjd; NkYk; mwpTk; khdKk; ,yu; vd;W cyfj;jhu; ,fOk;,fo;r;rp@ m/J cz;lhjy; xUjiyahfypd;> njspTs; topj; njhlq;Ff vd;gjhk;.

5. tifawr; #oh njOjy; giftiug;ghj;jpg; gLg;gNjh uhW.

tif mwr; #ohJ vOjy; giftiug;ghj;jpg; gLg;gNjhu; MW.

tif mwr; #ohJ vOjy; - nrd;why; epfOk; jpwq;fis vy;yhk; Kw;w vz;zhJ rpyvz;zpa JizahNd murd; giftu; Nky; nry;Yjy;@ giftiug; ghj;jpg; gLg;gJ Xu;MW - mtiu tsUk; epyj;jpNy epiyngwr; nra;tJ xU newp Mk;.

mj; jpwq;fshtd: typ> fhyk;> ,ld; vd;W ,tw;why; jdf;Fk; giftu;f;Fk; csthk;epiyikfSk;> tpid njhlq;FkhWk;> mjw;F tUk; ,ilA+WfSk;> mtw;iw ePf;FkhWk;>nty;YkhWk;> mjdhy; ngWk; gaDk; Kjyhapd. mtw;Ws; rpy vQ;rpDk; giftu;f;F,ldhk; Mfyhd;> Kw;Wg; ngw vz;z Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;. ,it %d;W ghl;lhDk;xopaj;jFk; tpidAk;> xopahtopg;gLk; ,Of;Fk; $wg;gl;ld.

6. nra;jf;f my;y nraf;nfLQ; nra;jf;fnra;ahik ahDq; nfLk;.

nra;jf;f my;y mraf;nfLk;; nra;jf;fnra;ahik ahDk; nfLk;.

nra;jf;f my;y nraf; nfLk; - murd; jd; tpidfSs; nra;aj; jf;fd my;ytw;iwr;nra;jyhy; nfLk;@ nra;jf;f nra;ahikahDk; nfLk; - ,dp mjdhNd md;wpr; nra;aj;jf;fdtw;iwr; nra;ahik jd;dhDk; nfLk;.

nra;jf;fd my;ythtd: ngupa Kaw;rpapdTk;> nra;jhy; gadpy;ydTk; mJrpwpjhapdTk;>IakhapdTk;> gpd; Jau; tpisg;gdTk; vd ,it. nra;aj;jf;fdthtd:mtw;wpd; kWjiyahapd. ,r; nra;;jy; nra;ahikfshd; mwpT> Mz;ik> ngUikvd;Dk; %tif Mw;wYs; nghUs;> gil vd ,Utifj;jha ngUik RUq;fpg; giftu;f;Fvspadhk; Mfyhd;> ,uz;Lk; Nfl;bw;F VJthapd. ,jdhd; nra;td nra;J> xoptdxopf vd ,UtifadTk; cld; $wg;gl;ld.

26


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

7. vz;zpj; Jzpf fUke; Jzpe;jgpd;vz;Zt nkd;g jpOf;F.

vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd;vz;Ztk; vd;gJ ,Of;F.

fUkk; vz;zpj; Jzpf - nra;aj;jf;f fUkKk; Kbf;Fk; cghaj;ij vz;zpj; njhlq;Ff@Jzpe;jgpd; vz;Ztk; vd;gJ ,Of;F - njhlq;fp itj;Jg; gpd; vz;zf; flNthk; vd;Wxopjy; Fw;wk; Mjyhd;.

JzpTgw;wp epfo;jypd; ~JzpT| vdg;gl;lJ. rpwg;G ck;ik tpfhuj;jhy; njhf;fhJ. ~cghak;|vd;gJ mtha; epiyahd; te;jJ. mJ nfhLj;jy;> ,d;nrhy; nrhy;yy;>NtWgLj;jy;>xWj;jy; vd ehy;tifg;gLk;. mtw;iw tl E}yhu; jhd. rhk> Ngj> jz;lk; vd;g.mtw;Ws; Kd;ida ,uz;Lk; Itifa@ Vida %tifa. mt;tiffnsy;yhk; <z;Lciug;gpd; ngUFk;. ,t; cghanky;yhk; vz;zhJ njhlq;fpd; mt; tpid khw;whdhy;tpyf;fg;gl;L KbahikahapDk;> ,ilapy; xopjy; MfhikahDk;> murd; JaUWjypd;>mt; vz;zhikia ~,Of;F| vd;whu;. nra;tdtw;iwAk; cghak; mwpe;Nj njhlq;Ff

vd;gjhk;.

8. Mw;wpd; tUe;jh tUj;jk; gyu;epd;W

Nghw;wpDk; nghj;Jg; gLk;.

Mw;wpd; tUe;jh tUj;jk; gyu;epd;WNghw;wpDk; nghj;Jg; gLk;.

Mw;wpd; tUe;jh tUj;jk; - KbAk; cghaj;jhy; fUkj;ij Kayhj Kaw;rp@ gyu; epd;WNghw;wpDk; nghj;Jg; gLk; - Jiztu; gyu; epd;W Giuglhky; fhg;gpDk; GiugLk;.

KbAk; cghaj;jhd; KawyhtJ: nfhLj;jiyg; nghUs; eirahsd; fz;Zk;@,d;nrhy;iyr; nrg;gk; cilahd;> kbahsd;> Kd;Nd gpwNuhL nghUJ nehe;jtd; vd,tu; fz;Zk;@ NtWgLj;jiyj; Jizg;gilahsd;> jd; gFjpNahL nghUe;jhjhd; vd,tu; fz;Zk;@ xWj;jiy ,tw;wpd; thuhjtop ,tu; fz;Zk; Njwg;glhj fPo; kf;fs;fz;Zk; nra;J> nty;Ykhw;whd; Kawy;@ GiugLjy;: fUjpa ed;ikad;wpf; fUjhjjPik gaj;jy;. cghaj;J rpwg;Gf; $wpathW.

9. ed;whw;w Ys;Se; jtWz; ltutu;

gz;gwpe; jhw;whf; fil.

ed;W Mw;wy; cs;Sk; jtW cz;L mtutu;gz;G mwpe;J Mw;whf;fil.

ed;W Mw;wy; cs;Sk; jtW cz;L - Ntw;W Nte;ju; khl;L ed;whd cghak;nra;jw;fz;Zk; Fw;wk; cz;lhk;@ mtutu; gz;G mwpe;J Mw;whf;fil - mtutu;Fzq;fis Muha;e;J mwpe;J mtw;wpw;F ,iaar; nra;ahtpbd;.

ed;whd cghakhtJ: nfhLj;jYk; ,d;nrhy; nrhy;YjYkhk;. mit ahtu; fz;Zk;,dpathjy; rpwg;Gilikapd;> ck;ik rpwg;G ck;ik. mtw;iw mtutu; gz;G mwpe;JMw;whikahtJ mtw;wpw;F cupau; my;yhjhu; fz;Nznra;jy;. jtW: mt; tpid Kbahik.

10. vs;shj vz;zpr; nray;Ntz;Le; jk;nkhLnfhs;shj nfhs;sh JyF.vs;shj vz;zpr; nray;Ntz;Lk; jk;nkhLnfhs;shj nfhs;shJ cyF.

jk;nkhL nfhs;sh cyF nfhs;shJ - muru; tpid Kbj;jw; nghUl;Lj; jk; epiyikNahLnghUe;jhj cghaq;fisr; nra;tuhapd; cyfk; jk;ik ,foh epw;Fk;@ vs;shj vz;zpr;nray; Ntz;Lk; - Mfypd; m/J ,foh cghaq;fis ehbr; nra;f.

27


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

~jk;| vd;gJ MFngau;. jk; epiyNahL nghUe;jhj cghaq;fisr; nra;jyhtJ jhk;typauha; itj;J nkypahu;f;F cupa nfhLj;jy; Kjypa %d;wpidr; nra;jYk;> nkypauha;itj;J typahu;f;F cupa xWj;jiyr; nra;jYkhk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; mwptpyhu; nra;tdMfypd; ~cyfk; nfhs;shJ| vd;whu;. m/J vs;shjd nra;jyhtJ: mtw;iwj; jj;jk;td;ik nkd;ikfl;F Vw;gr; nra;jy;. Nky; ,ltifahd; cupik $wpa cghaq;fl;FtpidKjy; tifahd; cupik $wpathW. ,it ehd;F ghl;lhDk; nra;tdtw;wpw;F

cghaKk; mjdJ cupikAk; $wg;gl;ld.

06. typ mwpjy;m/jhtJ> mt; cghaq;fSs; xWj;jy; Fwpj;j murd; ehy;tif typiaAk; mse;jwpjy;.

1. tpidtypAe; jd;typAk; khw;whd; typAk;

JiztypAe; J}f;fpr; nray;.

tpid typAk; jd;typAk; khw;whd; typAk;

JiztypAk; J}f;fpr; nray;.

tpid typAk; - jhd; nra;af; fUjpa tpidtypiaAk;@ jd; typAk; - mjidr; nra;JKbf;Fk; jd; typiaAk;@ khw;whd; typAk; - mjid tpyf;fYWk; khw;whd; typiaAk;@Jiz typAk; - ,Utu;f;Fj; Jizahthu; typiaAk;@ J}f;fpr; nray; - rPu;j;J}f;fpj;jd;typ kpFkhapd; mt;tpidiar; nra;f.

,e;ehy;tif typAs; tpidtyp muz; Kw;wYk; NfhlYk; Kjypa njhopyhDk;> Vida%tif Mw;wyhDk; $w;gLj;Jj; J}f;fg;gLk;. jd;typ kpftpd;fz; nra;f vd;w tpjpahy;>Njhw;wy; xUjiyaha Fiwtpd; fz;Zk;> Ntwy; Iakha xg;gpd; fz;Zk; xopf vd;gJngw;whk;.

2. xy;t jwpt jwpe;jjd; fz;jq;fpr; nry;thf;Fr; nry;yhj jpy;.

xy;tJ mwptJ mwpe;J mjd; fz;jq;fpr;

nry;thu;f;Fr; nry;yhjJ ,y;.

xy;tJ mwptJ mwpe;J - jkf;fpaYk; tpidiaAk; mjw;F mwpa Ntz;Ltjha typiaAk;mwpe;J@ mjd;fz; jq;fpr; nry;thu;f;F - vg;nghOJk; kd> nkhop> nka;fis mjd;fz;itj;Jg; gifNky; nry;Yk; muru;f;F@ nry;yhjJ ,y; - Kbahj nghUs; ,y;iy.

~xy;tJ| vdNt tpidtyp Kjyha %d;Wk; mlq;Fjypd;><z;L ~mwptJ| vd;wJJiztypNa Mapw;W. vy;yhg; nghUSk; va;Jtu; vd;gjhk;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk;typapd; gFjpAk; m/J mwpe;J Nkw;nry;thu; va;Jk; gaDk; $wg;gl;ld.

3. cilj;jk; typawpahu; Cf;fj;jpd; Cf;fp ,ilf;fz; Kupe;jhu; gyu;.

cilj;jk; typ mwpahu; Cf;fj;jpd; Cf;fp ,ilf;fz; Kupe;jhu; gyu;.

cilj; jk; typ mwpahu; - fUj;jh MjiyAila jk; typapd; mstwpahNj@ Cf;fj;jpd;Cf;fp - kd vOr;rpahy; jk;kpd; typahNuhL tpidnra;jiyj; njhlq;fp@ ,ilf;fz;Kupe;jhu; gyu; - mtu; mlu;j;jyhd; mJ nra;J Kbf;fg; ngwhJ ,ilNa nfl;l muru;cyfj;Jg; gyu;.

~cila| vd;gJ mtha; epd;wikapd;> nrag;gL nghUs; tUtpf;fg;gl;lJ> %tifMw;wYs;Sk; rpwg;Gila mwpT cilahu; rpyuhjypd; ~Kupe;jhu; gyu;| vd;whu;. mjdhy;jk; typawpe;Nj njhlq;Ff vd;gJ vQ;rp epd;wJ.

28


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4. mike;jhq; nfhOfhd; mstwpahd; jd;id tpae;jhd; tpiue;J nfLk;.

mike;J Mq;F xOfhd; msT mwpahd; jd;id tpae;jhd; tpiue;J nfLk;.

Mq;F mike;J xOfhd; - may;Nte;jNuhL nghUe;jp xOFtJk; nra;ahJ> msTmwpahd; - jd; typasT mwptJk; nra;ahJ@ jd;id tpae;jhd; - jd;id tpae;JmtNuhL gifj;j murd;@ tpiue;J nfLk; - tpiuaf; nfLk;.

fhupaj;ijf; fhuzkhf cgrupj;J ~tpae;jhd;| vd;whu;. ~tpiua| vd;gJ jpupe;J epd;wJ.el;gha; xOFjy;> typawpe;J gifj;jy; vd;Dk; ,uz;lDd; xd;wd;Nw may;Nte;jNuhLnraw;ghyJ. ,itad;wpj; jhd; nkypadha; itj;J mtNuhL gifnfhz;lhDf;FxUnghOJk; epiyapd;ikapd;> ~tpiue;J nfLk;| vd;whu;. ,it ,uz;L ghl;lhDk; jd;

typ mwpah topg;gLk; ,Of;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ.

5. gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lQ;

rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;.

gPtpnga; rhfhLk; mr;R,Wk; mg;gz;lk; rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;.

gPyp nga; rhfhLk; mr;R ,Wk; - gPypNaw;wpa rflKk; mr;R KwpAk;@ mg;gz;lk; rhykpFj;Jg; ngapd; - ,g;gPypia mJ nghWf;Fk; mstpd;wp kpFj;J vw;wpd;.

ck;ik rhfhl;lJ typr;rpwg;Ng md;wpg; gPypaJ neha;ikr; rpwg;Gk; Njhd;w epd;wJ.~,Wk;| vd;DQ; rpidtpid Kjy;Nky; epd;wJ. ~vspau; vd;W gyNuhL gif nfhs;Sthd;jhd; typaNd MapDk; mth njhf;ftop typaopAk;| vd;Dk; nghUs; Njhd;w epd;wikapd;>,J gpwpJ nkhopjy; vd;Dk; myq;fhuk;. ,jid ~Etyh Etw;rp| vd;ghUk;. ~xl;L|vd;ghUk; csu;. xUtd; njhFthu; gyNuhL gif nfhs;sw;f vd;wikapd;> ,jdhd;khw;whd; typAk; mtd; Jiz typAk; mwpah topg;gLk; ,Of;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ.

6. Edpf;nfhk;gu; Vwpdhu; m/jpwe; J}f;fpd; capu;f;fpWjp Mfp tpLk;.

Edpf;nfhk;gu; Vwpdhu; m/J ,we;J Cf;fpd capu;f;F ,Wjp Mfp tpLk;;.

nfhk;gu; Edp Vwpdhu; m/J ,we;J Cf;fpd; - xU kuf;Nfhl;bdJ Edpf;fz;Nz Vwpepd;whu;jk; Cf;fj;jhy; mt; mstpidf; fle;J NkYk; Vw Cf;Ftuhapd;@ capu;f;F ,WjpMfptpLk; - mt; Cf;fk; mtu; capu;f;F ,Wjpaha; KbAk;.

~Edpf;nfhk;gu;| vd;gJ ~filf;fz;| vd;gJ Nghyg; gpd;Kd;dhfj; njhf;f Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif. gd;ik mwptpd;ik gw;wp ,opj;jw;fz; te;jJ. ,Wjpf;F VJ Mtjid ~,Wjp|vd;whu;. gifNkw; nry;thd; njhlq;fpj; jd;dhy; nry;yhksTk; nrd;W epd;whd;. gpd;mt;tstpd; epy;yhJ kd vOr;rpahd; NkNy nry;Ykhapd;> mt; vOr;rp tpid Kbtpw;FVJthfhJ> mtd; capu; Kbtpw;F VJthk;| vd;Dk; nghUs; Njhd;w epd;wikapd;>,JTk; Nkiy myq;fhuk;. msT mwpe;J epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; vd;wikapd;> ,jdhd;>tpidtyp mwpahtopg;gLk; ,Of;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ.

7. Mw;wpd; mstwpe; jPf mJnghUs; Nghw;wp toq;F newp.

Mw;wpd; msT mwpe;J <f mJnghUs; Nghw;wp toq;Fk; newp.

29


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mw;wpd; msT mwpe;J <f - <Ak; newpahNd jkf;F cs;s nghUspd; vy;iyia mwpe;J

mjw;F Vw;g <f@ mJ nghUs; Nghw;wp toq;Fk; newp - mq;qdk; <jy; nghUisg; Ngzpf;

nfhz;nlhOFk; newpahk;.

<Ak;newp Nky; ,iwkhl;rpAs; ~tFj;jYk; ty;yjuR| (Fws;. 385) vd;Gop ciuj;jhk;.

vy;iyf;F Vw;g <jyhtJ> xd;whd vy;iyia ehd;F $whf;fp> mtw;Ws; ,uz;lidj;

jd; nrythf;fp> xd;wid Nky; ,lu; te;Jop mJ ePf;Fjw; nghUl;L itg;ghf;fp> epd;w

xd;wid <jy;@ gpwUk; ~~tUthAs; fhy;toq;fp tho;jy;|| (jpupfLfk;.21) vd;whu;. Ngzpf;

nfhz;L xOFjy;: xUtNuhL el;gpy;yhj mjidj; jk;NkhL el;Gz;lhf;fpf; nfhz;L

xOFjy;. Kjypy; nryT RUq;fpd; nghUs; xUfhYk; ePq;fhJ vd;gjhk;.

8 . Mfh wstpl;b jhapDq; Nfby;iy

Nghfh wfyhf; fil.

MfhW msT ,l;b MapDk; NfL ,y;iy NghfhW mfyhf; fil.

MF MW msT ,l;bJ MapDk; NfL ,y;iy - muru;f;Fg; nghUs; tUfpd;w newpasTrpwpjhapw;whapDk; mjdhy; NfL ,y;iyahk;@ NghF MW mfyhf; fil - Nghfpd;w newpmsT mjdpy; ngUfhjhapd;.

~,l;bJ| vdTk; ~mfyhJ| vdTk; te;j gz;gpd; njhopy;fs; nghUs;Nky; epd;wd.~nghUs;| vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jhd; tUtpj;J> ~msT| vd;gJ gpd;Dk; $l;b ciuf;fg;gl;ld.

KjYk; nryTk; jk;Ks; xg;gpDk; NfL ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.

9 . mstwpe;J thohjhd; tho;f;if csNghy

,y;yhfpj; Njhd;whf; nfLk;.

msT mwpe;J thohjhd; tho;f;if csNghy ,y;yhfpj; Njhd;whf; nfLk;.

msT mwpe;J thohjhd; tho;f;if - jdf;Fs;s nghUspd; vy;iyia mwpe;J mjw;F

Vw;g thokhl;lhjhd; tho;f;iffs;@ csNghy ,y;yhfpj; Njhd;whf; nfLk; - cs;sdNghyj;

Njhd;wp nka;k;ikahd; ,y;iyaha;g; gpd;G mj; Njhw;wKk; ,d;wpf; nfl;LtpLk;.

mt; vy;iyf;F Vw;g tho;jyhtJ@ mjdpd; RUf;ff; $lhjhapDd; xg;ghapd; <j;Jk;

Ja;j;Jk; tho;jhy; njhlf;fj;jpy; NfL ntspg;ghlhikapd;> ~csNghyj; Njhd;wp| vd;whu;.

Kjypy; nryT kpf;fhy; tUk; Vjk; $wpathW.

10. cstiu J}f;fhj xg;Gu thz;ik

tstiu ty;iyf; nfLk;.

cstiu J}f;fhj xg;GuT Mz;ik

tstiu ty;iyf; nfLk;.

cstiu J}f;fhj xg;GuT Mz;ik - jdf;Fs;s msT J}f;fhikf;F VJtha

xg;Guthz;ikahy;@ tstiu ty;iyf; nfLk; - xUtd; nry;tj;jpd; vy;iy tpiuaf;

nfLk;.

xg;GuNt MapDk; kpfyhfhJ vd;wikahd;> ,JTk; mJ. ,it ehd;F ghl;lhDk;

%tif Mw;WYs; ngUikapd; gFjpaha; typawpjy; rpwg;G Nehf;fp tFj;Jf; $wg;gl;lJ.

30


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Cu;fhz; fhij (15 - 61)

Mrpupau; : ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

mwpKfk;

rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOe;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,sq;Nfhtbfshy;

vOjg;gl;lJ. njhlu; epiyr; nra;Ashf mike;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSs;

xd;whFk;. Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp> khjtp MfpNahiug; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fshff; nfhz;L

vOjg;gl;lNj rpyg;gjpfhuk; vDk; fhg;gpakhFk;. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Gfhu;f; fhz;lk;>

kJiuf; fhz;lk;> tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; vd;w ngUk; gpupTfSf;Fs; Kg;gJ fhijfs;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tifapy; kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; cs;s xU gFjpNa Cu;fhz;

fhijahFk;.

fijj;njhlu;

fz;zfpAld; kJiu nrd;wile;j Nfhtyd;> GwQ;rpiw %J}upNy (kJiuapd; Gw

efupy;) fTe;jpabfisAk; fz;zfpiaAk; ,Uf;fitj;Jtpl;L> jdJ Jd;gj;ijAk;

kJiu efUf;Fs; nry;Yk; vz;zj;ijAk; fTe;jpabfsplk; ntspg;gLj;jpaNghJ>

fz;zfpia mtUld; tpl;Lr; nry;tjpy; Jd;gNkJ Kz;Nlh? vd tpdTfpd;whd;.

fTe;jpabfSk; “midtupdJk; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; mtutu; jPtpidg; gaNd” vdMWjy; $wp> kJiu efu; nrd;WtUkhW tpilaspf;fpd;whu;.

Nfhtyd; nrd;W> nfhs;ifapd; ,Ue;j 15

fTe;jp Iiaiaf; ifnjhOJ Vj;jp>

‘newpapd; ePq;fpNahu; ePu;ikNad; Mfp>

eWkyu; Nkdp eLq;FJau; va;j>

mwpahj; Njaj;J Mupil Aoe;J>

rpWik Aw;Nwd;> nra;jtj; jPu; ahd;: 20

njhd;dfu; kUq;fpd; kd;du; gpd;Ndhu;f;F

vd;dpiy czu;j;jp> ahd;tUq; fhWk;>

ghjf; fhg;gpds; ige;njhb; Mfypd;>

Vjk; cz;Nlh> mbfs;! <q;F?’ vd;wYk; -

fTe;jp $Wk;: “fhjyp - jd;ndhL 25

jte;jPu; kUq;fpd; jdpj;Jau; coe;Njha;!

‘kwj;Jiw ePq;Fkpd;; ty;tpid Cl;Lk;’ vd;W>mwj;Jiw khf;fs; jpwj;jpd; rhw;wp>

ehf;fbg;G Mf tha;g;giw miwapDk;>

ahg;giw khf;fs; ,ay;gpw; nfhs;shu;; 30

jPJil ntt;tpid AUj;j fhiy>

Ngijik fe;jhg; ngUk;NgJ cWtu;;xa;ah tpidg;gad; cz;Zq; fhiy>

ifahW nfhs;shu; fw;Wmwp khf;fs;;gpupjy; Jd;gKk;> Gzu;jy; Jd;gKk;> 35

cUtp yhsd; xWf;Fk; Jd;gKk;>

GupFod; khju;g; Gzu;e;Njhu;f;F my;yJ>

xUjdp tho;f;if cwNthu;f;F ,y;iy

ngz;bUk; cz;bAk; ,d;gk;vd;W cyfpy;

nfhz;Nlhu; cW}ck; nfhs;shj; Jd;gk; 40

03. rpyg;gjpfhuk;

31


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fz;ldu; Mfpf; flTsu; tiue;j

fhkQ; rhu;ghf; fhjypd; coe;J> Mq;F;VkQ; rhuh ,Lk;ig va;jpdu;,d;Nw my;yhy;> ,we;Njhu; gyuhy;;njhd;Wgl t&ck; njhd;ikj;J> Mjypd;; 45jhij Vtypd; khJld; Nghfp>fhjyp ePq;ff; fLe;Jau; coe;Njhd;NtjKjy;tw; gae;Njhd; vd;gJePmwpe; jpiyNah? neLnkhop md;Nwh?ty;yhL Maj;J> kz;> muR> ,oe;J; 50nky;ypay; - jd;Dld; ntq;fhd; mile;Njhd;fhjypw; gpupe;Njhd; my;yd;;; fhjypjPnjhL g^ck; rpWikas; my;ys;;;mltpf; fhdfj;J Ma; ,io - jd;id,il ,Us; ahkj;J ,l;L ePq;fpaJ 55ty;tpid md;Nwh? kle;ij - jd; gpionadr;nrhy;yYk; cz;Nly;> nrhy;yh Nah? ePmidiaAk; my;iy; Ma; - ,io - jd;ndhLgpupah tho;f;if ngw;wid md;Nw?tUe;jhJ Vfp> kd;dtd; $ly;; 60nghUe;J cop mwpe;J NghJ <q;F” vd;wYk;.

nghUs;:

jpahdj;jpypUe;j fTe;jpabfsplk; Nfhtyd; nrd;W> ifnjhOJ tzq;fp> “tho;Tg;ghijiatpl;Lj; jtwpatu;fspd; jd;ikAilatdha;> kpFe;j thrid nghUe;jpa

kyu; Nghd;w Nkdpia cilatshd fz;zfp eLq;Fk; msT ngUe;Jd;gk; mila>

Kd;du; xUNghJk; mwpe;jpuhj ehl;bNy Jd;gkhd ghijapNy jpupe;J> ahd; rpWik

mile;Njd;. jtk; nra;fpd;wtNu> goik nghUe;jpa ,k;kJiu efuj;jpYs;s

tzpfu;fSf;F vd; epiyapidf; $wp> ehd; kPz;Lk; ,q;F tUk;tiuapYk; nkd;ikahd

tisay;fis mzpe;jtshd fz;zfp cq;fs; ghjkhfpa fhtypy; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. ,jdhy;

jq;fSf;F VjhtJ ,ilQ;ry;; cz;Nlh?”vd;W (Nfhtyd;) Nfl;lJk;> (mjidf; Nfl;l)

fTe;jpabfs; $Wfpwhu;: Kd;du; nra;j jtk; ePq;fpa epiyapy; fhjypNahL (fz;zfp)

ngUe;Jd;gk; mile;jtNd! “mju;k topapypUe;J tpyFq;fs;; typikAilajhd

Co;tpid mjd; gaidj; jtwhJ ekf;F toq;Fk;” vd;W mwtopapy; thOk; Jwtpau;

cWjpahfr; nthy;yp> ehitNa FWe;jbahff; nfhz;L thahfpa giwia miwe;jhYk;

kd cWjpaw;Nwhu; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;skhl;lhu;fs;.

jPikAila ntk;ikahd tpidahdJ te;J Jd;GWj;Jk;NghJ> mwpahik fhuzkhfg;

ngupJk; kaq;fp tUe;Jthu;fs;. Nghf;f Kbahj tpidapd; gaid mDgtpf;Fk;

fhyj;jpYk;> fw;wtu;fs; nraypoe;J tUe;jkhl;lhu;fs;. gpupTj;JauKk; Gzu;jy;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jd;gKk; cUtkw;wtdhfpa kd;kjd; te;J tUj;Jfpd;w JauKk;

ngz;fisr; Nru;e;J tho;gtu;f;Nf cupj;jhditad;wp> xg;gw;w jdp tho;f;if thOk;

cWjpAilNahu;f;F mit xUNghJk; ,y;iyahFk;.

‘ngz;fSk; czTNk ,d;gk;’ vd;W epidj;J ,t;TyfpNy tho;Nthu; Kbtpy; mstw;w

Jd;gj;ijNa fhz;ghu;fs;. fhkj;ijNa gw;Wf;Nfhlhff; nfhz;L fhjypNy cod;W>

mjd;ghy; mkpo;e;J fiufhz Kbahj Jd;gj;ijNa mtu;fs; mile;jdu;. md;W

kl;Lkd;W; ,jw;F Kd;Gk; ,e;epiyapypUe;jtu;fs; gyuhtu;. njhd;W njhl;L tUfpd;w

goikapidAilaJ ,e;j mtyepiyahFk;.

32


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jd; je;ijapd; fl;lisg;gb> kidtpNahL fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W mtisg; gpupe;jikapdhy;

Jd;gj;ij mile;jtd; ,uhkd;. mtd; Ntj Kjy;tdhfpa gpukidj; jd;dplj;jpypUe;J

gilj;jtd; (,uhkd;> tp\;Ztpd; mtjhuk;) vd;gij eP mwpahNah? ,J cyfwpe;j

ePz;lfhy tuyhW my;yNth? #jhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L kz;izAk; murhl;rpiaAk;

,oe;J> jd; kidtpahfpa jkae;jpAld; fhdfk; nrd;w esd; fhjiy tpl;L ePq;fpatdy;y;

mtdJ fhjyp jkae;jpAk; Fw;wKilats; my;y. Muha;e;njLj;j Mguzq;fis

mzpe;jtshfpa mtis> mlu;e;j fhl;bNy eLr;rhkj;jpNy tpl;L ePq;fpaJ typik

kpf;fjhd Co;tpidahy; my;yNth? mjid mtsJ gpio vd;W nrhy;y KbAkhapd;

nrhy;thahf.

,t;thwhd Jd;gq;fis kw;wtu;fs; mile;j NghjpYk; mtu;fspdpd;W> eP NtWgl;ltdha;

ed;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sha;. mJ vJntdpy;> eP cd; kidtpia tpl;Lg; gpupahj tho;itg;

ngw;Ws;sha;. mjdhy; eP tUe;jhNj. kJiu efUf;Fr; nrd;W ,y;ywk; elj;Jtjw;F

Vw;w ,lk; vJ vd mwpe;J> ,q;F tUthahf” vd;whu;.

,uhkd;

jd; je;ijahfpa jrujd; 14 Mz;Lfs; tdthrk; nry;Yk;gb $wpdhu; vd;w nra;jp

Nfl;l ,uhkd; fhl;bw;Fr; nry;y Maj;jkhdNghJ> mtDld; $lNt mtd; kidtp

rPijAk; nrd;whs;. rPijahdts; fhl;by; itj;J ,uhtzdhy; flj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;lhs;.

mt;Ntis ,uhkd; jd; kidtpahd rPijiag; gpupe;jpUe;jhd;. ,uhkd;> tp\;Ztpd;

mtjhuk; vd;gJk; Ntj Kjy;tdhfpa gpukidj; jd;dplj;jpypUe;Nj gilj;jtd; vd;gJk;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

esd;

esDk; jkae;jpAk; ,dpa ,y;yw tho;f;if elj;jp tUk; fhyj;jpy; esdhdtd;

Gl;fuNdhL #jhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L ehL> murhl;rp vd;gtw;iw ,of;fpd;whd;. esd;

jdJ kidtpahfpa jkae;jpAld; fhdfk; nry;fpd;whd;. mq;F mtisj; jdpNa

tpl;L> esd; ePq;fp tpLfpd;whd;. rpwpJ fhyk; mtu;fs; gpupe;J tho;fpd;wdu;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :

fhW - msT

Vjk; - Fw;wk;

ifahW nfhs;shu; - nraypoe;J tUe;jhu;

ahg;giw khf;fs; - cWjpaw;Nwhu;

jhij - je;ij

Mak; - $l;lk;

kwj;Jiw - ghtnewp

xa;ah - Nghf;f nthz;zh

cuNthu; - ngupNahu; / mwpQu;

ahkj;J - rhkj;J (eLr;rhkk;)

***************************************************

33


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk; khzpf;fthrfuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.

,J gjpf tbtj;jpy; mike;jjhFk;. gjpfk; vd;gJ gj;Jg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk; jpy;iyg;gjpapypUe;J> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwr; rptid epide;J

ghlg;gl;lJ. jpy;iyNa irtkugpy; Nfhapy; vdr; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gpLtJ. me;jmbg;gilapNyNa> “Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk;” vdg;gl;lJ.

,iwtd; kPjhd jPuhj gf;jpiaAk; ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy;cz;lhd ngUkpjj;jpidAk; ,g;gjpfk; ed;F ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

1. khwpepd; nwd;id kaf;fpLk; tQ;rg; Gyide;jpd; topailj; jKNj Cwpepd; nwd;Ds; vOguQ; Nrhjp cs;sth fhzte; jUsha; Njwypd; njspNt rpt ngUkhNd jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd <wpyhg; gjq;fs; ahitAq; fle;j ,d;gNk vd;Dil md;Ng.

(ghly; mbfisf; nfhz;L$l;Lf.)

Njdpd; njspT Nghd;w ,dpikahdtNd> rpt ngUkhNd jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; Nfhapy;nfhz;Ls;s rptngUkhNd> Kbtw;w nja;tg;gjtpfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fle;jMde;jkhdtNd> vd;Dila md;Gf;FupatNd> vd;idg; gifj;J epd;W vdJ mwpitkaq;fr; nra;Ak; fs;s Ik;Gyd;fspd; thapy;fis milj;J> Qhd mKjNk Rue;Jepw;Fk; gbahf vd; cs;sj;jpd;fz;Nz Njhd;Wfpd;w Nkyhd xspNa> cd; cz;ikahdjd;ikia ehd; fhZk;gb te;J mUs; nra;thahf.

2. md;gpdhy; mbNad; MtpNah lhf;if Mde;j kha;f;frpe; JUf vd;guk; my;yh ,d;dUs; je;jha; ahdpjw; fpyndhu;ifk; khW Kd;Gkha;g; gpd;G KOJkha;g; gue;j Kj;jNd Kbtpyh KjNy

njd;ngUe; JiwAiw rptngU khNd rPUilr; rptGuj; jiuNr.

vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kd;Gk; gpd;Gk; mit KOtJkha; tpahgpj;Js;stNd> Kbtw;w kyePf;fk;ngw;wtNd> vy;iyapy;yhj Kjw;nghUNs> njw;NfAs;s jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;tPw;wpUg;gtNd> rptngUkhNd> rpwg;Gila rptNyhf kd;dNd> vd; kPjhd md;gpdhNymbNaDila capUk; clk;Gk;; ,d;gkakha;f; frpe;JUFk;gbahf> vdJ jFjpf;Ff;fpilf;f Kbahj ,dpa jpUtUis eP je;jha;. ,jw;Ff; ifk;khwhf ehd; cdf;Ff;nfhLg;gjw;F vJTkpy;iy.

- “ahdpjw;F ,yd; Xu; ifk;khW” - xg;gw;w ngupNahdhfpa ,iwtDf;Fr; rpw;Wapu;fshy;;vd;d nra;a KbAk;? mjdhy; vd;dplk; ifk;khW vJTkpy;iy vd;whu;.

3. miurNd md;gu;f; fbaNd Dila

mg;gNd MtpNah lhf;if

GiuGiu fdpag; GFe;Jepd; WUf;fpg;

ngha;apUs; fbe;jnka;r; RlNu

jpiunghuh kd;Dk; mKjj;njz; flNy

jpUg;ngUe; JiwAiw rptNd

ciuAzu; tpwe;Jepd; Wzu;tNjhu; czu;Nt

ahDd;id ciuf;Fkh Wzu;e;Nj.

04. Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk;

34


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

md;gu;fSf;F kd;dNd> mbatDila je;ijNa> capNuhL clk;Gk; kapu;f; $r;nrwpAk;

gbahf nefpo;e;J cUFk;gbahf vd;Ds;sj;jpDs; GFe;J epd;W cUf;fp ngha;ikahfpa

mwpahikiaj; njhiyj;j cz;iknahspNa> miy NkhJfpd;wJk; epiyngw;wJkhd

mKjkakhd njspthd Mde;jf;flNy> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd>

nrhy;iyAk; czu;itAk; fle;J epd;W Qhdj;jhy; mwpaf;$banjhU NguwpthdtNd>

ehd; cd;id tpsf;fp ciuf;Fk; topia czu;j;Jthahf.

4. czu;e;j kh Kdptu; ck;gNuh nlhope;jhu;

czu;Tf;Fe; njuptUk; nghUNs

,zq;fpyp vy;yh capu;fl;Fk; capNu

vidg;gpwg; gWf;Fk;vk; kUe;Nj

jpzpe;jNjhu; ,Uspy; njspe;jJ} ntspNa


Fzq;fs;jh kpy;yh ,d;gNk cd;idf;

FWfpNdw; fpdpnad;d FiwNa.

fw;Wzu;e;j ngupa Kdptu;fs;> Njtu;fs;; KjyhNdhuJ czu;Tf;Fk; vl;lhj nghUNs>

xg;gpy;yhjtNd> capu;fnsy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; capuhdtNd> vdJ gpwtpg;gpzpia ePf;Ffpd;w

kUe;Nj> nrwpe;j ,Uspy; njspthf tpsq;Fk; J}axspNa> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;

tPw;wpUf;fpd;w rptngUkhNd> Fzq;fs; ,y;yhj Mde;jNk> cd;id mile;j vdf;F

,dp vd;d FiwAs;sJ?

5. Fiwtpyh epiwNt Nfhjpyh mKNj

<wpyhf; nfhOQ;Rlu;f; Fd;Nw

kiwAkha; kiwapd; nghUSkha; te;njd;

kdj;jpil kd;dpa kd;Nd

rpiwngwh ePu;Nghy; rpe;ijtha;g; ghAe;


,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha;

,dpAd;id vd;dpuf; NfNd.

Fiwtw;w epiwNt> Fw;wkw;w mKjNk> Kbtpy;yh xsp kiyNa> NtjkhfTk; mjd;

nghUshfTk; vdJ kdj;jpNy epiyngw;w jiytNd> fl;Lf;flq;fhj nts;sk;Nghy

vdJ rpe;ijapy; gha;fpd;w jpUg;ngUe;Jiwr; rptngUkhNd> ,iwtNd> eP vd;Dila

cliyNa ,lkhff; nfhz;lha;. ,dp ehd; cd;dplk; ,ue;J Nfl;gjw;F vd;d cs;sJ?

6. ,ue;jpue; JUf vd;kdj; Js;Ns

vOfpd;w NrhjpNa ,ikNahu;

rpue;jdpw; nghypAq; fkyr;Nr tbaha;


epue;jM fhak; ePu;epyk; jPfhy;

Mait my;iyaha; Mq;Nf

fue;jNjhu; cUNt fspj;jdd; cd;idf;

fz;Zwf; fz;Lnfhz; bd;Nw.

cdJ jpUtUis ,iltplhJ Ntz;b vdJ cs;sk; cUFk; fhyj;Nj mq;Nf Njhd;Wfpd;w

xspNa> Njtu;fspd; jiykPJ tpsq;Ffpd;w jhkiu Nghd;w jpUtbia cilatNd>

jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd> vq;Fk; epiwe;j Mfhak;> ePu;> epyk;>

jP> fhw;W Mfpait MfpAk; mit my;yhjtdtha;; mt;tplj;jpNy kiwe;j mUSU

cilatNd> ,d;W ehd; cd;idf; fz;zhuf;fz;L fspj;Njd;.

35


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

7. ,d;nwdf; fUsp ,Us;fbe; Js;sj;

njOfpd;w QhapNw Nghd;W

epd;wepd; jd;ik epidg;gw epide;Njd;

ePayhy; gpwpJkw; wpd;ik

nrd;Wnrd; wZtha;j; Nja;e;JNja;e; njhd;whk;


xd;WeP ay;iy md;wpnahd; wpy;iy

ahUd;id mwpafpw; ghNu.

,f;fhyj;jpNy vdf;Fj; jpUtUs; je;J mwpahikia ePf;fp> cs;sj;jpy; cjpf;fpd;w

#upaidg; Nghyj; Njhd;wp epd;w cdJ ,ay;gpid mwptpdhyd;wp mUs;topapNy

epd;W mwpe;Njd;. cd;idad;wp Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iyahFk;gb vy;yhtw;wpYq; fye;J>

El;gkha; EZfp EZfp vq;Fk; xU jd;ikaha; tpahgfkhdnjhU nghUshf tpsq;Fk;

jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd> cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w xU nghUSk;

eP md;W. cd;iday;yhky; xU nghUSk; njhopw;gLtjpy;iy. ahu; cd;id mwpa

ty;ytu;? (ahUkpy;iy).

8. ghu;gjk; mz;lk; midj;Jkha; Kisj;Jg;

gue;jNjhu; glnuhspg; gug;Ng

ePUW jPNa epidtNjy; mupa

epd;kyh epd;dUs; nts;sr;

rPUW rpe;ij vOe;jNjhu; NjNd


ahUw ntdf;fpq; fhua Ys;shu;

Mde;jk; Mf;Fnkd; NrhjP.

g+kpAk; NkNyAs;s gjq;fSk; ,tw;iw cs;slf;fpa mz;lq;fSkhfpa vy;yhg;

nghUSkha;j;; Njhd;wp> vq;Fk; tpahgpj;j xspg;gpok;Ng> ePupy; fye;Js;s neUg;Gg;

Nghd;wtNd> epidg;gjw;F mUikahd J}a nghUNs> cdJ jpUtUshfpa nts;sk;

gha;fpd;w rpwg;Gg; nghUe;jpa rpj;jj;jpy; cz;lhfpajhfpa xg;gw;w NjNd> jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy;

ciwfpd;w rptngUkhNd> vdf;F ,d;gj;jpidAk; Ngupd;gj;ijAk; tpisf;fpd;w xspNa.

,t;tplj;jpy; cwthapUg;gtu; ahu;? mayhuha; ,Ug;gtu; ahu;? (cwtpdUkpy;iy>

mayhUkpy;iy> cidad;wp ahUkpy;iy vd;wthW).

9. Nrhjpaha;j; Njhd;Wk; cUtNk mUthk;

xUtNd nrhy;Yjw; fupa

MjpNa eLNt me;jNk ge;jk;

mWf;Fk;M de;jkh flNy

jPjpyh ed;ikj; jpUtUl; Fd;Nw


ahJeP NghtNjhu; tifnadf; fUsha;

te;Jepd; ,izab je;Nj.

xspaha; tpsq;Ffpd;w Nkdpia cilatNd> cUtkpy;yhj xg;gw;wtNd> nrhw;fspdhy;

$wKbahj vg;nghUSf;Fk; KjYk; ,ilAk; filAkhAs;stNd> gpwtpj; jisia

xopf;fpd;w Ngupd;gg; ngUq;flNy> jPJ ,y;yhj ed;ikNaAila jpUtUs; kiyNa>

jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; rptngUkhNd> FUtha; vOe;jUsp te;J cd; ,U

jpUtbfisAk; vdf;F mUspa gpd; eP vd;idtpl;Lg; Nghfpd;w Kiw ahJ? vd;W

nrhy;yp mUs;thahf.

36


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

10. je;jJd; wd;idf; nfhz;lnjd; wd;idr;

rq;fuh Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;

me;jnkhd; wpy;yh Mde;jk; ngw;Nwd;

ahJeP ngw;wnjhd; nwd;ghy;

rpe;ijNa Nfhapy; nfhz;lvk; ngUkhd;


ve;ijNa <rh clyplq; nfhz;lha;

ahd;,jw; fpyd;Xu;ifk; khNw.

vd;Ds;sj;ijNa jpUf;Nfhapyhff; nfhz;L tPw;wpUe;J mUspa vkJ jiytNd>

jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; ciwfpd;w rptNd> vk; je;ijNa> <rNd> vdJ clypid ,lkhff;

nfhz;ltNd> vdf;F eP cd;idf; nfhLj;jha;. mjw;fPlhf eP vd;id Vw;Wf;nfhz;lha;.

mjdhy;> ehd; Kbtpyhj Nguhde;jj;ij mile;Njd;. eP vd;dplj;jpy; mile;j gad;

vd;d? xd;Wkpy;iy. ek;kpUtupy; jpwikAilatu; ahu;? (ehNd jpwikAilatd;)

,t;Tjtpf;F ehd; xU gpujpAgfhuKk; nra;a KbahjtdhapNdd;.

“gjq;fs; ahitAk; fle;j ,d;gNk........”

gjq;fs; vd;gJ nja;tg;gjtp my;yJ tPLNgw;W epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. me;jj;

jj;Jt epiyfisf; flg;NghNu rptdhfpa epj;jpa ,d;g epiyiag; ngwyhk;.

tPLNgw;W epiyfisf; flj;jy; fbdkhifahy; <wpyhg; gjq;fs; vdg;gl;lJ.

“khwp epd;W vd;id kaf;fpLk; tQ;rg; Gyd; Ie;jpd;........”

,iwaUisg; ngWk; vd;Dila Nehf;fj;jpy; vd;idg; gifj;J> mwpit kaf;fp

cz;ikg; nghUisf; fhztplhJ epd;W NtW tplaq;fspy; <LgLj;Jfpd;w>

<LgLtjidj; jLj;J Qhdj;ijj; jUgtd; rptd;.

,iwtdJ ,ay;Gfshff; $wg;gLgit: <wpyhg; gjq;fs; ahitAq; fle;j ,d;g tbthdtd;

Kbtpyh Kjyha; tpsq;Fgtd;

vq;Fk; epiwe;j Mfhak;> ePu;> epyk;> jP> fhw;W MfTk; mit my;yhJk; fue;Jepw;gtd;

xd;nwd;W nrhy;y Kbahjtd;;

jhdd;wp NtW ,y;iy vd;Dk;gbahdtd;. mwpjw;F mupatd;;

g+kp> gjq;fs;> mz;lq;fs; Mfpa vy;yhg; nghUSkha;j; Njhd;wp> tpupe;J glUfpd;w

xspg;gpsk;ghdtd;;

MjpahAk; eLthAk; me;jkhAk; jpfo;gtd;;

jPjpyh ed;ikiaj; jUk; jpUtUl; Fd;wha; tpsq;Fgtd;

jpiunghuh kd;Dk; mKjj; njz;fly;: (3 Mk; ghly;)

,jpy; ,iwtdJ ,ay;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ

miyNkhjhJ epiyngw;wJ vd;gjd; %yk; ,iwtdJ epiyngauhj; jd;ik

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ

mKjj; njz;fly; vd;gjd; %yk; njspthdtDk; ,dpikahdtDk; rhth ,d;gj;ijj;

juj;jf;ftDkhfpa ,iwtdJ ,ay;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ

ePUW jPNa epidtNjy; mupa epd;kyh: (8 Mk; ghly;)

,iwtdJ ,ay;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ

ePUW jPNa vd;gjd; %yk; ,iwtdJ ntspj; njupahJ cs;SiwAk; jd;ik

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ

37


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ctik mzp ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ

ctkhdk; - ePUW jP

ctNkak; - Ik;g+jq;fSs;Sk; ciwAk; ,iwtd;

nghJj;jd;ik - ntspj; njupahJ cs;SiwAk; jd;ik

“epidtNjy; mupa epd;kyh” vd;gjd; %yk; epide;J mwptjw;F mupatdhFk;

jd;ikAk; J}atdhFe; jd;ikAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ

rq;fuh Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;: (10 Mk; ghly;)

,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy; Vw;gl;l ngUkpj czu;T ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

,iwtd; ngWkjpahd jd;idj; je;J> ifkhwhfg; ngWkjpaw;w jd;id (khzpf;f

thrfiu) Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; vd;Wk; ,jdhy; jhd; vy;iyapy;yh Mde;jk; ngw;Nwd;

vdf; $Wtjdhy; mg; ngUkpjk; ntspg;gl;lJ.

Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfj;jpy;> ‘,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha; ,dpAd;id

vd;dpuf;NfNd’ vd;w mbfs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

Nfhapy; jpUg;gjpfk;> ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy; Vw;gl;l ngUkpj

czu;tpid ntspg;gLj;JtjhFk;

mNj ngUkpjj;jpidNa ‘,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha; ,dpAd;id

vd;dpuf;NfNd’ vd;w mbfSk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd

‘,iwtNd eP vdJ cliyNa Nfhapyhff; nfhz;L vOe;jUspAs;shNa’ ,J

ngUk;Ngwd;Nwh vDk; ngUkpjj;jpid Nkw;gb mbfspy; fhzyhk;

,dp cd;dplk; ehd; vjid Ntz;LtJ vd;gjdhy;> vdf;Fj; NjitahdJ vy;yhk;

fpilj;Jtpl;ld vd;w ngUkpjk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ

gjpfj;jpd; Clhf ntspg;gLk; gpujhd czu;tpid ,t;tbfSk; gpujpgypg;gjdhy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd

,iwtdJ mwpaKbahj jd;ik ,g;gjpfj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhW:

fue;jNjhu; cUNt (3 Mk; ghly;) - vq;Fk; epiwe;jtd;

ePUW jPNa epidtNjy; mupa epd;kyh (8 Mk; ghly;)

mUthk; xUtNd (9 Mk; ghly;) - v

xd;W ePay;iy md;wp nahd;wpy;iy (7 Mk; ghly;) - v

khzpf;fthrfu; ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s gf;jp ntspg;gLk; tpjk;:

,iwtdJ ,ay;GfisAk; ngUikfisAk; tpae;J $Wjy;

,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;l epiyia ntspg;gLj;jy;

- “md;gpdhy; mbNad; MtpNahlhf;if Mde;jkha;f; frpe;JUf

vd;guk; my;yh ,d;dUs; je;jha;”

- “fspj;jdd; cd;idf; fz;Zwf; fz;L nfhz;bd;Nw”

,iwtd; jdf;FjTe; jd;ikapidf; $wy;

- Kd;idg; gpwg;gWf;Fk; vk; kUe;Nj

- ,d;dUs; je;jha;

,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; cz;lhd ngUkpjj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jy;;

- ,iwtNd ePnad; clyplq; nfhz;lha;> ,dpAd;id vd;dpuf;NfNd

- Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;

***************************************************

38


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

05. mkydhjpgpuhd;

ghbatu; : jpUg;ghzho;thu;

Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;G:

Nrhoehl;L ciwA+upy; tho;e;jtu;. gd;dpU Mo;thu;fSs; xUtu;. muq;fehjiuf; fhz

Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdJ neLehs; Vf;fk; jpBnud epiwNtwpaNtis> gutrKw;Wg; ghbaNj

“mkydhjpgpuhd;” vDk; ,g;gjpfk;. jpUg;ghzho;thu; ghbajhff; fpilg;gJ ,g;gjpfk; xd;Nw.

01. mky dhjpgpuh dbahu;f; nfd;id ahl;gLj;j

tpkyd; tpz;ztu; Nfhd;tpiu ahu;nghopy; Ntq;fltd;

epkyd; epd;kyd; ePjp thdtd; ePs;kjp suq;fj; jk;khd; jpUf;

fky ghjk; te; njd;fz;zp Ds;sd nthf;fpd;wNj!

gupRj;jDk; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; njhlf;fkhd ngupatDk;> jdJ mbahu;fSf;F mbahdhf

Ml;gLk;gb vd;idr; nra;jtDk; Njtu; jiytDk; thridkpf;f NrhiyfisAila

jpUNtq;flkiyapNy tPw;wpUg;gtDk; epahak; epiyngWk; ,lkhfpa gukgjj;jpNy

tPw;wpUg;gtDk; ePz;l kjps; #o;e;j jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa ngUkhDila

jhkiug; g+g; Nghd;w mofpa jpUg;ghjk; vd; fz;Zf;Fs;Ns ,Ug;gJNghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wNj!

02. cte;j Ts;sj;jdh Ayfkse; jz;lKw

epte;j ePs;Kbad; md;W Neu;e;j eprhruiu

ftu;e;j ntq;fizf; fhFe;jd; fbahu;nghopy; muq;fj; jk;khd; miur;

rpte;j Milapd; Nky;nrd;w jhnkd rpe;jidNa!

Mde;jkakhd jpUTs;sj;ij cilatdha;> %Tyfq;fisAk; mse;J mz;lKflilf;

fle;J nry;Yk;gbahf cau;e;j jpUKbia cilatdhs;> Kw;fhyj;jpNy jd;id

vjpu;j;Jte;j mRuu;fsJ capiu thq;fpa nfhba mk;Gfis cila ,uhkdha;>

thrid epiwe;j Nrhiyfs; #o;e;j jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUf;Fk; ngUkhDila

jpUtiuapNy cLj;jpUf;fpd;w rpte;j gPjhk;guj;jpd;Nky; vd;Dila rpe;jid (NtnwhU

epidg;Gkpd;wpr;) nrd;W gjpe;Jtpl;lNj!

03. ke;jp gha;tl Ntq;fl khkiy thdtu;fs;

re;jp nra;a epd;wh duq;fj; jutp dizahd;

me;jp Nghy;epwj; jhilA kjd;Nky; maidg; gilj;j Njhnuopy;

ce;jp Nkyjd; Nwhmb NaDs;sj; jpd;DapNu!

Fuq;Ffs; jhtpg;gha;fpd;wJk; tljpirapy; cs;sJkhfpa jpUNtq;flkiyapy;

Njtu;fnsy;NyhUk; te;J tzq;Fk;gbahf epw;gtDk; jpUtuq;fj;jpNy ghk;Gg;gLf;ifapNy

fplg;gtDkhfpa vk;gpuhDila nrt;thdk; Nghd;w epwj;ijAila MilAk; mjd;

Nkyhfj; Njhw;wkspf;fpd;w> gpukidj; Njhw;Wtpj;j xg;gw;w moFtha;e;j ehgpAkhfpa

mtw;wpd; Nkyy;yth vdJ mUiktha;e;j capu; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ!

04. rJukh kjpy;# opyq;iff; fpiwtd; jiygj;J

cjpu Nthl;b Xu; ntq;fiz Aa;j;jtNdhj tz;zd;

kJukh tz;K ghl khkap yhluq;fj; jk;khd; jpUtapw;

Wjuge;jk; vd; Ds;sj;Js;epd; Wyhfpd;wNj!

rJu tbtkhd kjpyhy; #og;ngw;w ,yq;iff;F murdhd ,uhtzDila gj;Jj;

jiyfSk; rpjWk;gbahf xg;gw;w ,uhkghzj;ijr; nrYj;jpatDk; fly; epw;gtDk;

,dpikahf tz;L ghl> mofpa kapy;fs; MLfpd;w jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa

ngUkhDila jpUtapw;wpNy fl;lg;ngw;Ws;s cjuge;jk; vd; cs;sj;Jf;Fs;Ns epd;W

cyhTfpd;wJ!

39


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

05. ghukha gotpid gw;wWj;J vd;idj;jd;

thukhf;fp itj;jhd; itj;jjd;wp nad;Ds; GFe;jhd;

Nfhu khjtk; nra;jdd;nfh ywpNa suq;fj; jk;khd; jpU

Mu khu;tJ md;Nwh! mb Naid ahl;nfhz;lNj!

jhq;Fjw;fupa gioa tpidf;fl;Lf;fis mWj;J> vd;idj; jd;dplj;jpy; md;Gilatdhf;fpitj;jhd;@ mJkl;Lkd;wp> vd; cs;sj;jpDs;Ns GFe;J nfhz;lhd;@ (,g;gbg;gl;l

ghf;fpaj;ij miltjw;F ehd;) cf;fpukhd ngupa jtj;ijr; nra;NjNdh vd;dNth?

vdf;Fj; njupatpy;iy! jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUf;fpd;w ngUkhdpd;> jpUkfs; tPw;wpUg;gJk;

kzpkhiy mzpag;ngw;wJkhd jpUkhu;G my;yNth mbatdhd vd;id Ml;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lJ!

06. Jz;l ntz;gpiw ad;Jau; jPu;j;jtd; mQ;rpiwa

tz;Ltho; nghopy;# ouq;fefu; Nka tg;gd;

mz;l uz;lgfp uz;lj;njhU khepyk;

vOkhy;tiu Kw;Wk; cz;l fz;lk; fz;B ubNaid Aa;af;nfhz;lNj.

(KOikaw;Wj;) Jz;lkha; ,Uf;fpd;w ntz;zpwkhd gpiwr; re;jpuidr; #batdhd

rptdpd; (gpr;ir vLj;jj; jpuptjhfpa) Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fpatDk;> mofpa rpwFfisAila

tz;Lfs; tho;fpd;w nghopyhw; #og;ngw;w jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa

mg;gDila - midj;J mz;lq;fisAk; cyifAk; VO Fy kiyfisAk; kw;WKs;s

midj;ijAk; cz;l - jpUf;fOj;jj;jhd; vd;id ca;Ak;gb nra;jJ.

07. ifap dhu;Rup rq;fd yhopau; ePs;tiuNghy;

nka;adhu; Jsg tpiuahu; fko;ePs; Kbnak;

Iadhu; mzpauq;fdh uutp dizkpir Nka khadhu;;

nra;atha; INah! vd;idr; rpe;ij ftu;e;jJNt!

jpUf;fuj;jpNy nghUe;jpapUf;fpd;w GupfisAila rq;ifAk; mdy; ff;Ffpd;w

rf;fuj;ijAk; cilatUk; ePz;l kiyNghd;w jpUNkdpia cilatUk; Jsrp kzk;

tPRfpd;w xspnghUe;jpa ePz;l jpUKbia cilatUk; ghk;gizapNy gs;sp

nfhz;ltUkhfpa khatdhUila rpte;j jpUthahdJ vd;Dila neQ;irf; nfhs;is

nfhz;Ltpl;lNj!

08. gupa dhfp te;j mTz Dly;fPz;l mkuu;f;F

mupa Mjpg;gpuh duq;fj; jkyd; Kfj;J

fupa thfpg; Gilgue;J kpspu;e;J nrt;tup Nahb ePz;lmg;

ngupa tha fz;fs; vd;idg; Ngijik nra;jdNt!

gUj;j cUtj;NjhL (gpufyhjidf; nfhy;tjw;fhf) te;j mRuDila (,uzpaDila)

cliyf; fpopj;jtDk; Njtu;fshy; miljw;F mupatDk; midj;Jf;Fk; %y fhuzDk;

jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa gupRj;jDila jpUKfj;jpNy fupa epwj;Njh:

tprhykhf nrt;tup glu;e;J ePz;L tpsq;Ffpd;w me;jg; ngupa fz;fs; vd;id kaf;fk;

nra;Jtpl;ldNt!

09. Mykh kuj;jpd; ,iyNk nyhUghyfdha;

Qhy NkO Kz;lh duq;fj; juyp dizahd;;

Nfhy khkzp ahuKk; Kj;Jj; jhkKk; Kbtpy;y Njhnuopy;

ePy Nkdp INah! epiw nfhz;lnjd; neQ;rpidNa!

40


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ngupa Mykuj;jpd; ,iyapNy xU rpW Foe;ijahff; fple;jtDk; VO cyfq;fisAk;

cz;ltDkha; jpUtuq;fj;jpNy fplg;gtDila mofpa ngupa kzpkhiyAk; Kj;J

khiyAk; g+z;l vy;iyaw;w vopy; nfhz;l ePy epwNkdpahdJ vd;Dila neQ;rpd;

mlf;fj;ij / cWjpiaj; jfu;j;Jtpl;lNj! INah!

10. nfhz;ly; tz;zidf; Nfhty dha;ntz;nza;

cz;l thad; vd; Ds;sk; ftu;e;jhid

mz;lu; Nfhdzp auq;fd;vd; dKjpidf;

fz;l fz;fs; kw;nwhd;wpidf; fhzhNt!

kioNkfj;ij xj;j epwj;ij cilatDk; Mau; Fyj;jdha;g; gpwe;J ntz;nza;

cz;l thia cilatDkha; vd; cs;sj;ij <u;j;jtid> Njtu; jiytDk;

moFkpf;f jpUtuq;fj;jpNy tPw;wpUg;gtDkhfpa vd; mKjj;ijf; fz;l fz;fs; NtW

vjidAk; fhzkhl;lh!

mky cte;j ke;jp> rJuk; ghuk; Jz;l> if gup Muk;> nfhz;ly; - fz;zp.

1) muq;fehjdpd; Njhw;wg; nghypT

muq;fehjdpd; Njhw;wg; nghyptpid> jpUg;ghzho;thu; ghjhjp Nfrkhf tu;zpj;Jg;

ghb cs;shu;.

jhkiu kyu; Nghd;w jpUtbfs;

miuAk; mjd; kPjzpe;Js;s rpte;j MilAk;

me;jp tz;z MilAk; mjd;Nky; vopy; ce;jpAk;

flyiyapd; tz;zk; nfhz;l Nkdpapy; tpsq;fpj; Njhd;Wk; cjuge;jdk;

mofpa Mukzpe;j jpUkhu;G

cyfk; VioAk; tpOq;fpa fz;lk;

rpte;j tha;

nrt;tup Xba ngupa fz;fs;

ePy Nkdp

ntz; ntz;nza; cz;l tha;

2) ngUkhs; ngUikfs;

kyq;fshy; gPbf;fg;glhjtd;

tpz;ztu; jiytd;

%tbahy; cyfse;J> khgypia mlf;fpatd;

gpukidg; gilj;jtd;

gpwtpg; gpzpf;Ff; fhuzkhd tpidfis mWj;jtd;

,uhtzdpd; gj;Jj; jiyfSk;; rpjwbj;jtd;

,uzpaid tjk; nra;jtd;

Jz;lntz; gpiwahd; Jau; jPu;j;jtd;

41


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

3) jyr; rpwg;G

eWkzk;kpf;f kyu;r; Nrhiyfs; epiwe;j jpUNtq;fl kiy

Fuq;Ffs; jhtp tpisahb kfpOk; tskpf;f jpUNtq;fl kiy

ePz;l kjpy;fisf; nfhz;l jpUtuq;fk;

tz;L ghl> kapyhLk; jpUtuq;fk;

tz;Lfs; thOk; Nrhiyfs; epiwe;j jpUtuq;fk;

moFkpf;f jpUtuq;fk;

4) ngUkhs;kPJ jpUg;ghzho;thu; nfhz;l gf;jp

muq;fidj; juprpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w neLehs; Vf;fk; jpBnud;W

epiwNtwpaikahy; mile;j gutrk;.

mtDila jpUNkdpapdpd;Wk; fz;fis vLf;f KbahJ epw;wy;.

muq;fdpd; ghjk; Kjy; Nfrk; tiu> xt;nthd;whff; fz; mDgtpj;J

capUk; cs;sKk; xd;wpa gutr epiy.

mtdJ ngUikfisAk; jpUNkdp moifAk; fz;L cs;sk; epiwjy;.

“INah epiw nfhz;lJ vd; neQ;rpid......”

jpUNkdp mofpy; <Lgl;l fz;zhy; Ntnwhd;iwf; fhztpUk;ghik.

“vd;dKjpidf; fz;l fz;fs;......”

gutrj;jhy; mwptope;j epiyik.

c-k; : “ngupatha; fz;fs; vidg; Ngijik.......”

5) ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mzpfs;

ctik

fky ghjk; (1)

me;jp Nghy; epwj;jhil (3)

Xjtz;zd; (4)

ePs; tiu Nghy; nka;adhu; (7)

nfhz;ly; tz;zd; (10)

***************************************************

42


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jrujdplk;> ifNfap ngw;Wf;;nfhz;l tuj;jpdhy; Kb#lhJ mNahj;jp efiu tpl;LePq;fp

fhl;Lf;Fg; Gwg;gl;l ,uhkd;> FfdJ cjtpAld; fq;ifahw;iwf; fle;J fhL GFe;jhd;.

,uhkid ehl;Lf;F murdhf;f mioj;Jtur; nrd;w gujd;> Ffidr; re;jpj;jijAk;

mg;NghJ epfo;e;jtw;iwAk; $Wtjhf ,g;gFjp mikfpwJ. (Ffg; glyk; : ghly; vz; :

2303 - 2344)

cs;slf;fk; :

1 - 13: ngUQ;NridAld; te;j gujidf; fz;L rpdq;nfhz;l Ffd;> jd; giliaf;

$l;baJ.

14 - 23: rpdq;nfhz;l Ffdpd; #Siu / tQ;rpdk;.

24 - 37: Ffidg; gw;wpr; Rke;jpud; nrhy;yf; Nfl;l gujd;> Ffidf; fhz tUjYk;

mtu;fs; ,UtUk; xUtiu xUtu; vjpu;nfhz;lthWk;.

38 - 43: ,uhk> ,yf;Ftd; Fwpj;J Ffdplk; gujd; tprhupj;jikAk; Ffdpd;

tpsf;fKk;.

,e;jg; gFjpapy; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs; :

m) ghj;jpug; gilg;G (,ay;G> Ngr;R> nray; Kjyhdit)M) rk;gtr; rpj;jpupg;G,) mzpfspd; ifahSif

<) re;ju;g;gk; $wy;

gujd; NridNahL fq;ifapd; fiuia miljy;

1) g+tpup nghyd;fow; nghUtp whidahd;

fhtpup ehld;d fodp ehnlhuP,j;

jhtu rq;fk nkd;De; jd;ika

ahitA kpuq;fplf; fq;if naa;jpdhd;.

g+ tpup nghyd; foy; nghU ,y; jhidahd;fhtpupehL md;d fodp ehL xuP,j;jhtu rq;fkk; vd;Dk; jd;ikaahitAk; ,uq;fplf; fq;if va;jpdhd;.

g+ tpup - moFkpf;f> nghyd; foy; - nghd;dhyhd tPuf;foiyAk;> nghU ,y;

jhidahd; - xg;gpy;yhj NridiaAKila gujd;> fhtpupehL md;d - fhNtup

ghAQ; Nrho ehl;il nahj;j> fodp ehL - fodpfisAila (jdJ) Nfhry Njrj;ij>

xuP,j; - tpl;LePq;fp> jhtu rq;fkk; vd;Dk; jd;ika ahitck; - epiyapw;

nghUs;> ,aq;Fk; nghUs; vd ,Utifj; Njhw;wkhfg; gFf;fg;gLk; jd;ikAila

vy;yhTapu;fSk;> ,uq;fpl - (jdJ epiyikia Nehf;fpg;) gupjtpf;f> fq;if va;jpdhd;

- fq;ifapd; fiuia va;jpdhd;.

gujDld; nrd;w ahidr;Nridapd; tUzid2) vz;zUQ; RUk;Gjk; kpdj;Jf; fy;yJ

fz;zfd; ngUk;Gdw; fq;if naq;fZ

kz;zy;ntq; fupkjj; jUtp gha;jyh

Yz;zTq; FilaT Kupj;jd; whaNj.

vz;zUk; RUk;Gjk; ,dj;Jf;F my;yJfz; mfd; ngUk; Gdy; fq;if vq;fZk;mz;zy; ntk; fup kjj;J mUtp gha;jyhy;cz;zTk; FilaTk; cupj;jd;W MaNj.

06. fk;guhkhazk; - Ffg; glyk;

43


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fz; mfy; - ,lk; mfd;w> ngU Gdy; - kpf;f ePiuAila> fq;if - fq;fh ejpapy;>

vq;fz;ck; - vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;> mz;zy; ntk;fup - ngUikiaAila ntt;tpa

ahidapdJ> kjj;J mUtp - kjePu;g;ngUf;F> gha;jyhy; - ngUFtjhy;> (mt;thw;W

ePu;) vz;z mUQ; RUk;G jk; ,dj;Jf;F my;yJ - vz;zp mstpLtw;F mupa

(kpfg; gythd) tz;Lfspd; $l;lj;Jf;F md;wp (kw;w kdpju; KjypNahu;f;F)> cz;zck;

- Fbf;fck;> Filack; - ePuhl;lQ; nra;aTk;> cupj;J md;W MaJ - cupikAila

jy;yhjjhapw;W.

Fjpiur; Nridfspd; tUzid3) mbkpirj; J}spGf; file;j Njtu;jk;

Kbkpirg; glu;tNjhu; Kiwik Nju;e;jpNyk;

nebJapu;j; Jz;lT ePe;jp epd;wTk;

nghbkpirg; Guz;lTk; Gutp aPl;lNk.

mb kpirj; J}sp> Gf;F> mile;j Njtu;jk;Kb kpirg; glu;tJ Xu; Kiwik Nju;e;jpNyk;;nebJ capu;j;J cz;lTk; ePe;jp epd;wTk;nghb kpirg; Guz;lTk;> Gutp <l;lNk.

mbkpirj; J}sp - (Fjpiufspd;) fhy;fspdhnyOg;gg;gl;l J}spfs;> Gf;F mile;j

- (thdpw;) Ngha;r; Nrug;ngw;wit> Njtu;jk; Kbkpirg; glu;tJ - Njtu;fspd; rpurpd;kPJ

nrd;W Nru;e;jjhfpa> Xu; Kiwik - xg;gw;w Kiwikia> Nju;e;jpNyd; - (khDluhfpa

ehk;) mwpe;Njhkpy;iy> nebJ capu;j;J - ngU%r;R tpl;Lf;nfhz;L> cz;lck; -

(ePiug;) gUfpadTk;> ePe;jp epd;wck; - (ePupy;;) ePe;jpagb epd;wdTk;> nghbkpirg;

Guz;lck; - g+kpapd; kPJ Guz;litfSk;> Gutp <l;lk;V - Fjpiuf;$l;lNkahFk;.

gujdJ Nrid fq;ifapy; tpahgpj;jy;4) ghiyNaa; epwj;njhL gz;L jhd;gl

NuhiyNaa; neLq;fl Nyhbw; wpy;iyahd;khiyNaa; neLKb kd;dd; Nridahk;

NtiyNa kLj;jjf; fq;if nts;sNk.

ghiy Va; epwj;njhL gz;L jhd; glu;>Xiy Va; neLq;fly; Xbw;wpy;iyahy;>khiy Va; neLKb kd;dd; Nridahk;NtiyNa kLj;jJ mf; fq;if nts;sNk.

mf; fq;if nts;sk; - me;jf; fq;fhejpapd; ngUf;fhdJ> ghiy Va; epwj;njhL

- ghiynahj;j (nts;spa) epwj;JlNd> jhd; gz;L glu; - jhd; Kd;Nd nrd;wile;J

te;j> Xiy Va; neLq; fly; - Muthuj;ijf; nfhz;;l ngupa flypy;> Xbw;W ,y;iy

- tpiue;J nrd;wilatpy;iy> khiy Va; neL Kb kd;dd; NridMk; - g+khiyiar;

#ba ePz;l fpuPlj;ij azpe;j gujdJ Nridahfpa> NtiyV - rKj;jpuNk> kLj;jJ

- (me;jf; fq;ifapd; ngUf;if) cz;Ltpl;lJ.

gujidj; njhlu;e;J nrd;w Nrid msT5) fhd;wiy ez;zpa fhisgpd; gpd;glu;

Njhd;wiy at;top njhlu;e;J nrd;wd

thd;wt Uzu;j;jpa tf;F Nuhzpfz;

%d;Wgj; jhapuj; jpul;b Kw;WNk.

44


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fhd;jiy ez;zpa fhis gpd; glu;Njhd;wiy> mt;topj; njhlu;e;J nrd;wdMd;wtu; czu;j;jpa mf;FNuhzpfs;%d;W gj;jhapuj;J ,ul;b Kw;WNk.

fhd; jiy ez;zpa - fhl;bw; nrd;w> fhis gpd; - ,uhkgpuhd; gpd;Nd (,uhkgpuhidehb vd;wgb)> glu; - Gwg;gl;l> Njhd;wiy - gujid> mt;top - mg;nghOJmy;yJ mt;tplj;jpy;> njhlu;e;J nrd;wd - gpd; njhlu;e;J nrd;w Nridfs;>Kw;Wk; - KOtJk;> Md;wtu; czu;j;jpa - ngupNahu;fshy; njhif $wg;gl;l>%d;W gj;J Mapuj;J ,ul;b mf;FNuhzpfs; - mWgjpdhapuk; mf;FNuhzpfshk;.

gujd; NridNahL tUjiyf; fz;L IAw;W> Ffd; jd;NridNahL fq;ifapd; njd;fiuia miljy; (06 - 11)

6) mg;gil fq;ifia aile;j thapilj;Jg;Gilf; flypdPu; Rke;j Nkfj;ijnahg;Gil az;zNyh Llw;w Ntnfhyhkpg;gil naLj;jnjd; nwLj;j rPw;wj;jhd;.

mg;gil fq;ifia mile;j Mapilj;Jg;G cilf; flypd; ePu; Rke;j Nkfj;ijxg;G cil mz;zNyhL clw;wNtnfhyhk;,g;gil vLj;jJ vd;W vLj;j rPw;wj;jhd;.

mg; gil - me;jr; Nrid> fq;ifia mile;j - fq;ifiar; Nru;e;j> Mapil -mr;rkaj;jpy; (mjidf; fz;L)> Jg;G cil flypd; - typikAila flypdJ> ePu;- ePiu> Rke;j - (gUfp kpFjpahfj; jupj;J) #y; nfhz;l> Nkfj;ij - fhsNkfj;ij>xg;G cil - ctikahfTila (xj;j vd;wgb)> mz;zNyhL - uhkDlNd> clw;wVnfhy;Mk; - Nghu; nra;jw;fhfNtNah> ,g; gil vLj;jJ - ,e;jr; Nrid vOe;jJ>vd;W - vd;W vz;zp> vLj;j rPw;wj;jhd; - kpFjpahff; nfhz;l NfhgKilatdha;.- “Ffd; vdg; ngaupa $w;wpd; Mw;wyhd;”(7) “kUq;F mil njd; fiu te;JNjhd;wpdhd;” (11) vd ,iaAk;.

7) FfndDk; ngaupa $w;wp dhw;wyhd;nwhifKul; Nridiaj; Jfsp Ndhf;Fthdifkpff; fz;fB ehw ehrpapw;Gif Awf; Fdpg;GWk; GUtg; Nghu;tpyhd;.

Ffd; vDk; ngaupa $w;wpd; Mw;wyhd;njhif Kuz; Nridiaj; Jfspd; Nehf;Fthd;.eif kpff; fz;fs; jP ehw ehrpapy;Gif cwf; Fdpg;GWk; GUtg; Nghu;tpyhd;.

Ffd; vDk; ngaupa - Ffndd;w ngaiuAila> $w;wpd; Mw;wyhd; - akd;NghYk; typikiaAila Ntlu;Nfhd;> njhif Kuz; Nridia - njhFjpahfTs;stypikiaAila mr;Nridia> Jfspd; Nehf;Fthd; - (mjdhy; NknyOg;gg;gl;l)GOjpahw; ghu;j;jwpe;jtdha;> eif kpf - rpupg;G mjpfg;glTk;> fz;fs; jP ehw -fz;fspdpd;W jPg;nghwp gwf;fTk;> ehrpapy; Gif cw - %f;fpdpd;Wk; Gif kpf;Ff;fpsk;gTk;> Fdpg;GWk; GUtg; Nghu;tpyhd; - tise;j GUtkhfpa Nghu; nra;Ak;tpy;iyAilatDk;.

45


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

8) ikAw Tapnuyh kpWjp thq;Fthd;

ifAW ftuapy; gpbj;j fhyd;wh

idiaE} whapu KUt khapd

nka;AW jhidahd; tpy;ypd; fy;tpahd;.

ik cwT capu; vyhk; ,Wjp thq;Fthd;if cW ftu; mapy; gpbj;j fhyd;jhd;I IE}whapuk; cUtk; Mapdnka; cW jhidahd;> tpy;ypd; fy;tpahd;.

ikcw - Fw;wKz;lhf> capu; vyhk; ,Wjp thq;Fthd; - capiunay;yhk;

KbTz;lhf;Fk;gb (clypdpd;W) ePq;Ftjw;F> if - ifapNy> cW - nghUe;jpa>

ftu; mapy; gpbj;j - Kj;jiy Ntiyg;gpbj;j> fhyd;jhd; - akNd> I Ie; E}W

Mapuk; cUtk; Mapd - mofpa Ie;J yl;rk; tbitnaLj;jhnyhj;j> nka; cW

jhidahd; - nka; typikiaAila Nridia cilatDk;> tpy;ypd; fy;tpahd;

- tpy;tpj;ijapy; ty;ytDk;.

9) fl;ba Rupifad; fbj;j thapdd;

ntl;ba nkhopapdd; tpopf;Fe;; jPapdd;

nfhl;ba Jbapdd; Fwpf;Fq; nfhk;gpdd;

fpl;ba jknudf; fpsUe; Njhspdhd;.

fl;ba Rupifad;> fbj;j thapdd;>ntl;ba nkhopapdd;> tpopf;Fk;;; jPapdd;nfhl;ba Jbapdd;> Fwpf;Fk; nfhk;gpdd;‘fpl;baJ mku;’ vdf; fpsUk; Njhspdhd;.

fl;ba - (miug;gl;lbifapw;) fl;ba> Rupifad; - cilthisAilatDk;> fbj;j

thapdd; - fbj;j cjl;ilAilatDk;> ntl;ba nkhopapdd; - fbe;J NgRfpd;w

nrhw;fisAilatDk;> tpopf;Fk; jPapdd; - tpopj;Jg; ghu;j;jiyAila fz;fspy;

j Pg ;nghwp nfhz;ltDk;> nfhl ;ba Jbapdd ; - mbj ;j cLf;ifnaDk;

giwiaAilatDk;> Fwpf;Fk; nfhk;gpdd; - xypf;fpd;w CJnfhk;ig cilatDk;>

mku; fpl;baJ vdf; fpsUk; Njhspdhd; - Nghu; rkPgpj;jJ vd;W kfpo;r;rpahw;

g+upj;j Njhs;fis cilatDk;.

10) vypnayh kpg;gil autk; ahndd

nthypAyhQ; Nridia Ate;J $tpdhd;

typAyh Kyfpdpy; thOk; ts;Sfpu;g;

Gypnayh nkhUtopg; GFe;j NghyNt.

‘vyp vyhk; ,g;gil; mutk; ahd;’ vd>xyp cyhk; Nridia cte;J $tpdhd;;typ cyhk; cyfpdpy; thOk; ts; cfpu;g;Gyp vyhk; xU topg; GFe;j NghyNt.

,g;gil vyhk; vyp - ,e;jr; Nrid KOtJk; vypfshk;> ahd; mutk; -(,tw;iwaopg;gjw;F) ahd; ghk;ghNtd;> vd - vd;W tPuthjq; $wp> cyfpdpy; thOk;ts;cfpu; Gyp vyhk; xU topg; GFe;j Nghy - cyfj;jpy; tho;fpd;w typikkpf;f$upa efq;fisAila Gypfnsy;yhk; Xuplj;jpy; jpuz;ldNghy(j; jd;) gf;fj;jpy;xUq;F $Lk;gb> xyp cyhk; Nridia cte;J $tpdhd; - Muthukpf;f jd;Nridia kfpo;e;J $tpaioj;jtDkha;. kUq;fpil njd;fiu te;J Njhd;wpdhd;vd Kbf;f.

46


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

11) kUq;fil njd;fiu te;J Njhd;wpdhndhUq;fil neLk;gil xy;ny dhu;g;gpNdhlUq;fil Afe;jdp yrdp khkiofUq;fly; fpsu;e;njdf; fye;J #oNt.

kUq;F mil njd; fiu te;J Njhd;wpdhd;@xUq;F mil neLk; gil xy; vd; Mu;g;gpNdhLmUq; filAfk; jdpy;> mrdp kh kiofUq;fly; fpsu;e;njdf; fye;J #oNt.

xUq;F mil neLk; gil - xUkpf;ff; $bepd;w ngupa (jd;) Nridfs;> xy;nyd;Mu;g;gpNdhL - xy;nyd xypf;fpd;w Muthuj;JlNd> mU fil Afe;jdpy; - (gpuhzpfs;gpioj;jw;F) mupa fy;ghe;j fhyj;jpy;> mrdp khkio - ,biaAila ngupaNkfq;fSk;> fU fly; - ngupa fly;fSk;> fpsu;e;J vd - kpf;nfOe;jhw;Nghy>fye;J #o - (jk;kpy;) jpuz;L (jd;idr;) Rw;wptu> kUq;F mil njd;fiu te;JNjhd;wpdhd; - mUfpYs;s fq;ifapd; njd;fiuapy; te;J Nru;e;jhd;.

Ffd; jd; gilj;Jiztuhd NtlUf;F ,l;l fl;lis (12> 13)

12) Njhd;wpa GspQiu Nehf;fpr; #o;r;rpap

D}d;wpa Nridia Ak;g Nuw;Wjw;

Nfd;wnd ndd;Dapu;j; Jiztw; fPFth

dhd;wNg uuReP uikjpuh nkd;whd;.

Njhd;wpa GspQiu Nehf;fpr; ‘#o;r;rpapd;Cd;wpa Nridia ck;gu; Vw;Wjw;FVd;wndd; ; vd; capu;j;Jiztw;F <Fthd;Md;w Ngu; muR; ePu; mikjpu; Mk;’ vd;whd;.

(,q;qdk; te;J Njhd;wpa) Njhd;wpa GspQiu Nehf;fpr; - (jd;idr; Rw;wpYk; te;J)Njhd;wpa Ntlu;fisg; ghu;j;J> #o;r;rpapd; Cd;wpa Nridia ck;gu; Vw;Wjw;F- (,uhkid nty;Yk; MNyhridNahL vjpupy; epiyepd;w (guju;) Nridia (f;nfhd;W) tPuRtu;f;f Nkwr; nra;jw;Fk;> Md;w Ngu; muR - rpwe;j ngupa ,uhr;rpaj;ij>vd; capu;j; Jiztw;F <Fthd; vdJ capu; ez;gdhd ,uhkDf;Ff; nfhLj;jw;Fk;>Vd;wndd; - njhlq;fpAs;Nsd;> ePu; mikjpu; - ePq;fSk; rk;kjpg;gPu;fshf> vd;whd; -vd;W $wpdhd;. Mk; - mir

13) Jbnawp newpfSe;; JiwAQ; Rw;Wwnthbnawp ak;gpfs; ahJ Nkhl;lypu;fbnawp fq;ifapd; fiute; Njhu;fisg;gpbnawp glntdhg; ngau;j;Jq; $Wthd;.

“Jb vwp; newpfSk; JiwAk; Rw;Ww

xb vwp; mk;gpfs; ahJk; Xl;lypu;;fb vwp; fq;ifapd; fiu te;Njhu;fisg;

gpb; vwp gl” vdhg; ngau;j;Jk; $Wthd;.

(vd;W $wpa Ffd;) Jb vwp - giwfisab> newpfs; ck; - topfisAk;> Jiwck; - ePupypwq;F JiwfisAk;> Rw;Wcw - vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspYk; (KOtJk; vd;wgb)> Xb - mopj;JtpL> fb vwp - fhtyhf it> fq;ifapd; fiu te;Njhu;fis -fq;ifahw;wpd; fiuapy; tUktu;fis> gpb - gw;W> gl - mopAk;gb> vwp - ntl;L>mk;gpfs; ahJk; Xl;lypu; - NjhzpfSs; xd;iwAk; (mtu;fs; MW flj;jw;F ePupy;tpl;L) Xl;lhjpUq;fs;> vdh - vd;W nrhy;yp> ngau;j;Jck; $Wthd; - kPz;Lk;nrhy;gtdhdhd;. mjid mLj;j 10 nra;As;fspw; fhz;f.

47


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jd;dpdj;jtuhd Ntlu; Kd; $wpatw;iwj; njuptpg;gd (14 - 23)14) mQ;rd tz;zndd; dhUapu; ehaf dhshNk>

tQ;rid ahyu nra;jpa kd;dUk; te;jhNu

nrQ;ru nkd;gd jPAkpo; fpd;wd nry;yhNth

TQ;rptu; Ngha;tpb dha;Ff ndd;nwid NahjhNuh.

mQ;rd tz;zd;> vd; Mu; capu; ehafd;> MshNk>

tQ;ridahy; muR va;jpa kd;dUk; te;jhNu!

nrQ;ruk; vd;gd jP ckpo;fpd;wd> nry;yhNth?cQ;R ,tu; Ngha;tpbd;> “eha; Ffd;” vd;W vid XjhNuh?

vd; Mu; capu; ehafd; - vdJ mUikahd capUf;Fj; jiytdhfpa> mQ;rd

tz;zd; - ik NghYq; fupa jpU epwj;ijAila = uhkd;> MshNk - Ml;rp

nra;ahkypUf;Fk;gb> tQ;ridahy; muR va;jpa - tQ;ridapdhy; ,uhr;rpaj;ij

aile;j> kd;du;ck; - murUk; (gujUk;)> te;jhu;V - (mUfpy;) te;jdud;Nwh? jP

ckpo;fpd;w - neUg;ig ntspr; nrhupAk; jd;ikadthd> nrQ;ruk; vd;gd - (vdJ)

rpte;j mk;ngdg;gLgit> nry;yhX - (,tu; Nkw;) nry;ykhl;lhNt?> ,tu; cQ;R

Ngha;tpbd; - (vdJ mk;Gf;Fj;) jg;gpg; gpioj;Jg; Ngha;tpl;lhy;> eha; Ffd; vd;W

vid Xjhu;X - eha; Nghd;w (vspa jd;ikAila) Ffndd;W vd;id (cyfj;jhu;

,fo;e;J) Ngrkhl;lhu;fNsh?

15) Mo neLe;jpiu ahW fle;jptu; NghthNuh

Nto neLk;gil fz;L tpyq;fpLk; tpy;yhNsh

Njhoik nad;wtu; nrhy;ypa nrhy;nyhU nrhy;yd;Nwh

Ntioik Ntldp we;jpy ndd;nwid NarhNuh.

Mo neLe;jpiu MW fle;J ,tu; NghthNuh?Nto neLk;gil fz;L tpyq;fpLk; tpy;yhNsh?Njhoik vd;W mtu; nrhy;ypa nrhy; xU nrhy; md;Nwh?‘Vioik Ntld; ,we;jpyd;’ vd;W> vid VrhNuh?

,tu; - gujd;> Mok; - Moj;ijAk;> neL - ePl;rpiaAk;> jpiu - miyfisAKila>

MW - ,f;fq;ifahw;iw> fle;J Nghthu;X - (vdJ cjtpapy;yhky;) jhz;bg;

Nghfkhl;LtNuh?> Nto neL gil - ahidfisAila ngupa Nridia> fz;L -

ghu;j;J> tpyq;fpLk; - (mQ;rp) xJq;fpg; Nghfpw> tpy;Ms;X - tpy; tPuNdh (ehd;)>

Njhoik vd;W mtu; nrhy;ypa nrhy; xU nrhy; md;WX - (cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;)

rpNdfk; (,Uf;fl;Lk;) vd;W (vd;id Nehf;fp) mt;tpuhkgpuhd; nrhy;ypa thu;j;ij

(ed;F kjpf;fj;jf;f) xU thu;j;ij ad;Nwh? (me;j el;Gf;F Vw;g ahd; elthtpl;lhy;)>

Vioik Ntld; ,we;jpyd; vd;W vid Vrhu;X - vspikAila ,t;Ntld; (,q;qdk;

khdq;nfl tho;jypDk;) ,we;jpUf;fyhfhjh? vd;W vd;id (cyfj;jhu;) gopf;fkhl;lhNuh?

16) Kd;dt ndd;W epide;jpyd; nkha;Gyp ad;dhNdhu;

gpd;dt dpd;wd ndd;wpy dd;dit NgrhNd

nyd;dpt ndd;id apfo;e;jjpt; nty;iy fle;jd;Nwh

kd;dtu; neQ;rpdpy; Ntlu; tpLQ;ruk; thahNth.

Kd;dtd; vd;W epide;jpyd;@ nkha; Gyp md;dhd;> Xu;gpd;dtd; epd;wdd; vd;wpyd;@ md;dit NgrhNdy;>vd; ,td; vd;id ,fo;e;jJ? ,t; vy;iy fle;J md;Nwh?kd;dtu; neQ;rpdpy;> Ntlu; tpLk; ruk; thahNth?

48


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,td; - ,g;gujd;> Kd;dtd; vd;W epide;jpyd; - (,uhkgpuhidf; Fwpj;Jj; jdJ)jikandd;W vz;zpdhdpy;iy@ nkha;Gyp md;dhd; Xu; gpd;dtd; epd;wdd; vd;wpyd;- (,yf;Fkzidf; Fwpj;J) typiknfhz;l Gypianahj;jtd; xU jk;gp clDs;shndd;Wepidj;jhDkpy;iy@ md;dit Ngrhd;Vy; - mtw;iwf; Fwpj;j vz;zhdhapDk;>vd;id ,fo;e;jJ vd; - (eLtpy; epd;w) vd;idAk; (xU nghUshf kjpahky;),fo;r;rpahf epidj;jJ ahJ fhuzj;jhy;?> ,t; vy;iy fle;J md;Nwh - (,td;ty;yiknay;yhk;) ,e;j (vdJ) vy;iyiaf; fle;jhyd;Nwh (epiy epw;Fk;)?> Ntlu;tpLk; ruk; - Ntlu; va;Ak; mk;Gfs;> kd;dtu; neQ;rpdpy; thahX - muru; khu;gpy;ijj;Jg; nghUjkhl;lhNth?

17) ghtK epd;w ngUk;gop Ak;gif ez;NghLNktK nkd;git kz;Zy fhs;gt nuz;zhNuhthtJ Nghfntd; dhUapu;j; Njhoik je;jhd;Nkw;NghtJ NridA khUap Uq;nfhL Nghad;Nwh?

ghtKk; epd;w ngUk;gopAk; gif ez;NghLk;>VtKk; vd;git kz;ZyF Ms;gtu; vz;zhNuh?M! mJ Nghf! vd; Mu; capu;j; Njhoik je;jhd;Nky;NghtJ> NridAk; Mu; capUk; nfhLNghad;Nwh?

ghtk;ck; - jPtpidAk;> epd;w - epiyngw;w> ngUk;gop ck; - ngupa gopg;Gr;nrhy;Yk;> gif ez;NghLck; Vtk;ck; - (,d;dhu;) giftnud;gJk; (,d;dhu;)ez;gnud;gJk; (,d;dJ) gpwu;f;Fj; Jd;gj;ij tpistpg;gJ vd;gJk;> vd;git -vd;Dk; ,tw;iw> kz; cyF Ms;gtu; vz;zhu; X - epyTyfj;ijahSk; muru;epidf;fkhl;lhNuh?> MtJ Nghf - Mff;fltJ MFf vd> vd; Mu; capu;j;Njhoik je;jhd;Nky; NghtJ - vdf;F mupa capNuhnlhj;j rpNdfj;ijr; nra;jspj;j=uhkd;Nky; (,tu; Nghu; nra;J mopf;fr;) nra;tJ> Nridck; MUapUk; nfhLNgha; md;W X - jk;NridAk; jkJ mUikahd capiuAk; (vd; mk;Gf;Fj; jg;gp)cld; nfhz;L Nghd gpd;G md;Nwh?

18) mUe;jt nkd;Wiz ahs tptd;Gtp ahs;thNdhkUe;njdp dd;Wapu; tz;Gfo; nfhz;Lgpd; khNaNdhnghUe;jpa Nfz;ik Afe;jtu; jk;nkhL NghfhNjapUe;jJ ed;W fopf;Fnt ndd;fl dpd;NwhNl.

mUe;jtk; vd; Jiz Ms> ,td; Gtp Ms;thNdh?kUe;J vdpd; md;W capu;@ tz; Gfo; nfhz;L gpd; khNaNdh?nghUe;jpa Nfz;ik cfe;jtu; jk;nkhL NghfhNj,Ue;jJk; ed;W fopf;Fntd; vd; fld; ,d;NwhNl.

vd; Jiz - vdJ ez;gdhd ,uhkgpuhd;> mUe;jtk; Ms - (tdj;jpw; nrd;W)nraw;fupa jtj;ijr; nra;J nfhz;bUf;f> ,td; - ,e;jg; gujd;> Gtp Ms;thd;X -g+kpia murhs;thNdh!> capu; - (vdJ) capu;> kUe;J vdpd; - (fpilj;jw;fupa)NjthkpUjNkh ntd;why;> md;W tz;Gfo; nfhz;L - (,uhkDf;F cjtpahsdha;g;gujid vjpu;j;J mjdhy; rpwe;j fPu;j;jpiag; ngw;W> gpd; khNad;X - gpd;G,wf;fkhl;NlNdh> nghUe;jpa Nfz;ik cfe;jtu; jk;nkhL NghfhJ ,Ue;jJ Ved;W - (vd;NdhL) nghUe;jpd rpNdfj;ij tpUk;gpaUspa ,uhkgpuhDld; (ehd;)nry;yhky; (,q;F) ,Ue;jJNt ey;yjhapw;W> vd; fld; - vdJ flikia> ,d;NwhLV fopf;Fntd; - ,d;iwf;Nf nra;J jPu;g;Ngd;.

19) Jk;gpA khT kpile;j ngUk;gil #o;thUk;

tk;gpa whuptu; ths;typ fq;if fle;jd;Nwh

ntk;gpa Ntl UsPu;Jiw Nahlk; tpyf;fPNuh

ek;gpKd; Ndapdp ek;Kapu; kha;tJ ed;wd;Nwh?

49


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Jk;gpAk; khTk; kpile;j ngUk;gil #o;thUk;tk;G ,ay; jhu; ,tu; ths; typ fq;if fle;jd;Nwh?ntk;gpa Ntlu; csPu;! Jiw Xlk; tpyf;fPNuh?ek;gp Kd;Nd ,dp ek; capu; kha;tJ ed;W md;Nwh?

Jk;gpck; - ahidfSk;> khck; - FjpiufSk;> kpile;j - neUq;fpa> ngU gil- ngupa Nridapdhy;> #o;TmUk; - #og;gLjy; nghUe;jpa> tk;G ,ay; jhu; ,tu;- thrid nghue;jpa g+khiyiaAila ,g;gujdJ> ths; typ - MAjgyk;> fq;iffle;J md;Nwh - ,f;fq;ifahw;iwj; jhz;ba gpd;G my;yNth? (cjTk;)> ntk;gpaNtlu; csPu; - cf;fpukhd Ntlu;fshf cs;stu;fNs!> Jiw Xlk; tpyf;fPu;X -ePu;j;JiwapNy (,tu;fSf;F) Xlk; tpLjiy xoptPuhf (gujDk; gujd; NridAk;ek;kpDk; typauhapDk;)> ,dp ek;gp Kd; V ek; capu; kha;tJck; ed;W md;WX -

,dpNky; Kd;V ek; capu; (Nghupy;) mope;J NghtJk; ey;yjd;Nwh?

20) Nghd gilj;jiy tPuu; jkf;fpiu Nghjhtpr;

Nrid fplf;fpL Njtu; tupw;rpiy khNkfQ;

Nrhid glf;Flu; #iw glr;Rlu; thNshLe;

jhid glj;jdp ahid glj;jpus; rhNaNdh.

Nghd gilj; jiytPuu; jkf;F ,iu Nghjh ,r;Nrid fplf;fpL; Njtu; tupd;> rpiy kh Nkfk;Nrhid glf; Flu; #iwglr; Rlu; thNshLk;jhid glj; jdp ahid glj; jpus; rhNaNdh?

Nghd - (ek;Kld;) te;j> jiy giltPuu; jkf;F - rpwe;j NridtPuu;fSf;F> ,iuNghjh - xUNtisg; NghUf;fhapDk; gw;whj> , Nrid - ,e;jg; gujd; Nrid>fplf;fpL - ,Uf;fl;Lk;> Njtu; tupd; - Njtu;fNs (jpuz;L vjpu;j;J) te;jhYk;> rpiykh Nkfk; Nrhid gl - (vd;) if tpy;yhfpa fhsNkfk; ,iltplhJ mk;Gkioiag; nghopaTk;> Flu; #iwgl - (vjpu;j;j mtu;fsJ) Fly; miyglTk;> Rlu;thNshLck; - tpsq;Ffpd;w MAjq;fSlNd> jhid gl - (kw;iwr;) Nridfs;mopaTk;> jdp ahid gl - xg;gw;w ahidr;Nrid mopaTk;> jpus; rhNad;X -mf;$l;lj;ij epiyFiyf;fhky; ,Ug;NgNdh?

21) epd;w nfhilf;ifnad; dd;g DLf;f neLQ;rPiu

ad;W nfhLj;jtz; ike;ju; gyj;ijnad; dk;ghNy

nfhd;W Ftpj;j epzq;nfhs; gpzf;Fit nfhz;Nlhbj;

Jd;W jpiuf;fly; fq;if kLj;jpil J}uhNjh.

epd;w nfhilf; if vd; md;gd; cLf;f> neLQ;rPiumd;W nfhLj;jts; ike;ju; gyj;ij> vd; mk;ghNynfhd;W Ftpj;j epzk; nfhs; gpzf; Fit nfhz;L Xbj;Jd;W jpiuf; fly;> fq;if kLj;J ,il J}uhNjh?

md;W - (gl;lhgpN\fk; nra;a Kad;w) me;ehspy;> epd;w - (tpujk; Kjypad Kbj;JKb#l) epd;w> nfhil if vd; md;gd; - <iff;Fzk; epiwe;j ifiaAila vd;md;gpw;Fupa ,uhkd;> cLf;f - (miuapy;) jupf;Fk;gb> neL rPuk; - ngupa kuTupia,nfhLj;jts; - (mtDf;Ff;) nfhLj;jtshfpa ififapapd;> ike;ju; - Gj;jpuuhdgujuJ> gyj;ij - Nridia> vd; mk;ghy; nfhd;W Ftpj;j - vdJ ghzq;fshy;nfhd;W (njhFjpahff;) Ftpj;j> epzk; nfhs; gpzf;Fit - nfhOg;G (ntspg;gLjiy)f;nfhz;l gpzq;fspd; Ftpaiy> fq;if - ,e;jf; fq;fhejp> nfhz;L - ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L>Xb - tpiue;J nrd;W> Jd;W jpiuf; fly; kLj;J - nrUq;fpa miyfisAilaflypy; (mtw;iwr;) Nru;j;J epiwj;J> ,il J}uhJX - mjdplj;ijj; J}u;j;JtplhNjh?

(J}u;f;Fk; vd;wgb).

50


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

22) ML nfhbg;gil rhb awj;jt Nuahs

NtL nfhLj;jJ ghnuD kpg;Gfo; NktPNuh

ehL nfhLj;jntd; dhaf Df;fptu; ehkhSq;

fhL nfhLf;fpy uhfp naLj;jJ fhzPNuh.

“ML nfhbg; gil rhb> mwj;jtNu MsNtL nfhLj;jJ> ghu; ” vDk; ,g; Gfo; NktPNuh?ehL nfhLj;j vd; ehafDf;F ,tu;> ehk; MSk;fhL nfhLf;fpyu; Mfp> vLj;jJ fhzPNuh?

Ml - mirfpd;w> nfhb - Jtrq;fisAila> gil - (gujd;) Nridia> rhb -Nkhjpaopj;J> mwj;jtu;V Ms - jUknrh&gpahd ,uhkgpuhNd murhSk;gb> NtLghu; nfhLj;jJ - (mg;gpuhDf;F) Ntlu; $l;lk; ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ> vDk; -vd;w> , Gfo; - ,e;jf; fPu;j;jpia> NktPu; X - milakhl;Bu;fNsh? (mila Ntz;Lk;vd;wgb)> ehL - Kiwg;gb (jd;Dilajhd) ,uhr;rpaj;ij> nfhLj;j - (kdkfpo;e;J)nfhLj;Jtpl;l> vd; ehafDf;F - vdJ jiytdhfpa =uhkDf;F> ,tu; - ,g;guju;>ehk; MSk; fhL nfhLf;fpyu; Mfp - ehk; trpf;fpd;w fhl;ilAq; nfhLf;fr;

rk;kjg;glhjtuha;> vLj;jJ - (Nghu;f;Fg;) gilnaLj;J te;jij> fhzPu; X - ghu;j;jPu;fsh?

23) khKdp tu;f;Fw thfp tdj;jpil NathOq;

NfhKdp aj;jF nkd;W kdj;jpiw nfhs;shNj

NaKid Aw;wpb NyO flw;gil nad;whY

khKid apw;rpW $nod tpg;nghO jhfhNjh.

kh Kdptu;f;F cwT Mfp> tdj;jpilNa thOk;Nfh Kdpaj; jFk; vd;W> kdj;J ,iw nfhs;shNj>V Kid cw;wpby;> VO fly; gil vd;whYk;>M Kidapd; rpW $o; vd ,g;nghOJ MfhNjh?

kh Kdptu;f;F - rpwe;j Kdptu;fSf;F> cwT Mfp - Rw;wj;jtdhfp> tdj;jpil VthOk; - fhl;bNyNa trpf;fpd;w> Nfh - (vd;) jiytdhd ,uhkd;> Kdpaj; jFk; -(jd; jk;gpahd gujid) ehd; vjpu;j;jhy; vd;idf; Nfhgpf;ff;$Lk;> vd;W kdj;J,iw nfhs;shJ - vd;W kdj;jpy; rpwpJk; vz;zhky;> Kid cw;W - Nghu;nra;jiyaile;J> V,by; - ehd; mk;Gfis va;jhy;> VO fly; gil vd;why;ck; -(vjpu;j;J epw;gJ) VOfly; Nghd;w ngUQ;NridNaahdhYk; (mJ)> ,g;nghOJ -,e;jf;fzk;> M Kidapd; rpW $o; vd - gR (Nka) Kide;jhy; mjd;Kd; rpwpa

,sk;gapu; (mopjy;) Nghy> MfhJX - moptilahNjh?

Rke;jpud; gujdplk; Ffd; nrhy;yy; (24 - 26)

24) vd;gd nrhy;yp apUk;gd Nkdpa NuNdhu;Kd;

td;giz tpy;ypdd; ky;Yau; Njhspdd; ths;tPuw;

fd;gD epd;wd dpd;wJ fz;lup Nawd;d

Kd;gdpy; te;J nkhope;jdd; %upa Nju;ty;yhd;.

vd;gd nrhy;yp> ,Uk;G md Nkdpau; VNdhu; Kd;td; giz tpy;ypdd;> ky; cau; Njhspdd;> ths; tPuw;Fmd;gDk;> epd;wdd;@ epd;wJ fz;L> mupNaW md;dKd;gdpy; te;J> nkhope;jdd; %upa Nju;ty;yhd;.

td; giz tpy;ypdd; - typa ngupa tpy;iyAilatDk;> ky; cau; Njhspdd; -

kw;Nghupw; rpwe;j Njhs;fisAilatDk;> ths; tPuw;F md;gd;ck; - thl;Nghupw;

rpwe;j tPudhd ,uhkDf;F md;G g+z;ltDkhfpa FfDk;> ,Uk;G md Nkdpau;

51


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

VNdhu; Kd; - ,Uk;ignahj;j (kpf typa) clk;igAilatuhd kw;iw Ntlu;fspd;

Kd;dpiyapy;> vd;gd nrhy;yp - vd;w ,t;thu;j;ijfisr; nrhy;yp> epd;wdd; -

(fq;ifapd; njd;fiuapy;) epd;whd;> epd;wJ fz;L - (mtd;) epd;wjidg; ghu;j;J>

%upa Nju;ty;yhd; - typikAila Njiur; nrYj;Jtjpy; ty;ytdhd Rke;jpud;>

mupNaW md;d Kd;gdpy; te;J - Mz; rpq;fj;ijnahj;j typikAila gujdplj;jpy;

te;J> nkhope;jdd; - rpy nrhy;gtdhdhd;. - mjid Nky; ,uz;L ftpijfspw;

fhz;f.

Ffidg; gw;wpg; gujDf;Fr; Rke;jpud; tpsf;Fjy;

25) fq;ifapU fiuAilahd; fzf;fpwe;j ehthah

Dq;fs;Fyj; jdpehjw; Fapu;j;Jizt Dau;Njhshd;

ntq;fupap Ndwiidahd; tpw;gpbj;j Ntiyapdhd;

nfhq;fyU eWe;jz;lhu;f; Ffndd;Dq; FwpAilahd;.

“fq;if ,U fiu cilahd;> fzf;F ,we;j ehthahd;,cq;fs; Fyj; jdp ehjw;F capu;j; Jiztd;> cau; Njhshd;;ntk; fupapd; VW midahd;, tpy; gpbj;j Ntiyapdhd;nfhq;F myUk; eWk; jz; jhu;f; Ffd; vd;Dk; Fwp cilahd;”

fq;if ,U fiu cilahd; - fq;fhejpapd; ,uz;L fiufisAk; (jdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf)

cilatDk;> fzf;F ,we;j ehthahd; - mstpy;yhj glFfisAilatDk;> cq;fs;

Fyj;jdp ehjw;F capu;j; Jiztd; - cq;fs; Fyj;jpy; jpUttjupj;j xg;gw;w

jiytdhd ,uhkgpuhDf;Fg; gpuhz rpNdfpjDk;> cau; Njhshd; - cau;e;j

Njs;fisAilatDk;> ntk; fupapd; VW midahd; - (kjj;jhy;) ntt;tpa Mz;

ahidia xj;jtDk;> tpy; gpbj;j Ntiyapdhd; - tpy;iyj; jupj;j (Nrdh)

rKj;jpuj;ijAilatDk;> nfhq;F myUk; - Njd; nrhupfpd;w> eW - gupksk; tPRfpd;w>

jz; - Fspu;e;j> jhu; - khiyiaAila> Ffd; vd;Dk; Fwp cilahd; - Ffd;

vd;Dk; ngaiuAilatDkhfpa Ntld;> - epw;fhZKs;sj;jhd; ............epd;wdd; vd

mLj;j ftpAld; KbG fhz;f.

26) fw;fhZe;; jpz;ikahd; fiufhzhf; fhjyh

dw;fhzpw;; fz;lida tofike;j Nkdpahd;

kw;fhZe;; jpUneLe;Njhz; kiofhZ kzpepwj;jha;

epw;fhZ Ks;sj;jh ndwpnajpu;epd; wdndd;whd;.

“fy; fhZk; jpz;ikahd;> fiu fhzhf; fhjyhd;,my; fhzpy; fz;lida moF mike;j Nkdpahd;,ky; fhZk; jpU neLe;Njhs; kio fhZk; kzp epwj;jha;!epd; fhZk; cs;sj;jhd;> newp vjpu; epd;wdd;” vd;whd;.

ky; fhZk; - typikia vy;iy fz;l (kpf typa)> jpU neL Njhs;; - mofpa

ngupa Gaq;fisAk;> kio fhZk; - ePyNkfj;ijf; fz;lhnyhj;j> kzp epwj;jha;

- mofpa epwj;ijAKilatNd! fy; fhZk; jpz;ikahd; - kiyiaf; fz;lhnyhj;j

typikiaAilatDk;> fiu fhzhf; fhjyhd; - (,uhkd; gf;fy;) vy;iy fhzhj

md;GilatDk;> fhzpy; - (tbtj;ij) Nehf;Fkplj;J> my; fz;L mida - ,uitf;

fz;lhw; Nghd;w (kpff; fupa)> moF mike;j Nkdpahd; - moF nghUe;jpa

clk;igAilatDkhfpa mtd;> newp vjpu; epd;wdd; - topnajpNu te;J epd;Ws;shd;>

epd; fhZk; cs;sj;jhd; - cd;idg; ghu;f;fNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; kdf;fUj;Jilahd;

(NghYk;)> vd;whd; - vd;W nrhd;dhd; (Rke;jpud;).

52


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Ffidf; fhz tlfiuf;F gujd; tpiujy;27) jd;Kd;Nd atd;wd;ik jd;Wiztd; Ke;Jiuj;j

nrhd;Kd;Nd Atf;fpd;w Juprpyhj; jpUkdj;jhd;

kd;Kd;Nd joP,f;nfhz;l kdf;fpdpa JiztNd

nyd;Kd;Nd atw;fhz;ngd; ahNdnrd; nwdntOe;jhd;.

jd; Kd;Nd> mtd; jd;ik jd; Jiztd; Ke;J ciuj;jnrhy; Kd;Nd ctf;fpd;w JupR ,yhj; jpU kdj;jhd;>‘kd; Kd;Nd joP,f; nfhz;l kdf;F ,dpa JiztNdy;>vd; Kd;Nd@ mtw; fhz;ngd; ahNd nrd;W’ vd vOe;jhd;.

jd; Kd;Nd - vjpupy;> mtd; jd;ik - me;jf; FfdJ jd;ikia> je;ij Jiz -

(jd;) je;ij ez;gdhd Rke;jpud;> Ke;Jciuj;j - Kd;G nrhd;d> nrhy;Kd;Nd -

nrhy;iyf; Nfl;lypYk; tpiuthf (nrhy;iyf; Nfl;lTlNd vd;wgb)> ctf;fpd;w -

kfpo;fpd;w> JupR ,yh jpUkdj;jhd; - fsq;fkpy;yhj rpwe;j kdj;ijAila gujd;>

kd; - (ekJ jiytdhd) ,uhkd;> Kd;Nd joP,f; nfhz;l - Kd;dNk rpNdfpjdhdhy;>

vd; kd;Nd - vd;id (mf;Ffd; te;J) fhz;gjw;F Kd;dNk> ahd; V nrd;W mtd;

fhz;ngd; - ehNd Ngha; mtidg; ghu;g;Ngd;> vd; - vd;W nrhy;yp> vOe;jhd; -

Gwg;gl;lhd;.

gujd; epiy fz;l Ffd; jpLf;fpLjy;28) vd;nwOe;J jk;gpnahL nkOfpd;w fhjnyhLq;

Fd;nwOe;J nrd;wnjdf; Fspu;fq;iff; fiuFWfp

epd;wtid Nehf;fpdhd; wpUNkdp epiyAzu;e;jhd;

Wd;WfU eWq;FQ;rp naapdu;Nfhd;; Wz;nzd;whd;.

vd;W vOe;J jk;gpnahLk; vOfpd;w fhjnyhLk;Fd;W vOe;J nrd;wJ vdf; Fspu; fq;iff;fiu FWfpepd;wtid Nehf;fpdhd;> jpUNkdp epiy czu;e;jhd;>Jd;W fU eWq;FQ;rp vapdu;Nfhd;; Jz;nzd;whd;.

vd;W vOe;J jk;gpnahLck; - rj;JUf;fdNdhLk;> vOfpd;w fhjnyhLck; -

Nkd;NkYz;lhfpd;w md;gpNdhLk;> Fd;W - kiyahdJ> vOe;J nrd;wJ vd -

vOe;J ele;jhw;Nghy> Fspu; fq;iff; fiu FWfp - Fspu;r;rp nghUe;jpa fq;fh

jPuj;ijaile;J> epd;wtid - te;J epd;w gujid> Jd;W - nrUq;fpa> fU -

fUikahfpa> eW FQ;rp - eWkzKs;s jiykapiuAila> vapdu;Nfhd; -

Ffg;ngUkhd;> Nehf;fpdhd; - ghu;j;J> jpUNkdp epiy czu;e;jhd; - (mtdJ)

clk;gpdpiyiaAk; Nehf;fp> Jz;nzd;whd; - jpLf;fpl;lhd;.

29) tw;fiyap Dilahid khrile;j nka;ahid

ew;fiyapd;; kjpnad;d eifapoe;j Kfj;jhidf;

fw;fdpaf; fdpfpd;w Jauhidf; fz;Zw;whd;;

tpw;ifapdpd; wpiltPo tpk;Kw;W epd;nwhope;jhd;.

tw;fiyapd; cilahid khR mile;j nka;ahidey; fiy ,y; kjp vd;d eif ,oe;j Kfj;jhidfy; fdpaf; fdpfpd;w Jauhidf; fz;Zw;whd;;>tpy; ifapdpd;W ,iltPo> tpk;Kw;W epd;nwhope;jhd;.

tw;fiyapd; cilahid - kuTupia Milahf cLj;jtDk;> khR mile;j

nka;ahid - GOjpgbe;j clk;igAilatDk;> ew; fiy ,y; kjp vd;d eif

,oe;j Kfj;jhid - mofpa fiyfspy;yhj re;jpud;Nghy xspapoe;j Kfj;ij

53


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cilatDk;> fy; fdpaf; fdpfpd;w Jauhid - (fhz;fpd;w) fy;Yk; Fioe;JUFk;gb

kpFe;j Jd;gj;ijAilatDkhfpa gujid> fz;Zw;whd;; - ghu;j;J (Ffd;)> ifapdpd;W

tpy; ,iltPo - (jd;) ifapdpd;W tpy; (eOtpf;) fPNo tpOk;gb> tpk;Kw;W epd;W

xope;jhd; - fyq;fpr; nrayw;W epd;wpl;lhd;.

FfdJ kdj;njspTk; ,uhkd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;Wk;

30) ek;gpAnkd; dhafid nahf;fpd;wh dadpd;whd;

wk;gpiaA nkhf;fpd;whd; wtNtle; jiyepd;whd;

Wd;gnkhU Kbtpy;iy jpirNehf;fpj; njhOfpd;wh

ndk;ngUkhd; gpd;gpwe;jh upiog;gNuh gpiog;ngd;whd;.

“ek;gpAk; vd; ehafid xf;fpd;whd;@ may; epd;whd;jk;gpiaAk; xf;fpd;whd;@ jtNtlk; jiyepd;whd;@Jd;gk; xU KbT ,y;iy@ jpirNehf;fpj; njhOfpd;whd;@

vk;ngUkhd; gpd;gpwe;jhu; ,iog;gNuh gpiog;G?” vd;whd;.

ek;gp ck; - Mltupw; rpwe;j ,g;gujDk;> vd; ehafid xf;fpd;whd; - vdJjiytdhfpa ,uhkgpuhid xj;jpUf;fpd;whd;> may; epd;whd;ck; - mUfpy; epd;wtDk;(rj;JUf;fdDk;)> jk;gpiaAk; xf;fpd;whd; - (,uhkd;) jk;gpahd ,yf;Fkzidxj;jpUf;fpd;whd@ jtk; Ntlk; jiyepd;whd; - (,e;jg;gujd;) jtj;Jf;Fupa Ntlj;ijNkw;nfhz;Ls;shd;> Jd;gk; xU KbT ,y;iy - (,td; gLfpw) Jd;gj;Jf;NfhXnuy;iyapy;iy> jpir Nehf;fpj; njhOfpd;whd; - (,uhkd; nrd;w njd;) jpiriaNehf;fp tzq;Ffpd;whd;> vk;ngUkhd; gpd; gpwe;jhu; gpiog;G ,iog;gu; X -

,uhkd; jk;gpau; gpio nra;thNuh? (nra;ahu;)> vd;whd; - vd;W fUjpdhd; (Ffd;).

FfDk; jdpNa tlfiu miljy;

31) cz;bLf;f nzhd;Wilah Diyahj td;Gilahd;

nfhz;ljt NtlNk nfhz;bUe;jhd; Fwpg;ngy;yhq;

fz;Lzu;e;J ngau;fpd;Nwd; fhkpd;f nzwpnad;dhj;

jz;LiwNahu; ehthap nyhUjdpNa jhd;te;jhd;.

“cz;L ,Lf;fz; xd;W@ cilahd;> ciyahj md;Gilahd;nfhz;l jtNtlNk nfhz;bUe;jhd;@ Fwpg;ngy;yhk;fz;L czu;e;J ngau;fpd;Nwd;@ fhkpd;fs; newp” vd;dhj;

jz; Jiw Xu; ehthapy; xUjdpNa jhd; te;jhd;.

cz;L ,Lf;fz; xd;W cilahd; - csjhfpa xU Jd;gj;ijAilatDk;> ciyahjmd;G cilahd; - (,uhkgpuhdplj;J) ePq;fhj md;GilatDk;> nfhz;l jt Ntlk;Vnfhz;bUe;jhd; - (mt;tpuhkgpuhd; jupj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s jtNt\j;ijNa (jhDq;)nfhz;Ls;stDkhfpa ,g;gujdJ> Fwpg;G vy;yhk; - kdf;fUj;J KOtijAk;> fz;Lczu;e;J ngau;fpd;Nwd; - (mUfpw; nrd;W mtidg;) ghu;j;J mwpe;J kPz;L tUfpd;Nwd;>newp fhkpd;fs; - (ePq;fs; mJ tiuapy;) topiag; ghJfhj;jpUq;fs;> vd;dh - vd;W(jd; Nrid tPuiu Nehf;fpr;) nrhy;yp> jz;Jiw - Fspu;ej fq;ifj; Jiwapy;> Xu;ehthapy; xU jdpNa jhd; te;jhd; - xU Njhzpapy; (Vwpf;nfhz;L) NtW

Jizapy;yhky; jd;de; jdpadha;f; Ffd; (gujdplk;) te;jhd;.

gujDk; FfDk; xUtiu xUtu; tzq;fpj; jOTjy;

32) te;njjpNu njhOjhid tzq;fpdhd; kyupUe;j

te;jzDe; jidtzq;F ktDkt dbtPo;e;jhd; we;ijapDq; fsp$uj; jOtpdhd; jfTilNahu;

rpe;ijapDQ; nrd;dpapDk; tPw;wpUf;FQ; rPu;j;jpahd;.

54


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

te;J> vjpNu njhOjhid tzq;fpdhd;@ kyu; ,Ue;j

me;jzDk; jid tzq;FktDk;> mtdb tPo;e;jhd;@je;ijapDk; fsp $uj; jOtpdhd;> jfTilNahu;rpe;ijapDk; nrd;dpapDk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; rPu;j;jpahd;.

(jdpadha; Xlj;jpd; %ykhff; fq;ifapd; tlfiu Nru;e;j Ffd;) vjpu; te;J - vjpu;epd;W> njhOjhid - (,uhkidj; jpirNehf;fpj;) njhOjtz;zkhf ,Uf;fpd;wgujid> tzq;fpdhd; - ek];fupj;jhd; (mt;tstpy;)> jfT cilNahu; rpe;ijapDk;nrd;dpapDk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; rPu;j;jpahd; - ngUikf; Fzj;ijAilatu;fsJ kdj;jpYk;>jiyapd; NkYQ; rpwg;ghfj; jq;Ffpd;w ngUk; GfioAilatdhfpa> kyu; ,Ue;jme;jzd;ck; jiytzq;Fktd;ck; - (jpUkhypd; ehgpj;) jhkiu kyupNytPw;wpUf;fpd;w mofpa mUisAila gpukDe; jd;id tzq;fj;jf;f gujDk;> mtd;mb tPo;e;jhd; - mtdJ (jdJ) ghjq;fspy; tpOe;J ek];fupj;j Ffid> je;ijapDk;fsp$uj; jOtpdhd; - (ike;jidf; fz;lnghOJ) je;ijf;F cs;s fspg;gpYk; jd;

fspg;G kpf mizj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.

Ffdpd; tpdhTk; gujdpd; tpilAk;33) jOtpd GspQu; Nte;jd; whkiur; nrq;f zhid

naOtpD Kau;e;j Njhsh naa;jpa njd;id nad;d

KOJy fspj;j je;ij Ke;ijNahu; Kiwap dpd;Wk;

tOtpd djid ePf;f kd;didf; nfhzu;th ndd;whd;.

jOtpd GspQu; Nte;jd; jhkiur; nrq;fzhid‘vOtpDk; cau;e;j Njhsha;! va;jpaJ vd;id?’ vd;d>‘KOJ cyF mspj;j je;ij Ke;ijNahu; Kiwapy; epd;Wk;tOtpdd;> mjid ePf;f kd;didf; nfhzu;thd;’ vd;whd;.

jOtpd - (mq;qdk; gujdhy;) jOtg;gl;l> GspQu; Nte;jd; - Ntlu;f;furdhd Ffd;>jhkiur; nrk; fzhid - nre;jhkiukyu;NghYk; jpUf;fz;fisAila gujid(Nehf;fp)> vOtpDk; cau;e ;j Njhsha; - (jpuz;l) fy;J}zpYQ; rpwe;jNjhs;fisAilatNd! va;jpaJ vd;id - (,q;F eP) te;jJ ahJ fhuzj;jhy;?vd;d - vd;W Nfl;f> (mjw;Fg; gujd;) KOJ cyF mspj;j je;ij - cyfKOtijAk; murhz;l (vq;fs;) je;ijahfpa jrujr; rf;futu;j;jp> Ke;ijNahu;Kiwapdpd;Wk; tOtpdd; - Kd;Gs;s muruJ ePjpapdpd;Wk; jtwptpl;lhd;> mjidePf;f - mt;tePjpia ePf;Fk; nghUl;L> kd;didf; nfhzu;thd; - ,uhkgpuhidmioj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghtjw;F (te;Njd;)> vd;whd; - vd;W nrhd;dhd;.

Ffd; gujid tzq;fpg; ghuhl;Ljy;34) Nfl;ldd; fpuhju; Nte;jd;; fpsu;e;njO Kapudhfp

kPl;Lkz; zjdpy; tPo;e;jhd;; tpk;kpd Dtif tPq;fj;

jPl;lU Nkdp ike;jd; Nrtbf; fkyg; g+tpw;

g+l;ba ifad; ngha;ap Ys;sj;jd; Gfy Yw;whd;.

Nfl;ldd; fpuhju; Nte;jd;;@ fpsu;e;J vOk; capud; Mfp>kPl;Lk; kz;zjdpy; tPo;e;jhd;@ tpk;kpdd;> ctif tPq;fj;jPl;lU Nkdp ike;jd; Nrtbf; fkyg; g+tpy;g+l;ba ifad; ngha; ,y; cs;sj;jd; GfyYw;whd;.

ngha; ,y; cs;sj;jd; - ngha;ikapy;yhj fUj;ijAilatdhfpa> fpuhju; Nte;jd;- Ntlu; jiytdhfpa Ffd;> Nfl;ldd; - (mt;thu;j;ijiaf;) Nfl;L> fpsu;e;J vOk;capud; Mfp - kpFjpahfj; Njhd;Wfpd;w ngU%r;irAilatdha;> ctif tPq;f -

fspg;G kpf> tpk;kpdd; - clk;G g+upj;J> kPl;Lck; kz; mjdpy; tPo;e;jhd;; - kWgbAk;

55


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jiuapy; tPo;e;J> jPl;L mU Nkdp ike;jd; Nr mbf; fkyg; g+tpy; g+l;ba ifad;

- rpj;jpuj;jp nyOJjw;Fk; mUikahd (kpf mofpa) jpUNkdpiaAila gujdJ

rpte;j jpUtbj; jhkiu kyu;fspw; Nru;j;jpd iffisAilatdha; (gujidr;

rh\;lhq;fkhfj; jz;ldpl;L)> GfyYw;whd; - (rpy) $wj; njhlq;fpdhd;. mtw;iw

Nkypuz;L ftpfspw; fhz;f.

gujd; gw;wpa Ffdpd; tpag;G35) jhAiu nfhz;L jhij Ajtpa juzp jd;idj;

jPtpid nad;d ePj;Jr; rpe;jid Kfj;jpw; Nwf;fpg;

Nghapid nad;w Ngho;J> GfopNdha; jd;ik fz;lh

yhapu kpuhku; epd;Nf ohtNuh njupap dk;kh.

jha; ciu nfhz;L> jhij cjtpa juzp jd;idj;jPtpid vd;d ePj;Jr; rpe;jid Kfj;jpy; Njf;fpg;Nghapid vd;w Ngho;J> GfopNdha;! jd;ik fz;lhy;Mapuk; ,uhku; epd;Nfo; MtNuh? njupapd; mk;kh.

GfopNdha; - fPu;j;jpAilatNd! jha; ciunfhz;L - cdJ jhahfpa ifNfapapd;

thu;j;ijiaf; Nfl;L> jhij cjtpa - (cdJ) je;ijahfpa jrujd; (cdf;Ff;)

nfhLj;j> juzpjd;id - ,uhr;rpaj;ij> jPtpid vd;d ePj;J - nfhLe; njhopiy

tLtJNghy tpl;L> rpe;jid Kfj;jpy; Njf;fp - ftiyia Kfj;jpy; epiwj;J>

Nghapid - (,q;F) te;jha;> vd;w Ngho;J - vd;w nghOjpy; (vd;w fhuzj;jhy;

vd;wgb)> jd;ik fz;lhy; - (cdJ) jd;ikiag; ghu;j ;jhy;> njupapd; -

MNyhrpf;Fkplj;J> Mapuk; ,uhku; epd; Nfo; MtNuh - Mapuk; = uhku; csuhdhYk;

cd;ndhUj;jDf;F xg;ghtNuh? mk;kh - tpag;gpilr; nrhy;.

36) vd;Gfo; fpd;w Njio naapdNd dputp nad;ghd;

wd;Gfo;f; fw;iw kw;iw nahspfisj; jtpu;f;F khNghd;

kd;Gfo; ngUik Eq;fz; kugpNdhu; Gfo;f nsy;yh

Kd;Gf ohf;fpf; nfhz;lh Aau;Fzj; JuTj; Njhsha;.

vd; Gfo;fpd;wJ Vio vapdNdd;? ,utpnad;ghd;jd; Gfo;f; fw;iw kw;iw xspfisj; jtpu;f;FkhNghy;>kd; Gfo; ngUik Eq;fs; kugpNdhu; Gfo;fnsy;yhk;cd; Gfo; Mf;fpf;nfhz;lha; cau;Fzj;J cuTj;Njhsha;!

cau; Fzj;J cuTj; Njhsha; - cj;jkkhd Fzq;fisAk; typikAila

Njhs;fisAKilatNd! Vio vapdNdd; - mwptpy;yhj Ntldhfpa ahd;> Gfo;fpd;wJ

vd; - (cd;idg;) Gfo;tJ vt;thW? ,utp vd;ghd; - #upandd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$wg;gLgtd;> jd; Gfo;f;fw;iw - jdJ fpufz r%fj;jhy;> kw;iw xspfisj;

jtpu;f;Fk;MNghy; - kw;iw (r; re;jpud; KjypNahuJ) xspfis mlf;Fk; tpjk;Nghy>

kd; Gfo; ngUik Eq;fs; kugpNdhu; Gfo;fs; vy;yhk; - muru;fs; nfhz;lhLk;

kfpikiaAila cq;fs; Fyj;jhuJ fPu;j;jpfisnay;yhk;> cd; Gfo; Mf;fpf;nfhz;lha;

- cdJ fPu;j;jpf;Fs; mlq;FkhW nra;Jnfhz;lha;.

gujdplk; Ffd; nfhz;l Ngud;G37) vdtpit ad;d khw;w kpiatd gyTq; $wpg;

Gidfow; GyT Ntw;ifg; GspQu;Nfhd; nghUtpy; fhj

yidatw; fiktpw;; nra;jh dhutw fd;gp yhjhu;

epidtUq; Fzq;nfh ld;Nwh tpuhkd;Nk dpkpu;e;j fhjy;.

56


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vd ,it md;d khw;wk; ,iatd gyTk; $wpg;Gid foy; GyT Nty; ifg; GspQu;Nfhd; nghU ,y; fhjy;midatw;F miktpy;; nra;jhd;; Mu; mtw;F md;G ,yhjhu;?

epidT mUk; Fzk; nfhL md;Nwh ,uhkd;Nky; epkpu;e;j fhjy;.

Gid foy; - mzpe;j tPuf;foiyAk;> GyTNty; if - Gyhy; ehw;wk; ehWfpd;w

NtyhAjj;ijj; jupj;j ifiaAKila> GspQu;Nfhd; - Ntlu; jiytdhd Ffd;>

vd ,it md;d - vd;w ,t;thu;j;ijfs; Nghd;w> ,iatd khw;wk; gyck; -

nghUj;jKs;s thu;j;ijfs; gytw;iwAk;> $wp - nrhy;yp> midatw;F - mg;gujdplj;jpy;>

nghUT ,y; fhjy; - xg;gpy;yhj md;gpid> miktpy;; nra;jhd; - jFjpahfr;

nra;jhd;> mtw;F md;G ,yhjhu; Mu; - mg;gujdplj;jpy; md;G itf;fhjtu; ahu;

csu;? (vtUkpy;iy nad;wgb) epidT mUq; Fzk;nfhL md;Nwh - kdj;jpdhw;

rpe;jpj;jw;Fk; Kbahj ew;Fzq;fs; fhuzkhftd;Nwh> ,uhkd;Nky; fhjy; epkpu;e;j(J)

- ,uhkgpuhdplj;J (Kd;G mf;FfDf;F) md;Gkpf;fJ.

,uhkd; jq;fpa ,lk; gw;wp gujd; Ffdplk; tpdhTjy;38) mt;top atid Nehf;fp aUlU thup ad;d

nrt;top As;sj; jz;z nwd;wpirr; nrq;if $g;gp

nat;top Aiwe;jh dk;K ndd;wY nkapdu; Nte;j

dpt;top tPu ahNd fhl;Lt nyOf ntd;whd;.

mt;top mtid Nehf;fp> mUs;jU thup md;dnrt;top cs;sj;J mz;zy; njd;jpirr; nrq;if $g;gp>‘vt;top ciwe;jhd; ek; Kd;?’ vd;wYk;> vapdu; Nte;jd;>‘,t;top> tPu! ahNd fhl;Lty;; vOf!’ vd;whd;.

mUs;jU thup md;d - fUiziaj; jUfpd;w fly; Nghd;w> nrt; top cs;sj;J

mz;zy; - ey;topapw; nry;Yk; kdj;ijAila gujd;> m top - mg;nghOJ (mt;tplj;J)>

mtid Nehf;fp - mf;Ffidg; ghu;j;J> njd; jpirr; nrk; if $g;gp - njw;Fj;

jpf;if Nehf;fp(j; jd;) rpte;j iffisf; $g;gp (mQ;ryp nra;J)> ek;Kd; - ekJ

jikadhd = uhkd;> v top ciwe;jhd; - vt;tplj;jpy; (,q;F Kd;G) jq;fpapUe;jhd;?

vd;wYk; - vd;W tpdhtpaTld;> vapdu; Nte;jd; - Ntlu; jiytdhd Ffd;> tPu -

tPuNd! ahd; V fhl;Lty; - ehNd (mt;tplj;ijf;) fhz;gpg;Ngd;> vOf - (vd;Dld;)

Gwg;gl;L tUthahf> , top - (mtd; jq;fpdJ) ,e;j ,lkhFk;> vd;whd; - vd;W

nrhy;ypr; Rl;bf; fhl;bdhd;.

,uhkd; jq;fpa ,lj;ijf; fz;l gujdpd; epiy39) fhnudf; fbJ nrd;whd; fy;ypilg; gLj;j Gy;ypd;

thu;rpiyj; jlf;if ts;sy; itfpa gs;sp fz;lhd;

ghu;kpirg; gijj;J tPo;e;jhd; gUtuw; guit Gf;fhd;

thu;kzpg; Gdyhd; kz;iz kz;ZeP uhl;Lq; fz;zhd;.

fhu; vdf; fbJ nrd;whd;; fy;ypilg; gLj;j Gy;ypd;>thu; rpiyj; jlf;if ts;sy; itfpa gs;sp fz;lhd;;ghu; kpirg; gijj;J tPo;e;jhd;; gUtuy; guit Gf;fhd;thu; kzpg; Gdyhy; kz;iz kz;ZePu; Ml;Lk; fz;zhd;.

(vd;wTlNd gujd;)> fhu; vd fbJ nrd;whd; - Nkfk; Nghy tpiuthf (f; FfDld;)

nrd;W (mtdhw; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;l)> thu; rpiyj; jlf;if ts;sy; itfpa - ePz;l

tpy;iyNae;jpa ngupa ifiaAila tiuahjUSe; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;l = uhkgpuhd;

57


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(Kd;G) jq;fpa> fy;ypilg; gLj;j Gy;ypd; gs;sp - fy;ypdpilNa gug;gpa Gy;ypdhyhfpa

gLf;ifia> fz;lhd; - ghu;j;J (tUj;jk; nghWf;fkhl;lhky;)> gijj;J ghu; kpir

tPo;e;jhd; - Jbj;Jj; jiuapNy tpOe;J> thu; kzpg; Gdyhy; kz;iz kz;Zk;

ePu; Ml;Lk; fz;zhd; - ngUFfpw Kj;Jg; Nghd;w fz;zPupdhy; jiuiar; Rj;j

[y];ehdQ; nra;tpf;fpd;w fz;fisAilatdha;> gUtuw; guit Gf;fhd; - Nrhff;

flypy; %o;fpdhd;.

40) ,ad;wnjd; nghUl;b dhypt; tplUdf; nfd;w Ngho;J

kapd;wid fpoq;Fq;; fhA kKnjd tupa Gy;ypw;

Wapd;wid nadT khtp Jwe;jpnyd; RlUq;; fhR

Fapd;Wau; kFlQ; #LQ;; nry;tKq; nfhs;ntd; ahNd!

,ad;wJ vd;nghUl;bdhy; ,t; ,lu; cdf;F vd;w Ngho;Jk;>mapd;wid fpoq;Fk; fhAk; mKJ vd, mupa Gy;ypy;Japd;wid vdTk;> Mtp Jwe;jpnyd;; RlUk; fhRFapd;W cau; kFlk; #Lk; nry;tKk; nfhs;ntd; ahNd.

vd; nghUl;bdhy; - (ifNfapapd; kfdhd) vdJ epkpj;jkhf> cdf;F ,t; ,lu; -

cdf;F ,j;jd;ikahd Jd;gk; (tdthrk;)> ,ad;wJ - Neu;e;jJ> vd;w Ngho;Jck;

- vd;W (Kd; ifNfapapdhy;) mwpfpd;w mg;nghOJk;> fpoq;Fck; fha;ck; -

fpoq;FfisAk; fha;fisAk;> mkpu;J vd mapd;wid - mkpu;jk; Nghyf; fUjpg;

Grpj;jha;> typa Gy;ypy; - cWj;Je; jd;ikAs;s Gy;ypNy> Japd;wid - epj;jpiu

nra;jha;> vd ck; - vd;W mwpe;j ,g;nghOJk;> Mtp Jwe;jpnyd; - capu;

ePq;fpNddpy;iy (Mjyhy;)> RlUk; fhR Fapd;W - xspu;fpd;w ,uj;jpdq;fs; gjpj;J>

cau; - tpiyAau;e;j> kFlk; - fpuPlj;ij> #Lk; - jupj;jyhfpa> nry;tk; ck; -

rpwg;igAk;> nfhs;ntd; - (Vw;Wf;nfhs;s) mikNtd; NghYk;> (vd;W $wp)> - gpd;dUQ;

nrhy;Ythd; vd mLj;j ftpNahL njhlUk;.

,yf;Ftdpd; nray;fs; gw;wp Ffdplk; gujd; tpdhTjy;41) J}z;lu epte;j Njhshd; gpd;dUQ; nrhy;Ythde;

ePz;ltd; Wapd;w #o ypJntdp dpkpu;e;j Neak;

g+z;ltd; nwhlu;e;J gpd;Nd Nghe;jtd; nghOJ ePj;j

jpahz;nld tpdpJ Nfl;lh ndapdu;Nfh dpjidr; nrhd;dhd;.

J}z; ju epte;j Njhshd; gpd;dUk; nrhy;Ythd;> ‘me;ePz;ltd; Japd;w #oy; ,J vdpy;;> epkpu;e;j Neak;g+z;ltd;> njhlu;e;J gpd;Nd Nghe;jtd;> nghOJ ePj;jJahz;L?’ vd> ,dpJ Nfl;lhd;; vapdu;Nfhd; ,jidr; nrhd;dhd;.

J}z;ju - J}iznahg;g> epte;j - rpwe;Js;s> Njhshd; - Njhs;fisAila gujd;>

gpd;du;ck; nrhy;Ythd; - kPz;Lk; (Ffid Nehf;fpf;) $Wthd;> m ePz;ltd;

Japd;w #oy; - ngupatdhfpa mt;tpuhkd; epj;jpiu nra;j ,lk;> ,J vdpd; -

,Jthdhy;> epkpu;e;j Neak; g+z;ltd; - (mtdplj;J) kpf;f md;igf; nfhz;ltdha;>

gpd;Nd njhlu;e;J Nghe;jtd; - (mtid tdthrj;jpYk;) gpd; njhlu;e;J te;jtdhd

,yf;Fkzd;> nghOJ ePj;jJ - ,uhg;nghOijf; fopj;jJ> ahz;L - vt;tplj;jpy;> vd

- vd;W> ,dpJ Nfl;lhd; - ,dpikahf (md;NghL ,d;nrhw;fshy;) tpdtpdhd;> (mjw;F)

vapdu;Nfhd; ,jidr; nrhd;dhd; - Ntlu; jiytdhd Ffd; ,t;Tj;juj;ijf;

$wpdhd;. mjid Nkw;ftpapw; $Wfpd;whu;.

58


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yf;Ftd; gw;wpa tpgupg;G42) my;iyahz; like;j Nkdp aofDk; ktSQ; JQ;r

tpy;iya+d; wpaif NahLk; nta;Japu;g; NghLk; tPud;

fy;iyahz; Lau;e;j Njhsha; fz;fzPPu; nrhupaf; fq;F

nyy;iyfhz; gsT epd;wh dpikg;gpy dad nkd;whd;.

‘my;iy Mz;L mike;j Nkdp mofDk; mtSk; JQ;r>tpy;iy Cd;wpa ifNahLk; nta;Japu;g;NghLk; tPud;>fy;iy Mz;L cau;e;j Njhsha;! fz;fs; ePu; nrhupaf; fq;Fy;vy;iy fhz;gsTk; epd;whd;@ ,ikg;G ,yd; eadk;’ vd;whd;.

fy;iy Mz;L cau;e;j Njhsha; - kiyianahj;J cau;e;Js;s Njhs;fis

cilatNd! my;iy Mz;L mike;j Nkdp mofd; ck; - ,Uisnahj;Jg;

nghUe;jpa (fupa jpUNkdpiaAila) moF epiwe;j ,uhkgpuhDk;> mts; ck; -

mtd; kidtpahd rPjhNjtpAk;> JQ;r - epj;jpiu nra;a> tPud; - ,yf;Fkzd;>

tpy;iy Cd;wpa ifNahL ck; - tpy;iyj; jupj;j ifAlDk;> nta;J capu;g;NghLck;

- ntk;ikAilajhd ngU%r;RlDk;> fz;fs; ePu; nrhupaf; - fz;fs; fz;zPiur;

nrhupa> fq;Fy; vy;iy fhz;G msTck; - ,uhg;nghOjpd; Kbnty;iyiaf;

fhz;fpd;w tiuapYk (nghOJ tpbAksTk;)> eadk; ,ikg;gpyd; - fz;%lhjtdha;

(rpwpJk; Japy; nfhs;shky;)> epd;whd; - (fhty; nra;J) epd;whd;> vd;whd; - vd;W

(gujDf;Ff;) $wpdhd;.

gujdpd; Jau; ciu

43) vd;gijf; Nfl;l ike;j dpuhkDf; fpisah nud;W

Kd;nghj;j Njhw;wj; Njkpy; ahndd;W Kbtpyhj

Jd;gj;Jf; NfJ thNd dtdJ Jilf;f epd;wh

dd;gj;Jf; nfy;iy Az;Nlh tofpnjd; dbik vd;whd;.

vd;gijf; Nfl;l ike;jd;> “‘,uhkDf;F ,isahu;’ vd;W

Kd;G xj;j Njhw;wj;Njkpy;> ahd; vd;Wk; KbT ,yhj

Jd;gj;Jf;F VJ MNdd;@ mtd; mJ Jilf;f epd;whd;@

md;gj;Jf;F vy;iy cz;Nlh? mofpJ vd; mbik” vd;whd;.

vd;gij - vd;W (Ffd;) nrhd;dij> Nfl;l ike;jd; - tPudhd gujd;> ,uhkDf;F

,isahu; vd;W - ,uhkDf;Fj; jk;gpkhnud;W> Kd;G xj;j - Kd;dk; (gpwg;gpy;)

xj;Js;s> Njhw;wj;Njkpy; - cw;gj;jpiaAila vq;fSs;> ahd; - ehd;> vd;Wck;

KbT ,yhj Jd;gj;Jf;F - vg;nghOJk; Kbjypy;yhj (,uhkdJ) Jd;gj;Jf;F> VJ

MNdd; - fhuzkhapNdd;> mtd; - mt;tpyf;Fkzd;> mJ Jilf;f epd;whd; -

mj;Jd;gj;ij ePf;fj; Jiz epd;whd;> md;gj;Jf;F vy;iy cz;LV - md;Gf;F xU

tiuaiw cs;sNjh? (,y;iynad;wgb)> vd; mbik mofpJ - vd; mbikj;jpwd;

moFs;sjhapUe;jJ! vd;whd; - vd;W $wpdhd;.

***************************************************

59


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fhl;rpg;glyk; (1 - 34 nra;As;;fs;)

Njk;ghtzp> tPukhKdptuhy; (1680 - 1742) ,aw;wg;gl;l jkpo;f;fhtpakhFk;. ,J %d;W

fhz;lq;fisAk; xU fhz;lj;jpw;F 12 glyq;fs; tPjk; 36 glyq;fisAk; nkhj;jkhf

3615 tpUj;jg; ghf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1726,y; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,f;fhg;gpak;> #ir

(tsd;) apd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ. KjyhtJ fhz;lj;jpd; gjpndhuhtJ glykhf>

fhl;rpg; glyk; cs;sJ. ,NaRf; fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;gpid mwpe;j ,ilah;fSk;> thdE}y;

ty;Yeu;fshd %turu;fSk; mj;jpUf;Foe;ijia Nehpy; fz;L tzq;fpa nra;jpfs;

,g;glyj;jpy; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,g;glyj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s 1 - 34 tiuapyhd nra;As;fs; kl;LNk ghlg;gug;gpy; cs;slf;fg;

gl;Ls;sd. ,it jpUf;Foe;ijia Nehpy; fz;L tzq;fpa nra;jpiaf; $Wtd.

,ilau; te;J Foe;ijia tzq;Fjy;;

01) ,d;d thapy; ,d;d jd;ik ,d;d ahTk; Mifapy;

nghd;d ehL Jd;Dk; ck;gPu; nghd;D Uf;nfhL Mq;FNghy;

kpd;dy; NeUk; md;id <d;w Ntj ehj idj;njho>

cd;d yhj Nfhtu; ,d;gk; cz;z cw;W mioj;jdu;.

Fifahfpa ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,e;j tpjkhf ,iynay;yhk; elf;Fk;NghJ> tpz;Zyfj;jpy;

thOk; tpz;ztu;fs; nghd;jd;ikahd tbtk;nfhz;L me;j ,lj;ijr; nrd;W Nru;e;J>

,ilau; vz;Ztjw;F mUikahd kfpo;r;rp milAkhW kpd;dy; Nghd;w fd;dpj;jha;

ngw;w kiwKjy;tdhfpa Foe;ijiaj; njhOkhW mioj;jdu;.

,d;d thapy; - Fifahfpa ,e;j ,lj;jpy;> nghd;d ehL - tpz;Zyfk;> Jd;Dk;

- thOk;> ck;gu; - tpz;ztu;> NeUk; - xg;ghFk;> cs;syhj - epidj;jw;F mupa>

Nfhtu; - ,ilau;.

02) nfhOe;J cWk;F spu;e;j Ky;iy nfhz;l Nfhtu; $l;lKk;

vOe;J cWk;F lj;jp ahUk; Vfp> Ma fhl;rpahy;

tpOe;J cWk;f spg;G tpQ;rp Ntj ehjd; Nky;gjk;

njhOe;njh Wk;njh Oe;njh Wk;J sq;F fpd;w Njhw;wNk.

jspiuAila Fspu;e;j Ky;iy epyj;ijf; FbapUg;ghff; nfhz;l ,ilau; $l;lKk;>

mtu;fSld; kpFe;J tUk; ,ilr;rpaUkhfr; Nru;e;J nrd;W mq;Nf fz;l fhl;rpahy;

cz;lhFk; kfpo;r;rp kpFe;J> jpUkiwapd; jiytdhfpa mf;Foe;ijapd; fhy;kPJ

tpOe;J tzq;Fe;NjhWk; tzq;Fe;NjhWk; tpsq;Ffpd;w fhl;rpnfhz;ldu;.

nfhOe;J - jspu;> Flj;jpahu; - ,ilr;rpahu;> Vfp - nrd;W> fspg;G - kfpo;r;rp>tpQ;rp - kpFe;J> gjk; - fhy;> Jsq;F - tpsq;Fk;> Njhw;wk; - fhl;rp.

03) khiy NkT Ntq;if gw;wp tz;L czhJ vdkd

khiy NkT Ntq;if gw;wp tz;L czhJ vdkd

khiy Mf tPq;F te;J thrk; MUk; Ky;iyahu;

khiy Mf <q;F te;J thrk; MUk; Ky;iyahu;.

tz;L khiyapy; kyUk; Ntq;if kyiu neUq;fpj; Njid cz;zhj jd;ikNghy>

kdkaf;fj;ij miltjw;Ff; fhuzkhd nghd;dpd;kPJ Mu;tk;nfhz;L Fw;wj;ijf;

nfhs;shjJ vd;W nrhy;yj;jFe;j kd ,ay;G nfhz;L kpfTk; kfpo;e;J> kzk;

nghUe;jpa Ky;iy kyu;fshy; njhLj;j khiyAk; ifAkhf te;J> me;j ,ilau;

Fbnfhz;ltuhf epiwe;J epw;ghu;fs;.

07. Njk;ghtzp

60


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

khiy - khiyf; fhyk;> khiy - kdkaf;fk;> Ntq;if - Ntq;ifkyu;> Ntq;if -kiy> tPq;F te;J - kpfTk; kfpo;e;J> <q;F te;J - ,t;tplk; te;J> thrk; - kzk;>thrk; - Fbnfhz;L> MUk; - kpFk;> MUk; - epiwAk;. ,r;nra;Aspy; te;j nrhy;Ny

kPz;Lk; te;J NtW nghUisj; jUfpd;wJ. ,J klf;fzpahFk;.

04) gQ;r muq;fpy; ,d;G muq;F ghd;ik ahy iltuj;JmQ;r yk;F opj;J cte;J mkpo;e;j kpo;e;J csk;jdpy;tpQ;r ,d;gk; neQ;R mlq;fpy; Nkty; Mu;e;j jk;Kapu;

CQ;ry; Mb thapd; thapy; cw;W ciuj;jy; cw;wdu;.

Ik;nghwpfshfpa kz;lgj;jpy; ,d;gk; Efpd;tu;e;j jd;ikahy; mile;j tuk; vd;Dk;

mofhd fliyj; Njhz;b> mjDs; kfpo;e;J %o;fp> kdjpy; Ngupd;gk; kpFjpahf

mile;J> mg;Ngupd;gk; kdjpw;Fs; mlq;fhky; NkNyhq;FkhW Efu;e;j jk; capu;

CQ;ryhl> thapd; topahf mg;Ngupd;gk; ntspg;gl gpd;tUkhW $wpdu;.

gQ;r - Ie;J> muq;F - kz;lgk;> ghd;ik - jd;ik> mk; - mofpa> ryk; - fly;>

Fopj;J - Njhz;b> tpQ;r - kpf> Mu;e;j - Efu;e;j> thapy; - topahf.

05) vz;Z Nsa lq;f ypd;wp Ve;J khl;rp g+z;Lthd;tpz;ZNsngh ype;J te;j tpz;z tu;f;F Nte;jNdGz;Z Nsk Ue;J ePtpg; Nghd Ml;il kPl;fNth

kz;Z Nsna Oe;J te;J kz;zd; vd;W cjpj;jid.

vkJ vz;zj;jpDs;Ns mlq;Fjy; ,y;yhky; cau;e;j khz;ig mzpe;J> Nkyhd

tpz;Zyfpy; nropg;Gld; kfpo;e;J ,Ue;j thdtu;f;F kd;dNd! cd;idtpl;Lg; gpupe;J

nrd;w Ml;il mjd; Gz;Zf;F kUe;J jltp> kPl;Lf; fhg;gjw;fhfNt ,k;kz; cyfpw;F

te;J kdpjdhfg; gpwe;Js;sha;.

Ve;J - cau;e;j> g+z;L - mzpe;J> nghype;J - nropj;J> ePtp - jltp> kz;zd; -

kdpjd;> cjpj;jid - gpwe;jha;.

06) xz;j yq;fs; mz;l ck;g Uk;njh Ok;g uhguhtpz;j yk;f ye;jp yq;F ntz;f sq;fd; xg;ngdhkz;j tq;fs; vq;Fk; ahUk; tho <u ntz;Fil

nfhz;L mtq;fy; nfhz;l Njwy; nfhz;l md;G nfhw;wth.

xspkakhd ,lq;fisAila tpz;Zyfpy; thOk; tpz;ztUk; tzq;Fk; ,iwtNd!tpz;ZyfKk; fye;J tpsq;Fk; kz;Zyfpd; ,lq;fnsq;Fk; ahtUk; ey;tho;Tmiltjw;fhf> thd kz;lyj;jpy; jq;fp tpsq;Fk; ntz;zpytpw;F xg;G vd;W nrhy;yj;jf;f

Fspu;r;rp jUk; ntz;nfhw;wf; FilAk; nfhz;L kyu;khiyapy; nghUe;jpa Njidg;

Nghd;w ,dpikahd md;gpidAila kd;dtNd!

xz; - xsp> ck;gu; - Njtu;> ,yq;F - tpsq;Fk;> ntz;fsq;fd; - ntz;zpyT>

<u - Fspu;r;rpahd> mtq;fy; - khiy> Njwy; - Njd;> nfhw;wth - kd;dth!

07) kzpf;f yj;J mfj;J mikj;j thd kpu;j khu;gpNdha;!gpzpf;F yj;J mfj;J cjpj;j ngw;wp Ma;e;J tho;e;jplg;gzpf;F yj;J mfj;J mlq;F ,yhy;g zpj;j epd;gzp

mzpf;F yj;J mfj;J mzpe;j md;G Nghfpy; MFNk.

khzpf;fg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,l;L itj;j thDyf mkpo;jk; Nghd;w khu;gpid cilatNd!Neha; nfhz;l kdpj Fyj;jpy; eP te;J gpwe;j jd;ikia Muha;e;J tho;j;JtJvd;gJ> nrhw;fspd; $l;lj;Js; mlq;fhikahy;> fl;lisapl;l ckJ gzpapid mzptiffshff; nfhz;L> kdj;Js; mzpe;J epw;Fk; vq;fs; md;G vg;nghOJk; ePq;fhky;epiyngWtjhFk;.

61


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kzp - khzpf;fk;> fyk; - ghj;jpuk;> gpzp - Neha;> ngw;wp - jd;ik> gzp - nrhy;>gzpj;j - fl;lisapl;l> mzp - mzpfyd;> NghF - ePq;Fjy;.

08) ,utp Nta;e;j fQ;rk; <d;w ,yF Kj;jk; Va;e;Jnty;Gutpy; Nta;e;j Nria <d;w nghUtpy; md;id thOjpRUjp Nta;e;j khl;rp g+z;l Jiztd; Ma khjtj;J

cUtpy; Nta;e;j Nte;j thop cWjp vd;W tho;j;jpdhu;.

“fjputid mzpe;J> jhkiukyu; ngw;w xspapidAila Kj;Jg; Nghd;W> vtiuAk;ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; nfhilapy; rpwe;j kfidg; ngw;nwLj;j xg;G ,y;yhj md;idNa! ePtho;f! jpUkiwia mzpe;j khz;gpidAila Jiztdhfpa ngUe;jtj;J tbtkhfj;

Njhd;wpa kd;dNd! eP ed;F tho;f!”vd;W me;j ,ilau; tho;j;jpdu;.

,utp - fjputd;> fQ;rk; - jhkiu> <d;w - ngw;w> ,yF - tpsq;Fk;> Va;e;J -xj;J> Nra; - kfd;> nghUtpy; - xg;G ,y;yhj> RUjp - jpUkiw> kh - rpwe;j.

09) ,lj;J ,lj;J mlu;j;jp cw;w ,f;F cilj;j ,d;G nrhy;Flj;jp au;f;F mikj;j gw;wy; $u;e;J Njhd;wy; jhs;kpirjlj;J zu;f;F mikj;j Njwy; jhq;F khiy rhj;jYk;Kbj;j jpq;fisj; njhLj;J cLf;fs; Jw;wy; xj;jNj.

,lq;fs; NjhWk; neUf;fkhf epd;w fUk;ig ntd;w ,dpa nrhy;iyAila ,ilr;rpau;f;Fcz;lhd Mir mjpfkhfp> ngupa kyupjo;fspilNa nghUe;jpa Njidj; jhq;;fpepd;wkhiyfisj; jpUike;jjdpd; jpUtbfspy; mzpe;jdu;. mJ epiwepyitr; #o;e;Jtpz;kPd;fs; neUq;fp ,Uj;jiy xj;jpUe;jJ.

mlu;j;jp - neUq;fp> ,f;F - fUk;G> gw;wy; - Mir> $u;e;J - kpFe;J> Njhd;wy; -jpUike;jd;> jhs; - jpUtb> kpir - Nky;> jlj;J - ngupa> Jzu; - ,jo;> rhj;jy; -

mzptpj;jy;> cLf;fs; - tpz;kPd;fs;> Jw;wy; - neUq;fp.

10) Vjk; ,d;wp khyp <d;w fhe;jp vd;W Njhd;wiyf; NfhJ mfd;W capu;j;j Nfhij jhs;Kd; md;d Nfhtyu; rPj ,d;g NkhL ,uq;F Njd kpo;jk; <fYk;>

ghjk; xd;W Nrhkd; <d;w ghy;ep yhit khDNk.

Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; fjputd; je;j xspf;fjpiug; Nghy> jd; fd;dpikf;Ff; Fw;wk; ,y;yhky;jpUike;jidg; ngw;nwLj;j kyu;khiy Nghd;w kupahspd; mbfspy;> Fspu;e;jkfpo;r;rpAld; ,dpa ghiy me;j ,ilau; fhzpf;ifahfj; je;jdu;. mJ kupahspd;

ghjq;fspy; nghUe;jpAs;s epyT je;j ghy; xspia xj;J ,Ue;jJ.

Vjk; - Fw;wk;> khyp - fjputd;> fhe;jp - xspf;fjpu;> NfhJ - Fw;wk;> Nfhij -

khiy Nghd;w kupahs;> jhs; - jpUtb> Nfhtyu; - ,ilau;> rPjk; - Fspu;r;rp> <fy;

- jUjy;> Nrhkd; - epyT> khDk; - xj;jpUf;Fk;.

11) ghdp yj;J mikj;j md;G gJkk; NeU fz;nraj;Njdp yj;jp dhiu Nehf;F rpWtd; ,d;G fhl;lyhy;Nkdp yj;jp dhupd; xj;j tpupA fhl;rp cw;Wsk;

thdp yj;jpd; Mu;e;j ,d;G kypa tho khe;jpdhu;.

Njd; kpFe;j Ky;iy epyj;J ,ilaiu Nehf;fp> Foe;ij ehjd;> kupahspd; fhybapy;epyj;jpy; fhzpf;ifahfg; ghiy ,l;L itj;j me;j md;igj; jhkiu kyu; Nghd;wjd; fz;fshy; ghu;j;J> ,d;gj;ijf; fhl;bajhy; me;j ,ilau;> tpz;ztUf;Fr; rkkhdtpupe;j mwpitg; ngw;W> jk; kdk; tpz;ZyfpYs;s kpFjpahd ,d;gj;ijg; ngw;W

thOkhW mUe;jpdu;. (mDgtk; ngw;wdu;.)

62


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gJkk; - jhkiu> NeU - xj;j> Nky; epyj;jpdhu; - tpz;ztu;> fhl;rp cw;W -mwpitg; ngw;W> Mu;e;j - epiwe;j> kypa - kpFjpahf> khe;jpdhu; - mUe;jpdhu;.

12) fd;dp Ma jhAk;> Xq;F fht yhDk; md;Gw

,d;dp whyp Dk;f dpe;j ,d;g mk;nrhy; Xjyhy;

cd;dk; NkTk; <u md;G Kd;dk; cs;S whikahy;

kpd;d khup J}ty; xj;j tPOk; ehl;l khupNa.

fd;dpahfpa jha; kupahSk;> mf;fd;dpiff;Fr; rpwe;j fhtydhfpa #irAk; ,dikahd

Njd; milapDk; ,sfpa kdJld; kfpo;r;rp jUk; mofpa nrhw;fis md;Gld;

$wpaikahy;> me;j ,ilau; jk; rpe;jidapy; nghUe;jpa Fspu;r;rpahd md;Gs;sj;jpDs;

mlq;fhikahy; mtu;fspd; fz;fspypUe;J tpOk; kfpo;r;rpf; fz;zPu; kio> kpd;dYldhd

kioePu;j; JspfNshL xj;jpUe;jJ.

Xq;F - cau;e;j> ,why; - Njd; mil> fdpe;j - ,sfpa kdk;> mk; - mofpa>

Xjyhy; - $Wtjhy;> cd;dk; - rpe;jid> <uk; - Fspu;r;rp> khup - kio.

13) Vt yhfp %t iuapiwQ;rp Vq;fp Vfpdu;

Mty; Mfp Mq;F itj;j Mtp my;yJ ,y;yjhy;

Nkty; Mfp Mtp ahf Nta;e;j md;G ,yhnjdpy;

Xty; Mfp ntw;W cly;fs; Ciu cw;wy; xj;jNj.

gpupe;J nry;YkhW fl;lis Mdjhy;> %tiuAk; tzq;fp me;j ,ilau; Vf;fj;NjhL

nrd;wdu;. Mu;tk; nfhz;L mq;F ,l;Litj;j capNuay;yhky; NtW capu; jq;fSf;F

,y;yhikahy;> mjw;F ,ire;J> jq;fSf;F capuhf me;j %tu;kPJ nfhz;l md;G

kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; NghapUe;jhy; ntWk; cly;fs; kl;LNk ePq;fp Ciu miltjw;F

xg;ghf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

Vty; - fl;lis> Mtp - capu;> Nkty; - nrd;wiljy;> Xty; - ePq;Fjy;> cw;wy;

- miljy;.

14) Vf Miz Vf vq;Fk; Vfd; Mfp Ms;gtd;

khfk; NkT khlk;ePf;fp khL NkTciof;Fiwe;J

Mfk; Mil Nte;ju; ePf;fp Ma iuj;nj upe;jnjd;W

Xif ahf Xf NdhLk; Xq;F jhAk; tho;j;jpdhs;.

jd; xNu Miz vy;yh ,lq;fSf;Fk; nry;y xUtdhf ,Ue;J Ml;rp nra;Ak;

,iwtd;> thdj;ijj; njhLk; khspifia tpyf;fp> khLfs; jq;Fk; ,lj;jpy; jq;fp>

clypy; nghd; mzpfyd;fs; mzpe;j kd;diu ePf;fp ,ilaiuj; njupe;J nfhz;ljhy;

ctif nfhz;L kfpo;r;rp mile;j #irNahL rpwe;j jhAk; jpUike;jid tho;j;jpdhs;.

Vf - xU> Vfd; - xUtd;> khfd; - thdk;> cio - ,lk;> Mfk; - cly;> Mau; -

,ilau;> Xif - ctif> Xfd; - kfpo;r;rpAila #ir.

rhe;jp IaKk; fd;dpj; jha; gjpYk;15) Kd;d Ue;jpa jPQ;Rit Ky;iyahu;

gpd;d Ue;jplg; ngl;GwP, ehnlhWk;

kpd;d Ue;jpa nky;yb ahs;fuj;J

md;d Ue;jpUr; Nra;njho mz;Zthu;.

,dpa Ritia Kd; mUe;jpf; fz;l ,ilau;> gpd;Dk; mjid Efu;tjw;F Mu;tq;nfhz;L>

kpd;dy; xspia cl;nfhz;L tpsq;fpa nkd;ikahd mbfisAila kupahspd; iffspy;

me;j mUikahd jpUike;jidf; fz;L njhOtjw;fhf xt;nthU ehSk; neUq;Ftu;.

63


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mUe;jpa - Efu;e;j> jPk; - ,dpik> ngl;G - Mu;tk;> fuj;J - ifapy;> mUk; -

mUikahd> jpUr;Nra; - ,iwike;jd;> mz;Zthu; - neUq;Fthu;. ,dptUk;

nra;As;;fs; (me;jk; Mjpahf) me;jhjpahff; fhz;f.

16) mz;zp ePu;jto; jPnad mk;Gaf;

fz;zp jhs;kpir nga;Jop> fhjyd;

tpz;zpd; ePu;Kfpy; kpd;ndd Nehf;fNyhL

cz;zp thnthod;G Xu;kio J}tpdhd;.

,ilau; neUq;fp> ePupy; jtOk; neUg;G Nghd;w jhkiu kyu;fshy; Md khiyiaj;

jd; mbapy; itj;jNghJ> md;G nfhz;l ,iwike;jd;> thdj;jpy; ePiuf;nfhz;l

Nkfk; kpd;DtJNghy mtu;fisg; ghu;j;j ghu;itahy; ,ilau; cs;sj;jpy; nka;awpT

xspiaj; je;jNjhL kfpo;r;rpiaAk; xU kio Nghyj; J}tpdhd;.

mz;zp - neUq;fp> mk;Gak; - jhkiukyu;> fz;zp - khiy> jhs; + kpir -mbapd; Nky;> Kfpy; - Nkfk;.

17) J}tp Xba thupJ tw;nwhL

fhtpy; Xba Kj;njdf; fhjyhy;

ehtpy; Xba ey;Gfo; rpe;Jthu;

Vtp Xba Nfhy;tpop Ve;jpdhu;.

kfpo;r;rp kio nghope;J Xba nts;sk; kpFtjhy; fhl;by; Xb> fiuapy; xJq;fpa

Kj;Jg;Nghy> tpy;ypypUe;J Vtg;ngw;W tpiue;J nrd;w mk;G Nghd;w $u;ikahd

fz;fisj; jhq;fpa me;j ,ilr;rpau;> md;gpdhy; jk; ehtpy; nghUe;jpa ey;y

GfOiufisg; nghope;J epw;gu;.

J}tp - ePu;j;Jsp> fhtpy; - kyu;r;Nrhiyapy;> fhjyhy; - Kjpu;e;j md;gpdhy;>

Nfhy;tpop - mk;GNghyf; $u;ikahd fz;fs;.

18) Ve;jp Xq;Fsj;J ,d;gne Lq;fly;

ePe;jp ePe;jpep iyf;fiu fhz;fpyh

fhe;jp Nta;e;jd isf;fdpe;J XJths;

rhe;jp ehkk;j upj;jF lj;jpNa.

rhe;jp vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;w Xu; ,ilr;rp> cau;e;Njhq;fpa jd; kdjpy; nfhz;l

kfpo;r;rp vd;Dk; ePz;l fliy ePe;jp ePe;jp epiyahd fiuiaf; fhzKbahky;>

#upadpd; xspia Milahf mzpe;Js;s kupahisg; ghu;j;J> fdpTld; gpd;tUkhW

$Wths;.

neLq;fly; - ePz;l fly;> fhe;jp - xspapidAila #upad;> XJths; - $Wths;>

ehkk; - ngau;> jupj;j - ngw;w> Flj;jp - ,ilr;rp.

19) Flj;jp tha;nkhopf; Nfhnjdf; Nfhijaha;

clj;jp ePnahU thjUs; Xu;e;JNfs;

klj;J ahnjDk; fps;ist Fj;jd

,lj;J ahtUk; Nfl;gJ,y; MtNjh?

kyu;khiy Nghd;wtNs! ,ilr;rpapd; tha;r;nrhy; Fw;wKs;snjd;W ntFz;L eP tpyfhky;

mUis epide;J Nfs;. fpsp mwpahikahy; nrhy;ypa vijNaDk; ,t;Tyfj;jpy;

vtuhtJ Nfl;gJ ,y;iy vd;gJ cz;lh?

Flj;jp - ,ilr;rp> NfhJ - Fw;wk;> Nfhijaha; - kyu;khiy Nghd;wtNs! xUthJ

- tpyf;fhky;> Xu;e;J - epide;J> klj;J - mwpahik> fps;is - fpsp.

64


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

20) Mt NjKdu; MaJ Nghywpe;J

<t Njeir gpd;wt spj;jpLk;

Nfhy Njkpir Ms;jdpf; Nfhypdhd;

Neht NjapdpJ vd;Wjpj; jhd;nfhNyh?

elf;f ,Ug;gjid Kd;du; ele;jJ Nghy; mwpe;J kf;fSf;Ff; nfhLg;gnjd;why;

mtUila Mir gpd;dilAkhW kpFjpahff; nfhLg;gtdha; tpz;zpypUe;J jdpauR

nrYj;Jk; xg;gw;w nrq;NfhiyAila ,iwtd;> Jd;GWj;JtNj jdf;F ,dpik vd;W

epide;J ,e;j vspikahd Nfhyj;jpy; gpwe;jhNdh?

Kdu; - Kd;du;> MaJ - ele;jJ> <tJ - nfhLg;gJ> eir - Mir> gpd;w - gpd;dila>

Nfh - ,iwtdhfpa kd;dd;> jdpf;Nfhy; - xg;gw;w nrq;Nfhy;> NehtJ - Jd;GWtJ>

nfhy; - mirepiy.

21) nfhy;Yk; NtnyhLk; $u;neLk; thnshLk;

tpy;Yk; thspAk; MopAk; tpy;nra

xy;Yk; MopA Ul;blf; Nfhd;Jiz

nry;Yk; tPuntQ; Nridapy; MaNjd;.

giftiuf; nfhy;Yfpd;w NtNyhLk; $u;ikahd ePz;l thNshLk; tpy;Yk; mk;Gk;

rf;fuKk; Mfpa gilf;fyd;fs; xsptpl> jdf;F cupikahd Mizr;rf;fuj;ijr;

nrYj;jp Ml;rp nra;a xU kd;dDf;Fj; Jizahfr; nry;yf;$ba tPuKs;s nfhba

Nrid ,tDf;F ,y;yhky; NghdJ Vd;?

$u; - $u;ikahd> neLk; - ePz;l> thsp - mk;G> Mop - Mizr;rf;fuk;> cUl;b -

nrYj;jp> Nfhd; - kd;dd;> ntk; - nfhba.

22) Ma thd;kzp Mu;e;jzp cr;rpahy;

fha new;wpf le;Jau; khlKk;

J}a nghd;ndhL #o;Rlu; g+Zkpj;

Nja Nte;ju;jk; nry;tnkhd;W ,y;yNjd;?

Muha;e;njLj;j mofpa rpwe;j kzpfis kpFjpahf mzpe;j NfhGu cr;rpahy; Mfhaj;jpd;

new;wpiaAk; fle;J cau;e;J epw;Fk; khspifiaAk; J}a;ikahd nghd;dhy; nra;J

Rw;wpYk; gjpj;j kzpfs; xspjUk; mzpfyd;fSk; ,q;Fs;s ehLfis MSk;

kd;du;fSf;F cupa kw;wr; nry;tq;fSk; vd xd;Wk; ,tUf;F ,y;yhJ NghdJ Vd;?

Ma - mike;j> thd; - rpwe;j> Mu;e;J - kpFe;J> fhak; - Mfhak;> #o; - Rw;wpYk;>

Rlu; - xsp> g+z; - mzpfyd;.

23) ,y;y Njapy ,t;top te;jNjd;

nry;y thd;top nra;ate; jhnddpy;

ty;y Ntlk zpe;Jk iwtw

nty;y thDU Nta;e;jpd;wed;W my;yNjh!

jhd; FbapUf;f tPLk; ,y;yhky;> ,e;jf; Fif ,lj;ijj; Njb te;J gpwe;jJ Vd;?

kf;fs; thDyfk; nry;y topiaf; fhl;l te;jhu; vd;why; mjw;Fupa ty;yikahd

Nfhyk; nfhz;L ntw;wp ngWtjw;Fupa jd;Dila tpz;Zyf tbtj;ij kiwT

,y;yhky; ntspg;gilahf te;J Njhd;wpdhy; mJ ey;yJ MfhNjh?

65


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,y; - FbapUf;Fk; tPL> ,t;top - ,e;jf; Fif top> thd;top - tpz;Zyf top>

ty;y - ty;yikAs;s> kiwT mwp - kiwT ,y;yhky;> thd; cU - tpz;Zyf

tbtk;.

24) XTz;L MaT Uf;nfhL vd;Dsj;J

MTz;L Mapd Iakp Njapdpj;

J}Tz; jhJt J}a;kyu; tha;jpwe;J

VTz;L XJjp Mapio aha;vd;whs;.

“mofpa nka;awpT mzpfis cilatNs! Jd;gj;ij cl;nfhz;L mike;j ,f;Foe;ij

,iw ike;jdpd; tbtj;ij epidj;jjhy; vd; cs;sj;jpy; cz;lhd Mu;tk; fhuzkhf

vOe;j Iak; ,JNt. ,dp njspf;fpd;w cz;zj; jFe;j Njidf; nfhz;l cd;

kyu;tha; jpwe;J> vdf;Fj; jFe;j fl;lisiaAk; kdjpy; nfhz;L ,jw;F kWnkhop

$Wthahf” vd;W rhe;jp $wp Kbj;jhs;.

XT - Jd;gk;> cU - tbtk;> MT - Mu;tk;> J}Tjy; - njspj;jy;> jhJ - Njd;> VT

- fl;lis> XJjp - $Wthahf.

25) vd;w thrfk; ve;ijk Df;Fyk;

nrd;w thaUs; fhl;ba rPUzu;

xd;wy; MfpA Ufpa jha;Gdy;

kpd;j thtpop J}tptp sk;gpdhs;.

vd;W rhe;jp $wpa thu;j;ijAk; ek; je;ijahfpa ,iwtd; kdpj ,dj;jpy; jhDk;

xUtdha; te;J gpwe;jNghJ> mUs; fhl;ba rpwg;Gk; jd; czu;tpy; nghUe;JkhW

Vw;Wf;nfhz;L cUfpa jhahfpa kupahs;> kpd; xsp ePq;fhj jd; fz;fspypUe;J

ePiug; nghope;jthW gpd;tUkhW $wpdhs;.

thrfk; - thu;j;ij> kDf;Fyk; - kdpj ,dk;> rPu; - rpwg;G> xd;wy; - nghUe;Jjy;>

Gdy; - fz;zPu;> J}tp - nghope;J> tpsk;gpdhs; - $wpdhs;.

26) mk;gp dhyg au;nrAk; mj;Jiz

ek;gp dhu;jdp ew;nra;if <byhu;

nfhk;gpy; VWkp ilj;Jt Sk;nfhb

vk;gp uhd;typf;F ,j;Jiz Ntz;LNkh?

“mk;gpdhy; tpuu; jkf;F milf;fyk; jUk; me;jj; Jizia ek;gp ,Ug;gtu;> jdpahf

ey;y tPur; nraiyr; nra;Ak; typik ,y;yhjtu; Mthu;. ,ilNa Jtz;L tpof;$ba

nkd;ikahd glUk; nfhbNa nfhk;igj; Jizahff; nfhz;l Vwpg;glUk;. vk;ngUkhdpd;

typikf;F ,t;tpjkhd Jiznay;yhk; Ntz;LNkh?”

mgau; - milf;fyk; ngWNthu;> VWk; - glUk;> JtSk; - mirAk;> typf;F -

typikf;F.

27) Ntz;Lk; Xu;tpid Ntz;Lnkd; why;Kbj;J

Mz;Lk; Xu;jdpf; Nfhyu rhd;vup

J}z;Lk; Xu;rpdk; Njhd;Wop mg;gif

jhz;Lk; Xu;typ jhq;Ftu; ahtNuh?

66


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

“jhd; nra;a Ntz;ba xU nraiyr; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;why; epidj;J mij Kbj;J

Xu; xg;gw;w nrk;ikahd Ml;rpahy; cyfq;fisnay;yhk; MSk; murdhfpa ,iwtdplk;

neUg;igj; J}z;btpl;lJ nghd;w xU rpdk; Njhd;Wk; NghJ> mg;gifiaf; fle;J

nry;yj;jf;f xU typik nfhz;ltu; ahNuh?

tpid - nray;> jdp - xg;gw;w> Nfhy; - nrq;Nfhy;> vup - neUg;G> Njhd;Wop -

Njhd;Wk; NghJ> jhz;Lk; - fle;J nry;Yk;> typ - typik.

28) aht Uk;fbJ mQ;rnyhL vQ;Rthd;

kPt Uk;Jsp Nkjpdp nkha;j;jJk;

jPt Uk;Jsp Ik;Guk; jPe;jJk;

J}t Uk;gy Tk;njhif nrhw;wNth?

kf;fs; ahtUk; kpFjpahd mr;rj;NjhL ,we;J xopAkhW thdj;jpypUe;J nghopAk;

kionts;sk;> cyfj;jpd; Nky; gutp %bf;nfhz;lJk;> neUg;ghf ,wq;fp tUk; kioahy;

NrhNjhk; nfhkhuh Kjypa Ie;J efuq;fs; vupe;jJk; Mfpa ,e;j ,iwtdpd;

J}a;ikapdhy; tUk; ty;yikahd nray;fisf; fzf;fpl;Lr; nrhy;y Ntz;LNkh?

fbJ - kpFjp> vQ;Rthd; - ,we;J xoptjw;fhf> kPtUk; - thdj;jpypUe;J tUk;>

Nkjpdp - cyfk;> nkha;j;jJk; - %bf;nfhz;lJk;> Ik;Guk; - Ie;J efuq;fs;>

J}tUk; - J}a;ikapdhy; tUk;> nrhw;wNth - nrhy;yNth?

29) nrhw;j tpu;e;jt Us;njhopy; fhypnjd;W

cw;W mtpu;e;jT LKb ahSiuj;J

,w;W mtpu;e;jtp ilr;rpA zu;e;jgpd;

gw;W mtpu;e;jT iug;gad; $Wths;.

NkYk; nrhy;Yf;F mlq;fhj mUl;nraiyf; flTS; nra;Ak; fhyk; ,J vd;W>

kpFjpahf xsp tPrpa tpz;kPd;fis Kbahf mzpe;j kupahs; $wTk;> xspAs;s

,ilr;rpahfpa rhe;jp ,jid mwpe;j gpd;Dk;> jd; Mu;tk; tpsq;f thu;j;ijfisf;

$wj; njhlq;Fths;.

nrhy;jtpu;e;j - nrhy;ypy; mlq;fhj> fhy; - fhyk;> mtpu;e;j - xsp tPrpa> cL -

tpz;kPd;> gw;W - Mu;tk;.

30) $W ths;nrAk; nfhs;ifapd; vd;Wsk;

gPW thnsdg; gpd;idNahu; IaKk;

NjW tha;nkhop Nfl;blr; nrg;GNtd;

<W thapy ve;ijapd; md;idNa.

KbT fhyk; ,y;yhj ek; je;ijahfpa ,iwtdpd; jhNa! ths; gpsTgLj;Jk;

jd;ik Nghy> vd; cs;sj;ijf; fpopf;Fk; ths; Nghy; NkYk; vOe;j Xu; IaKk;

cz;L. njsptiltjw;fhf cd; tha;r; nrhy;iyf; Nfl;L> mwptjw;fhf ,ijf;

$WNtd;.

$Wths; - gpsTgLj;Jk; ths;> gPW - fpopf;Fk;> NjW - njspthd> nrg;GNtd; -

nrhy;YNtd;> <Wtha; - KbTf;fhyk;> ve;ij - vk; je;ij.

67


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

31) md;id je;ijap yhdiw E}y;gb

vd;id ,q;fspj; Njhd;tUk; vy;iyapd;

kpd;id xd;wpa Ntlnk Lj;jtd;

jd;id ahtUk; jhotp iwQ;Rthu;.

jpUkiw E}ypy; $wpathW> jhAk; je;ijAk; ,y;yhky; jhdha; tpsq;Fk; ,iwtd;>

vd;idAk; vd; Nghd;w kdpjiuAk; kPl;Lf; fhg;gtdha; ,t;Tyfpy; te;J Njhd;Wk;

,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; kpd;dy; Nghd;w Ntlk; vLj;J tu> myiu ahtUk; jho;e;J tzq;Ftu;.

miw - $Wk;> E}y; - jpUkiw> mspj;Njhd; - fhj;Njhd;> vy;iy - fhyk;> jho

- jho;e;J> ,iwQ;Rthu; - tzq;Fthu;.

32) mQ;R thutd; Kd;DyF Ms;gtu;

vQ;R thut idapiwQ; rhNud

tpQ;Rk; Muzk; Mftp sk;gpdhu;

JQ;R khjt Nunadr; nrhy;ypdhs;.

“,t;Tyfj;ij Ml;rp nra;Ak; kd;du; ahtUk; mtd; Kd; mQ;rp eLq;Ftu; vd;Wk;

mtid tzq;fhjtu; nfl;L moptu; vd;Wk; kiwe;Jtpl;l ngUe;jtj;Njhu; Nkyhd

jpUkiw thf;fhfr; nrhy;ypAs;shu;fs;”vd;W $wpdhs;.

vQ;Rthu; - mopthu;> ,iwQ;rhu; - tzq;fhjtu;> tpQ;Rk; - Nkyhd> Muzk; -

jpUkiw> tpsk;gpdhu; - $wpdhu;> JQ;R - kiwe;j.

33) nrhy;yf; Nfl;lds; njhd;nkhopj; jd;ikAk;

nty;yf; Nfl;gUk; ntQ;rpdj;J vy;iyehs;

xy;yf; Nfl;ldu; cl;Fw Mtijg;

Gy;yf; Nfl;fpy; ahd;Gfy; Ntndd;whs;.

“rhe;jp nrhd;dijf; Nfl;l kupahs;> cyf KbT ehs; tUtJ gw;wpg; goq;fhyj;jpy;

nrhy;yg;gl;l nra;jpfis nty;Yk; tifapYk;> Nfl;gjw;fupa nfhba ntFspNahLk;

Nfl;ltu; mQ;rp eLq;FkhWk; elf;f ,Ug;gjidg; nghUj;jpf; Nfl;f ePq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy;

ehd; nrhy;Ntd;” vd;whs;.

njhd;nkhop - goq;fhy nkhop> Nfl;G mUk; - Nfl;gjw;F mupa> ntQ;rpdk; -

nfhba ntFsp> vy;iyehs; - cyf KbT ehs;> cl;Fw - mQ;rp eLq;f> Gy;y -

nghUe;j> Gfy;Ntndd; - nrhy;YNtd;.

34) jhns Ok;fk yk;Rlu; jhtpa

Nfhns Oq;fjpu; nfhz;nldf; Nfl;lYk;

thns Oe;jfz; khnjhL ahtUk;

#ns Oe;Jwr; nrhy;nydr; nrhy;Yths;.

,t;thW nrhy;yf; Nfl;lJk; ths; Nghd;w $u;ikahd fz;fisAila rhe;jpAld;

kw;w ,ilau; ahtUk; kyu;j;jz;by; vOe;J epd;w jhkiuapd; xsp gue;j #upadpd;

xspia cl;nfhz;L kyu;e;jJ Nghy> tQ;rpdk; $wpa Kiwapy; vOe;Jepd;W ed;whfr;

nrhy; vd;W tpUk;gpf; Nfl;f kupahs; gpd;tUkhW njhlu;e;J nrhy;Yths;.

jhs; - kyu;j;jz;L> fkyk; - jhkiu> Rlu; - xsp> jhtpa - gue;j> Nfhs; - #upad;>

#s; - tQ;rpdk;> cw - ed;whf.

68


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Fwpj;j gFjpapD}lhf typAWj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jfs;:

m) ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; kfpik

- ghtj;jhy; ,iwtid tpl;Lg; gpupe;j kf;fis ,ul;rpj;J> kPz;Lk; ,iwtDld;

,izf;fg; gpwe;j NjtFkhud; (5)

- tpz;ZyFk; kz;ZyFk; tzq;Fk; nja;tk; (6)

- nrhw;fshy; tho;j;jg;gl Kbahjtu; (9)

- vspikahd tho;itj; njupe;J nfhz;ltu; (14)

- jha;> je;ij ,y;yhj ,iwtd; (31)

- jpUkiwapd; jiytd; (Ntj ehjd;) (1>2)

M) khpahspd; ngUik - fjputid Milahff; nfhz;lts; (8> 18)

- epyitg; ghjq;fspy; mzpe;jts; (10)

- tpz;kPd;fis Kbapy; #bats; (29)

- ,iwtDf;F ,t;Tyfj; jhahFk; rpwg;igg; ngw;wts; (30)

- ,iwtdpd; jpl;lj;ij mwptpf;Fk; ty;yikAilats; (26> 27)

- fd;dpikf;Ff; fsq;fk; tuhky; ike;jidg; ngw;wts; (10)

,)#irapd; ngUik - ngUe; jtj;Njhd;; (8) - kupahSf;F rpwe;j fztdhf tha;j;jtd;; (12)

<) ,ilah; gz;Gk; rpwg;Gk;

- ,iwmtjhuk; gw;wpa nra;jpia Kjypy; mwptpf;fg;ngWk; Ngw;wpidg;

ngw;wtu;fs;(1) - jpUf;Foe;ijia Nehpy; fz;L tzq;Fk; tha;g;gpidg; ngw;wtu;fs; - gzpTilatu;fs; - kupahs;> #ir> ,NaRf;fpwp];J MfpNahiuj; jk; capnudg; Nghw;wpatu;fs; (13) - jk;khy; ,ad;w fhzpf;iffis (ghy;> kyu;khiy) mtu;fSf;F mspg;gtu;fs; (9>10)

- jk; Iaq;fis kupahsplk; tpdtp (rhe;jp) njspTWgtu;fs; (19 - 28)

ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mzpfs;:

(m) ctikfs;

- ‘kpd;dy; NeUk; md;id’ (1) - ‘thdkpu;j khu;gpdd;’ (7) - ‘fQ;rk; <d;w ,yF Kj;jk; Va;e;Jnty; Gutpy; Nta;e;j Nria’ (8) - Kbj;j jpq;fisj; njhLj;J cLf;fs; Jw;wy; (9)

- ‘Vjk; ,d;wp khyp <d;w fhe;jp vd;W Njhd;wiyf; NfhJ mfd;W capu;j;j Nfhij’ (10) - ghjk; xd;W Nrhkd; <d;w ghy; epyT (10)

- ‘gJkk; NeU fz;’ (11)

- ‘tpz;zpd; ePu;Kfpy; kpd;ndd Nehf;fy;’ (16) - ‘fhtpy; Xba Kj;njdf; fhjyhy; ehtpy; Xba ey;Gfo;’ (17) - ‘Nfhy;tpop;’ (17)

(M) cUtf mzp

- ‘gQ;r muq;F’ (2) - ‘,d;g neLq;fly;’ (18)(,) klf;fzp

- khiy vd;Dk; nrhy; nra;Aspy; ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUk; tifapy;

mike;Js;sJ (03)(<) me;jhjp mikg;G

- nra;As; ,yf;fk; 15 njhlf;fk; 25 tiu me;jhjp mikg;G cs;sik

***************************************************

69


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

08. ghujpahu; ftpijfs;

Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; :

jkpopd; k`hftpfspy; xUtuhf> etPd jkpo;f; ftpijapd; Kd;Ndhbahfg; Nghw;wg;gl;ltu;.

Njr tpLjiy> ngz; tpLjiy> nkhop vspik Kjyhd tplaq;fspy; czu;T g+u;tkhf<Lgl;ltu;. rpWtu; ,yf;fpak;> trd ftpij Kjyhd tplaq;fspy; Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Fgtu;.

gilg;Gf;fs; :

ghujp gf;jpg; ghly;fs;> Njr tpLjiyg; ghly;fs;> r%ftpLjiyg; ghly;fs;> Fapy; ghl;L>ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> trd ftpijfs;> Ntjhe;jf; ftpijfs; Kjypa gy gilg;Gf;fismspj;Js;shu;.

(m) Fapw;ghl;Lfhdg; gwit fyfnyD NkhirapYk;>fhw;W kuq;fspilf; fhl;L kpirfspYk;>Mw;WeP Nuhir mUtp nahypapdpYk;>ePyg; ngUq;flnye; NeuKNk jhdpirf;Fk;Xyj; jpilNa Ajpf;F kpirapdpYk;>khDlg; ngz;fs; tsUnkhU fhjypdhy;CDUfg; ghLtjp Y}wpLe;Njd; thupapYk;>Vw;wePu;g; ghl;b dpirapdpYk;> ney;ypbf;Fq;Nfhw;nwhbahu; Ff;Fntdf; nfhQ;R nkhypapdpYk;Rz;zkpbg; ghu;jQ; RitkpFe;j gz;fspYk;>gz;iz klthu; goFgy ghl;bdpYk;tl;lkpl;Lg; ngz;fs; tisf;fuq;fs; jhnkhypf;ff;nfhl;b apirj;jpLNkhu; $l;lKjg; ghl;bdpYk;>Ntapd; FoNyhL tPizKj yhkdpju;thapdpYq; ifahYk; thrpf;Fk; gy;fUtpehl;bdpYq; fhl;bdpYk; ehnsy;yhk; ed;nwhypf;Fk;ghl;bdpYk; neQ;irg; gwpnfhLj;Njd; ghtpNad;.

,yf;fpak; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

Fapw;ghl;L> ghujp ghba FWq;fhtpaq;fSs; xd;W. mJ khDliuAk; tpyq;FfisAk;itj;J> Gidag;gl;l Ntbf;ifahd fw;gidf; fij. khQ;Nrhiy xd;wpypUe;j Fapnyhd;Wghba ,d;dpir fPjj;jpy;> jd; kdijg; gwpnfhLj;j ftpQu;> mJ $wpa fhjw;fijapidnrtpkLf;fpwhu;. mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Fapy; ,aw;ifapd; fPjq;fspYk;> ehl;lhu; ghlypirapYk;fUtpfspd; ,d;NdhirapYk; kdijg; gwpnfhLj;jik gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; gFjpNa,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. vdpDk; ghujp mjDs;Ns gy tplaq;fisf; $w Kide;Js;shu;.,f;FWq;fhtpaj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ>

“Md;w jkpo;g; GytPu; fw;gidNaahdhYk; Ntjhe;jkhf tpupj;Jg; nghUSiuf;f ahNjDQ; rw;Nw ,lkpUe;jhy; $wPNuh”

vdf;Nfl;L> rpe;jidiaj; J}z;b tpLfpd;whu;. mj;jifa Fapw;ghl;L vDk;FWq;fhtpaj;jpy; gpujhdkhd ghj;jpukhd Fapy;> ,irNkyhd jd; <LghL gw;wp fijnrhy;ypia Nehf;fpf; $Wk; gFjp ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

,ir ehl;lk;;

gwitfspd; xyp> MW> fly;fspd; miynahyp> ngz;fs; ghLk; ghl;nlhyp> gy;NtW

,irf;fUtpfspd; xyp Kjypa gy;NtW xypfisAk; ,irahff; fhZfpwhu; ghujp.

tho;tpay; mk;rq;fs;

Vw;wk; ,iwj;jy; ney;ypbj;jy; Rz;zkpbj;jy;

Fk;kp nfhl;Ljy; taw;nwhopy; ,irf; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jy;

70


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(M) fz;zk;kh vd; fhjyp

1. khiyg; nghOjpnyhU NkilkpirNa

thidAk; fliyAk; Nehf;fpapUe;Njd;@

%iyf; flypidat; thdtisak;

Kj;jkpl; NljOtp Kfpo;jy;fz;Nld;@

ePy neUf;fpilapy; neQ;RnrYj;jp>

Neuq; foptjpYk; epidg;gpd;wpNa

rhyg; gygyew; gfw;fdtpy;

jd;id kwe;jyae; jd;dpypUe;Njd;.

2. Mq;fg; nghOjpnyd; gpd;Gwj;jpNy>

Ms;te;J epd;nwdJ fz;kiwf;fNt>

ghq;fpdpw; ifapuz;Le; jPz;bawpe;Njd;@

gl;Lil tPRfko; jd;dpywpe;Njd;@

Xq;fp tU Ktif a+w;wp ywpe;Njd;@

xl;L kpuz;Ls;sj;jpd; jl;b ywpe;Njd;@

‘thq;fp tplb ifia Nab fz;zk;kh>

kha nktuplj;jpy;?’ vd;W nkhope;Njd;.

3. rpupj;j xypap yts; if tpyf;fpNa>

jpUkpj; jOtp> ‘vd;d nra;jp nrhy;’ nyd;Nwd;>

‘neupj;j jpiuf;flypy; vd;d fz;bl;lha;?

ePy tpRk;gpdpil vd;d fz;bl;lha;?

jpupj;j Eiuapdpil vd;d fz;bl;lha;?

rpd;df; Fkpopfspy; vd;d fz;bl;lha;?

gpupj;Jg; gpupj;Jepj Nkf kse;Nj>

ngw;w eyq;f nsd;d? NgRjp’ vd;whs;.

4. ‘neupj;j jpiuf;flypy; epd;Kfq; fz;Nld;@

ePy tpRk;gpdpil epd;Kfq; fz;Nld@;

jpupj;j Eiuapdpil epd;Kfq; fz;Nld@;

rpd;df; Fkpopfspy; epd;Kfq; fz;Nld;@

gpupj;Jg; gpupj;Jepj Nkf kse;Nj>

ngw;wJd; Kfkd;wpg; gpwpnjhd;wpy;iy@

rpupj;j xypapdpYd; if tpyf;fpNa>

jpUkpj; jOtpajpy; epd;Kfq; fz;Nld;.

,yf;fpak; gw;wpa mwpKfk; :

fz;zidg; gy epiyfspy; ghtid nra;J ghujpahy; ghlg;gl;l gy ghly;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit fz;zd; ghly;fs; vdg; ngau; #l;lg; ngWfpd;wd. fz;zid

fhjypahfg; ghtidnra;J ghba ghly;fSs; xd;whf> ‘fz;zk;kh vd; fhjyp’

mikfpwJ.

71


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghLnghUs; :

,aw;if KOtjpYk; ,iwtidf; fz;l mDgtj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf ,f;ftpij mikfpwJ.

ghujp khiy Neunkhd;wpy; flw;fiuapy; thdj;jpdJk; flypdJk; moif ,urpj;J

jd;id kwe;jpUe;j epiyapy; fhjypahfpa fz;zk;kh gpd;Gwkhf te;J mtuJ

fz;izj; jdJ iffshy; %baTld;> %batu; ahnud ,dq;fz;l ghujp ifia

tpyf;fp mtNshL ciuahLk; Ntisapy; fz;zk;kh ,aw;iff; $Wfspy; eP vd;d

fz;lha;? vd tpdTtjhfTk; mjw;Fg; ghujp> midj;jpDk; cd; KfNk fz;Nld; vd

tpilaspg;gjhfTk; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.

fhjy; ntspg;gLk; tpjk;:

fhjyp te;J epd;W fhjydpd; fz;kiwj;jy;.

fhjyd; mtis ,d;dhnud milahsk; fhzy;.

fhjypapd; cilapd; thrid %yk; mtisawpjy;.

,ay;ghfNt ctif vOtjd; %yk; te;jJ jd; fhjypNa vd KbTnra;jy;.

,Utu; cs;sKk; xd;Wgl;L tpsq;Fjy;.

,aw;if midj;jpYk; fhjypapd; Kfj;ijNa fhZjy;.

(jhd; ,aw;ifapy; yapj;jpUe;jNghJ jd; fhjyp te;J jOtpajhfTk; mg;NghJ

mtu;fspilNa ciuahly; epfo;tjhfTk; mt;Tiuahlypy; mts; ghujpiag; ghu;j;Jf;

Nfl;l Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil $WtjhfTk; ftpijia mikj;Jf; nfhz;ljpy; ghujpapd;

fw;gidj;jpwd; Gyg;gLfpwJ.)

(,) ghQ;rhyp rgjk;

#J kPl;Lk; njhlq;Fjy;

fhA Ul;l yhdhu; - #Jf;

fspnjh lq;f yhdhu;

kha Ks;s rFdp - gpd;Dk;

thu;j;ij nrhy;Y fpd;whd;@

“ePa opj;j njy;yhk; - gpd;Dk;

epd;dp lj;J kPSk;>

Xa;t ile;jp lhNj> - jUkh!

Cf;f nka;J” nfd;whd;.

Nfhapw; g+ir nra;Nthu; - rpiyiaf;

nfhz;L tpw;wy; NghYk;>

thapy; fhj;J epw;Nghd; - tPl;il

itj;jp oj;jy; NghYk;>

Map uq;f shd - ePjp

aitA zu;e;j jUkd;

Njak; itj;jp oe;jhd;@ - rPr;rP

rpwpau; nra;if nra;jhd;.

‘ehl;L khe;j nuy;yhk; - jk;Nghy; euu;f nsd;W fUjhu;@

Ml;L ke;ij ahnkd; - Wyif

mur nuz;zp tpl;lhu;.

fhl;L Kz;ik E}y;fs; - gyjhq;

fhl;b dhu;f NsDk;;

ehl;L uh[ ePjp - kdpju;

ed;F nra;a tpy;iy.

72


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

XuQ; nra;jp lhNk> - jUkj;

JWjp nfhd;wp lhNk>

NrhuQ; bra;jplhNk> -gpwiuj;

Jaupy; tPo;j;jp lhNk>

Ciu ahS Kiwik - cyfpy;

Xu;G wj;J kpy;iy.

rhu kw;w thu;j;ij! - NkNy

rupij nrhy;Y fpd;Nwhk;.mwpKfk; :kfhghujj;jpy; jUkd;> nfsutu;fSld; #jhb ehLefu; vy;yhk; ,oe;J> ,Wjpapy;ghQ;rhypiaAk; gzak; itj;J ,of;fpwhd;. ghQ;rhyp JupNahjdd; rigapNy mtdhy;khdgq;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhs;. me;epiyapy; ghQ;rhyp ju;khNtrj;NjhL JupNahjid mopj;Njjd; Foy; Kbg;gjhfr; rgjk; nra;fpwhs;. mr;rgj epfo;r;rpia ikakhff;nfhz;Lkfhghujf; fijg;gFjpia ghujp> GJikfNshL FWq;fhtpakhf> ‘ghQ;rhyp rgjk;’vd;w ngaupy; gilj;Js;shu;.

JupNahjdNdhL #jhba jUkd;> Njrj;ijg; gzag; nghUshf itj;jJ fz;Lnfhjpj;njOe;J $Wtjhf miktJ ,g;gFjp.

#jpd; ,opT : tQ;rfupd; khatiyapy; tPo;j;Jk; mwptpof;fr; nra;Ak; gopia Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;idAk; jd;idr; rhu;e;jtiuAk; Jd;gj;jpyho;j;Jk;

jUkd; mile;j ,opT: Mapuk; ePjp E}y;fisf; fw;wpUe;Jk; Njrj;ijg; gzak; itj;J ,oe;jjhNy> “rPr;rP” vdj; J}w;WksTf;F jUkd; fPo;epiy miljy;. jUkd; rpwpahUs; xUtdhff; fzpf;fg; ngwy;. ehl;L kf;fis ke;ijfsha; kd;du;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs; vdf; $Wk; epiy Vw;gly;.

jUkdpd; nraiyg; ghujp $Wk; tpjk;: g+rfu; Nfhapw;rpiyia tpw;wy; Nghy thapw;fhtyd; tPl;il tpw;gJ Nghy rpwpahu; nra;if nra;jhd; jUkd;

rpwe;j Ml;rpj;jiytDila ,yl;rzq;fs;: ehl;L kf;fis kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wy;. E}y;fisf; fw;gJ kl;Lkd;wp mtw;iw kf;fs; eyDf;fha; gpd;gw;Wjy;. tQ;rid GupahJ elj;jy;. mwj;jpdpd;Wk; kdTWjp jsuhJ ,Uj;jy;. fPo;epiy milaf;$ba nray; Gupahik.

gpwiuj; Jaupy; tPo;j;jhik.

rFdpapd; tQ;rid:

#o;r;rpfs; epiwe;jtdhff; fhzg;gly;.

‘eP ,oe;jtw;iwnay;yhk; kPsg; ngWtha;’ vd jUkid tQ;rpj;J Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

ftpij typAWj;Jk; tplaq;fs;:

Kiw jtWk; murpd; kPjhd ntWg;G. kf;fis kjpj;J kf;fsJ eyd; ehLk; jd;dykw;w murpd; kPjhd mth. jd;dykw;w kf;fs; eyidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;l muRfs; cyfpy; vq;Fk; ,y;iyNa vd;w Mjq;fk;.

73


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(<) ngz; tpLjiy

1. tpLj iyf;F kfspnuy; NyhUk;

Ntl;if nfhz;ldk;@ nty;Yt nkd;Nw

jplk dj;jpd; kJf;fpz;z kPJ

Nru;e;J ehk;gpu jpf;fpid nra;Nthk;.

cila ts; rf;jp Mz;ngz; zpuz;Lk;

xUep fu;nra; Jupik rikj;jhs;@

,ilap Nygl;l fPo;epiy fz;Bu;>

,jw;F ehnkhUg; gl;bUg; NghNkh?

2. jpwikah ypq;F Nkdpiy Nru;Nthk;@

jPa gz;il apfo;r;rpfs; Nja;g;Nghk;@

Fiwtp yhJ KOepfu; ek;ikf;

nfhs;t uhz;f nsdpy tNuhLk;

rpWik jPuee; jha;j;jpU ehl;ilj;

jpUk;g nty;tjpw; Nru;e;jpq; Fiog;Nghk;@

mwtp Oe;jJ gz;il tof;fk;@

MZf; Fg;ngz; tpyq;nfD k/Nj.

3. tpbA ey;nyhsp fhZjp epd;Nw>

NkT ehf upfk;Gjp njhd;Nw

nfhbau; ek;ik abikf nsd;Nw

nfhz;L jhk;Kj nyd;wd ud;Nw.

mbnah le;j tof;fj;ijf; nfhd;Nw

mwpT ahTk; gapw;rpapy; ntd;Nw

flik nra;tPu;> ee; Njrj;J tPuf;

fhup iff;fzj; jPu;> Jzp Tw;Nw.

mwpKfk; :

Njrpa tpLjiy> ngz; rkj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpy; jPtpu <LghLfhl;ba ghujp rPdnkhopapy;

“rPa+rd;” vd;gtu; ghba ftpijia nkhopngau;j;Jg; ghbaNj ngz; tpLjiy vDk;

,f;ftpij.

ghLnghUs; :

MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhdtu;fs;. ngz;fis Mz;fs; mlf;fp Ms;tJ nghUj;jkw;wJ.

ngz;fs; jk; ngUik czu;e;J xd;Wgl;L tpLjiy ngw Kay Ntz;Lk; vd;w

fUj;ij typAWj;Jk; tifapy; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ. ngz;fs; tpLjiy ngw;W

Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf xd;Wgl;L ciof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;Jtjhf

,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.

MZk; ngz;Zk; rkkhdtu;fshfNt gilf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;

ngz; MZf;Fr; rupepfu; cupik ngw;wts;. ,ilf;fhyj;jpNyNa Mz; cau;e;jtd;>

ngz; jho;e;jts; vd;w fPo;epiy cz;lhdJ

ngz; jdf;;F Neu;e;j ,opepiyiag; Nghf;f NghuhLk; ty;yik cs;sts;

ngz;zpd; ,opepiyiag; Nghf;f cWjpnfhz;L ciog;Nghk;

Mz;fs;> ngz;fisr; rkkhf elj;Jthu;fshapd; mtu;fNshL Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf

xd;Wgl;L ciog;Nghk;;

,opepiyiag; Nghf;f cWjpnfhz;L ciog;Nghk;

74


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mrpupau; : g.F.rutzgtd;

,tu; eapdhjPtpidr; Nru;e;jtu;. tpj;Jt rpNuhkzp fNzirau; Ntyiz jk;G

cghj;jpahau; MfpNahu; ,tuJ Mrpupau;fshtu;. jkpo; Gyikkpf;ftuhd ,tu; E}ywpTk;

,ay;ghfNt ftpghLk; ty;yikAk; tha;f;fg;ngw;wtu;.

,yf;fpak; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

Fwk; vd;gJ xUtif ,yf;fpa tbtk;. ,jpy; Fwtu;fs; jq;fs; ehl;Ltsk;> kiytsk;

Kjyhdtw;iwr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLtjhd gFjpfs; mikag;ngWk;. mNj ghq;fpy; ,yq;if

ehl;bd; tsj;ijr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLtjha; mikgit ,g;ghly;fs;.

01. Njtnuy;yhq; nfhYtpUf;Fk; <onkq;fs; NjaQ;

nrg;gpLNt djd;ngUik rw;wpUe;J NfSk;

%tud;W ghLjpUf; Nfhzkiy ehl;by;

Kj;njhJf;fpf; fj;Jfly; #Onkq;fs; Njak;. (Njtu;)

02. vj;jpirAk; Nghw;Wq;fjpu; fhkkiy ehl;by;

vq;fs;ts;sp FbapUf;Fk; <onkq;fs; Njak;

Gj;jgpuhd; nghd;dbahk; nghw;fky gPlk;

nghypAkiy vq;fs;kiy <onkq;fs; Njak;. (Njtu;)

03. khtypfq; ifg;Gdyhe; jhtzpia tPrp

khjpunky; yhk;kzf;Fk; thridiag; G+rp

fhtyupd; fz;kUl;Lq; fd;dpvq;fs; Njak;.

fhrpdpap yptisg;Nghw; fd;dpapy;iy apy;iy. (Njtu;)

04. nre;jkpOQ; rpq;fsK khatpU Njhop

Nritnra;Ak; ,uhrfd;dp <onkq;fs; Njak;

,e;jpanuk; mf;ifkf;fs; vd;wizf;Fk; mk;ik

te;jiday; yhnjkf;Fr; rpe;jidNt wpy;iy. (Njtu;)

05. nghw;Gijay; fz;nlLg;ghu; Nghyr;rpy ke;jp

g+kpAs;nt bj;jgyhg; nghw;Riisiaf; fPz;Lk;

ew;Fzq;nfhs; kq;ifaUk; ike;ju;fSk; Nghy

ehYfpd;w g+q;nfhbapy; Cry;rpy thLk;. (Njtu;)

06. khdpd;fitf; nfhk;ngLj;Jf; fhy;fnsd ehl;b

tskhd gd;wpKs;Sf; ifk;kuq;fs; gha;r;rp

fhdpYjpu; khkapypd; Njhifnfhz;L Nta;e;J

fl;baj Ds;spUe;J rpw;wpy;rpy thLk;. (Njtu;)

07. fdpngwntd; nwhUFwj;jp fhjzpia tPrf;

fLtdijf; ifg;gpbj;Jf; fhjypjd; fhjpy;

edpaOj;jf; fz;zpdpd;W ePu;tbAk; thapy;

eiftUkf; Fuq;fpUf;Fk; <onkq;fs; Njak;. (Njtu;)

09. <o ehl;Lf; Fwk;

75


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Fwpj;j gFjpapD}lhf typAWj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs;:

1. ehl;Ltsk;

Kj;J tpisAk; flyhy; #og;gl;lJ.

kfhtyp fq;if ePupd; tsk; epiwe;jJ.

gyhf;fdpfs; tpistJ.

fhl;L kuq;fSk; g+q;nfhbfSk; nfhz;lJ.

khd;> gd;wp> kapy;> Fuq;F Kjyhd tpyq;Fs; nfhz;lJ.

fdp ngw fy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf> fhjzpia tPRk; kf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

2. ehl;bd; ngUikf;Fupa mk;rq;fs;

Njtu;fs; te;J thrk; nra;jy;.

ghly; ngw;w jyq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

KUfDk; ts;spAk; ciwAk; fjpu;fhkk; mike;jpUj;jy;.

Gj;jupd; jpUtbj;jlk; gjpe;j kiy fhzg;gLjy;.

jdf;F <bizaw;W tpsq;Fjy;.

3. ftpQu; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jp

<oehl;il xU fd;dpg; ngz;zhf cUtfpj;jy;.

mg;ngz;zpd; jhtzpahf kfhtyp fq;ifia cUtfpj;jy;.

<oehlhfpa fd;dpf;Fr; Nrit GupAk; Njhopauhf jkpo;> rpq;fsk; Mfpatw;iw

cUtfpj;jy;.

ctikazpiaf; ifahs;jy;.

mjPj fw;gidfisf; ifahs;jy;.

4. mzpfs;

nghd;dbahk; nghw;fky gPlk; (cUtfk;)

kfhtyp fq;ifg;Gdyhk; jhtzp (cUtfk;)

nghw;Gijay; fz;nlLg;ghu; Nghy.........(ctik)

kq;ifaUk; ike;ju;fSk; Nghy ehLfpd;w.........(ctik)

5. ehl;bd; xUikg;ghlilg; NgZjy;

rkaq;fspd; ey;ypzf;fk;

rpq;fsj;ijAk; jkpioAk; Njhopfshff; Fwpgply;

,e;jpaiu mf;if kf;fshff; Fwpg;gply;

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76


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mrpupau;: KJjkpo;g;Gytu; K. ey;yjk;gp (1896 - 1951)KJjkpo;g;Gytu; K. ey;yjk;gp aho;g;ghzk; tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jtu;. gapw;wg;gl;ljkpohrpupau;. nfhOk;G rh`puhf; fy;Y}upapy; jiyikj; jkpo;g; gz;bjuhf ,Ue;jtu;.Xa;T ngw;wgpd; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; rpy fhyk; jkpo; tpupTiuahsuhfg;gzpahw;wpatu;. RitkpFe;j ftpijfs; gytw;iwAk; rpWtu;f;fhd ghlE}y;fs;rpytw;iwAk; ntspapl;Ls;shu;. 1950 ,y; kujd; Xl;lf; ftpijg; Nghl;bapy; “kzpj;jha;ehLk; kujNdhl;lKk;” vd;w ftpijf;fhf Kjw;gupR ngw;wtu;. jpUney;Ntypj; jkpo;r;rq;fk;“KJjkpo;g;Gytu;” vd;w tpUJ toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ.

ghujpahupd; ftpijfisg; gbj;J jpisj;jikapdhy; Vw;gl;l gutr epiyapd;

ntspg;ghL ,f;ftpij.

01. ghujp nad;nwhU jhkiu G+j;jJ

ghuj ehnlDk; thtpapNy - mjd;

rPupj ohapuQ; nrq;fjpu; Nghnyhsp

nra;J tpsq;FJ g+kpapNy.

02. ,e;j eWkyu; $k;gpLNkh ,jd;

,d;gk; vd;whapDk; Fd;wpLNkh - cau;

rpe;jid ahnkDk; thDyNfwpj;

jpisj;jplyhkJ rhk;gpLNkh. (ghujp)

03. re;jkpFe;jpL rpe;njd te;jJ

rhuyUtpfs; Nghy; tpOe;Nj - jkpo;r;

rpe;ijAUf;FJ nrk;ik ngUf;FJ

rpj;jpuq; fhl;LJ Gj;Japu; Nghy;. (ghujp)

04. jhkiuf; fhbJ epj;jYQ; nre;jkpo;j;

jz;zw ntq;FQ; nrhuptJ ghu; - gy

fhkU ghtyuhfpa tz;bdq;

fz;ld kz;bf; fspj;jply; ghu;. (ghujp)

05. Gj;jg; Gjpa RitapJ Kd;ndhU

G+f;fS kpr;Rit je;jjpy;iy - nkj;j

nkj;j ntwpf;FJ fhjy; rpwf;FJ

tPuk;gpwf;FJ NeupdpNy. (ghujp)

06. Ky;iy FWQ;rp apskUjk; ey;y

Nkhfdg;ghiy Kjpu;e;j nea;jy; - gz;fs;

fy;iyAUf;f Kud;W Kud;W

ftpf;fzp $l;bly; fz;bLtha;. (ghujp)

07. khL kuq;fS kpr;Rit Nfl;bq;F

tz;L fshfp kaq;Fjy; ghu; - mJ

fhL Jwf;FJ Nfhil jzpf;FJ

fhdy; gwpf;FJ fz;zndd;Nw. (ghujp)

10. ghujpahu;

77


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mUk;gjq;fs; :

$k;gpLNkh - nfl;bLNkh> czu;tope;jpLNkh

fhkU - (fh + kU) Nrhiyia ehLk;

fhdy; - ntg;gk;

1) ghujpahuJ ftpijfs;

- cyfpw;F xsp jUtd.

- thlhjd; ,d;gq; Fiwahjd.

- nrk;ik ngUf;Ftd.

- Gj;jk; Gjpa Rit jUtd.

- fy;iyAUf;Fk; Ritkpf;f gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lit.

- capupdq;fis kaf;Ftd; Jd;gk; ePf;Ftd.

2) ‘ghujpnad;nwhU jhkiu g+j;jJ ghuj ehnlDk; thtpapNy’ ghuj ehl;il

thtpahfTk; me;j thtpapy; g+j;j jhkiuahf ghujpiaAk; cUtfpj;Jf;

$wpAs;shu;.

ghujpapd; ftpijfs; Mfpa rPupjo;fs; g+kpf;F xspia toq;FfpwJ mjhtJ

cyfpw;F topfhl;Lfpd;wJ vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fd;wh ,d;ge;jUtd mope;jplh ,d;gj;ijj; juf;$ba rpe;jid Mfpa thDyF

Vwitg;gd. rpe;jidahnkDk; thDyF - cUtfk;.

rhuyUtpfs; Nghy re;jkpFe;j rpe;Jfs; tPo;e;J (ctikazp) cs;sj;ij

cUf;Ftd.

Gj;jk; Gjpa RitAilad; fhjiyAk; tPuj;ijAk; jUtd.

tpyq;FfisAk; kaf;Ftd.

3) cUtf mzp - ghujp vd;nwhU jhkiu

- ghuj ehL vDk; thtp

- rpe;jidahk; vDk; thDyF

ctik mzp - rhuyUtpfs; Nghy; re;jkpFe;jpLrpe;njd

- Gj;Japu; Nghy; rj;jpuq; fhl;LtJ

4) tpag;G

ghujpahupd; ghly;fisg; gbg;gjd; %ykhf cau;e;j rpe;jidfis vl;b>

mope;jplhj czu;tpd;gj;ijg; ngwyhk; vd tpaf;fpd;whu;.

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78


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

11. fl;Liufs;

(m) jkpo;j;njhz;L

- Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;

jkpo; tsu;j;j Kbkd;duhfpa Nru> Nrho> ghz;baUq; fope;J Nghapdu;.

mfj;jpadhiu Kjyhff; nfhz;l Gytu; ngUkf;fs; FOkpapUe;J jkpohuha;e;j

Kr;rq;fq;fSk; mope;JNghapd. nry;tj;jpy; tsu;e;j rPkhl;b my;yYw; wiyfpd;w

jd;ikNghyj; jkpo;khJ nghyptpoe;J Njhd;Wfpd;whs;. ,tSf;Fj; njhz;LGupa Kd;tUthu;

ahtUsu;? ,g;g+kz;lyj;jpy; ,g;nghOJ toq;Ffpd;w nkhopfs; Njhw;W Kd;Njhd;wpa

jkpo;nkhopahdJ ,d;Wk; epiyngw;W epd;W ,uz;LNfhb kf;fSila tof;Fnkhopahf

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jkpou; cyfj;jpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; trpj;J tUfpd;whu;fs;. thzpfj;jpYk;

njhopw;WiwfspYk; <Lgl;ltu;fsha;j; njd;dhgpupf;fh> kj;jpa mnkupf;fh> kyhah> rpq;fg;g+u;

Kjypa gpw Njrq;fspYk; gytif ,aw;if tdg;Gtha;e;j ekJ jha;ehlhfpa

,t;tpyq;ifj;jPtpYk;@ jpUNtq;fle; njd; Fkup nay;iyahfTila goe;jkpo; ehl;bYk;

jkpou; trpj;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,uz;LNfhb kf;fshy; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w ,k;nkhop

capUila nkhopnad;gij kWf;fty;yhu; ahtu;? jkpo; mope;JNghtpy;iy@

capUldpUf;fpwJ. murpay; khw;wq;fspdhYk; gpw nkhopahl;rpapdhYk; jd;dpay;gpw;

Fd;wpr; Nrhu;tpdh yau;r;rpaile;j jkpo;khJ kPz;Lk; tpopj;njOe;Jtpl;lhs;. md;idahfpa

jkpo;khJ tpopj;njOe;j rpwg;gpidf; fz;l ghtyUk;> ehtyUk; ,tSf;Fj; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp

$Wfpd;wdu;. fhupUl;fhyq; fope;Jtpl;lJ. Gjpa Cf;fj;NjhL vOe;j ek; md;idapDila

mbapiz kyUf;F tzf;fQ; nrYj;JNthkhf.

tho;f;ifapdJ ku;kj;ijawpe;J nfhs;Stjw;F cgNahfkhd fy;tpNa fy;tp

nadg;gLtJ. tho;f;ifapd; ,ufrpaq;fis CLUtp Nehf;Fkhw;wy; cj;jk ftpfSf;F

,Ug;gJNghyg; gpwUf;fpy;iy. GwehD}nwd;Dk; rq;fj; njhif E}ypYk;> rPtfd; rupijapYk;>

fk;guhkhazj;jpYk; moFngw tFj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;w njs;spa cz;ikfis

kdj;jpndz;zp khrwj; njupe;J nfhz;L mtw;wpd; topepd;W tho;f;ifia elj;Jgtd;

cau;epiyailthd; vd;gjw;F Iag;ghby;iy. fiykfSila mUspidg;ngw;w ftpthzu;

ehd;Kfj;Njtidg;Nghyg; Gj;JUtq;fis ahf;f ty;ytu;fs;. fiyE}y;fis NahjpAzu;e;j

fy;tpkhd; ,g;Gj;JUtq;fisj; njspthf Nehf;fp kdj;Jf;fzij aikj;Jf; nfhz;L

jd;Dila tho;f;ifia mtw;Wf;F Neuhfr; rPu;gLj;Jfpd;whd;. Nehf;fk; cau;tilar;

nra;if cau;tilAk;. nra;if cau;tila tho;f;if cau;tilAk;.

thuPu; rNfhju;fNs! ehkpt;Tyfj;jpy; Vida Njrj;jhNuhL xj;j ghd;ikapduha;r;

rpwg;GwNtz;Lkhapd;> ehk; ekJ jha;nkhopf;Fj; njhz;LGupjiy Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpwehl;L ey;ywpQu; rhj;jpuq;fs;

jkpo;nkhopapw; ngau;j;jy;Ntz;Lk;

,wthj GfOila GJE}y;fs;

jkpo;nkhopap ypaw;wNtz;Lk;

kiwthf ekf;Fs;Ns goq;fijfs;

nrhy;tjpNyhu; kfpikapy;iyj;

jpwkhd Gyiknadpw; gpwehl;Nlh

uij tzf;fQ; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

79


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vd Mw;wy;rhd;w ftpauruhfpa Rg;ukzpa ghujpahu; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpd;wdu;. jkpo;

goik tha;e;jJ> njhz;lu;ehjidj; J}jpilg; Nghf;fpaJ vd;wpd;dd goq;fijfis

ekf;Fs;Ns Ngrpf;nfhs;tjpy; va;Jjw;Fupa gpuNahrdk; ahJkpy;iy. ehw;wpir kf;fSk;

ekJ ehfupfj;Jf;F Vw;wKiuf;fNtz;Lnkd ehnkz;ZNthkhapd; jkpo; E}y; nghjpe;j

fUT+yj;jpDs;Ns aike;Jfplf;Fk; ed;kzpfisnaLj;J mtw;wpdJ kjpg;ig ahk; gpwUf;F

czu;j;Jjy;Ntz;Lk;. gpwehl;buplj;jpYs;s mupa ngupa tpQ;Qhd E}y;fisAk;

gpwtw;iwAk; nkhopngau ;j ;Jj ; jkpOf;F cupikahf;fNtz;Lk; . midtU

nkspjpYzu;e;Jnfhs;sj;jf;f ,yFthfpa jkpo;eilapy; capu;f;FWjp gaf;Fk; cau;e;j

rhj;jpuq;fis vOJtpj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. Njfj;Jf;F typikAk; kdj;Jf;F cWjpAe; juj;jf;f

vz;zq;fs; jkpo;ehnlq;Fk; guTjw;F Kaw;rpj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

xU Njrj;jpy; thOfpd;w kf;fs; jkJ murpay; epiy> nghUshjhu epiy>

r%ftho;f;if epiy vd;gtw;iwr; rPu;g;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Kay;thuhapd; KjypNy jhnka;j

Ntz;Lnkd;nwz;Zfpw epiyia mtu; jk; kdj;jpilNa njspTw cUtfg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J cj;jkf; ftpfSDila fUj;jpid Edpj;JNehf;fp

mikf;Fe;juj;jJ. ,e;ehspy; ele;J tUfpd;w ehfupf tof;fq;fSf;Fk;> gy Njrj;

njhlu;gpDf;Fk; ,iaghFk;gb epj;jpakhd cz;ikfis kf;fSila cs;sj;jpw;

gbAk;gbahf vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; Mw;wYilatNd jd;Dila ehl;Lf;Fg; Gj;Japuspf;fty;y

cz;ikf; ftpahthd;. ,j;jifa xU ftpiaj; jkpo;ehL ngw;wJ ,e;ehL nra;j

ngUe;jtg;gaNdahFk;. ftpauruhfpa Rg;ukzpa ghujpahu; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;Jg; gy

tUlq;fshftpy;iy. ,jw;fpilapy; mtUila ftp Njrnkq;Fk; nrwpe;J ehl;bYs;s

kf;fSf;Fg; Gj;Japuspj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ftp rpNul;lu;fs; ,d;Dk; gyiu ,e;ehl;by;

cjpf;fr; nra;AkhW cyfkhjhthfpa guhrf;jpia Ntz;bf;nfhs;Nthkhf.

tlnkhopapypUe;J jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba E}y;fs; kpfg; gytpUf;fpd;wd.

epahak;> itNr\pfk;> rhq;fpak;> Nahfk;> g+u;tkPkhk;ir> cj;jukPkhk;ir vd;fpd;w

NtWtifg;gl;l jj;Jt tprhuiz E}y;fis Nky;ehl;lhrpupau;fs; jk;nkhopapw;

ngau;j;njOjpj; jkf;F cupikahf;fpf;nfhz;ldu;. Ntj Ntjhe;jq;fSf;F nkhopngau;g;Gk;>

ciuAk; Mq;fpyk; Kjypa Nkdhl;L nkhopfspYz;L. jkpopNyhntd;why; #j;jpuUf;Fk;

ngz;fSf;Fe; jfTiladntdf; $wg;gl;l rpy Guhzf; fijfs; khj;jpuNk

nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. rpw;gk;> urhadk;> MAu;Ntjk;> mu;j;jNtjk;> jEu;Ntjk;>

fhe;jUtNtjk;> fzpjk;> jUf;fk; vd;wpd;dd gytha JiwfspNy fly;Nghy tpupe;J

fplf;fpd;w rhj;jpuq;fisj; jkpopNy nkhopngau;j;njOjpdhy; mjdhy; tpisaf;$ba

eyj;Jf;F vy;iy $wKbAkh? tlnkhopapYs;s E}y;fisj; jkpopw; ngau;j;njOj Kay;tJ

rpwe;j jkpo;j;njhz;lhFk;.

80


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mrpupau; : Rthkp tpGyhee;ju; (1892 - 1947)

,aw;ngau; kapy;thfdd;. fpof;fpyq;ifapYs;s fhiujPT ,tuJ gpwg;gplk;. mwptpay;>

,yf;fpak;> rkak;> jj;Jtk;> ,ir Mfpa JiwfspNy Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu;. kjq;f#shkzp>aho;E}y; Kjypa E}y;fSld;> jdpg;ghly;fs; gytw;iwAk; vOjpa ,tu; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;jkpopYk; gy fl;Liufis vOjpAs;shu;. ,uhkfpU\;z klk; ntspapl;l ‘gpuGj;jghuj’ vd;w rQ;rpifapd; Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. cyfpd; KjyhtJ jkpo;g; Nguhrpupau;.

fl;Liuapd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk;

jkpopd; ngUikia czu;j;jp> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;w tifapy; mk;nkhopia tsu;j;jjw;fhdnjhz;Lfisg; gzpfisg; Gupaj;J}z;LtJ.

1) jkpopd; ngUikfs;

%Nte;juhy; Nghw;wg;gl;lik. mfj;jpau; njhlf;fk; gy Gytu;fshy; Muhag;gl;lik. Kd; Njhd;wpa nkhopahf tpsq;Ffpd;wik. ,uz;L Nfhb kf;fSila Ngr;Rnkhopahf capUs;s nkhopahf tpsq;Ffpd;wik. (mtuJ fhyj;jpy;) cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; toq;fp tUfpd;wik.

2) goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

tho;f;ifapd; ,ufrpaq;fis CLUtp Nehf;fpAs;s rq;f E}yhfpa GwehD}W gpd;ndOe;j rPtfd; rupij> fk;guhkhazk; Kjypad tho;f;iff;F topfhl;Ltd jkpo; E}w;fUj;Jf;fis czu;e;jtd; rpwg;ghf tho;thd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; Gjpjhf vOtjhy; mit tho;itr; nrk;ikg;gLj;j cjTk;

3) tpGyhee;ju; $Wk; jkpo;j;njhz;L

jkpOf;Fj; njhz;L GupAk; tifapy; kf;fisj; J}z;Ljy;. jkpod;idapd; jpUtbfSf;F tzf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;. jkpopyf;fpaq;fis Xjp czu;j;Jjy;. gpwehl;L mwpQu;fspd; E}y;fis jkpo;g;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtw;wpNy $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;. epahak;> itNrbak;;> rhq;fpak;> Nahfk;> cj;jukPkhk;ir> g+u;t kPkhk;ir vDk; juprdq;fis nkhopngau;j;Jg; gad;ngWjy;. ,yF jkpopy; ,yf;fpak; gilj;jy;.

4) typAWj;jg;gLk; nra;jpjkpio kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wpAk; gz;ila jkpopyf;fpaq;fis thrpj;Jk; gpwnkhopfspYs;sjj;Jt rhj;jpuq;fis nkhopngau;j;Jk; Gjpa ftpQu;fs; Njhd;wp tho;itr; nrk;ikg;

gLj;Jk; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Jk; jkpOf;Fj; njhz;LGupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

5) Mrpupau; ifahz;Ls;s cj;jp

jkpopd; goQ;rpwg;igf; $wp> njhz;LGupaj; J}z;Ljy;. Gfo; tha;e;j jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jiuj;jy;. ghujpahupd; ftpijia Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;ly;. thrfiu> ‘rNfhjuu;fNs’ vd tpspj;jy;.6) nkhopeilr; rpwg;G

jkpo;nkhopapd; goq;fhyr; rpwg;igAk; jw;fhy epiyiaAk; xg;gpl;L tpsf;fy;. thrfiu Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp tpspj;jy;. c - k;: thuPu; rNfhjuu;fNs! vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fisf; ifahz;L epahapj;J tpsf;Fjy;. tpdhf;fis tpdhtp> jk; fUj;ij typAWj;Jjy;.

81


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(M) jkpou; ehfupfj;jpy; fpuhk tho;f;if

- GJikg;gpj;jd;

ehfupfk; vd;gJ vd;d? gpuhj];dhdk;> jpUePw;Wr; rk;Glk; Mfpatw;iw itj;Jr;

rpyu; ehfupfj;ij msf;fpd;whu;fs;. NtW rpyu; xU ntbFz;Lf;F ,Uf;Fk; ehr rf;jpiaAk;

kpd;rhu tpsf;fpd; ntspr;r cf;fpuj;ijAk; nfhz;L fzpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,d;Dk; rpyUf;F

Vd; ..... ,g;gbNa vj;jid tpjkhdhYk; mLf;fpf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;. ehfupfk; vd;w

fUj;J XusT Nkw;nrhd;dtw;wpd; fisAld; Nrhgpf;Fk; xU jd;ik vd;gJld; mjw;F

mjPjkhdJkhFk;. ehfupfk; vd;gJ> rKjhak; ,w;Wg; Nghfhky; vLj;Jf;fhl;ba Qhgfr;

ruL@ epidTg; ghij@ rKjhak;> vWk;Gr; rhiu Nghy; Cu;e;J Cu;e;J> gof;fg;gl;Lg;

Nghd ghij@ mJ ,Ue;J tUtjw;F capu; nfhLj;J tUtJ. ,e;j uPjpapy; ftdpj;jhy;>

ehfupfk; vd;gJ ntWk; gpiog;Gf;Fk;> gpwF RfhDgtj;Jf;Fk;> mjd; gpwF cs;sj;jpy;

cile;J krpAk; epidTf; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; MjhugPlkhf mike;jpUg;gjhFk;. ehfupfj;ij

mikf;fpwjw;Ff; fpuhkk; vd;d nra;fpwJ?

fpuhk tho;f;if vd;gJ fpuhkpakhd xU fhupak; my;y. VNjh td Ngh[dj;Jf;fhfg;

Nghfpwtu;fs;> tof;fkhf cl;fhUk; N]hghit ,og;gjhy;. jkf;Ff; fpilg;gjhff; fUjpf;

nfhs;Sk; RfhDgtk; Nghd;wjy;y. ‘fpuhkj;Jf;Fg; Nghq;fs;’ vd;W cUf;fkhd gpurq;fq;fs;

gl;lzj;Jf;fhuu;fis nel;b nel;bj; js;Sfpd;wd. rhu;>“ehd; upl;lauhdJk; VjhtJRfkh xU fpuhkj;jpNy Ngha;f; fopf;fyhk;D g;shd; Nghl;bUf;Nfd;. ePq;f vd;d

epidf;fpwpas;?” vd;fpwhu; xUtu;. ,Ugj;jpiae;J tU\ ciog;ghy; cliyf; nfLj;Jf;

nfhz;lJld;> Neu;r ;irf; flDf;fhff; ifiaf; Fk;gpl ;lgb cauj; J}f;fp

#k;gitj;Jf;nfhz;l iguhfp khjpupf; fhiy gj;J kzp Kjy; khiy 5 kzp tiu

%isia xNu jpirapy; tpul;b tpul;b ,w;Wg;Nghf itj;Jf;nfhz;l xUtUf;Fj; jhk;

vupe;J rhk;gyhf Ntz;ba RLfhl;Lf;Fk;> jk;Kila kpr;r tho;Tf;Fk; ,ilapy; fplf;Fk;

Nuopahf fpuhkk; njd;gLtjpy; Mr;rupakpy;iy. mJ mtu; gz;zpd Gz;zpak;. by;yp

ru;f;fhu; fhupahyaj;jpy; xU kfd;> vd;[pdpaupd; fk;ngdpapy; xU kfd;> xU ml;tNfl;

n[duypd; kfDf;F rf ju;kpzpahf xU kfs;> fhNy[{f;F Ik;gJ iky; Ntfj;jpy;

Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpypy; NghtJjhd; Nkhl;r rhk;uh[;ak; vd;W epidf;Fk; Re;jh> ,t;thW

xUgbahfj; jkJ thup]; tu;f;fj;ijg; gq;fPL nra;Jtpl;L> jk;Kila m[Puzk;> 1936

tU\ Nkhl;lhu; fhu;> njha;e;JNghd fhjpy; itj;J CryhLk; ituf;fk;ky; kidtp>

tpl;lkpd; tprhuk;> jpUf;Fws; cghrid Mfpatw;Wld; ,tu; Ngha; xU fpuhkj;jpy;

FbNaWfpwhu; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. gj;jpupifAk;> gof;$ilAk; gl;lzj;jpypUe;J

te;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. MW epiwaj; jz;zPu; NghdhYk; ntd;dPupy;jhd; Fspg;ghu;.

clk;Gf;Fs; capu; nga;tJNghy njd;wy; ,ioe;jhYk; gpshdy; rl;il Nghl;Lf;nfhz;L>

nts;spg; g+z; jbNahL cyht> mjhtJ thf;fpq; Nghthu;. vjpNu cl;fhe;jpUf;Fk;

ntl;bahd; iffl;b tha; Gijj;J> “vrkhd; Gj;jp” vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L vOe;jpUg;ghd;.

mt;tsTjhd; mtu; fpuhkj;jpy; mDgtpf;fg; NghfpwJk;> mDgtpf;fpwJk;. uhtzd;>

kz;NzhL ngau;j;Jr; rPijiaj; J}f;fpf;nfhz;L Ngha;> mNrhf tdj;jpy; rpiw itj;jhdhk;.

mJ ep[Nkh ngha;Nah vdf;Fj; njupahJ. Mdhy; ehd; nrhd;NdNd> ,e;j kh[p

cj;jpNahf tu;f;fk;> mJ gl;lzj;jpy; nfhQ;rk; ngau;j;Jf;nfhz;L Ngha;> fpuhkj;jpy;

Nghl;L> mjd;Nky; cl;fhu;e;Jnfhz;Ljhd; fpuhkj;ijg; ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;@ fpuhkj;ij

mDgtpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;Ff; fpuhkk; njd;glhJ@ mDgtj;Jf;Fk; fpl;lhJ. ,tu;fsJ

,e;j uhtz ifq;fupaj;Jf;Ff;Fs; mfg;glhj fpuhkk; vd;gJ vd;d vd;W Nfl;fpwPu;fsh?

mg;gbf; NfSq;fs;.

ePq;fs; ney;Yf; fha;r;rp kuk; vd;W Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwPu;fsh? czT tiffspy;

xd;iwf; nfhLf;Fk; Gy; tifapy; xd;wy;yth vd;W jhtu epGzu; cWKfpwhu;. Mkhk;.

ney;Yf; fha;r;rp kuk; vd;why;> gl;lzj;Jf;fhuidg; gw;wpf; fpuhkthrp nra;Ak; fpz;ly;

82


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vd;W mu;j;jk;. cq;fs; Nkhl;lhu; fhiu mtd; cd;dpg;ghfg; ghu;j;jhy;> ePu; mtid

cjhrPdkhfg; ghu;f;fpwPu; my;yth? mjw;F mtDila gjpy; mJ.

fpuhkj;jpy; rpdpkh ,Uf;fhJ@ N\tpq; N]hg; fpilahJ@ rpful; mfg;glhJ@ Mdhy;

Rfk; cz;L@ mjhtJ thoj; njupe;jtu;fSf;F.

vdf;Fj; njupe;j fpuhkj;ijf; nfhQ;rk; tu;zpf;fpNwd;. mjw;F xNu xU njU

jhd; cz;L. mf;fpu`huk; ,y;iy. njUtpd; xU Nfhbapy; fpuhk Kdp]PGk; kW

Nfhbapy; fzf;fg;gps;isAk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,Utu; Nfhgj;Jf;Fk; Mshfhky;

gpioj;Jf;nfhs;sj; njupe;j jiyahup> ,e;jj; njUTf;Ff; $g;gpL J}uj;jpy; cs;s kwtu;

njUtpy; ,Uf;fpwhd;. ,d;Dk; gj;Jg; gjpide;J tPLfs;> ,e;j tPu kwf; Fyj;Jf;F epoy;

jUfpwJ. ,tu;fs; thisAk; Nty;fk;igAk; tpl;nlwpe;J nuhk;g fhykhr;R. “rhjpapNykwtdhf;Fk;” vd;W mjl;bf; nfhz;L> Vu; gpbj;J cOfpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;Fk; vl;lhj;

njhiytpy; gs;su;fs; Nrup. ehk; epidit tpl;L tpul;l KaYk; nfl;l epidg;igg;Nghy>

mtu;fs; mq;F mf;Qhjthrk; gz;Zfpwhu;fs;. CUf;F xU ikjhdk; cz;L. rhjhuzkhf

khL gLj;jpUf;Fk;@ Cu;j; Njtij jpUtpohtpy;> thdj;ijNa $iuahff; nfhz;l

fiykz;lgkhFk;. rhzp jl;lTk;> ney; cyu;j;jTk; Vw;witahdJ. ,e;j CupNy irt

rhg;ghl;ilr; rkah rkaj;jpy; epNtjdkhfTk; nghJthf me;jf; fpuhkj;jhd; tzf;fj;ijAk;

ghu;j;Jg; grpahWk; gps;isahUila Nfhtpy; cz;L.

Cu; vy;iyapNy Cupd; fhty; Njtij Nguha;r;rp Nfhtpy; cz;L. Nfhtpy; -

Nfhtpy; vd;wJk; gpukhjkhd fw;fdTfs; vd;W epidj;J tplNtz;lhk;. fpuhk KdprPG

gps;isatu;fs; tPl;ilg;Nghy mlf;fkhdJjhd;@ mtuJ kd ,Ul;ilg;Nghy ,q;Nf

fu;g;gf;fpufKk; ,Ul;bf; fplf;Fk;. fyrk; kl;Lk; Nguha;r;rp Nfhtpiy> Nfhtpnyd;W

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk;@ kw;wg;gb xd;Wjhd;. ,e;j Njtij mirtk;. tU\j;Jf;F xU

jlitahtJ uj;jk; fhzNtZk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> FbNa KOfpg; Nghr;R.

gl;lg; gfyhdhYk; fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpy; Fk;kpUl;L. $u;ikahff; ftdpj;jhy;> nts;isAk;

mjw;fg;Gwk; mjd; ikaj;jpy; xU fWg;G. ,d;Dk; ghu;j;jhy;> tpiuj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;

fz;fs;. gpwF ,Ul;L jpuz;L jpuz;L gj;jhapuk; iffspy; NtYk; #yKk; jhq;fp>

vy;iyiaNa ,ik nfhl;lhky; fhj;J epw;gJ njupatUk;. gl;lg; gfyhdhYk; mijf;

fz;L gag;gLNthiuf; fz;lhy;> ehk; mtu;fisf; Nfyp nra;af;$lhJ. ehfupfk; gl;Lg;Nghd

gpwF kdpj tu;f;fk;> VNjh vg;NghNjh xU fhyj;jpy;> vJ gaj;Jf;F tpj;jhf ,Ue;jNjh>

mijg; gak; Nghf;f kUe;jhf trf;fpf;nfhs;s Kw;gl;l xU rhjdj;ijf; fz;L

kpushkypUg;gJ gprF. ,Ul;bNy> fhl;bNy kpd;Dfpw Gypf; fz;izg; ghu;j;J mjpy;

md;G nga;J itj;Jf; fw;gid gz;zpd fhupak; ,e;jg; Nguha;r;rp. ,e;jj; jhapd;

kfj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpf; fpuhkj;Jg; Gytu; ghLtijf; Nfl;lhy;> M];gj;jpup vjw;F> kNyupah>

kfkhup vjpu;g;G kUe;J tif> CrpFj;J Kiw vy;yhk; vjw;F vd;nwy;yhk; gLk;.

me;jT+upy; ep[khd Ml;rp Nguha;r;rpapd; Ml;rpjhd;. me;j Cu;f;fhuu;fs; gag;gLfpwJNghy>

mt;tsT nfhLikf;fhup my;y mts;. kfh fz;bg;Gf;fhup.

me;jT+u;f;fhuu;fs; kdg;gz;ghL ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fpw khjpup mt;tsT eh]_f;fhf,Uf;fhJ. kpQ;rp kpQ;rpg; NghdhYk; mtu;fs; fw;gid vy;yhk;>

Nrhsg; nghup kj;jpapNy

Rl;L tr;r Njhiriag; Nghy;

Rl;L tr;r Njhiriag; Nghy;

NjhZkpe;jr; Nrhjp epyh.

vd;Wjhd; mtu;fs; ghLthu;fs;.

83


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mUe;j mkuu; fyf;fpa ehs;

mKjk; epiwe;j ghw;fyrk;

,Ue;j jpilte;J vOe;jnjd

vOe;j jhop ntz;jpq;fs;.

vd;W xU re;jpNuhjaj;jpy; ,jpfhr ehlfj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk; kdg;gz;G mtu;fsplk; njd;glhJ.

neQ;rpYk; NjhspYk; cuk; cz;L. cs;sj;jpy; gupT cz;L.

Nkop gpbf;Fk;if>

Nty; Nte;ju; Nehf;Fk;if

Mop gpbj;Nj mUSk;if.

vd;W mt;itf; fpotp nrhd;dJNghy> nuhk;gTk; gpd;dpg; gpize;j ifj;njhopy; ehfupfkhf

,Ue;jhYk;> rKjhaj;jpd; ];jpuj; jd;ikf;F mtrpaKk; MjhuKkhdJ tptrhak;@

gyu; vz;ZfpwJ Nghy kl;lk; my;y.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpNy xU fpotp jpupe;J tUfpwhs;. mtSf;Fg; gl;lzj;J ehfupfj;jpd;

neb gpbf;fhJ. vLj;njwpe;J Ngrp cjwpabj;J tpLths;. fpuhkthrpfs; cs;sg; gz;igf;

fhz;gjw;F nra;J itj;jJNghy ,Uf;fpwJ mtSila ghl;L.

mz;b neUf;Fz;Nld;>

js;Sz;Nld; ePs; grpapdhNy

RUf;Fz;Nld; NrhWz;bNyd;.

vd;W RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;Yfpwhs;. ,J vq;Nf vd;W Nfl;lhy; mijtpl tpNdhjkhf

,Uf;Fk;.

“tz; jkpioj; Nju;e;j tOjp fypahzj;jpy;

cz;l ngUf;fk; ciuf;ff;Nfs;;;”

vd;W nghf;if thiaf; fhl;bf; Nfyp nra;fpwhs; fpotp. mts; ghu;j;jJ vy;yhk;>

“ehd;khlf; $ly; typJ” vd;gJjhd;.

“nta;jha; eWtpjha; Ntz;lsTk; jpd;gjha;

nea;jhd; mshtp epwk; gre;J - ngha;aha;

mlnfd;W nrhy;yp mKjj;ij <e;jhs;

flfk; nrwpe;j ifahs;;”

vd;W ngz;zpd; tisNghl;l if ,yf;fpaj;jpy; xypj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. mts;

fz;l iffs;jhd; mJ.

,d;ndhUtd; mtd; Ngu; G+jd;. ngau;jhd; Mis kpul;Lfpw khjpup.

tufuprpr; NrhWk; tOJzq;fha; thl;Lk;

KwKnwdNt Gspj;j NkhUk;>

mt;itf; fpotpapd; grpia Mw;WfpwJ.

fpuhkq;fs;> ,e;j khjpup jpirkhwpj; jpupNthUf;F kl;Lk; md;d rj;jpuky;y@

ehfupfj;jpd; Kjw;gb md;dtprhuk;. grpg;gifia tpul;Lk; Kjy; kjpy; fpuhkq;fs;.

rKjhaj;jpd; rpj;jk; my;yJ tpNtfk; khjpup efuq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;@ ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

Mdhy; mtw;wpd; capu;g;Gf;Fk; njd;Gf;Fk; njspTf;Fk; mtrpakhd uj;jj;ijj; jUgit

84


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fpuhkq;fNsahFk;. fpuhkk; J}u;e;Jtpl;lhy;> efuk; gho;. ,J nghJ epajp. kpfTk;

gpd;dpg; Nghd ae;jpu ehfupfk; te;Jtpl;lhYk; me;j mbg;gilf;F tha;g;ghd fpuhkq;fs;

,Ue;Jjhd; jPUk;. vy;yhk; gl;lzq;fshfptpl KbahJ. gl;lzq;fs; vd;why;> rpe;jidapd;

gadhy; ,aw;ifapd; if ghu;f;fhky; tho kdpjd; tFj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Vw;ghL vd;gJjhd;

nghUs;.

fd;dnyd;w rpW FUtp ffdkiof; fhw;whky;

kpd;dnyd;Dk; GOntLj;J tpsf;Nfw;Wk; fhu;fhyk;

vd;W gl;lzj;Jf; ftpuhau; rkj;fhukhfg; ghb tpLthu;fs;@ Mdhy;> cil Ks;isAk;

,z;lQ; nrbiaAk;> Rs;nsd;W mbf;Fk; ntapiyAk;> Mw;W nts;sj;ijAk;

nfhLq;fhw;iwAk; rfhf;fshfg; ghtpj;J> mtw;Wld; Nru;e;J mtw;iwAk; trf;fp taypy;

tsj;ijg; ghu;f;fpwtd; thOkple;jhd; fpuhkk;.

“tug;G cau ePUaUk;

ePUau ney;YaUk;”

,Jjhd; rKjha tsu;r;rpapd; Mjhu rf;jp. gl;lzj;jpy; gpiof;fyhk;> thoKbahJ.

jdpikahf elkhlg; gl;lzk; thf;fhdJ. Mdhy; fpuhkj;jpy; xJq;fp tho cq;fis

tplkhl;lhu;fs;. ahuhtJ Gjpjhf te;Jtpl;lhy; NghJk;. “ahiuj; NjLjpa? X! mTfsh@

VNy fhj;jhd;> ehtd;dh tPl;Lf;Ff; $l;bf;fpl;Lg; Ngh” vd;W tPl;L tiuf;Fk; nfhz;L

Ngha;tpl;Lj; jpUk;Gthu;fs;. kWehs; tpbaw;fhyk; ghu;j;Jtpl;lhy; ePq;fs; xJq;fp xJq;fpg;

NghdhYk; cq;fis thiaj; jpwe;J ehY thu;j;ijahtJ Ngr itj;J tpLthu;fs;.

mtu;fSf;F Neuk;> mtfhrk; ghu;f;fhky; te;J cl;fhu;e;J NgRtjw;Fj; njupAk;.

fpuhkj;Jf;fhud; xt;nthUtDk;> me;j Cu; rupj;jpu Mrpupad;. me;j Cu;g; gps;isahu;

gpujp\;il gz;zpdJ> Myb taypy; nts;sk; kz;zbj;J tpl;lJ. %f;fd; kjifj;

jpwf;fhJ NghapUe;jhy;. fiuNa cilj;Jf;nfhz;L Cu; mope;J NghapUf;ff;$ba

Mgj;J> ey;y ghk;ik kz;ntl;bapdhy; xNu ntl;by; ,uz;L Jz;lhf;fpg; Nghl;l

nrk;gpyp> eLr;rhkj;jpy; Nguha;r;rp Cu; ghu;j;J tUtijg; ghu;j;J uj;jk; ff;fpr; nrj;Jg;Nghd

njhg;shd; Mfpa vy;NyhiuAk; ePq;fs; ntF rPf;fpuj;jpy; gupr;rak; nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

mr;rbj;j Gj;jfq;fisg;Nghy ,tu;fSila rupj;jpuq;fSk; nfhQ;rk; mkpjkhd GSFfs;

epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. r%f eyj;Jf;fhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba rpy ngha;fis rupj;jpu

rpj;jhe;jk; mikf;fpw khjpup ,e;jf; fpuhkj;J kdpjf; Fk;gYk; jd;Dila tk;r guk;giu

,w;Wg; Nghfhky; ,Uf;ff; fl;bitf;Fk; Qhgff; Nfhitjhd; ,itAk;. rpwpJ kl;lufkhd

ngha;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; rupj;jpunkd;Nw kjpg;Nghk;.

“Mw;wq;fiu kuKk;> muritapy;

tPw;wpUe;j tho;Tk; tpOkd;Nw”

vd;W gag;gLfpd;whd; fpuhkj;Jf;fhud;. fpuhkj;Jf;fhuDf;Fj; jd;dpr;irahf elkhbj;

jpuptjw;F ,ltrjp Ntz;Lk;. mtd; rpe;jid nrhw;gkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ gwe;J

jpupe;Jtu tprhykhd ,lk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLfpwhd;. gl;lzj;jpNy njd;gLk;>

Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;FKiw> [d neUf;fj;jpdhy; vLj;Jf; $l;b mikj;Jf; nfhz;l Vw;ghLfs;

vy;yhk; mtDf;Ff; fl;NlhL gpbf;fhJ. mtd; grp te;jNghJjhd; rhg;gpl Mirg;gLthd;@

Mdhy;> cq;fs; N`hl;ly;fspy; gj;J kzpf;Fg; Nghdhy; NkhUk; rhjKk; fpilj;jhy;

cq;fs; mjp\;lk;. gl;lzj;Jf;F te;jhy;> Kq;fp KOfpf; Fspf;f> mtDf;Ff; Fohj;

jz;zPu; NghjhJ. ,uz;lhtJ ehs;> “ma;ah ehd; Ngha;tpl;L tUfpNwd;” vd;W %l;iliaf;

fl;btpLthd;. ePq;fs; mq;Nf Nghd ,uz;lhtJ ehNs “nuhk;g ly;yh ,Uf;F rhu;”

vd;W nrhy;ypg; Gwg;gl;l tpltpy;iyah?

85


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mrpupau;: GJikg;gpj;jd; (1906 - 1948)

nrh. tpUj;jhryk; vd;w ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l ,tu; jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Kb#lhkd;dd;

vd;W Nghw;wg;gLgtu;. ,tuJ Kjy; rpWfijg; gilg;ghd ‘FNyhg;[hd; fhjy;’ 1933,y;fhe;jp ,jopy; ntspte;jJ. 1934 njhlf;fk; kzpf;nfhb rQ;rpifapYk; Vida

rQ;rpiffspYk; vOjp te;jhu;. E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l rpWfijfs;> E}w;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

fl;Liufs;> 15 ftpijfs;> ehlfq;fs;> nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs;> Gj;jf tpku;rdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw

vOjpAs;shu;. jpiug;glj;JiwapYk; Copad;> jpdkzp> jpdrup Mfpa gj;jpupiffspYk;

gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. kzpf;nfhb> fiykfs;> N[hjp> Rje;jpur;rq;F> jkpo;kzp> Copad;

Kjypa gj;jpupiffspy;; ,tuJ gilg;Gf;fs; ntspte;jd.

1) ,f;fl;Liu %yk; Mrpupau; $wte;j tplak;:

jkpou; ehfupfj;jpy; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd tho;f;if KiwAk; mjd; rpwg;Gk;.

2) ehfupfk; vd;gjw;F Mrpupau; jUk; tpsf;fk;:

rKjhak; ,w;Wg; Nghfhky; ,Uf;f vLj;Jr; Nru;e;j Qhgfq;fspd; njhFg;G.

rKjhak; ele;Jte;j gof;fg;gl;l ghij.

,Jtiu ,Ue;J tUtjw;F capu; nfhLg;gJ.

ehk;; tho;tjw;Fk;> Rf mDgtq;fisg; ngwTk; cs;sj;jpy; vOk;

epidTfSf;Fk; mbehjkhf ,Ug;gJ.

3) efuthrpfs; jkJ Xa;T fhyj;jpy; fpuhkj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whYk; mtu;fs; fpuhk

tho;it thokhl;lhu;fs; vd;gjw;F Mrpupau; jUk; epahag;ghLfs;:

1. jkJ rkpg;ghl;L gpur;rpid> Nkhl;lhu; fhu;> ituf;fk;ky; mzpe;j kidtp>

tpl;lkpd; khj;jpiufs;> jpUf;Fws; cghrid vd;gtw;Wld;jhd; ,tu;fs;

fpuhkj;jpy; FbNaWthu;fs;.

2. gj;jpupifAk; gof;$ilAk; gl;lzj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk;.

3. MW epiwaj; jz;zPu; ,Ue;jhYk; ,tu;fs; nte;ePupy;jhd; Fspg;gu;.

4. njd;wy;fhw;W tPrpdhYk; mij mDgtpf;fhJ gpshdy; rl;il Nghl;Lf;

nfhz;L nts;spg;g+z; jbNahLjhd; cyhtg; Nghtu;.

MfNt> ,tu;fSf;Ff; fpuhk tho;f;ifapd; mDgtk; fpl;lhjJ.

4) fpuhk kf;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fshff; fl;Liu Mrpupau; $Wgit:

1. eh#f;fhfr; nrhy;yj; njupahj> ntspg;gilahfr; nrhy;Yk; kdg;ghq;F.

2. neQ;rpYk; NjhspYk; cuk; cz;L; cs;sj;jpy; gupT cz;L.

3. jpirkhwpj; jpupNthu;f;F md;drj;jpukhFk; - tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G.

4. efu kf;fspd; capu;g;ghd tho;f;iff;Fk; njspTf;Fk; %y fhuzkhf

,Ug;gJ fpuhk kf;fspd; ciog;G.

5. efuj;ijg; Nghy jdpikahd tho;f;if thotplhky; vy;NyhiuAk; jk;Kld;

,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G.

6. grp te;j NghJjhd; rhg;gpLk; tpUg;gk;.

7. fpuhkk; njhlu;ghd tuyhw;W mwpitf; nfhz;bUj;jy;

8. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisAk; ez;gu;fshfg; ghtpj;J> mtw;Wld; Nru;e;J

mtw;iwAk; trg;gLj;jp taypy; tsj;ijg; ghu;f;Fk; gz;G.

5) jdJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $wf; fl;Liu Mrpupau; gad;gLj;jpa cj;jpfs;.

1. efu;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;if

KiwiaAk; xg;gpl;L tpsf;Fjy;.

2. ,yf;fpag; ghly;fis Mjhuk; fhl;Ljy;.

3. tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;Lr; rpe;jpf;f itj;jy;.

c - k; : ePq;fs;> ney;Yf; fha;r;rp kuk; vd;W Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpwPu;fsh?

86


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4. ju;f;fuPjpahff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;. c - k; : efuthrpfs; fpuhkj;Jf;F te;jhYk; mtu;fs; fpuhk tho;f;if

thokhl;lhu;fs; vd;gjw;F mtu; Kd;itf;Fk; tpsf;fq;fs;.5. mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;Fjy;. c - k; : - vWk;Gfisg; Nghy Cu;e;J Cu;e;J gof;fg;gl;Lg; Nghd

ghi j - ctikcs;sj;jpy; cile;J krpAk; epidTf; Nfhapy;fSf;F MjhugPlkhf

mike;jpUg;gJ - cUtfk;6. Ngr;R tof;fpy; cs;s gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;Jjy;.

c - k; : N]hgh> N\tpq;> Kd;]Pg;> vd;[pdpau;

mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd tpsf;fk;

1. gpuhj];dhdk; - mjpfhiyf; Fspg;G

2. jpUePw;Wr; rk;Glk; - jpUePW itf;Fk; ghj;jpuk;

3. mjPjk; - vl;lhjJ

4. Qhgfr;ruL - Qhgfq;fspd; njhFg;G

5. MjhugPlk; - fw;rpiyiaj; jhq;Fk; mbf;fy;

6. tdNgh[dk; - Nrhiy Kjypatw;wpy; elj;Jk; tpUe;J

7. nel;b nel;b - neUf;fpj; js;Sjy;

8. Neu;r;irf; fld; - eptu;j;jpf;fld; / Neu;j;jpf;fld;

9. iguhfp - Jwtp

10. Nuop - ,il fop / fl;llg; gFjp ,uz;il ,izj;J epw;gJ

11. rfju;kpdp - kidtp

12. kh[p - Kd;dhs;

13. uhtz ifq;fupak; - kz;NzhL rPijiaj; J}f;fpr; nrd;w ,uhtzdpd; nray;

14. mf;fpu`huk; - gpuhkzu; FbapUg;G

15. Kd;rPG - fpuhk mjpfhup

16. mQ;Qhjthrk; - kiwe;J thOjy;

17. epNtjdk; - flTSf;F gilf;Fk; mKJ

18. trf;Fjy; - trg;gLj;Jjy;

19. eh]_f;fhf - #l;Rkkhf> nkd;ikahf> eakhf

20. Nkop - fyg;ig

21. tpNdhjk; - GJik

22. tOjp - ghz;ba kd;dd;

23. Kq;fp - ePUs; %o;fp

24. m[Puzk; - czT nrkpahik

25. cghrid - Muhjid / topghL

26. gpshdy; rl;il - jbj;j Jzpapdhyhd rl;il

27. tprhuk; - Muha;r;rp

28. gprF - jtW> jil> xt;thik

29. ,w;Wg;nghjy; - mope;J Nghjy;

30. rkj;fhuk; - Ngr;Rj; jpwd; / nra;As; eak; / moF

31. J}u;e;JNghjy;; - mope;JNghjy;

32. mkpjk; - msTfle;jJ

33. thf;fhdJ - Vw;wJ

87


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(,) khDlk; jOtpa ftpQu;

- Nguhrpupau; f.ifyhrgjp

,t;thz;L jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahupd; E}w;whz;L

tpohitf; nfhz;lhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. cyfpd; gy gFjpfspy; ghujpf;F mQ;ryp

nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy nkhopfspy; ghujpapd; Mf;fq;fs; ngau;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;f;

ftpahfj; Njhd;wpa ghujp> ehsiltpy; midj;jpe;jpaf; ftpahfTk; cyfg; ngUq;ftpQUs;

xUtdhfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; epiy vOe;Js;sJ. ,g;ngUik ghujpf;F vt;thW

fpl;baJ? mtdJ cs;shu;e;j Mw;wiyAk; cyf Nehf;ifAk; gyUk; czuj;

njhlq;fpaJk; mtd; xU kfhftp vd;Dk; cz;ik cWjpg;glyhapw;W. ,yf;fpa

fu;j;jhf;fspd; GfOf;Fk; gupzhk tsu;r;rp cz;L.

cyf ,yf;fpa Mrpupau;fspd; cd;djkhd tupirapy; ghujpahiu itj;J ehk;

vz;Ztijg; NghyNt jkpo; ,yf;fpag;gug;gpYk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; cUthfpa

ngUk;Gytu;fspd; tupirapy; mtiu itj;Jg; ghuhl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh>

fk;gu;> ghujp vd;W tupirg;gLj;JtJ ,g;NghJ tof;fkhfptpl;lJ. fhy milit xl;baJ

,t;tupir. rq;ffhyj;jpy; tho;e;j rhd;Nwhupy; xUtuhd guzupypUe;J ekJ fhyj;jpy;

tho;e;j ghujpjhrdhu; tiuapy;> jkpo;ehl;bYk; ,yq;ifapYk; rpwg;Gf;Fupa Gytu;fs;

vj;jidNah Ngu; Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wdu;. MapDk; kfhftpfs; vd;W tpje;Jiuf;ff;

$batu;fs; ntF rpyNu.

Mw;wy; tha;e;j ftpQuhf tpsq;fpa ghujpahNu jdf;F Kd; nrd;w ftpFy

jpyfq;fis jkpo;g;ngUq; ftpQiu epidT $u;e;j Ntisfspy; ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh>

fk;gu; Mfpa %tiuANk Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whu;. xsitahu; Kjy; ,uhkypq;fu; tiu gy

Gytu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mtu;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tptupj;jpUf;fpwhnudpDk; Ntw;W

nkhopahsUk; Vw;Wg; Nghw;wf;$ba jkpo;f; ftpQu;fshf Kw;$wpa %tiuANk Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

ghujpahupd; ftpijfisAk; fl;LiufisAk; Vida gilg;Gf;fisAk; jkpOyfk; cte;J

mq;fPfupj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gijg; NghyNt mtupd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; gytw;iwAk; mbg;gil

cz;ikfshf Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ts;StUk; ,sq;NfhTk; fk;gUk; ghujpf;F Kd;dNu

jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfpy; ngUikf;Fupatu;fsha;f; fUjg;gl;ltu;fs;. “fy;tpapw; ngupau;

fk;gu;” vd;w KJnkhop ed;F gpurpj;jkhNj. ts;Stupd; Fwsbfis vLj;jhshj

jkpo;g;Gytu;fs; ,y;iy vd;Nw $wptplyhk;. rpyk;gpd; nry;thf;F ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpak;

tiu glu;e;jpUg;gij ehk; mwpNthk;. MapDk; Kg;ngUk; ftpQu;fisg; ghujpahu;

rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpagpd; mJNt ek;ktu;f;F Mjhukhd msT Nfhyhapw;W. ghujpahu;

ghuhl;bajhYk; Kd;nrd;w %tu;f;Fk; ngUik ngUfpapUf;fpwJ.

,t;tplj;jpy; xd;W ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. jdf;F Kd;dpUe;j ngUq;ftpQiu ,dq;fz;L

tupirawpe;J ghujpahu; $Wk; nghOJ mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh jdJ ,yf;fpa Nehf;fpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl mtu;fis tupirg;gLj;jpapUg;ghd; vd;W $WtJ jtwhfhJ.

nghJtpy; ehk; “,yf;fpak; ” vd;W $Wk;nghOJ ek; cs;sj;jpy; - rpe;jidapy; - gy

vz;zf;$Wfs; Vffhyj;jpy; vOfpd;wd. xUtuJ fy;tp> gapw;rp> czu;T> mDgtk;>

cyfNehf;F ,tw;wpw;Nfw;g ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa ‘tiutpyf;fzk;‘ NtWgLk;. vdpDk;

rhjhuzkhf> nrhy;yyq;fhuk;> rg;jeak;> ctik> cUtfk; Kjypa rpwg;Gf;fSk;

czu;tpidj; jhf;fp tho;f;iff;Fg; Gjpa tpsf;fj;ijj; juty;y fUj;JNk ftpijf;F

capu;ehbahf ,Ug;gijg; gyUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tu;. ,J xU ftpQdpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;.

88


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vy;yhf; ftpQu;fSf;Fk; ,r;rpwg;gpay;Gfs; VNjh xU mstpy; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,tu;fSs; ngUq;ftpQuhfg; gupzkpg;gtu;fs; nkhopahw;wy; Kjypatw;iwf; Fiwtpd;wpg;

ngw;wpUf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy;> jhk; thOk; fhyj;Jr; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilg;

gpur;ridfis mwpe;J> mtw;Wf;Fg; gufhuk; fhz Kw;gLgtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

jj;jk; mEgtq;fspd; Jiznfhz;L ftpghlj; Jtq;Fk; gyu; mt;tEgtq;fspd;

kl;lj;jpNyNa jq;fptpLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; ngUq;ftpQd; jd; nrhe;j mEgtq;fis khj;jpuk;

nghUshff; nfhs;shJ kDFyj;jpd; epiyikapid czu;e;J mjNdhL jhd; fye;J

vOJfpd;whd;. cjhuzkhf> ghujp mbikg;gl;Lf; fple;j ghuj rKjhaj;jpy; tho;e;jtd;.

jd;dstpYk; jdJ rKjhaj;ijg; nghWj;j mstpYk; mbikj;jdj;ij mwpe;jtd;.

mbikj;jdj;ij cs;Sk; GwKk; fz;ltd;. mJ mtdJ mbg;gil mDgtk;.

mt;tDgtj;Jld; cyif Nehf;fpa nghOJ NtW gy rKjhaq;fSk; ehLfSk;

mbikj;jdj;jpy; jho;Tw;W ,op epiyapYk; my;yw;gLtijf; fz;lhu;. mq;Nf nghJik

czu;T vOfpwJ. ‘kz;Zyfj;J khDld; jd;idf; fl;ba jisnayhk; rpjWf‘ vd;W

cyfshtpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mtd; Fuy; vOg;gpdhd;. ,e;j czu;TlNdNa goe;

jkpo;g; gDty;fisAk; Nehf;fpdhd;.

itaj;jpy; khDld; tho;thq;F tho topfhz Kw;gl;l ts;Std;> ,uhkuhr;rpak;

vd;w fw;gidf;F mbg;gilahd ,yl;rpakhd muR xd;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cUthf;fpa

fk;gd; mwk;> murpay;> tho;f;if ,tw;Wf;fpilNa ,Uf;ff;$ba njhlu;G vj;jifaJ

vd;gij Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; xd;wpd; %yk; myrp Muha;j ,sq;Nfh MfpNahiug; ghujp

fz;lhd;. ,k;%tUNk jdp xU muridg; gw;wpNah> nja;tj;ijg; gw;wpNah> ts;siyg;

gw;wpNah my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l Fyk;> rhjp vd;gtw;iwNah ghbdhu; my;yu;. kDFyk;

gw;wpNa ghbdhu;. “khDlk; ntd;wjk;kh” vd;Nw fk;gDk; Fwpg;gpl;lhd;. jhk; tho;e;j

fhyj;Jr; rKjha epWtdq;fSk; epajpfSk; FiwghLilait vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifAzu;tpd;

ce;JjypdhNyNa ,g;ngUq;ftpQu;fs; khDlk; Nfbd;wp thoj;jf;f fw;gid cyFfisg;

gilf;f Kw;gl;ldu;. fhyj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L tho;e;j mtu;fs;> fhyj;ijf; fle;J

rpe;jpj;jdu;; nrayhw;wpdu;. mjdhNyNa fhyj;ij ntd;w ftpQuhfpdu;. ts;Std; tFj;j

mwk; mtd; fhyj;J eilKiwfspd; jpul;rp md;W. kdpjd; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

mtd; tpioe;j rKjha newpia E}ypy; tbj;jhd;. jdJ fhyj;jpd; mtyq;fisAk;

gpur;ridfisAk; czu;T g+u;tkhfTk; mwpT g+u;tkhfTk; njspe;J nfhs;Sk; xUtNd

fhy czu;Tld; nraw;gl KbAk;. mtd; $Wk; KbTfs; g+uzkhditahf mikahkw;

Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; ,t;Tyif khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;T Njhd;wpaTlNdNa

mtdJ gilg;GfSf;Fj; jdpahw;wy; nghUe;jp tpLfpd;wJ. mj;jifa Mw;wiy msT

Nfhyhff; nfhz;Nl ngUq;ftpQu;fis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. me;j KiwapNyNa

ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh> fk;gu;> ghujp KjypNahu; kfhftpfs; vd kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

rpwg;G kyu; - jpUf;Fws; kfhehL (1982)

89


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mrpupau;: Nguhrpupau; f.ifyhrgjp (1933 - 1982)

kNyrpahtpy; Nfhyhyk;g+upy; gpwe;jtu;. ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,sq;fiyg; gl;lKk;gu;kpq;fhk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Kidtu; gl;lKk; ngw;whu;. jpdfud; gj;jpupifapy; MrpupauhfTk;1961 Kjy; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsuhfTk; 1974 ypUe;J ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof- aho;g;ghz tshfj;jpd; Kjy;jiytuhfTk; jpfo;e;jtu;. mbAk; KbAk;> gz;ilj; jkpou;tho;Tk; topghLk;;> jkpo; ehty; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;> xg;gpay; ,yf;fpak;><oj;J ,yf;fpa Kd;Ndhbfs;> ,U kfhftpfs;> ,yf;fpaKk; jpwdha;Tk;> ghujp Ma;Tfs;>jkpopy; tPuepiyf; ftpijfs; Kjypad ,tuJ E}y;fs;.

fl;Liuahrpupau; $w tpioe;j tplak;

ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh> fk;gu;> ghujp Kjyhd ngUq;ftpQu;fs; jk; nrhe;j mDgtq;fis

khj;jpuk; nghUshff; nfhs;shJ kDf;Fyj;jpd; epiyikapid czu;e;J mjNdhL

fye;J vOJfpd;wdu; vd;gij ,f;fl;LiuapD}lhf f.ifyhrgjp ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

(1982 Mk; Mz;L jpUf;Fws; khehl;L rpwg;G kyupy; ,f;fl;Liu ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ).

fl;Liuapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;

ts;Stu;> ,sq;Nfh> fk;gu;> ghujp Kjyhd ngUq;ftpQu;fis ghujpahu; mwpe;Njh

mwpahkNyh ,yf;fpa Nehf;fpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.

xUtuJ fy;tp> gapw;rp> czu;T> mDgtk;> cyfNehf;F ,tw;Wf;Nfw;g ,yf;fpak;

gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; khWgLk;.

nrhy;yyq;fhuk;> rg;jeak;> ctik> cUtfk; Kjypa Fwpg;Gf;fSk; czu;tpidj;

jhf;fp tho;f;iff;F Gjpa tpsf;fj;ij juty;y fUj;JNk ftpijf;F capu;ehb.

ngUq;ftpQuplj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;bait

nkhopahw;wy; Kjypatw;iwf; Fiwtpd;wpg; ngw;wpUj;jy;. jhk; thOk; fhyj;Jr; rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gpur;rpidfis mwpe;J> mtw;Wf;Fg; gupfhuk; fhz Kw;gLjy;. jdJ fhyj;jpd; mtyq;fis czu;Tg+u;tkhfTk; mwpTg+u;tkhfTk; njspe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik. nrhe;j mDgtq;fis khj;jpuk; nghUshff; nfhs;shJ> kDf;Fyj;jpd; epiyikapid czu;e;J> mjNdhLjhd; fye;J vOjy;. fhyj;ijf; fle;J> rpe;jpj;Jr; nrayhw;Wjy;. jd;idAk; jd;Dila r%fj;ijAk; NghyNt> gpw ehLfSk; gpw r%fKk; mbikg;gl;Lf; fplg;gijf; fz;l ghujp> “kz;Zyfj;J khDld; jd;idf; fl;ba jisnayhk; rpjWf” vdg; ghbdhd;. itafj;jpy; khDld; tho topfhl;l Kw;gl;ltu; ts;Stu;. ,uhkuhr;rpak; vd;w ,yl;rpakhd muR xd;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cUthf;f Kw;gl;ltu; fk;gu;. mwk;> murpay;> tho;f;if ,tw;Wf;fpilNa ,Uf;ff;$ba njhlu;G vj;jifaJ vd;gijf; Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; xd;wpd; %yk; myrp Muha;e;jtu; ,sq;Nfh.

“khDlk; ntd;wjk;kh” vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; fk;gu;. jhk; tho;e;j fhyj;J rKjha epWtdq;fSk; epajpfSk; FiwghLilait vd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifAzu;tpd; ce;Jjypdhy;> ,g;ngUq;ftpQu;fs; khDld; Nfbd;wp thoj;jf;f

fw;gid cyifg; gilf;f Kw;gl;ldu;.

fhyj;Jf;F fl;Lg;gl;L tho;e;j ngUq;ftpQu;fs; fhyj;ijf; fle;J rpe;jpj;J> nrayhw;wpaikahy; fhyj;ij ntd;w ftpQu;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. kdpjd; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wtpioe;j rKjha newpiaNa ts;Std; jdJ E}ypy; tbj;jhd;. ,jidNa ts;Stu;tFj;j mwkhff; fl;Liuahrpupau; fUJfpwhu;.

************************

90


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

m. Nju;

Kfj;jhu ; vd;wiof;fg ;gLk; MWKfk; JapnyOtJ xU jpUf;fhl ;r p .

jiyaiziaAk; Nghu;itiaAk; cl;jpzpj;Jg; ghiag; gf;Ftkhfr; RUl;b itg;gJ

xU fiy. nfhl;lhtpia kiwnghUnsJTkpd;wp Cisapl;L> iffis ePl;b klf;fp>

cliy cYg;gpr; Nrhk;giy Kwpj;jhy;> JapnyO glyj;jpd; Xuk;rk; epiwTWk;. jiykhl;by;

neUg;Gg; ngl;bAk;> jhtbg; Gifapiyr; ~Rj;J|k; vg;nghOJk; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk;. ~Rj;ij|

Neu;j;jpahfg; gw;w itj;jhy;> fhy;fs; jk; ,r;irahfNt nfhy;iyg; gf;fk; elf;fj;

njhlq;Fk;. vg;nghOJ njhlf;fk; itfiw JapnyOk; tof;fj;ij thyhag;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lhu; vd;gJ mtUf;Nf Qhgfkpy;yhj rq;fjp.

mWgJ Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf tho;e;Jtpl;lhu;. fbfhuj;ijg; ghu;f;fhJ> fbfhuj;jpd;

tpehb Ks;isg; ghu;f;fpYk; EZf;fkhd Neuf;fzf;fpy; ,aq;FtJ mtUila

,uj;jj;jpNyNa CwpapUf;fpd;wJ. nfhy;iyapNy fopTf; fUkj;ij Kbj;J> mb fOtp>

fpzw;wbf; fKf kuj;jpNy njhq;Fk; FUk;igg; ghjpapw; fplf;Fk; ckpf;fupapdhw; gw;fisr;

Rj;jQ;nra;J> jpz;izf;F kPSthu;. ~,wg;gpy;| njhq;Fk; ntz;rq;fpNy fjpu;fhkj;J

tpg+jp ,Uf;Fk;. tyf;if tpuy;fSf;Fs; vLj;J> ~~rpt... rpth...|| vd;W cr;rupf;Fk;

nghOJ> ey;Y}u;f;fe;jdpd; cjafhyg; g+ir kzp Nfl;Fk;.

,d;Wk; ~~rpt... rpth...|| vd;W tpg+jp g+Rk; nghOJ> cja fhyg; g+ir kzp

Nfl;fpd;wJ. fhy Xl;lj;jpNy jupf;fhJ eilngWk; epj;jpaf; fUkq;fs;.

~,d;W tUlg; gpwg;G...| Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;j vz;ze;jhd; Kfj;jhUf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

vj;jidNah tUlg;gpwg;Gfs; te;J Ngha;tpl;ld. mtw;Wld; vj;jidNah tUlq;fSk;

Xbkiwe;Jtpl;ld. ghu;tjpg;gps;isiaf; fy;ahzQ; nra;j Kjy; tUlk; te;j tUlg;gpwg;G@

,uhNkRtu Neu;j;jpf; flDf;Fg; gpwF Rg;gpukzpaidg; ngw;W> KUfz;bapNy kapu;ePf;ff;

fld; nra;j kWehs; te;j tUlg;gpwg;G@ nrse;juk; fy;ahzkhfp> kUkfDld; te;j

tUlg;gpwg;G@ jfg;gDf;Fj; jiyf;nfhs;sp itj;J> Nfhb fl;lhNj fope;j tUlg;gpwg;G@

ghu;tjpg;gps;is Ngha;> ehNs fhlhfpf; fple;j tUlg;gpwg;G - ,g;gbg; gy. fhyXl;lk;

mtu;jk; ciog;ig tpOq;fp> cliyr; rUfhf;fp tpl;lJ. Kd;du;Nghy RWRWg;gpy;iy.

ey;nyz;nza;apy; ntJg;gpa fj;jupf;fhAld; %d;W ePw;Wg; ngl;b gpl;Lr; rhg;gpl;Lk;>

ehY kuts;spf;fpoq;ifr; Rl;Lg; gr;ir kpsfha; rfpjk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;lhw;whd; fhiyg;grp

mlq;Fk; vd;gd ,isQg; gUt epidTfs;. gps;isfisg; gbf;f itj;J

cj;jpNahff;fhuuhf;fpajpdhy; ,uz;L ghz; Jz;Lfisf; ~nfhwp|f;Fk; gof;fk; Kfj;jhu;

tPl;bYk; gutptpl;lJ. gLj;jgLf;ifahf itf;Fk;gbahf clk;gpw;F mg;gbnahd;Wkpy;iy.

KJik czu;T tYf;fpd;wJ. rpwpJ thjf;Fzk; Nghd;w vz;zKk; NkypLfpd;wJ.

jpBnudf; Fe;jp vOk;gr; rpukg;gLfpd;whu;. ,jidg; gps;isfs; mwpe;J nfhs;shj tifapy;

ele;J nfhs;Sfpd;whu;. filf;Fl;b kfisg; gw;wpj;jhd; nfhQ;rk; ftiy.

jpz;izapw; Fe;jp> fg;Gld; rha;e;J nfhs;fpd;whu;.

~mts; nghbr;rpjhd; ghtk; jhaj;jpd;dpahg; Nghapl;LJ. gbg;ig Kbr;Rg; Nghl;L>

%iyapNy fple;J ngU%r;R tpLFJ. mtis Nkiy gbf;f itf;fyhnkz;L %j;jJfs;

tpUk;gpdJjhd;. NtZnkz;lhy;> cJfspd;iu nghk;gpisg; gps;isas; gbr;R> cj;jpNahfk;

ghf;fl;Lk;. ,isatdpd;iu ghL gpioapy;iy. xU khjpup xU Ntiyapiy nfhOtPl;lhd;.

VNjh nfhk;gdpapiyjhd; Ntiyahk;. Mdh> rk;gsk; Gioapy;iy. NkYf;F ey;yh

tuyhnkz;L %j;jtDk; kr;rhd;khUk; nrhd;dhq;fs;. mtd; filf;Fl;b vz;L tPl;Nlhil

,Ue;J rhg;gpl;Lg; gofpatd;. %z;L ehY khrk; mJTkpy;iy.

12. rpWfijfs;

91


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fapw;wg;gl;L tho;e;jhy;jhNd> Nge;J gpd;dbf;Fj; jq;fil ghLfisj; jhq;fNs ghf;Fq;fs;.

ey;Y}uhd;iu Gz;zpaj;jpiy vy;yhk; jq;fil rPtpag;ghLfisg; ghf;ff;$ba epiyf;F

te;Jl;LJfs;. vd;iu nfl;bj;jdk; vd;d ,Uf;F? Mz;ltd; mse;jgb elf;FJ - tpbag;

Gwf; Nfhr;rpapNy %j;jtd; tUthd;. mtd; kwe;jhYk; mYj;jhYk; mtd;iu kD\p

fkyh ,Q;ir tuhkypUf;fhs;. vd;ndl;ilf; iftpask; thq;fpwjpiy mtSf;F mt;tsT

ek;gpf;if... Xk;.... mJfspd;iu %j;jJf;Fk; - ce;jg; GJ ehzag; Ngu; rl;nlz;L

kdrpiy thNwy;iy... mts;jhd; mk;r njhdpf;Fg; gj;JtaRf;F Nkiy ,Uf;f NtZk;...

vd;d gj;J? gjpndhz;Lf;F Nkiy. fLf;fz;Zw gUtk;... X> ,t NghNa New;nwz;lhg;

Nghiy ,Uf;FJ... Mdh> tUrk; mQ;rhFJ. mts; Gz;zpaQ; nra;jts;. vy;yhg;

ghuj;ijAk; vd;iu jiyapNy Rkj;jpg; Nghl;Lg; Nghapl;lhs;.|

,ilntl;by;> kNdhfud; New;W vOjpapUe;j fbjk; Kfj;jhUila Qhgfj;Jf;F

tUfpd;wJ. tUlg;gpwg;gd;Nw nfhOk;Gf;Fj; jpUk;gptpl Ntz;Lnkd;W vOjpapUe;jhd;.

~mJTk; rupjhd;. vq;fil thflq;fs; neLfr; rup tUNk? ,g;gjhd; Ngha;

Ntiyapiy Nre;jpUf;fpwhd;. yPT fPT vLj;Jg; gOjhf;fg;glhJ.|

~~mg;gNd KUfh.||

tPl;bd; rpd;d miwf;fjT jpwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ~filf;Fl;b| gj;khjhd; tUfpwhs;.

~vd;djhd; Ngustpiy ngupagps;is vz;lhYk;> tPl;bNy rpd;dg;gps;isjhNd?

rupah> ,t ghu;tjpg;gps;isia cupr;R itr;r khjpup ,Uf;fpwhs;. ,tis xg;Ngj;jpg;

Nghl;lndz;lhy;> Nge;njd;d? rptNd vz;L fz;iz %lyhk;. ,td; kNdhfuid

,ttpd;iu mz;zupd;iu nghbr;rpf;Fj;jhd;. ngbaq;fspd;iu fhupaj;ij epjhdkhr;

nrhy;Nyyh.|

Kjw;fhupakhfg; gj;kh tPl;L Kw;wj;ijf; $l;b> rhzfj; jz;zPu; njspj;J

Kbf;fpd;whs;. tUlg; gpwg;gd;W tpbAk; Kd;dNu> md;iwa toikahd flikfisr;

nra;J Kbf;Fk; Ntl;if. tUlg;gpwg;gd;W vy;yhf; fhupaq;fisAk; tpf;fdkpd;wp cupa

Kiwg;gb epiwNtw;wptpl;lhy;> tUlk; KOtJk; mt;thNw mikAnkd;Dk; ek;gpf;ifapy;

Cwpj; jpisj;j kdk;. tUlg;gpwg;gd;W goq;fwpfSf;F kjpg;gpy;iy. fwpr;rl;bfis

mLf;fisf;F ntspNa> ,lg;gf;fkhfTs;s nrt;tpsePu;f; fd;wbapw; gug;gp itj;J> rhk;gy;

Njha;j;njLf;fg;gLk; ~nghr;R| kl;ilahw; Nja;j;Jf; fOtj; njhlq;Ffpd;whs;. jpz;izapNy

Fe;jpapUe;J rpe;jidapyho;e;jpUf;Fk; je;ijia mts; fz;fs; ftdpf;fpd;wd.

kuts;spf;fpoq;F fha;r;rpa rl;bapy; mbg;gpbj;jpUe;j ghfj;ijg; nghr;R kl;ilahy; ed;whfr;

Ruz;bf; nfhz;Nl Ngr;Rf; nfhLf;fpd;whs;.

~~vd;d mg;G... ,z;ilf;F fhyikf; Nfhr;rpapiy %j;jz;zu; tUthuy;Ny?||

~~Xk; Gs;is> Rg;gpukzpak; tuhky; tU\k; gpwf;FNk? vd;djhd; ,Ue;jhYk;

mtd; tU\j;Jf;F tuhky; ,Ug;ghNd?|| ~vg;gbAk; mtd; tUthd;. fhJg;gpbapiy

fkyh $l;bae;jpLths;. Nfhr;R ,d;Dk; ehtw;Fopiaj; jhz;bapUf;fhJ. ,g;g

elf;fj;Jtq;fpdhYk;> Neuj;Njhil ];Nu\Df;Fg; Nghaplyhk;. Mdh> mtDf;F cnjhz;Lk;

Gbf;fpNwy;iy. ~~ehd; vq;fil tPl;Lf;F thwJf;F MUk; te;J top fhl;lj; Njitapy;iy||

vz;L vj;jpid NfhR Nfhtpr;rJ vdf;fy;Nyh njupAk;?...|

~~Gs;is> Njj;jz;zpf;F ciy itf;fy;iyNa?||

~~itr;rpl;ld;.||

92


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

~~nfhf;fh gupksk; ,d;Dk; vOk;gy;iyNa?... cq;fil mj;jhUk; tY

NeuQ;nrz;Ljhd; te;jtu;. rupahr; rhg;gpl;bUf;fTk; khl;lhu;.||

Kfj;jhupd; ,d;ndhU kfshd gupksj;jpd; fztDk; nfhOk;gpNyjhd; Ntiy

ghu;f;fpd;whd;. gupksk; ijg;nghq;fYf;Fj; je;ijapd; tPl;bw;F te;jts;> jpUk;gpg; Nghftpy;iy.

fztd; rjhrptk; New;wpuT aho;NjtpapNyjhd; jpUk;gpapUf;fpwhd;.

~ghtk;. mJfSf;F Mz;ltd; xz;Lk; Fiw itf;Nfy;iy. ,Jf;fpilapiy

Kg;gjpdhapuk; nfhl;b GJ Nkhbapiy xU tPLk; fl;bg; Nghl;LJfs;. fijr; rhq;fj;jpiy

itfhrp ehSf;Fj;jhd; FbNaWtpdk; Nghiy fplf;FJ. Nge;njd;d neLfpYk; FbapUf;fg;

NghfpdNkh? thliff;Fj;jhd; tpLtpdk;. fhUk; xz;L thq;fpapUf;fpdkhk;. mij ,d;Dk;

xUehSk; aho;g ;ghzj;Jf ;Ff ; nfhz;L tuy;Ny. mJfspd ;iu md;Gf;Fk;

me;epNahd;aj;Jf;Fk; xU Foe;ijiaj;jhd; Mz;ltd; FLf;Nfy;iy. rhjfj;jpiy gpd;dbr;

re;jjp tpUj;jp vz;Ljhd; ,Uf;F. VO tU\j;Jf;Fg; GwFjhd; rjhrptKk; jiyr;rdhg;

gpwe;jtdhk;. nfhOk;gpiy Ngu;Nghd lhf;Fj;jupl;il vy;yhk; fhl;bdit. mJfSf;F

xU FiwAkpy;iy vz;Ljhd; nrhd;ditahk;...|

~~Nfhg;gpia Mu;wJf;fpilapiy FbAq;Nfh mg;G|| vd;W gj;kh Nfhg;gp fpshi]

ePl;Lfpwhs;.

~~vd;d Gs;is> Kl;ilf;Nfhg;gp mbr;rpUf;fpwha;. mj;jhUk; epf;fpwhu;. ,g;g

Rg;gpukzpaKk; te;jpLthd;... mtd;iu mNrhfd; Kl;ilf; fs;sdy;Ny?||

~~,Q;ir jhuhskh Kl;ilas; ,Uf;FJ. Gl;Lf;Fk; nghupr;Rk; itf;fyhk;.||

Kfj;jhu; Nfhg;gpiaf; Fbf;fpd;whu;.

~~nka;a Gs;is... nfhf;fh nrse;juk; ,Q;ir Nej;J te;jpl;Lg; Nghdtsy;Ny?

vd;d nrhy;ypg; Nghl;Lg; Nghdts;? kj;jpahdr; rhg;ghl;bw;F tUthshNkh?||

~~mj;jhd; Nej;Jj;jhd; te;jtuhk;. mtupd;iu rNfhjup - mitjhd; gwq;fpj;

njUthu; - kj;jpahdr; rhg;ghl;Lf;F tPl;il tUtpdkhk;. gpd;Nduk; Nghiyjhd; tu

trjpg;gLk; vz;L nrhd;dt. vJf;Fk; iftpasj;Jf;F KFe;jid mDg;gp itf;fpwhthk;.||

~nrse;juk; ngupa FLk;gf;fhupjhd;. ,Ue;jhYk; rPkhl;b xU rPNjtp. MW gQ;rhDk;

FQ;RfisAk; xU FiwAkpy;yhky; gbg;gpf;fpwhs;. VNjh MidNridiaNa rPjdkhff;

FLj;jdhd;? GU\d; jq;fuhrh cz;ikapiy xU jUkuhrhjhd;. Gs;isaspd;iu

gbg;Gf;fhf FLk;gj;ij CNuhil tpl;bl;Lg; Nghapl;lhd;. mq;if filr; rhg;ghl;Nlhil

tapj;ij thia fl;br; rPtpf;fpwhs;. mq;ifAk; ,q;ifAkhf nuz;L rpyTfisr;

rkhspf;fpwJf;F fe;Njhu; tpl;lhg; GwF Ntw NtiyaisAk; ghf;fpwjhk;. me;je;j

tarpiy Xbahbg; gpuahirg;gl;L cior;R rk;ghupf;fj;jhd; NtZk;. mJf;F Vj;j

rhg;ghL Ntz;lhNk? ey;yNtis - ngl;ilas; fPo;f;fz;Lfs;jhd;. me;j mstpiy xU

MWjy;... te;jtDf;F nuz;LNtis jd;iu ifahiy rikr;Rf; FLf;fhky; ,Q;ir

XbahwhNsh? nghk;gpisg; Gs;isas; fiu NrUkl;Le;jhd; vq;fil...|

~~vd;iu kbrQ;irAk; rhy;itiaAk; vLj;Jj;jh Gs;is.||

~~,t;tsT nts;szj;Njhil filf;Fg; Nghfg; NghwpaNs?||

~~,y;iy> ce;j Kr;re;jp kl;Lk; Nghapl;L thwd;. jr;Nryh VNjd; mupaJ eupaJ

fpilr;rhy;...||

93


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

rhwiz cjwpf; fl;bf;nfhz;L> ~kbrQ;ir| ,Lg;gpNy nrhUfp> Vfhtlkplr;

rhy;itia vwpe;J gliyiaf; flf;fpwhu;.

Nuh[h ,jo;g; gLf;ifahd nkd;ikNru; epidTfspy;> VNjh xU Ks;spd; cWj;jy;>

fhy;fspd; ,af;fj;jpNyNa glUk; eil. re;jpf;filg; gRgjpapd; Fuy; mtiuf; filg;

gf;fk; Mfu;\pf;fpd;wJ.

~~vg;gb mz;zu;? tU\k; vj;jpid kzpf;Fg; gpwf;Fjhk;? iftpask;> ehs;

Ntiyf;F Neuk; vg;gpbg; Nghl;bUf;F?|| gj;Jg; Nguplk; Nfl;Lk; gRgjpf;Fg; nghr;re;

jPutpy;iy.

~~gj;J ,Ugj;njl;Lf;Fj;jhd; tU\k; gpwf;FJ. iftpasj;Jf;F ,z;ilf;F ehd;

NghNly;iy. Mdh nghJehs;. clidNa FLj;jhYk; ghjfkpy;iy.||

Kfj;jhu; gQ;rhq;fk; ghu;j;J itg;gjpy; ntF xOq;F. fbfhuk; ghu;f;Fk; gof;fkpy;yhj

mtu;> ve;jr; RgNtisiaAk; tpehb jg;ghkw; nrhy;Ythu;.

~~ehd; xU ehSk; ,e;j Neuk; fhyk; ghj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwy;y... tU\g;

gpwg;gz;ilf;Nf Jtq;fPl;lhy; rupjhNd? ,y;yhl;by; ,Oty;. nuz;L %z;L ehisf;Fk;

ehs; Nghlkhl;lhq;fs;... mJf;fhff; filiag; g+l;b itf;fpwNj?||

~~XNkhk;... vy;yhk; ek;gpf;ifiag; nghWj;jJjhd; gRgjp|| vd;w Kfj;jhu;> ~~Nfhr;rp

,d;Dk; tNuy;iyg; Nghiy|| vd NtW jpirapw; fijiaj; jpUg;Gfpd;whu;.

~~Neukhapl;LJ... tU\j;Jf;F ,Q;rpid thw rdf; $l;lj;Njhil thw uapy;

nfhQ;rk; Ke;jpg; gpe;jpj;jhd; te;J NrUk;. cq;fil kw;w Nkhd; FkhurhkpAk; ,z;ilf;F

thwhu;Nghiy ,Uf;FJ. jk;gpAk; ,Q;rhiyg; gf;fk; te;J ntFfhykhg; Nghr;RJ.||

neQ;rpw; Fj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j Ks;> Nuh[h ,jo;g; gLf;iff;Fs; ,dpjhf kiwfpd;wJ.

Fkhurhkp tUthd; vd;gJ Kfj;jhUf;Fj; njupahJ. mtid ve;j tpNrlj;jpw;Fk;

tPl;by; ahUNk vjpu;ghu;g;gjpy;iy. mtDila Nghf;F mg;gb. ,Ug;gpDk;> Fkhurhkp

tUtJ jdf;Fg; Gjpdk; vd;gij Kfj;jhu; ntspNa fhl;bf; nfhs;stpy;iy.

~~,Q;ir ghj;jpaNs Nehl;Bir. Kj;jkpo;kd;wk; tU\f; nfhz;lhl;lk; elj;Jjhk;.

ehlfq;fSk; elj;Jwhq;fshk;. mJfSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;f Fkhurhkp tUFjhk;.||

gRgjp Nehl;Birf; nfhLf;fpd;whd;.

,g;nghOJ Kfj;jhUf;Ff; fz; nfhQ;rk; nts;nsOj;J. MdhYk;> nfhl;il

vOj;jpy; mr;rbf;fg;gl;Ls;s kfDila ngaiuf; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;whu;. kdk; kyu;fpd;wJ.

Kfghtk; khwhky; Nehl;Birj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fpd;whu;.

~~fz;Zk; Gifr;ryha;f; fplf;FJ.||

~~ehd; thrpr;Rr; fhl;ll;Nl?||

~ ~Ntz;lhk; gRgjp. ehd; thwd;> %j;jtd; Nghwhd; Nghiy ,Uf;FJ fhupiy.||

94


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

%j;jtidr; nrhy;yp tpilngw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; Kfj;jhUf;Ff; Fkhurhkpiag;

gw;wpa vz;zNk NkNyhq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. Fkhurhkp> Kfj;jhupd; ,uz;lhtJ Gj;jpud;.

rpWtajpNyNa gbj;J Kd;Df;F te;Jnfhz;bUe;jhd;.

~mtd;iu %isf;F mtd; cg;gbNa ,Uf;fNtZk;? rPikg;gbg;ngy;yhk; Kbr;R>

nuz;L %z;L fhUk; ehiyQ;R gq;fshTk; itr;ry;Nyh thoNtZk;? me;jf; fhyj;jpiy

fz;Z}Wgl;Lg; Nghwhg;Nghiy nrhy;YthDfs;. Rg;gpukzpaidr; rhl;b nrse;juj;Jf;F

khg;gps;is@ Fkhurhkpiaf; fhl;b gupksj;Jf;F khg;gps;is...|

mNj ehf;Ffs; jpir jpUk;gp> mtiu ky;yhj;jpf; fplj;jpf; Fwp Rl;lnghOJ...

~gpQ;rpNy gOj;jtd; jikad; ,Uf;ff; $bajhf> nuz;L FkUfs; tPl;Lf;Fs;is

ngU%r;R tpl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;ff;$bajhf> ,tDf;Ff; fypahzg; igj;jpak;... mJTk;

Cu; Ngu; njupahj Ntjf;fhupr;rpahk;... J}> ,td;iu gbg;G ehf;F topf;fj;jhd; cjTk;.

,td; jd;iu gbg;igj; J}f;fp vwpQ;Rg; Nghl;L ff;$R thspiaj; J}f;fpj; jpupal;Lk;...|

,j;jifa thu;j;ijfs; khu;G kapiug; nghRf;fp> ,jaf; Fiyia ntJg;gpnaLj;j

nghOJ FWf;F ,iofisj; jwp jiyapNy kpd;rhu Ntfj;jpy; ,izf;fpd;wd. rpd;dj;

jiyapbf;Fk;> fha;r;rYf;Fq;$l rPdpr;RUSk;> Njapiyr; riuAk;> ntw;wpiyg; ghf;Fg;

ngl;bAq; ~fhtp|f;nfhz;L te;jtu;fs;> Fkhurhkpapd; mtruf; fypahzj;jpd; gpd;du;>

Kfj;jhu; tPl;Lg;gliyiaj; jpwf;f KfQ; Ropj;Jf; $rpdhu;fs;. mg;nghOJ Rg;gpukzpak;

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; MWjyhf ,Ue;Jq; $l> Kfj;jhu; ,e;jg; ngd;dk;ngupa cyfj;jpNy

jd;de; jdpahf tplg;gl;l czu;TfSld; jj;jspj;jhu;.

~ehNdh> mtNdh vd;dj;ijr; nra;apwJ? vy;yhk; mse;jgb jhd; elf;Fk;. mtd;jhd;

xU Gj;jpapiy nra;jpl;lhd;. ,dp> tpuiy ntl;bNa vwpapwJ? ntl;fk; Nuh\j;ij

tpl;bl;L xUf;fhg;Ngha; mJfisg; ghj;jd;. mts; nghbr;rp Gioapy;iy. Fztjp vz;lij

Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;Njhlid nrhy;Ytpdk;. ,td;iu Fzj;Jf;F mtspiy jhd; gr;rk;

itf;fNtZk;. Ntjf;fhupr;rp vz;lhg; Nghiy vd;d? rhjp Fyk; ghj;Jf; $o;g;ghidf;if

tpOe;jit vj;jidNgu; ,Uf;fpdk;? ,td; vz;lhg; Nghiy xOq;fhff; Nfhapy; Fsk;

NghwtNd? tpg+jp g+RwtNd? mts; nghbr;rpiaAk; NfhapYf;Fg; Nghfhky; kwpr;Rg;

Nghl;lhdhk;. mtDf;F clk;G kl;Lk; gapj;jq;fha; Nghiy... Mdh> cLk;igg; Nghiyj;

jhd; gpbthjk;. ,t ghu;tjpg;gps;is vz;lhg;Nghy FiwQ;r gpbthjf;fhupNah?... mtd;iu

Nghf;F xU jdpg;Nghf;F. ,Q;r xUj;jUf;Fk; tpsq;fpNwy;iy> ~~cq;if aho;g;ghzj;Jf;

fpLF Ntypashiy rq;ifia kiwr;Rf;nfhz;L kdr;rhl;rpf;F tpNuhjkhf ebj;Jf;

nfhz;Nl tho;gtUf;F vd;iu Nghf;F tpsq;fhJ. vd;iu Nghf;F vdf;F tpsq;Fk;||

vz;L xUehs; cq;fpid rj;jk; Nghl;lhd;. ,JfspiyAk; Gioapy;iy. xl;b

elf;fhjtNdhil vd;d rfthrk; vz;L tpyfpf; nfhz;LJfs;. Gwk;G fhl;b elf;fpw

citaNshil vdf;nfd;d njhlu;ry; vz;L mtDk; tpyfpf; nfhz;lhd;. mtd;iu

%z;L gps;isaSk; gbg;gpiy tY tpz;zuhk;. vdf;nfd;lh mJfisg; ghu;f;f Mirjhd;.

,ttpd;iu Mz;Lj; jptrj;Jf;Fj;jhd; xU nghbaidf; $l;bae;jhd;. ~mg;gg;gh| vz;L

mtd; thiog; goj;Njhil vd;iu kbiatpl;L ,wq;fTk; khl;lhd;. nghq;fy; - GJtU\k;

- jPghtsp vz;L %z;L nfhz;lhl;lk; tUFJ. xz;Lf;Fk; thNwy;Ny. vg;gthtJ>

,Ue;jpl;L xUehs; jdpah tUthd;. Gs;isaspd;iu Rf gyidg; gw;wpr; rsg;Gthd;.

Frpdpf;if Ngha; jhNd VjhtJ Nghl;Lj; jpd;Dthd;. mq;if $l;lk; ,Q;ir $l;lk;

vz;L nrhy;Ythd;. clidNa NghapLthd;. Nge;J tprhupr;Rg; ghj;jhy; mz;ila

Nfhr;rpapiyNa CUf;Fj; jpUk;gPl;lhd; vz;L njupatUk;... nka;jhd;> mtd;iu Nghf;F

,Q;ir xUj;jUf;Fk; tpsq;Nfy;iy. mNjhil me;jg; Nghf;fpiy xUj;jUf;Fk;

95


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tpUg;gKkpy;iy. xU khjpupahd Nfhgj;jzy; ,itaspd;iu kdq;fspiy ,Uf;FJ.

vd;d ,Ue;jhYk; rNfhjug;ghrk; vz;l rhk;gy; mJfis %b itr;rpUf;FJ. tPl;biy

vy;yhUk; mtidf; Fiwahj;jhd; NgRtpdk;. ehd; kl;Le;jhd; mtd;iu gf;fj;jpiy

NgRwJ. vd;d ,Ue;jhYk; mtDk; vd;iu Nkd;jhNd? ,Jfs; ,Jfspd;iu Nghf;F.

mtd; mtd;iu Nghf;F. ifapNy ,Uf;fpw mQ;R tpuYk; rkNk? xz;Lf;nfhz;L

tpj;jpahrkpy;iyNa? tPl;Lf;Fs;NsAk; cg;Gbj;jhd;... CUf;Fs;is mtDf;Fj; jhNd

NgUk; elg;Gk;? mtd; ,t;tsT cjtuq; nfl;ltndz;lhy; Cupiy cg;Gbg; Ngu;

,Uf;FNk? ,JfSf;Fg; gbr;Rk; Gj;jpapy;iy. ,tq;fisf; FLk;gj;Jf;fhfg; ngj;jd;.

FLk;gk; Nju; Nghiy elf;FJ. mtid CUf;fhfg; ngj;jd;. mtd; Nwhl;lsf;fpwhd;

vz;L itr;Rf; nfhs;Stk;. mJf;fhf mtid ehd; nkr;rpf; fijf;fpwJk; ,JfSf;Fr;

rpy Neuk; Gbf;fpNwy;iy. XutQ;rf kD\d; vz;L$l epidf;FJfs;. ~~ePq;fs;

vd;dj;ijj;jhd; nrhd;dhYk;> mtDk; vd;iu Gs;isjhd;|| vz;L nrhy;Ytd;. ,JfSk;

Ngf; $j;Jj;jhd; MLfpwJ. VNjh ehd; mtd;jhd; vd;iu Gs;is vz;L nrhy;ypg;Nghl;lijg;

Nghiy. jha;kdk; gpj;Jj;jhd;. ,tTk; ,g;g ,y;iy. vd;iu kdKk; gpj;Jj;jhd;. ,J

xz;il kl;Lk; ehd; Fkhurhkpiag;gw;wp kwf;fkhl;ld;. ,itas; Mapuj;ijr; nrhy;yl;Lk;.

Rg;gpukzpakh ,Uf;fl;Lk;@ rTe;juk; gupkskhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;@ kNdhfud;- gj;khthf

,Uf;fl;Lk;@ - Kfj;jhu; MWKfj;jpd;iu Gs;isansz;L jhd; Cu; Njrj;jpiy njupAk;...

Vd;> rjhrptk; jq;fuhrh vz;lhg;Nghiy vd;d? vd;iu kUkf;fs; vz;lhj;jhd; ey;y

tpsg;gkhj; njupAk;. Mdh> filj;njUtpiy vj;jpid NgUf;F vd;idf; Fkhurhkpapd;iu

mg;gndz;Ljhd; njupAnkz;L ,itaSf;Fj; njupANk? mz;ilf;Fg; g];]piy ehd;

njy;ypg;giof;Fg; NghNff;fps;is xU nghbad; ~~ePq;fs; Fkhurhkpapd;iu jfg;gdy;Nyh?||

vz;L Nfl;Lg;Nghl;L> jhd; Fe;jpapUe;j ,lj;ij vdf;Fj; jhwhd;. me;jg; nghbaDk;

ngupa gbg;Gj; jhdhf;Fk;.||

~~vd;d Kfj;jhu;? vd;d nghbas; vy;yhk; te;jpl;bdNkh?|| Iak;gps;is jd;Dila

gliyapy; epd;wgb Fuy; nfhLf;fpwhu;.

~~Nfhr;rp mg;gNt te;jpUf;fNtZk;.||

~~Rg;gpukzpak; tuhky; epw;f khl;lhd;. kNdhfuDk; thwhdhNkh?||

~~Xk;. fLjhrp Nghl;bUe;jhd;.||

~~gliyapiy epz;L fijf;fpwpas;? filf;Fg; NghwJf;F Ke;jpf; nfhQ;rk;

ghtpr;rpl;Lg; Nghfyhnkz;lhy;... vd;iu kD\piaj; njupahNj? Mw;iwNad; rhl;biy

jhd;... cs;Sf;if thUq;Nfhtd;.||

~~,g;g thjf;FzkhTk; ,Uf;FJ. xj;Jf;nfhs;SJkpy;iy.||

~~,J epj;jNk Kfj;jhu;? xU tU\k; ngUehSf;Fj;jhNd? cq;fisj; J}uj;jpiy

fz;NlhlidNa> cq;fNshil jhd; tU\j;ijj; Jtq;fNtZnkz;L Mir te;jpl;LJ.||

~~Vd;jhd; cd;iu MiriaAk; nfLg;ghd;?||

Kfj;jhu; Iak;gps;isAld; nfhQ;rk; ~~K];ghj;jp|| gz;zptpl;L> mtUlNdNa

filf;Fr; nrd;W> kf;fs; - Ngug;gps;isfs; Mfpa rfyUf;Fk; ,jkhff; fwp - fha;fwp -

go tiffs; thq;fpf;nfhz;L tPL jpUk;Gk;nghOJ gj;J kzpahfptpl;lJ.

96


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tPL fyfyg;G epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Rg;gpukzpaKk; FLk;gKk; te;jhy;

rj;jj;jpw;Ff; Fiwtpy;iy. gps;isfs; Gj;jhil Gide;J fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.

~Iak;gps;isNahil kpdf;fl;L ehd;jhd; Neuk; gpe;jPl;ld; Nghiy fplf;FJ.

Rg;gpukzpak; vy;yhg; Gs;isfSf;Fk; xU epwj;jpiyjhd; cLg;Gfs; thq;fp apUf;fpwhd;...

,Q;ir ghUq;Nfhtd; ,td; filf;Fl;b jd;iu rl;il jhd; jpwnkz;L rz;il gpbf;fpwij...

X> gupksKk; rjhrptKk; $l KOfPl;bdk;. ce;j cLg;Gfs; rupahd tpiyahk;.

tU\g;gpwg;Gf;F neLfpYk; ciy cg;Gbj; jhd; vLf;fpwit. NfhapYf;Fg; Nghfg;

Gwg;gl;L epw;fpid Nghiy. ey;Y}uhNd ,JfSf;F xU Gs;isg;ghf;fpaj;ijf; FL...

Nr> fz;Z}W gl;blg;gplhJ... gj;khTf;F ce;jr; rPiy tbthj;jhd; fplf;FJ. rhkj;jpa

tPl;Lf;Fs;is rPiyNahL ghj;jJf;F ,g;gjhd; re;jdf;fyu; epwj;jpiy jdf;nfhU rPiy

thq;fpau Ntz;Lk; vz;L kNdhfuDf;F vOjpdts;. mtd;jhd; thq;fpae;jpUf;f NtZk;...

,d;Dk; Rg;gpukzpaKk; fkyhTk; KOfp Kbf;Nfy;iyg; Nghiy... cq;if fpzj;jbapiy

epf;fpdk;.|

~~Gs;is gj;kh! ,e;jf; fwp rhkhd;fisf; nfhz;L Ngha; FRdPf;if it.||

~~mg;G fhiyr; rhg;ghLk; ,y;yhkNy filf;Fg; Nghdtu;? ePq;fs; tUtpansz;L

Kl;ilAk; nghupr;Rf; fhj;jpUe;jJjhd; kpr;rk;.||

~~mtd; Iak;gps;is tpNly;iy. mtNdhil mg;gbNa filf;Fg; NghdJk;

ey;yjhg; Nghr;RJ. rt;T fpt;T ,y;yhj ey;y ,iwr;rp fpilr;RJ. rpd;dJfs; ciwg;Gj;

jpd;dhapdk;. ghy;fwp itf;f <uy; fpilr;RJ. nfhj;jhu; ,iwr;rp tif jpd;dhjtu;.

ey;nyhU ghiu fpilr;RJ. kpr;rk; nghupaYf;Fk; cjTk;. iftpasj;ij Kbr;rpl;Lg;

NghapUe;jhy; filapiy xU kz;Zk; thq;fpapUf;NfyhJ.||

~~mg;GTf;F ,e;j tU\g;gpwg;G ey;y KOtpasj;Njhil Jtq;fpapUf;FJ|| vd;W

nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl> ngupa ckiyj; J}f;f Kbahky; J}f;fpf;nfhz;L mLf;fisg; gf;fk;

gj;kh Nghfpd;whs;.

~~,e;j Ntl;bjhd; ngj;jg;ghTf;F|| vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl ~gP];| Ntl;b xd;iw

~uPg;Ngh|tpy; mNrhfd; itf;fpd;whd;. ~~rpj;jg;ghTk; mg;ghTf;Ff; fiu Nghl;l Ntl;b

xz;L thq;fpae;jtu;|| vd;gijAk; mwptpf;fpd;whd;. vt;tsNth jLj;Jk; gupksk;

Nfl;ftpy;iy. mts; New;Nw ~gukh];| Nrhb xd;W vLj;Jf; nfhLj;J tpl;lhs;. jhd;

Kd;du; nfhz;L te;j Ntl;bAld; ngj;jg;ghtpd; kw;iwa cLg;GfisAq; nfhz;Lte;J

mLf;fp ~~Nlha;> ngj;jg;ghTf;F ,e;j Kiw ehY GJNtl;b|| vd;W cuf;ff; fj;jpdhd;.

~~%d;W Ntl;bjhNd? xd;W rhy;itay;Nyh?|| vd;W %iyapy; epd;W %j;jts;

`k;]njhdp jpUj;Jfpd;whs;.

~tPz; rpyT. vt;tsT nrhd;dhYk; Nff;fkhl;LJfs;. mJfSf;F VNjh nra;aNtZ

nkz;l Mir. tPl;Nlhil epf;Nff;fps;is cnjy;yhj;ijAk; kNdhfud;jhd; cLj;Jf;

fpopg;ghd;. ,g;g mtUky;Nyh vLj;Jj; juj; Jtq;fpapUf;fpwhu;. ,Jfis ,dp cLj;Jf;

fpopf;fpwjw;F nrse;juj;jpd;iu %j;jtd; KFe;jd;jhd; ,Uf;fpwhd;. mtDk; ,e;j

khu;fopapiy rPdpau; Nrhjpid vLf;fg; Nghwhdhf;Fk;.||

<ur; rPiyAld; fkyh ngupa miwf;Fs; XLfpwhs;. Kw;wj;jpy; fk;gpf;nfhbf;Fg;

gf;fj;jpy; epd;W jiyiaj; Jtl;bf; nfhz;bUe;j Rg;gpukzpak;> ~~kUj;JePu; me;jh

fpzj;Jf;fl;biy ,Uf;FJ. Ngha;f; Fspr;rpl;L thUq;Nfh mg;G|| vd;fpwhd;.

97


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

~~vd;d mtruk;? kNdhfuDk; KOfPl;L tpll;ld;. vq;if mtidf; fhNzy;iy?||

~~cJfs; VNjh I];fpwPk; NtZk; rPdpr; rpj;jg;gh vz;lJfs;. mtd; thq;fg;

Nghapl;lhd; Nghiy fplf;FJ. mtd; MWjyhff; Fspf;fl;Lk;. ePq;fs; Kjypiy FspAq;Nfh@

tU\k; gpwf;fg;NghFJ> Fk;gk; itf;fty;Nyh NtZk;?||

~~XNkhk;.|| Kfj;jhu; fpzw;wbf;Fg; Nghfpd;whu;. fl;bapUf;FQ; rhwj;Jld; Fspg;gJ

mtUila tof;fk;. ~rdp ePuhL| vd;w thuj;jpw;F xU Kiw@ %d;W ngUehs; ePuhl;lk;

gpuj;jpNafkhf te;J NrUk;. jiyapNy kUj;JePiu itj;J ed;whfj; jg;Gfpd;whu;.

~~rpj;jg;gh> rpj;jg;gh|| vd;W mNrhfd; Mu;g;gupf;fpwhd;.

~Fkhurhkp te;jpl;lhNdh?|

MirAld; vl;bg;ghu;f;fpwhu;. njhl;lhr;RUq;fp ,iyfs; $k;Gfpd;wd.

~,y;iy> mtd; kNdhfud;jhd;. %z;L ehY khrj;jpiy nfhQ;rk; tse;jpUf;fpwhd;.

nrhe;jkhr; rk;ghupf;f Jtq;fPl;lhy; nfhQ;rk; g+upg;Gj;jhNd? ey;y jhuhskhr; rpytopf;fpwhu;.

Xk;> Ngha;f; nfhQ;r khre;jhNd? ,d;Dk; nfhOk;Gg; gof;fq;fs; ey;yhg; GbgNly;iyg;

Nghiy... Fkhurhkpia ,d;Dk; fhNzy;iy. rpyNtis> ey;yehSk; ngUehSkh

vy;yhUk; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpiy epf;Nff;fps;is ehd; Vd; Fog;Gthd; vz;LNghl;L

epz;bLthNdh?|

,e;j vz;zk; Vw;gl> fhiyapy; ,Nyrhf cWj;jpa neQ;rpy; Ks; Mokhf

,wq;Ffpd;wJ. typ jhq;fkhl;lhJ mt];ijg;gLfpd;whu;. mt];ijg; gupfhu vj;jdj;jpy;

ngU %r;nrhd;W ePs;fpd;wJ... ,ae;jpu Ntfj;jpy; iffs; Jyhf;fapw;iw NkYk; fPOkhf

,Of;f thsp thspahfj; jz;zPu; jiyapNyNa nfhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

~~ehDk; ey;y Ntisf;Fj;jhd; te;jpUf;fpwd;. vy;yhUk; kUj;J ePuhl;lk; Kbj;jh

apw;Wg; Nghiy... gj;kh ,ijg; Gs;isaSf;Fg; gpupr;Rf; FL.||

~,J epr;rakhf; Fkhurhkpapd;iu Fuy;jhd;. ce;j ntz;fyf; fil ahidapd;iu

Fuy; mtd;iujhd;.|

jz;zPu; fhJf;Fs; GFe;J> jd; kdf;Fif epidTfSf;F cUtq;nfhLj;jJ.

khuPr [hyk; eilngWfpd;wNjh vd;W$l xU fzk; epidf;fpd;whu;. ,Ue;jhYk; Mir

,Of;fpd;wJ.

~~mg;G vq;if?||

mtu; Fspf;fpwhu;... ~~mg;G! rpd;dz;zu; te;jpUf;fpwhu;|| vd;W gj;kh Fuy;

itf;fpd;whs;.

Jspu;f;Fk; ek;gpf;if> gr;irapd; gRikia cwpQ;r> kiwg;Gj; jl;bf;F Nkyhy;

vl;bg; ghu;f;fpd;whu;.

Kw;wj;jpy; Fkhurhkp rpupj;jgb epw;fpwhd;. mtd; gf;fj;jpy; gj;kh epd;W> mtd;

nfhLj;j ~riu|apypUe;j ,Q;R tp];Nfhj;Jfisg; gq;fpLfpd;whs;. Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd;

filf;Fl;b Ntw;W Kfj;ijf; fz;L gae;j khjpup> fjpiuapd; gpd;dhy; kiwtij mtd;

ftdpf;fj; jtwtpy;iy. mtDila gaj;ijf; ftdpj;j Fkhurhkp> ~~ehDQ; rpj;jg;gh

jhd;... xUj;jUk; nrhy;ypj; jNuy;iyah?|| vd;W nrhy;yp kPz;LQ; rpupf;fpd;whd;.

98


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

~mNj rpupg;G. ,td;iu rpupg;G xU ehSk; khwhJ... vd;idg; Nghiy me;jr;

RUl;il kapu; Kd; FLk;gp itr;rJ Nghiy epf;fpwJk; khwhJ. vd;djhd; kdf;Nfhtq;fs;

,Ue;jhYk;> mtd;iu me;jr; rpupg;igf; fz;Nlhlid xUj;jUf;Fk; mtid Vrg; Ngr

kdk; tuhJ. MiuAk; kUl;Lk;.|

~~vd;d thwndz;L mwptpf;f xU Ngh];L fhu;L fpilf;fhky; Nghr;RJ cdf;F||

vd;W Kfj;jhu; fbe;J nfhs;Sfpwhu;.

~~vy;yhk; mtrue;jhd;> mg;G... Ngh];l; fhu;l; vd;dj;Jf;F? ehd;jhd; Neupiy

te;jpl;lNd... mJ fplf;f> gj;kh tU\j;Jf;Fr; rPiy fl;bapUf;fpwhs;...||Fkhurhkp gj;khit

me;jf; Nfhyj;jpy; mg;nghOJjhd; Kjd;Kiwahfg; ghu;f;fpd;whd;.

~~Xk;. ,td; kNdhfud; jd;iu Kjy; rk;gsj;jpiy vLj;Jf; nfhz;le;J

FLj;jpUf;fpwhd;|| - thspf; fapw;iwg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl Kfj;jhu; rk;gh\izapy;

<LgLfpd;whu;.

~~mj;jhd; vq;if gj;kh? fhupiyNa te;jtu;?||

~~,y;iy. uhj;jpup cj;juNjtpapiy te;J Nru;e;jtu;. ,g;g mf;fhNthil NfhapYf;Fg;

Nghapl;lhu;|| vd;W $wpf;nfhz;Nl gj;kh mLf;fisg; gf;fk; Nghfpd;whs;.

~~GJf; fhnuhz;L vLj;jnjz;L Nfs;tpg;gl;ld;. vd;d rhjpf; fhuhk;?||

~~vdf;nfd;dlh njupAk;?||

~~fhupd;iu tpiyaSk; ,g;g vd;d khjpup Vwpf; fplf;Fj; njupANk? cq;fhiy

tPl;Lg; nghbad; - mtd;jhd; uj;jpdNfhghy; - fhiu tpj;Jg; Nghl;L ~];$l;lu;|

thq;fpapUf;fpwhdhk;...||

~~fhiu tpf;Nff;iyahk;... ,Rf;$l;lUk; thq;fpdtdhk;.||

~~,g;g VJk; rhkhd; fPkhd; thq;f KbANk? mJjhd; tpj;Jg; Nghl;lhd;. mtd;iu

fhiu uhrhj;Njhl;l rq;fug;gps;isjhd; thq;fpdjhk;... mtd;iu fy;ahzg; Ngr;Rf;fhy;

vg;gpbahk;?||

~mJ Fok;gpg;Ngha;f; fplf;Fjhk;.||

~~ePq;fs; khdpg;gha;g; gFjpapiy ,Ue;J te;j rk;ge;jj;ijay;Nyh nrhy;Ywpas;?

,J ,q;fhiy Nfhg;gha;g; gFjpapiyahk;...||

~~mijg;gw;wp ehd; Nfs;tpg;gNly;iy.||

J}Zld; rha;e;Jnfhz;L epw;Fk; kNdhfuidg; ghu;j;J ~~jk;gp> cq;fil nfhk;gdpia

murhq;fk; nfjpah vLf;fg; NghFJ Nghiy> njd; a+ tpy; Xy;Nrh gpf;fk; V fTz;nkd;l;

Nrtz;l;...|| vd;fpwhd;.

~~mg;gpb elf;fhJ...||

~~eP ,Ue;J ghud; jk;gp... mg;G! jq;fuhrh mj;jhDf;F mLj;jkhrk; cj;jpNahf

cau;T fpilf;fg; NghFjhk;. njupANkh?||

99


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

~~cJfs; vdf;Fj; njupANk?||

~~Ke;jehs; mtiu ];Nlrdpiy nfhz;lhe;J tpNlf;fps;isjhd; mg;gpb xU

GuNkh\d; fpilr;rhYk; fpilf;Fk; vz;L mj;jhd; nrhd;dtu;.|| kNdhfud; jdf;Fj;

njupe;j rkhrhuj;ijr; nrhy;Yfpwhd;.

~~,td; CUf;F thwNjh mj;jpg+j;jhg;Nghiy. Mdh> Cupiy elf;fpw xz;ilAk;

tplhky; mwpQ;R itr;rpUf;fpwhd;.||

Kfj;jhu; mtru mtrukhf %d;W ehd;F ~gl;il|fis Cw;wp> ~KO|f;ifr;

Rgj;Jld; Kbf;fpwhu;.

te;Jnfhz;Nl> ~~Midf;Nfhl;il itj;jpaupd;iu nghbr;rpiag; gw;wpf;

Nfs;tpg;gl;ldPNa...|| vd;fpwhu;.

~~XNkhk;> ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;ld;. rhjp xU khjpup vz;Ljhd; ,it $j;jhbdit.

mtd; ey;y nghbad;. nfyfjiuapiy gbg;gpf;fpwhd;.||

~~X... vd;dNth cg;gpbj;jhd; xU Ngu; nrhy;Yfpdk;...||

jiyiaj; Jtl;Lk;nghOJ> ve;jg; Gj;jhilia mzptJ vd;Dk; Nahrid mtiu

Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. rpWgps;isj;jdkd;W. ngupa gps;isfSf;Fs; jd;Dila

nrayhy; kdj;jhq;fy; Vw;glf;$lhJ vd;gjpy; mf;fiw.

mjw;fpilapy;> ~~ePq;fs; Vd; <uj;Njhil epf;fpwpas;? ,ijf; fl;Lq;Nfh. ePq;fs;

tpUk;gpf; fl;LtpaNs> ePyf;fl;lk; Nghl;l rhwd;|| vd;wgb ifapy; itj;jpUe;j xU

ghu;riy ePl;Lfpd;whd;.

FNrydpd; mty; Kbr;ir mtpo;j;J cz;l fz;zdpd; cs;sj;jpNy$l ,t;tsT

kfpo;r;rp Njhd;wpapUf;f KbahJ.

tpupj;J cLf;fpd;whu;.

rydnkJTkpd;wp kw;wtu;fisg; ghu;f;fpwhu;.

nksdk;.

~~mg;GTf;F ey;yhj;jhd; ,Uf;FJ...|| ntspNa te;j gj;kh nksdj;ijf;

fiyf;fpd;whs;.

~~eP epz;l Cuhiy te;jdPNa? ,ud;@ Fk;gk; itf;fg; Nghfpwd;. nghJ ehsh

,Uf;fpwjhiy clidNa iftpask; FLf;fyhnkz;bUf;fpwd;.||

~~,y;iy mg;G. vdf;F cJfspiy mt;tsT ek;gpf;if ,y;iy vz;lJ

njupAe;jhNd? mNjhil tpbaf; fhyikNa fhu;f;fhudpl;ilf; iftpask; thq;fPl;ld;.||

Kfj;jhupd; Kfj;jpy; %l;lk;.

100


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

~~,td;jhd; GJ ehzakhg; Gwe;jtd;. xz;bYk; ek;gpf;if ,y;yhjtd; Nla;!

Gj;jfg; gbg;Gk;> eP vOJw fijaSk; ehlfq;fSk; gbg;gpy;iy. MtJ mwptJ mwpty;y@

tPl;biy NttJ mwptJjhd; mwpT. CNuhil xj;J thOwJjhd; gbg;G.|| - ,t;tsT

NeuKk; mikjpahf ,Ue;j Rg;gpukzpak; nrhy;Yfpwhd;.

~~mJf;fpy;iy mz;iz. ehd; mQ;rhW NgNuhil te;jpUf;fpwd;. Cuhq;fil

fhrpiy mtq;fis ,t;tsT J}uk; $l;bae;jdhd;. ,e;j CUf;F mtq;fs; GjpR.

mtq;fis N`hl;lypiy tpl;bl;L ehd; ,Q;ir kpdf;fLwJ mt;tsT tbtpy;iy

vz;Ljhd; nrhy;y te;jdhd;... mg;g ehd; thwd;...|| - gjpYf;Ff; fhj;jpUf;fhky; jpUk;Gfpwhd;.

~vd;d ,Ue;jhYk; kupahij jg;ghJ. Mu; nrhd;dhYk; jiyiaf; ftz;Lnfhz;L

jhd; Nfg;ghd;. kupahijf;fhfj; jhd;. Mdh> jhd; epidr;rijj;jhd; nra;thd;.|

~~rpd;dz;iz... ,Q;r Nfhg;gp nfhz;le;Jl;ld;. FbAq;Nfhtd;...|| vd;W gj;kh

Nfhg;gp fpshi] ePl;Lfpwhs;. gjpnyhd;Wk; Ngrhky; mij thq;fpf; Fbj;Jtpl;L> fpshi]j;

jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;fpd;whd;.

Kw;wj;J khq;fd;wpy;> Fk;gj;Jf;F khtpiyfs; xbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl> ~~mg;g kj;jpahdr;

rhg;ghl;Lf; nfz;lhYk; thwpNah?|| vd;W Kfj;jhu; Nfl;fpd;whu;. eg;ghirapd; cs;Kbr;R

mt;tpdhtpw; fhsj;jpupahl;lkpLfpd;wJ.

~~mtd;jhNd mg;G nrhy;ypg; Nghl;lhd;> $l;lhspais tpl;Lg;Nghl;L tNuyhJ

vz;L|| vd;W Rg;gpukzpak; nrhy;Yfpd;whd;. tof;fj;jpy; %j;jtd; mjpfk; NgRtjpy;iy.

~~mg;g thwd;... vy;yhUf;Fk; thwd;|| vd;W $wp mtrukhfg; gliyiaj; jpwf;Fk;

Fkhurhkp> xU fze; jupj;J> ~~mg;G> ,z;ilf;F vq;fil ehlfk; gpd;Nduk; Kj;jntspapiy

elf;Fk;... ey;yh ,Uf;Fk;... Neuk; ,Ue;jh thUq;Nfhtd;|| vd;W Fuy; nfhLj;Jr;

nry;Yfpwhd;.

Fk;gk; itj;J iftpNrlk; gupkhwg;gl;lhfp tpl;lJ. tpwhe;ijapYs;s ~nrw;wp|f;

fjpiufspy; mku;e;J Rg;gpukzpaKk; rjhrptKk; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

mtu;fSila Ngr;R rjhrptk; Gjpjhf thq;fpAs;s fhiur; Rw;wpr; Roy;fpd;wJ. mtu;fSf;Fr;

rw;Wj; J}uj;jpy;> J}zpNy rha;e;jthW nrse;juj;jpd; rhu;ghff; iftpNrl itgtj;jpw;

fye;J nfhz;l KFe;jd; epw;fpwhd;.

~mtd; %j;j khkDf;F ey;y kupahij.|

fkyh> gupksk;> gj;kh Mfpa %tUk; rikay; Ntiyapy; Kk;Kukhf

<Lgl;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;. ̀ k;]njhdpAk; ngupa kD\p khjpupf; $lkhl Ntiy nra;fpd;whs;.

~Fj;jp|g; gyifapy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L> mtu;fSf;F kNdhfud; jd;Dila nfhOk;G

mEgtq;fisr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.

fwpj;Njq;fha;fisnay;yhk; ~Nghu;|j; Njq;fha;fshf;fp Kw;wj;jpNy> Nghu;j; Njq;fhab

eilngWfpd;wJ. ahUld; vd;d tpisahl;by; <Lgl;bUe;jhYk;> mNrhfd; ~Fog;| ghky;

,Uf;fkhl;lhd;. fy;ypNy gl;Lj;jhd; jd;Dila ~ifahd;| cile;jjhf mtd; rz;il

gpbf;fpwhd;.

101


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

GJtUlj;Jf;F Vida kf;fspd; md;gspg;ghff; fpilj;j Gj;jhilfs; ~uPg;Ngh|apy;

,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;iw Kfj;jhupd; fz;fs; Nka;fpd;wd.

~~Gs;is gj;kh!||

mts; ifNtiyfis tpl;Ltpl;L tUfpd;whs;.

~~ce;j cLg;Gfis vLj;J it Gs;is. gpd;Nduk; xUf;fh Kj;jntspf;Fg;

NghfNtZk; ehlfk; ghu;f;f. NghNff;if %j;jz;zu; thq;fpj; je;j Ntl;biaAk;> nfhj;jhu;

thq;fpj; je;j rhy;itiaAe;jhd; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L NghfNtZk;.||

~~INah> ,isaz;zu;jhd; ghtk;.||

~~Xk; jq;fr;rp. vspatdhg; gpwe;jhYk;> ,isatdhg; gpwf;ff;$lhJ|| vd;W kNdhfud;

mLf;fisapypUe;j gbNa nrhy;Yfpd;whd;.

,jpNy vd;d eifr;Ritiaf; fz;lhu;fNsh? mz;zUk; mj;jhDk; tpOe;J

tpOe;J rpupf;fpd;whu;fs;. kNdhfud; ifapy; xU neUg;Gf;nfhs;spiaj; J}f;fpf; nfhz;L>

mLf;fisapd; kiwthd %iyiag; ghu;j;J efUfpd;whd;.

~~,g;g jk;gpAk; ngupahf;fisg; Nghiy|| vd;W gupksk; Fuy; vOg;Gfpd;whs;.

~~Rk;kh rj;jk; Nghlhij gupksk;. ,isatd; vz;lhg;Nghiy neLfpYk; rpd;dg;

nghbad; vz;l epidg;Ng? mtDk; ciof;fpwhd;@ rk;ghupf;fpwhd;|| vd;W kr;rhd;

rhu;gpy; fkyh NgRfpd;whs;.

~kNdhfud; rpfnul; Fbf;fj; Jtq;fPl;lhd; Nghiy. X> cq;if fpwhjpahiy Gif

tUFJ. tse;jhg; gpwF> mJ mJ> mJfspd;iu tpUg;gk;.||

~~vd;d kUkfd;? rad;]; ghlq;fs;jhNd? Ngj;jdkh ,q;fpyPir nef;yl; gz;zhij.||

~~`p ,]; Fl; ,d; ,q;yp];. fpwbw; vLg;ghd;|| vd;W rjhrptk; KFe;jdpd; rhu;ghf

cj;juthjkspf;fpd;whd;.

~~J}z; tpOe;jplg; NghFJ. me;jf; fjpiuapiy ,ud;.||

~~mj;jhd;> ce;jj; J}zbapiy epz;L ghj;jhy; `k;] njhdp mLg;gbapiy

,Ue;J Ntiy nra;apwJ njupAjhf;Fk;.||

~~rjhrptk;... thdjpf;Ff; $lg; gpe;jPl;bas;... mNrhfDf;nfz;lhYk; Ke;jyhk;.||

rjhrptj;jpd; fz;fs; gupksj;ijj; NjLfpd;wd.

thiag; nghj;Jk;gb Rg;gpukzpaj;jpw;Ff; fkyh irif fhl;Lfpd;whs;.

tpwhe;ij Xuj;jpy; tpOe;J fple;j Xu; ,Q;rp tpRf;Nfhj;ij vl;bnaLj;j Kfj;jhu;>

Foe;ijapd; Rghtj;Jld; xUtUf;Fe; njupahky; jd;Dila jsu;e;J Nghd

gw;fSf;fpilapy; eRf;Ffpd;whu;.

*********************************************

102


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mrpupau;: v];.ngh.: (1932 - 2015)

v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s ey;Y}upy; gpwe;J> kl;lf;fsg;ig thoplkhff;

nfhz;ltu;. aho; / Gdpj rk;gj;jpuprpahu; fy;Y}up> aho; / guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}upfspy;

fy;tp fw;w ,tu;> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> nrd;id fpwp];jtf; fy;Y}up vd;gtw;wpy;

cau;f;fy;tp gapd;whu;. 1947,y; tPuNfrupapy; Kjw;ftpij vOjp> vOj;Jyfj;jpy; gpuNtrpj;j

v];. nghd;Dj;Jiu njhlu;e;J rpWfij> ehty;> ehlfk;> fl;Liu> Ma;T> jpwdha;T>

nkhopngau;g;G vdg; gy;Jiwfspy; ,aq;fpdhu;.

ehty;fs;

- jP (1961)

- rlq;F (1966)

- Njly; (1966)

- khapdp (2007)

rpWfijj; njhFg;G

- tP (1966)

- mth

- Mz;ik

- g+

- v];.ngh. rpWfijfs;

- Njly; rpy cz;ikfs;

Kd;Ndhl;lk;

Kfj;jhu; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; MWKfk; mWgJ taijf; fle;jtu;@ kidtpia ,oe;jtu;.

mtUf;F kNdhfud;> Rg;gpukzpak;> gj;kh> gupksk;> nrse;juk;> Fkhurhkp vdg; gps;isfs;

gyu;. mjpy; Fkhurhkp Ntjf;fhugps;isia jpUkzk; Kbj;jikahy; tPl;lhuhYk;

r%fj;jhuhYk; xJf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. gpwf;fg;NghFk; tUlg;gpwg;Gf;fhf Kfj;jhupd; tPl;by;

midtUk; xd;W $Lfpd;wdu;. FLk;gj;jpy; kfpo;r;rpAk; MuthuKk; epyTfpd;wd. Mdhy;;>

Kfj;jhUf;F FkhurhkpNky; <u;g;G. Kfj;jhupd; kdNkh Fkhurhkpapd; tuTf;fhf Vq;Ffpd;wJ.

Kfj;jhu; tpUk;gpa gpufhuk; FkhurhkpAk; tUfpwhd;. MdhYk; mtd; mf;FLk;gj;jhUld;

jq;fp tUlg;gpwg;igf; nfhz;lhltpy;iy. NtW Ntiy fhuzkhf mtd; FLk;gj;jhuplKk;

je;ijahuplKk; tpilngw;Wf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;whd;. mtutu; tpUg;gg;gb tho;tNj tho;f;if’

vd Kfj;jhu; czu;fpd;whu;.

aho;g;ghzf; FLk;gk; xd;wpd; cwTfspd; ,aq;Fepiyia> GJtUlg; gpwg;ig ikakhff;

nfhz;L mjd; njhlu;epfo;r;rpfis xOq;FgLj;jp cwTfs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> Kuz;ghLfs;>

ghrk; Kjypatw;iw ,izj;J> ,f;fij gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fsk;

Kfj;jhupd; tPl;bidAk; Cupd; Kr;re;jpiaAk; fijf;fskhff; nfhz;L> ,r;rpWfij

,aq;Ffpd;wJ. tPL> tPl;bd; nfhy;iy> fpzw;wb> jpz;iz> tPl;bd; rpd;d miw> Kw;wk;

vdf; fijf;fsk; tPl;bd; gy ghfq;fSld; ,izj;Jg; gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ.

103


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghj;jpu thu;g;Gf;fs;

Kfj;jhu;> Kfj;jhupd; %j;jkfd; Rg;gpukzpak; mtdJ kidtp fkyh> kfs; ̀ k;rj;tdp>

Kfj;jhupd; ,d;ndhU kfs; gupksk;> fztd; rjhrptk;> gpwpnjhU kfs; nrse;juk;

mts; fztd; jq;fuhrh gps;isfs;> Fkhurhkp mtd; kidtp> ,isakfd; kNdhfud;>

,isakfs; gj;kh kw;Wk; gRgjp vdg; ghj;jpuq;fs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fp ,r;rpWfij

gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kfj;jhNu Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpukhfpd;whu;.

fijg;gpd;dy;

GJtUlg;gpwg;gd;W ,lk;ngWk; epfo;TfNshL Muk;gpj;jy;.

Kfj;jhupd; epidNthl;lq;fspy; efu;jy;.

jhia ,oe;j gj;kh> FLk;g cwTfisg; gw;wpg; NgRjy;.

kjk; khwpj; jpUkzk; nra;j Fkhurhkpahy; vjpu;nfhz;l neUf;fPLfis

ntspg;gLj;jy;.

Fkhurhkpapd; tUiff;fhff; fhj;jpUe;J> mtd; te;jNghJ kdk;kfpo;jy;.

GJtUlg;gpwg;gd;W xd;WNrUk; FLk;gnkhd;wpd; FJ}fyj;ij ,dq;fhl;ly;.

Kfj;jhu; Gj;jhiliaj; njupTnra;tjpy; gps;isg;ghrj;ij czu;j;jy;.

nkhopeil

aho;g;ghz kf;fspd; fpuhkpa nkhopiar; nrt;tNd ifahz;Ls;shu;.

c- k; : nfhf;fh gupksk; ,d;Dk; vOk;gy;iyNa.

tpguzj; jd;ikahd nkhopeil

Gwf;fhl;rpfisAk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;igAk; tpsf;f> tpguzj;jd;ikahd

nkhopeilia Mrpupau; ifahs;fpwhu;.

c- k;: ,wg;gpy; njhq;Fk; ntz;rq;fpNy fjpu;fhkj;J tpg+jp ,Uf;Fk;. tyf;if

tpuy;fSf;Fs; vLj;J> “rpt.........rpth” vd;W cr;rupf;Fk;nghOJ ey;Y}u;f;

fe;jdpd; cjafhyg; g+ir kzp Nfl;Fk;.

ftpj;Jtk; nrwpe;j nkhopeil

thu;j;ijfs; khu;g;G kapiug; nghRf;fp ,jaf;Fiyia ntJg;gpnaLj;j nghOJ......

FWf;F ,iofisj; jwpj;jiyapNy kpd;rhu Ntfj;jpy; ,izfpd;wd.

mq;fjg;ghq;fpyhd nkhopeil

VNjh MidNridia rPjdkhff; FLj;jdhd;.

mzpg; gad;ghL

- Nuh[h ,jo;g;gLf;ifahd nkd;ik Nru; epidTfs; - ctik mzp

- cLk;igg; Nghyj;jhd; gpbthjk; - ctik mzp

- jz;zPu; fhJf;Fs; GFe;J kdf;Fif epidTfSf;F cUtq;nfhLj;jJ -

cUtf mzp

mUfpa tof;fpy; cs;s nrhw;fspd; gad;ghL

c - k; : khuPr [hyk; eilngWfpd;wNjh?

tpupe;j nghUisr; RUf;fkhfTk; jhf;fj;NjhLk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; czu;r;rp nrwpthd

nkhopeil.

c - k; : mNj ehf;Ffs; jpir jpUk;gp> mtiu ky;yhj;jpf; fplj;jpf; FwpRl;lNghJ......

104


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;


Gifapiyr; Rj;J - RUl;L

nfhy;iy - tPl;bd; gpd;Gw tsT

thyhak; - tof;fkhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;

FUk;ik - ,se;Njq;fha;> Nfhk;ig

,wg;G - jho;thuf; $iuapd; cl;gFjp

epj;jpa fUkk; - md;whlf; fUkq;fs;

Nfhb - Gj;jhil

nfhwpj;jy; - rpwpa mstpy; cz;Zjy;

jhaj;jpd;dp - gpwf;Fk;NghJ jhia ,oe;j Foe;ij

rPtpag;ghL - tho;f;ifia / rPtpaj;ijf; nfhz;L elj;jy;

GJehzag; Ngu; - GJikahd ngau;

fLf;fz;Zw gUtk; - tpliyg; gUtk;

thflq;fs; - rk;gpujhaq;fs; / kuGfs;

cupr;R itr;r khjpup - mr;nrhl;lhf

xg;Ngj;Jjy; - Kad;W epiwNtw;Wjy;

tpf;fpdk; - Jd;gk;

fhJg;gpb - tw;GWj;jp mioj;Jtuy;

NfhR - juk; / jlit

GJNkhb - GJg;ghzp (Fashion)

fijr; rhq;fj;jpy; - fijg;guhf;fpy;

jiyr;rd; - jiyg;gps;is / Kjw;gps;is / rpNu\;l Gj;jpud;

iftpask; - iftpNrlk;

gQ;rhDk; FQ;RfSk;- f\;lj;jpd; kj;jpapy; tsu;f;Fk; Foe;ijfs;

rk;ghupj;jy; - cioj;jy; / rk;ghjpj;jy;

kbrQ;ir - gzg;ig

jr;Nryh - jw;nrayhf

mupaJ eupaJ - fpilj;jw;fupa

Vfhtlkply; - xw;iw tlkply;

105


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mfu;\pj;jy; - ftu;jy;

nghr;rk; jPutpy;iy - jpUg;jp ,d;ik

Gjpdk; - tpag;G

rPik - NkiyehL

ehf;F topf;f - ngWkjpaw;wJ / gpuNahrdkw;wJ

gliy - jl;bf; fjT (Gate)

rfthrk; - cwT

njhlu;ry; - cwT

rsg;Gjy; - rkhspj;jy;; / Fog;Gjy;

cjtuq; nfl;ltd; - ngWkjpapy;yhjtd; / cjthf;fiu

Nwhl;lsj;jy; - tPzhf miyjy; / ntWkNd miyjy;

tpsg;gkhf - gpurpj;jkhf

K];ghj;jp - gfpb

rhkj;jpak; - nfl;bj;jdk;

ngj;jg;gh - ghl;ld;

kUj;JePu; - ,e;Jf;fs; GJtUlg;gpwg;gpd;NghJ> ePuhLtjw;fhfj;

jiyapy; itFk; %ypiffshy; fha;r;rg;gl;l ePu;

rPdpr; rpj;jg;gh - cwTKiw / je;ijapd; ,isa rNfhjud;

Vrg;Ngr - Vr

kUl;Lk; - kaf;Fk;

fypahzg;Ngr;Rf;fhy; - jpUkzg;Ngr;R

%l;lk; - ftiyg;gLjy;

fpwhjp - kuj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l jLg;G

fhsj;jpupahl;lkply; - mq;fyha;j;jy;

GJehzak; - GJtof;fk;

**********************************************

106


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

M. jpahfk;;

Nfhtpy;gl;b kspiff; fil fjpNurd; nrl;bahh; fhiyapy; gyfhuk; rhg;gpl kzp

gj;J MFk;. mg;Gwk; xU gj;J epkp\k; cl;fhh;e;J> rhg;gpl;l rpukj;ijg; Nghf;fpf;

nfs;sNtz;Lk;. mjd; gpd; filia Nehf;fpg; Gwg;gLthu;. rupahfg; gjpide;J epkp\

eil. gj;J ,Ugj;ije;Jf;Ff; filapy; te;J cf;fhUthu;. ifapy; fbfhuk; fl;lhkNy

epkp\f; fzf;F jtwhky; tU\k; Ke;E}w;W mWgj;ije;J ehSk; xNu khjpupahf mtu;

filf;F tUtJk; tPL jpUk;GtJk; ,e;jf; fhyj;Jf; filr; rpg;ge;jpfSf;F XH mjprakhf

,Uf;Fk; vd;gijr; nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy. mtu; me;jf; fhyj;J kD\H. mtu; gofpa

cyfk; mtiu tpl;lhYk; mtu; mij tplj; jahuhf ,y;iy.

md;Wk; fhiy 10.25 f;Ff; filf;F te;jhu;. filf;Fs; EioAk;NghJ Kfj;ij

vg;gb itj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;LNkh - xU Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

- mg;gb itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j Kfghtj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rk;> fLfLg;G> gpujhdkpy;yhj

mk;rk;> xU khjpupahd tpiwg;G. ,e;j Kfghtj;ijf; filapy; cl;fhh;e;jpUf;Fk; tiuapy;

vf;fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; khw;wkhl;lhh;. ez;gu;fNsh> me;j];Jkpf;f thbf;iff;fhuu;;fNsh

tUk;NghJ mtu; rpupf;fNth> Gd;dif nra;aNth Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gLk;. mijAk;

,e;j Kfghtj;ij khw;whkNy epiwNtw;wp tpLthu;….

filapy; te;J cl;fhh;e;j nrl;bahh;> fzf;F vOJk; NrhkRe;juk; gps;isia

xU jlit Vwpl;Lg; ghh;j;jhh;. gps;isAk; mt;tz;zNk nra;jhh;. gpwF nrl;bahh;

Kfj;ijj; jpUg;gp> ngl;biaj; jpwe;J mq;Nf fplf;Fk; rpy;yiwf; fhRfisf; ifahy;

Johtpl;L> filr; rpg;ge;jpfis - me;j ehd;F NgiuAk; - nkhj;jkhfTk; jdpj;jdpahfTk;

ghh;j;jhh;. ,dp tir Guhzj;ij Muk;gpf;f Ntz;baJjhd;! vijr; rhf;fhf itj;Jf;

nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fyhk; vd;W xU fzk; Nahrpj;jhh;. XNu xU fzk;jhd;.. rhf;Ff;

fpilj;J tpl;lJ……..

“Vz;lh> jbg; gafsh! ePq;f vd;d guNjrpfsh? re;ahrpfshlh? vUik khl;Lg;

gay;fs;! tpbQ;rJk; ehY tPl;Lf;F ahrfj;Jf;Fg; Nghw gpr;irf;fhug; gay;$l ,g;gpbr;

rhk;giy ms;spg; G+r khl;lhNdlh? jupj;jpuk; gpbr;r gafsh! ePq;f te;J filapNy

nehisQ;rPq;fNsh ,y;iyNah> ahthuk; xz;Zf;Fg; ghjpahg; gLj;Jg; Nghr;R. ,d;Dk;

kpr;rk; kPjpiaAk; gLf;f tr;rpl;Lg; Nghfthlh> ,g;gb nej;jpapNy ms;spg; G+rpf;fpl;Lg;

te;jpUf;fPq;f> rhk;giy?....”

filapy; Gjpjhfr; Nrhh;e;jpUe;j xU rpg;ge;jp> “ePq;fSk; tpG+jp G+rpapUf;fPq;fNs>

nkhjyhsp?” vd;W Nfl;Ltpl;lhd;.

“mb nrUg;ghNy! ehNa! thiaj; njhwf;fpwpah eP? (fzf;F gps;isiag; ghh;j;J)

ghh;j;jPuh NrhkRe;juk;gps;is? gay; vJj;jpy;Ny nttfhuk; gz;whd;? N[hl;lhNy mbr;R

ntspNa gj;Jk; ,tid! ekf;Fr; rhpg;glhJ. fQ;rpf;fpy;yhNk nrj;j gay;fis vuf;fg;gl;Lf;

filapNy tr;rJ vd;Kl;lhs;jhd;. NrhkRe;juk; gps;is……..” vd;W nrl;bahh; nghhpe;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ> fzf;Fg; gps;is me;jg; GJg; igaidg; ghh;j;J> Ntiyiag;

Ngha;g; ghNuz;lh> nkhjyhspfpl;l vg;gpbg; NgrZk;fpwJ$l njhpay;iyNa> xdf;F!

ck; … Ngh! Ngha; Ntiyiag; ghU” vd;whh;.

me;jg; igaDf;F Mj;jpuk; Mj;jpukhf te;jJ. Nghjhf;Fiwf;F kw;w %d;Wigad;fSk; jpUk;gpf; nfhz;L mtidg; ghh;j;Jr; rphpj;jhh;fs;.

nrl;bahh; mNjhL mtid tpl;L tpl;lhh;. kw;nwhU igaidg; ghh;j;J m];jpuj;ijj;njhLj;jhh;. “V fONj! xd;idj;jhNd! gUg;GNy xNu fy;yhf; nflf;Fd;D nrhd;NdNd>nghilr;rp tr;rah> fOij?”

“nghilr;rpl;Nld;> Kjyhsp> fy;Y xz;Zk; ,y;iyNa?”

107


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

“vd;dlh! ,y;iyah? mg;Ngh ehd; ngha;ah nrhy;Nwd;? Nla;! ,e;j khjpup ePNgrpf;fpl;Nl ,Ue;jh> nrUg;gb thq;fpf;fpl;Lj;jhd; ,e;jf; filia tpl;Lg; Nghfg;NghNw. Mkh> ey;yh ahTfj;jpNy tr;Rf;Nfh. Ntiyia xOq;fhr; nra;. NrhkRe;juk;

gps;is> gaNgr;irg; ghh;j;jPuh? ghh;j;Jf;fpl;Buhd;Ndd;? filf;F th;wtndy;yhk; xUj;jd;

ghf;fpapy;yhNk> ‘vd;d nrl;bahNu> ,g;gpbf; fy;iyg; Nghl;bUf;fpwPNu gUg;GNy’d;DNff;fwhd;. ,td; ‘vd;dlhd;dh ‘nghilr;rpl;Nld;; fy;ypy;Ny’q;fpwhNd! ck;… V fOij!

eP nghilr;rJ nere;jhdh? Nfl;lJf;Fg; gjpy; nry;Y! ,y;Ny. ,g;gpbNa filia

tpl;Lf; fPNo vwq;F….’

NrhkRe;juk; gps;is me;jg; igaidg; ghh;j;J> “nghilr;Nrd;;> fy;iyr; Rj;jkhg;

nghwf;fpl;Nld;> nkhjyhspd;D nrhd;dh vd;dg;gh? nerj;ijr; nrhy;wJf; nfd;d?” vd;whu;.

me;jg; igad; gjpy; nrhy;yhky; epd;whd;.

nrl;bahu; filg;igad;fs; mj;jid NgiuAk; nkhj;jkhfg; ghu;j;J> Nghq;fNy>

vk; %Q;rpapNy Kspf;fhjPq;f. xq;fisf; fl;bf;fpl;L khubf;fpwKf;F xU Fj;Jf;fy;iyf;

fl;bf;fpl;L khubf;fyhk;….njhiyQ;rp Nghq;flh” vd;W tpul;bdhu;.

filg;igad;fs; ehy;tUk; cs;Ns Ngha;tpl;lhu;fs;. cs;Ns NghdJk; gioa

%tUk; rpupj;jhu;fs;.

kWepkp\Nk nrl;bahu; mtu;fis mioj;jhu;. “Vz;lh> vq;flh $z;Nlhl ifyhrk;

Nghapl;bq;f? cs;Ns rKf;fhsj;ij tpupr;rpg; gLj;Jj; J}q;Fq;flh@ ey;yhj; J}q;Fq;f!

,q;Nf tu;wtq;fSf;Fg; GspAk; fLFk; ehd; epWj;Jg; NghLNwd;.”

GJg; igad; Mj;jpuj;ij mlf;fpf; nfhz;L> “ePq;fjhNd nkhjyhsp> cs;Ns

Nghfr; nrhd;dPq;f? ehq;f vJ nrQ;rhYk; Fj;jkhr; nrhy;wPq;fNs…..” vd;W ,uz;L

thuq;fshf mlf;fp itj;jpUe;j Mj;jpuj;ijf; ff;fpNa tpl;lhd;.

mtd; Ngrpaijf; Nfl;L kw;wg; igad;fs; Kfj;ijj; jpUg;gpf; nfhz;L rpupf;f>

nrl;bahu; jk; Kfj;ij ,d;Dk; fLg;ghf itj;Jf; nfhz;L NrhkRe;juk; gps;isia

Vwpl;Lg; ghu;f;f> gps;is me;jg; igaidg; ghu;j;J> “Vz;lh> ‘NgrhNj NgrhNj’d;Dxdf;F vj;jid juk; nrhy;wJ? vd;d gay;lh eP? Ngha; me;j <uq;fhaj;ij %l;ilapNyUe;J

vLj;Jf;fpl;L th…..,q;Nf ngl;bapNy <uq;fhakpy;Ny” vd;whu;.

mnjy;yhk; vq;Nf njupAJ? vy;yhk; nrhy;ypj;jhd; elf;f Ntz;bapUf;F. Vz;lh>

NrhW jpq;fpwPq;fNs> mijAk; nrhd;dhj;jhd; jpk;gPq;fNsh? ,y;iy> Nff;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gb

mwpTnfl;l gay;fsh te;J ekf;Fd;D Nre;jpUf;fhq;fNs> mijr; nrhy;Yk;…Nla;>

xd;idj;jhz;lh! me;j Kj;ijahgps;is ghf;fpiag; Ngha;f; Nfl;bah? mijAk;

nrhd;dhj;jhd; nra;tpah?”

“Nfl;Nld;> nkhjyhsp.”

“Nfl;bahf;Fk;? nfl;bf;fhud;jhd;! Nfl;L thq;fZk;D NjhzypNah?”

“ghf;fpiaf; FLj;jpl;lhU” vd;W ngUkpjj;NjhL nrhd;dhd; igad;.

“ml! vd;dNkh ,td; rhku;j;jpaj;jpNy thq;fpd khjpupapy;Ny NgRwhd;! fld;

thq;fpdtu; FLf;fhkyh ,Ug;ghU? Kj;ijahgps;is Nahf;fpad;. ,tidg; Nghy

Kbr;Rkhwpg; gayh ,Ug;ghUd;D neidr;rhd; Nghy ,Uf;F. mjdhNyjhd;

‘FLj;jpl;lhU’d;D nuhk;gr; rtlhyhr; nrhy;fpwhd;. Va; eP vg;gblh Ngha;f; Nfl;Nl?

fz;bg;ghff; Nfl;bah?”

“fz;bg;ghj;jhd;; Nfl;Nld;> nkhjyhsp…”

108


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

“fz;bg;ghf; Nfl;bah? cd;id ahUlh mg;gbf; Nff;fr; nrhd;dJ? vjk;gjkhg;

NgrZk;D xdf;F vj;jid juk; nrhy;ypapUf;Nfd;? fz;bg;ghg; Ngrpdh ehisf;F

vtz;lh filf;F tUthd;?.....”

mg;NghJ NrhkRe;juk; gps;is FWf;fpl;L> rhtjhdkhf> “KUifah> me;jg;

ngupa fzf;F Nehl;il ,g;gpL vL” vd;whu;.

nrl;bahu; KUifahit tpl;Ltpl;lhu;. kw;nwhU igaid Vwpl;Lg; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;j rkaj;jpy; \z;Kfk; gps;is filf;F te;J Nru;e;jhu;.

“mz;zhr;rp> thq;f” vd;W mtiu tuNtw;w nrl;bahu;> me;jg; igaidg; ghu;j;J>

“Va; guNjrp! ehd; cdf;F vd;d nrhd;Ndd;? vd;dNy nrhd;Ndd;?....” vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj> \z;Kfk; gps;is Ngr;Rf; nfhLj;jhu;. “nrl;bahiuah> ehisf;F

kJiuf;Fg; NghNwd;.....” vd;W jhk; nrhy;y te;j tp\aj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;. nrl;bahUk;

ftdj;ij mtuplk; jpUg;gpdhu;. mj;Jld; rhkhd;fs; thq;fTk; ,uz;nlhUtu; te;jhu;fs;.

igad;fs; RWRWg;ghf Ntiyapy; <Lgl;lhu;fs;.

fjpNurd; nrl;bahu; vg;nghOJ ghu;j;jhYk; filr; rpg;ge;jpfs; kPJ ,g;gbr; rPwp

tpOtijg; gy tU\q;fshfg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L te;jtu; \z;Kfk; gps;is. xU

ehs;$l nrl;bahu; md;ghf xU igaidg; ghu;j;Jg; Ngrpajpy;iy. khjj;jpy; gj;J

ehl;fshtJ mtu; nrl;bahu; filf;F te;J rpwpJ Neuk; cl;fhu;e;J Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;J

tpl;Lg; Nghthu;. mtu; te;Jtpl;lhy; filg; igad;fSf;F xNu nfhz;lhl;lk;. Vndd;why;>

mtNuhL Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ nrl;bahu; r`];uehk mu;r;ridiaj; jw;fhypfkhf

epWj;jp itj;J tpLthu; vd;gJ mtu;fSf;Fj; njupAk;.

nrl;bahUk;$l mu;r;ridia epWj;Jtjw;F mij xU ey;y re;ju;g;gkhff; fUJthu;!

NrhkRe;juk; gps;is FWf;fpl;Lf; filg; igad;fSf;Fg; Gj;jp nrhy;yj; njhlq;fptpl;lhYk;

nfhQ;rk; %r;R tpl;L Xa;ntLj;Jf; nfhs;thu;. igad;fisj; jhk; jpl;Lk;NghJ jLj;J

epWj;Jtjw;F xU Ms; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt NrhkRe;juk; gps;isia me;j Kg;gJ

tU\ fhyKk; jk; filapy; fzf;Fg; gps;isahf itj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu; vd;W

nrhd;dhYk; jtwpy;iy.

nrl;bahupd; Fzhjpraq;;fnsy;yhk; filg; igad;fSf;F kdg;ghlk;. ,uz;Lthuq;fSf;F Kd; te;J Nru;e;j GJg; igad; ntq;flhryj;Jf;F ,d;Dk; Kjw;ghlk;$lr;

ruptug; Gupatpy;iy. mjdhy;jhd; mtDf;Fr; nrl;bahu; jpl;Lk;NghJ cs;Sw kdk;

FKwpaJ. “gpr;irf;fhud;”, “fQ;rpf;F ,y;yhjtd;”, “ehNa> NgNa” vd;W vj;jidNah

,opnrw;fisr; Nrw;wpNy Njha;j;J vLj;Jr; nrl;bahu; tPrpapUf;fpwhu;. mtd; nrhy;yhky;

nfhs;shky; filiatpl;L Xbtplyhk; vd;W epidj;jhYk;> jd; jfg;gdhupd; fz;bg;Gf;Fg;

gae;J ,d;Dk; mq;NfNa ,Ue;J nfhz;bUe;jhd;.

mtDila Nuh\j;ijf; fz;Lk;> nrl;bahu; jq;fisj; jpl;Ltijf; fz;Lk; kw;wg;

igad;fs; rpupj;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtu;fSf;F khdNkh Nuh\Nkh ,y;yhjJjhd; vd;W

ahuhtJ epidj;jhy;> mijtplg; ngupa jtW Ntnwhd;Wk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. mtu;fs;

mq;Nf ,Ue;J gofpatu;fs;. nrl;bahupd; thu;j;ijf;Fg; nghUs; fpilahJ vd;W

kdg;g+u;tkhf mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;. mjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; cz;L@ xd;W NtW ve;jf;

filapYk; filr; rpg;ge;jpfSf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; rk;gsj;ij tpl ,q;Nf mjpf rk;gsk;.

jPghtspf;Fg; GJ Nt\;b rl;ilfSld; MSf;Fg; gj;J &gha; nuhf;fKk; nfhLg;ghu;

nrl;bahu;. fil Ntiyiaj; jtpu> jk;ik kwe;J$l tPl;L Ntiy nra;ar; nrhy;ykhl;lhu;.

mtUila tPl;Lf;Ff; filg; igad;fs; Nghdhy;> Kfj;jpy; fLfLg;gpy;yhky; ~Iah>

uhrh’ vd;W md;NghL NgRthu;. VfNjrkhfr; rhg;gplr; nrhy;tJk; cz;L. vy;yhtw;iwAk;

tpl Kf;fpakhf> ahu; vd;d Gfhu; nrhd;dhYk;> ve;jg; igad;fs; thypgu;fshfpf;

fy;ahzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;NghJ> fy;ahzr; nryTf;F xU fzprkhd njhifAk;

109


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nfhLg;gJ tof;fk;. mtu; filapy; Ntiy ghu;j;j igad; ngupatdhfpj; jdpf; fil

njhlq;f epidj;jhy;> mjw;Fk; cjtp nra;thu;.mg;gb mtu; ifJ}f;fp tpl;L ,d;W

%d;W Ngu; mNj Cupy; kspiff; filfis yhgfukhf elj;jpf; nfhz;L tUfpwhu;fs;.

,e;j ufrpaq;fnsy;yhk; filg; igad;fSf;Fj; njupAk;. mjdhy;jhd; mtUila

tirGuhzj;ij VNjh tof;nfhope;j Xu; me;epa ghi\apy; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhtpakhff;

fUjp xJf;fpj; js;sp tpl;lhu;fs;.

2

fhiyapy; igad;fs; tpg+jp g+rp te;jijf; fz;L rPwp tpOe;jijg; ghu;j;j GJg;

igad;> kWehs; ntWk; new;wpNahl te;Jtpl;lhd;. mt;tsTjhd;: “eP vd;dlh irtdh?

,y;iy> Ntjf;fhudh? (fpwp];jtdh?) vd;dNy Kopf;fpNw? xd; %Q;rpiag; ghu;j;jh

vtz;lh filf;F tUthd;?... nej;jpiar; RLfhL khjpup tr;rpf;fpl;L......”, “Ngha; tpg+jpia

vLj;Jg; g+R” vd;W fzf;Fg; gps;is mtDf;Fg; Gj;jp nrhd;dhu;. nrl;bahu; jpl;Ltij

clNd epWj;jp tpl;lhu;.

md;W nrz;gfty;ypak;kd; Nfhtpypy; filrp ehs; tpoh. ngupa Nksf; fr;Nrup>

thz Ntbf;iffs; vy;yhk; Vw;ghlhfpapUe;jd. ntspa+u;f; $l;lk; njUnty;yhk; epuk;gp

tope;jJ. md;W xU kzpNeuk; Kd;djhfNt - mjhtJ> vl;L kzpf;Nf filia

milj;J tpl;Lj; jhKk; NfhtpYf;Fg; Nghfyhk;> kw;wtu;fisAk; tPl;Lf;F mDg;gp

tplyhk; vd;W KbT fl;bapUe;jhu; nrl;bahu;. Voiu kzpf;nfy;yhk; \z;Kfk; gps;is

te;jhu;. nrl;bahu; jk; Xa;nthopr;ryw;w tir Guhzj;ij epWj;jp> “mz;zhr;rp> thq;f”vd;W Gd;difNahL mtiu tuNtw;Wtpl;L> “kJiuf;F Nej;Jj;jhNd NghdPq;f” vd;WMr;rupaj;NjhL Nfl;lhu;.

“mq;Nf Nrhyp? Nghd fhupak; KbQ;rJk; jpUk;g Ntz;baJjhNd? ,d;dpf;Ff;

fhiyapNy Kjy; tz;bf;Nf te;Jl;NlNd! Fspr;Rr; rhg;gpl;Nld;. nfhQ;rk; mre;J

J}q;fpNdd;. J}q;fpg;gpl;L tu;Nwd;....”

nrl;bahu; fbfhuj;ijg; ghu;j;jhu;. kzp VNo Kf;fhy;. ,Jjhd; rkak; vd;W

Muk;gpj;J tpl;lhu;.

“Vz;lh! jPtl;bj; jbad;fsh?”

“vd;d nkhjyhsp” vd;W ,uz;L igad;fs; Vf fhyj;jpy; Nfl;lhu;fs;.

“vd;d nkhjyhspah? ehDk; xU kzp Neukhg; ghu;j;Jf;fpl;Nl ,Uf;Nfd;. ,e;jg;

gaf thiaj; njhwe;J Nff;fl;Lk;D. ePq;f vq;Nf Nfg;gPq;f? xq;fSf;Fr; rhkp VJ>

rhj;jhd; VJlh? mg;gbj; nja;t gf;jp ,Ue;jh> xq;f %Q;rpapNy nfhQ;rkhr;Rk; fis

,Uf;FNk! mwpT nfl;l gafsh> ,d;idf;F jpUsh Mr;Nr> Cu; g+uhTk; NfhapYf;Fg;

Ngha;r; rhkp Fk;gpLNj> ehkSk; NghfZk;D Vz;lh xq;fSf;Fj; Njhzy;Ny?”

mg;NghJ \z;Kfk; gps;is>“nkhjyhsp nrhy;yhNk vg;gbf; filiag; Nghl;Ll;Lr;

rhkp ghu;f;fg; Nghthq;f? ePq;f nrhy;wJ epahakpy;ypNa> nrl;bahiuah!” vd;whu;.

“Mkh! mz;zhr;rp> rhkp Fk;gpLwJ$l nkhjyhspiaf; Nfl;Lj;jhd; Fk;gplZk;!

ePq;fSk; mtq;f fl;rpapNy Nre;J NgRq;f!” vd;whu; nrl;bahu;.

NrhkRe;juk; gps;is> igad;fisg; ghu;j;J> filia milg;gjw;F vy;yhtw;iwAk;

vLj;J cs;Ns itf;fr; nrhd;dhu;. mtu;fSk; [&uhf Ntiyapy; ,wq;fpdhu;fs;.

nrl;bahu; kpFe;j ftiyNahL “,e;jg; gafNshl fj;jpf; fj;jp vd; njhz;ilj;

jz;zpjhd; tj;JJ mz;zhr;rp> Nrr;Nrr;Nr!” vd;W rypj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

\z;Kfk; gps;is rpupj;jhu;.

110


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; filia vLj;J itj;Jg; g+l;b Kbj;jJk; igad;fs; NfhtpYf;Fg;

Nghf cj;juTf;Ff; fhj;jpUe;jhu;fs;.

“vd;dlh. NfhapYf;Fj;jhNd?” vd;W Nfl;lhu; nrl;bahu;.

“Mkh! nkhjyhsp”.

“NfhapYf;F ntWq;ifia tPrpf;fpl;Lj;jhd; Nghfg; NghwPq;fsh?”

gjpy; ,y;iy.

“vd;dlh> ehd; Nff;fpNwd;> Ngrhk epf;fpwPq;fNs? thapNy vd;d nfhsf;fl;ilah

,Uf;F?”

mjw;Fk; gjpy; ,y;iy.

“ghUq;f mz;zhr;rp> thiaj; njhwf;fpwhq;fsh> ghUq;f. NfhapYf;Fg; NghwJd;dh

Njq;fh> gsk;. #lnky;yhk; nfhz;L NghfNtz;lhkh?”

“nfhz;Ljhd; NghfNtZk;” vd;whu; \z;Kfk; gps;is.

“mJ ,e;jg; gafSf;Fj; njupAjh> ghUq;f.........flTNs! flTNs!” vd;W jiyapy;

mbj;Jf; nfhz;L> “Nla;! ,e;jhq;flh> MSf;F xj;j &th> Ngha;> Njq;fh> gsk;

thq;fpl;Lg; Nghq;f. vq;f jiyapNy Vd; fspkz;iz tr;Nr> rhkp? %isia

itf;fNyz;zhYk; nts;is nkSifahtJ tr;rpUf;ff; $lhjh?d;D rhkpiaf;

NfSq;flh” vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L ehd;F NgUf;Fk; ehd;F &gha;fisf; nfhLj;jhu;. igad;fs;

Ngha; tpl;lhu;fs;.

nrl;bahu; rhtpf; nfhj;NjhL tPl;il Nehf;fp ele;jhu;.

rhg;gpl;Ltpl;L mk;ghspd; efu;tyj;ijg; ghu;g;gjhf cj;Njrk;. mk;ghs;

filj;njUTf;F tu kzp gjpndhd;whfptpLk; vd;gJ mtuf;Fj; njupAk;. \z;Kfk;

gps;isAk; mtUk; Ngrpf; nfhz;Nl Nghdhu;fs;. mg;NghJ \z;Kfk; gps;is jhk;

ntF ehl;fshff; Nfl;f epidj;jij md;W mg;gl;lkhff; Nfl;Ltplj; Jzpe;jhu;.

“vd;d nrl;bahiuah> ek;k rpNefpjj;ijg; nghWj;Jf; Nff;fpNwd;. Nfhtpr;Rf;fpl

khl;Bq;fNs?;”

“vd;d mz;zhr;rp> xq;fis vg;Ngh ehd; Nfhtpr;rpUf;Nfd;? vd;d ,g;gpbf;

Nff;fpwPq;f? ekf;Fs;Ns vd;d Ntj;Jik?”

“,y;Ny ePq;f nuhk;g jahs Fzj;Njhl ,Uf;fpwPq;f@ CupNyAk; xq;fisg; gj;jpg;

ngUikahg; Ngrpf;fpwhq;f. filg; igad;fSf;F cq;fisg; Nghyr; rk;gsk; FLf;fpwtq;f

,y;Nyd;Dk; vdf;Fj; njupAk;. vy;yhk; ey;yhj;jhd; ,Uf;F. mdh> ,g;gpb ,Ugj;J ehY

kzp NeuKk; filg; igad;fisj; jpl;bf;fpl;Nl ,Uf;fpwPq;f? vg;Ngh te;J ghu;j;jhYk;

vtidahtJ epg;ghl;b tr;rpf;fpl;Lg; nghupapwPq;fNs> vJf;F? nfhQ;rk; md;gh Mjuth

,Uf;fyhkpy;Ny?;”

“mz;zhr;rp> md;gh Mjuth ,y;Nyd;dh ehd; jpl;Ltdh? mijf; nfhQ;rk;

Nahrid gz;zpg; ghUq;f. gafis nerkh vdf;Fg; gpbf;fNyd;dh> xNu nrhy;ypy;

filia tpl;L ntapNaj;jpg;gpl;L kW Nrhyp ghf;f khl;ldh? nrhy;Yq;f. ,e;;j Kg;gJ

tUrj;jpNy. xUj;jid ehd; Ntiyia tpl;lg; Nghfr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwdh? gaf tpUj;jpf;F

tuZk;jhNd njhz;ilj; jz;zpia tj;j tr;Rf;fpl;bUf;Nfd;? fj;jpf; fj;jp vd; cRUk;

NghFJ.

“Vd; fj;jZk;? ey;ygbah xU nrhy; nrhd;dhg; gj;jhjh?”

111


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

“mg;gbah nrhy;wPq;f mz;zhr;rp? rupjhd;! ey;ygbahfr; nrhd;dh gafSf;Fjpkpu; ,y;Ny Vwpg; NghFk;? xlk;G tisAkh? me;jf; fhyj;jpNy ehd; filg; igadh,Ue;jg;Ngh vq;f nkhjyhsp Ngrpdij ePq;f Nfl;bUf;fZk;……. `_k;> mjpy gj;jpNy

xU gq;F$l ehd; NgrpapUf;fkhl;Nld;@ NgrTk; njupahJ.”

“mg;Ngu;g;gl;l nkhjyhspah mtU!”

“vd;dq;fpwPq;f? vd;dg;gj;jp kl;Lkh? vd; jhap> jfg;gd;> ghl;ld; mj;jid NgiuAk;Nru;j;Jf; Nftykhfg; NgRthU. GSj;j eha; FWf;Nf NghfhJ. xU ehs; vd; %Q;rpapNymQ;R gyg; gbiaNa J}f;fp tPrpl;lhU. jiyiaf; FdpQ;rNdh> jg;gpr;NrNdh!mg;gbnay;yhk; trf;fptplg; Ngha;j;jhd; ehDk; fil tr;R ahthuk; gz;zp> ,t;tsT

fhyKk; xUj;jd; ghj;J xU nfhiw nrhy;wJf;F ,lkpy;yhNk epu;thfk; gz;zpf;fpl;ltu;Nwd;…”

\z;Kfk; gps;is> nrl;bahupd; thu;j;ijfisf; Nfl;Lr; rpupf;f epidj;jhu;. MdhYk;mg;Gwk; rpupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W mij mlf;fpf; nfhz;L> “nrl;bahiuah! xq;fNkNy jg;gpy;Ny> xq;f nkhjyhspiar; nrhy;yZk;. xq;fSf;F ey;yhj;jhd; ghlk;

nrhy;ypf; FLj;jpUf;fhU!....”

nrl;bahUf;F mtu; nrhd;dJ tpsq;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; “vd;d mz;zhr;rp? vd;d

nrhy;wPq;f? “ vd;W Nfl;lhu;.

“xq;fisg; ghu;f;f vdf;F cz;ikapNyNa ghtkh ,Uf;F. ,g;gbf; fj;jpdh

nkhjy;Ny xq;f xlk;Gf;F MFkh?”

nrl;bahUk; jk; epiyia vz;zpj; jhNk tUe;jpdhu;. “vd;d nra;wJ? ehkthq;fpd tuk; mg;gb. me;jr; NrhkRe;juk; gps;is eLtpy Vjhr;Rk; nra;thU. mJ jhd;rhf;Fd;D nfhQ;rk; thia %LNtd;. mtU ,y;Nyd;dh ehd; fj;jpf; fj;jp %r;NrNghapUf;Fk;. gaf ey;yhj; jiy vLf;fZNkd;Djhd; ghu;f;fpNwd;. mtq;f jha;> jfg;gd;khUvd;id ek;gp xg;gilr;rpUf;fhq;fNs….. vd;dNkh mz;zhr;rp> uhj;jpup tPl;bNy te;JgLj;Jf;fpl;Nl ehdh neidr;rp tUj;jg;gl;Lf; fpLNtd;. xt;nthU rkak; njhz;ilfl;bf;fpLk;. ghypNy gdq;fy;fz;Lk; nkhSFk; Nghl;Lf; Fbg;Ngd;. nkhjyhspd;DMapl;Nlhk;. nra;wijr; nra;aj;jhNd NtZk;? me;jr; rk;Gfty;yp Gz;zpaj;jpNy

,JtiuapYk; xlk;Gf;F xz;Z te;J gLj;jjpy;iy.”

“rup rup> vt;tsT fhyk;jhd; xlk;G jhq;Fk;? ,dpNk xt;nthz;izAk; mg;gb

,g;gb nfhiwr;rpf;fpl;L tuNtz;baJjhd;. ekf;Fg; gfthd; njhz;ilia vd;d

ntq;fyj;jpiyah gilr;rpUf;fhd;?”

\z;Kfk; gps;is rpupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nrhd;d Gj;jpkjp epahakhdjhfNt

nrl;bahUf;Fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; mij xg;Gf;nfhs;tJ Raeyk; vd;W fUjpdhu;.

“mz;zhr;rp? ePq;f vd;djhd; nrhy;Yq;f@ gaf ey;ygbahfj; jiynaLf;fZk;.,t;tsT fhyKk; ,g;gpb ,Ue;Jl;L ,dp vtd; vf;NfL nfl;lh vd;dz;Z vd;dhNy,Uf;f KbahJ. ,dpNk vd;d? taR mWgjhr;R. cRiu tr;rpUe;J vd;dj;ijr; rhjpf;fg;

NghNwhk;? “ vd;W jpahf czu;r;rpNahL Ngrpdhu;. Ngr;rpy; Xu; cWjp epiwe;jpUe;jJ.

\z;Kfk; gps;is mijg; ghu;j;J> “mg;gpbd;dh> epj;jpag;gb mu;r;rid elf;Fk;Djhd;

nrhy;Yq;f” vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L cuf;fr; rpupj;jhu;.

nrl;bahu; mtUila rpupg;igg; ghu;j;J kpfTk; kdk; nehe;Jnfhz;L> “vd;dNkhmz;zhr;rp> xq;fSf;Fr; rpupg;gh ,Uf;F. ghUq;f. ,g;Ngh rupahf;$lg; Ngr Kbay;Ny.njhz;il typf;FJ. ehd; nghwe;j Ntis! “ vd;W mokhl;lhj Fiwahfr; nrhy;ypagb

ele;jhu;. *********************************************

112


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Mrpupau;: F.mofpuprhkp (1923 - 1970)

,tu; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s ,ilr;nrty; vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; gpwe;jtu;. ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; rpwe;j rpWfijahrpupau;fSs; xUtuhf tpsq;fpatu;. rpWfijj; Jiwapy;

kl;Lkd;wp> fl;Liu> ehty;> ehlfk;> ftpij> rpWtu; ,yf;fpak;> nkhopngau;g;G> gj;jpupif

vdg; gy;Jiwfspy; rhjid Gupe;Js;shu;.

,tuJ ‘md;gspg;G’ vd;Dk; rpWfijj;njhFg;G ,e;jpa murpd; rhfpj;jpa mflkp tpUJ

ngw;wJ. ‘ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp’ vDk; ehlfk; mtUf;Fg; ngaiuAk; GfioAk; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jJ.

NgRnghUs;:

fjpNurd; nrl;bahu; Ntiyahl;fNshL kpfTk; fz;bg;ghf ele;Jnfhs;gtuhfj;; Njhd;Wfpwhu;.

Kbtpy; Ntiyahl;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; mf;fiwkpf;f ey;Ys;sq; nfhz;ltu; mtu;vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.

fjhghj;jpuq;fs;:

fjpNurd; nrl;bahu; - kspiff;fil Kjyhsp

NrhkRe;juk;gps;is - fzf;F vOJgtu;

\z;Kfk;gps;is - fjpNurd; nrl;bahuJ ez;gu;

KUifah

ntq;flhryk;

fjhrpupauJ cj;jp:

ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,af;fj;ijAk; ciuahly;fisAk; ,ay;G Fd;whky; thrfu;fis

trPfupf;Fk; tifapy; rpj;jpupg;gjd; %yk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; Gyg;gLj;jy;

,Nyrhd eifr;Ritia ,ioNahltply;;

ciuahly; %yk; fijia tsu;j;Jr; nry;yy;

ghj;jpu ciuahly;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ngr;Rnkhopfisf; ifahsy;

vLj;Jiug;G Kiw:

Kjyhspahd fjpNurd; nrl;bahupd; fz;bg;G Rghtj;ij> mtuJ Vr;Rf;fspD}lhf

EZf;fkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jy;.

fij KbAk; tiu mtuJ kdf;fplf;if ntspg;glhik.

mtu; nra;J te;j jpahfk; ,Wjpapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ghq;F.

khjpup tpdhf;fs; :

1) fjpNurd; nrl;bahupd; jpahf kdg;ghq;F El;gkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gL -

khw;wpid tpsf;Ff.

2) NrhkRe;juk;gps;is vd;w ghj;jpuk; gw;wpa cq;fs; kdg;gjpitj; njspTgLj;Jf.

3) ,r;rpWfijapy; \z;Kfk;gps;is vd;w ghj;jpuj;jpd; gq;F ahJ?

**********************************************

- rpg;ge;jpfs;

113


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ* ,e;j tsE}ypy; ehty; kl;Lk; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. tsE}iyg; gad;gLj;JNthu;

,e;ehtiyj; Njbg; gad;ngWkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

Mrpupau; : t.m. ,uhruj;jpdk; (tapj;jp me;Njhdp ,uhruj;jpdk;) 1925 - 2001

,tu; jpUNfhzkiy %J}iug; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;. gapw;wg;gl;l Mrpupau;. rpWfij>

ftpij> ehlfk;> fl;Liu> nkhopngau;g;G> tpku;rdk;> Ma;T Kjyhd gy JiwfspYk;

<Lgl;ltu;. nfhOnfhk;G> Jiwf;fhud;> fpnusQ;rg; gwitfs;> kz;zpy; rike;j kdpju;fs;

Kjypad ,tu; vOjpa Vida ehty;fshFk;. ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gy guprpy;fSk;

tpUJfSk; toq;fpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;ltu;. fpof;fpyq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk; 2006 ,y;

,tUf;Ff; nfsut ,yf;fpaf; fyhepjpg; gl;lk; toq;fpaJ.

NgR nghUs;;:

gpd;jq;fpa mty epiyapYs;s fpuhkk; xd;W Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w ce;Jjypd;

tpisthf> mjw;Fr; rhj;jpakhd top fy;tpapy; tsu;r;rp fhz;gNj vd;gij vLj;Jf;

fhl;LtJ ,e;ehtypd; Nehf;fkhfTs;sJ.

Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuq;fs;:

jhNkhjuk;

nrse;juk;

kapy;thfdk;

nja;thid

rpd;dj;jk;gp

Nfhzkiy

ehNfe;jpud;

nry;iyah

mgpuhkp

ehtyhrpupau; tpgupf;f tpioe;j tplak;:

jpUNfhzkiyf;F mUfpYs;s %J}u; fpuhkj;jpy; epfo;e;j tpopg;Gzu;itr; rpj;jpupg;gjhf

ehty; mikfpd;wJ. fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fs; Clhf

czu;j;Jfpd;whu;. ngz;fSf;F fy;tp Njit vd typAWj;Jk; rpy ghj;jpuq;fisAk;

mjid kWf;fpd;w ghj;jpuq;fisAk; efu;j;jp> filrpapy; fy;tp> ngz;fy;tp gw;wpa

tpopg;Gzu;tpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.

fpuhk mgptpUj;jpf;F fy;tp kl;Lkd;wp> rpwe;j ciog;ghspfSk; Njit vd;gij

typAWj;Jfpwhu;. clYiog;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp> ehtypy; mbf;fb Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

xUtuJ kuzk; mtNuhL njhlu;Ggl;ltu;fsJ tho;tpy; vj;jija jpUg;gj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij ,e;ehty; ed;F rpj;jpupf;fpwJ.

ghy;a taJ / ,sikj; jpUkz xt;thik> rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Ff; fy;tpapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> ,y;yw tho;tpd; rpwg;G> rNfhju ghrk;> tpUe;Njhk;Gk; gz;G> ,iw

ek;gpf;if Kjyhdit vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

13. ehty;

114


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nkhopeil:

,ay;ghd eilapy; vOjg;gl;likahy; ahtUk; Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

gpuNjrg; Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fSk; Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fSk; nghUj;jKwg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd ciuahly;fs; msTf;F mjpfkhf ,lk;ngwhky;>

fijf;fUit typAWj;Jtjw;F cjTk; tifapy; mike;Js;sd.

ghj;jpuq;fsJ ,af;fk;> fijr; rk;gtq;fNshL ,ize;J nry;fpwJ.

khjpup tpdhf;fs; :

1) “xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w ehty; vOjg;gl;ljd;

Nehf;fk; ahJ?

2) “xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL

gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

3) “xU ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w ehtypy;>

(m) clYiog;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

(M) fpuhk mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa ,isQu; rpe;jidfs;

vd;gd rpj;jpupf;fg;gLkhw;wpid tpsf;Ff.

4) “kiwg;gpw;fhff; fl;ba fpLF Ntypf;Fs;shyjhd; cyfj;ijg; ghu;f;FJ ek; ngz;

r%fk;. vg;gj;jhd; ,tu;fs; Neubahf cyfj;ijg; ghu;f;fg; Nghfpwhu;fNsh” vd;w

$w;wpD}lhf Mrpupau; ntspg;gLj;j tpise;j tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf.

5) nrse;juk; vd;w ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; ngz;fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehtyhrpupau;

vt;thW czu;j;Jfpd;whu;?

6) Myq;Nfzp fpuhk kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwfisAk; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; “xU

ntz;kzw; fpuhkk; fhj;Jf;;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ” vd;w ehty; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ - tpsf;Ff.

**************************************************************

115


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

14. ehlfk;

,U Jauq;fs;

I

Nkilj; jpiu tpyFKd;du; kz;lgj;J xsp kq;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. miu kq;fypy;

,irf;FO ,e;j ehlfj;Jf;fhd ,iria thrpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; ,ir

Ntfkhf Muk;gpj;J> rLjpahf Nrhf ,irahf khWfpwJ. Nrhf ,iria kPl;lj; njhlq;Fk;

NghJ kz;lgj;J xsp kq;fp kiwfpwJ. jpiu nky;y tpyFfpwJ. NkilapNy> rw;W

kq;fpa xsp gha;r;rg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkilapd; ,lJ ghijapy;> fPo;Nkil ,lk; gpw;gFjpia

mz;b> Nrh/th nrw;wpfs;> g+r;rhbNahL $ba ePs Nkir vd;gd cs;sd. eLNkil

,lk; gpd; %iyabapy;> epWj;jpNahL $ba kpd; tpsf;Fk;> mjid mz;b Nky; Nkil

,lj;jpy;> Gj;jfq;fNshL $ba Gj;jf ,whf;ifAk; mjd;Nky; myq;Nfhykhff; fplf;Fk;

myq;fhug; nghUs;fSk; ,uz;L %d;W ngupa Gj;jfq;fSk; cs;sd. Nky; Nkil

tyj;ij mz;b xU fl;by;> mjd; jiykhl;by;> Fj;Jtpsf;NfhL $ba rpwpa NkirAk;>

gpd; Gwj;Js;s ad;diy mz;b> rw;W caukhd NkirAk;> mjd;Nky; kUe;Jg; Nghj;jpy;

tifawhf;fSk;> jpwe;jgbAs;s xU jbj;j Gj;jfKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ebfu;fs; Nkilf;Fl;

gpuNtrpg;gjw;F> fPo;Nkil ,lj;jpd; gf;fr; Rtupw; fjnthd;Wk;> eLNkil tyj;jpd; gf;fr;

Rtupy; ,d;DnkhU fjTk; cs;sd.

,J ,isg;ghwpa nlh|f;w;w(u;) fe;jg;Gtpd; ,Uf;if miwAk; gLf;if miwAk; Nru;e;j

gFjpahFk;. ,tw;wpd; gpupg;igf; fhl;Ltjw;F eLNkil kj;jpapy;> epiy fjitf; Fwpf;Fk;

xU rl;lg;gly; itf;fg;glyhk;. ,t;tpU gFjpfSk; mitNahUf;F ed;F njupfpd;wd.

Nky;Nkil tyj;ij mz;ba fl;bypNy fe;jg;GtpdJ Foe;ijapd; gpzk; itj;J

%lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fe;jg;G eiu tpOe;j fpotu;. fl;byUfpy;> Koe;jhspy; Fdpe;J epd;W

Kdfp Kdfp tpk;kpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;> fe;jg;Gtpd; kidtp. mtSk; taJ Nghdts;

jhd;. kUe;Jg; Nghj;jpy; tifawhf;fs; cs;s Nkirapy; iffis Cd;wpagb> gf;fthl;lhf

ad;dypD}lhf ntwpj;Jg; ghu;j;jgb epw;fpwhu; nlh|f;w;w(u;). newpahsu; Nkilapy; te;J

mtuJ mwpKfj;ij Kbj;Jg; NghFk;tiu ,UtUk; Nrhfr; rpiyahf epw;fpwhu;fs;.

,ir Nrhfkio nghopfpwJ. newpahsu; Ngrj; njhlq;fpaJk; ,ir nky;yj; Nja;e;J>

mtu; nrd;wJk; $b> gpd; trdq;fSf;F ,lq;nfhLf;Fk; tifapNy Nja;e;J kiwfpwJ.

newpahsu;: (Nkilapy; cs;s nghUs;fs;> ebfu;fisf; ftdpj;jgb fPo; Nkilf;F

te;J) ,U Jauq;fs;. ,e; ehlfj;jpDila %yk; md;w;wd; r;nff;Ntht;

vOjpd xU rpWfij. me;jr; rpWfijapiy ehlf mk;rq;fs; epiwa

,Uf;nfz;L Njhd;wpr;RJ> vdf;F. mJjhd;> ehlfkhf;fpj; jur;nrhy;ypf;

Nfl;Nld;. KUifad; jhd; ehlfkhf;fpj; je;jtu;. mq;if epw;fpwtu; jhd;

nlh|f;w;w(u;) fe;jg;G. ,J mtUila kidtp. mitf;F xNunahU gps;is.

me;jg; gps;is ,g;g nfhQ;rk; Ke;jpj;jhd; Nkhrk; Nghapl;LJ. tapw;Nwhl;lk;

- gLtd; vz;L jkpopiy nrhy;YwJ... tarhd fhyj;jpiy jhd; mitf;F

me;jg; gps;is gpwe;jJ. mitAk; me;jg; gps;isia MirahAk; ftdkhAk;

jhd; tsj;jit. vd;d nra;apwJ? me;jf; ftiyapiy jhd; mtUk; mtw;iw

ngz;rhjpAk; epf;fpdk;. ,e;jj; Jf;fkhd nra;jpNahil jhd; ehq;fs; ehlfj;ij

Muk;gpf;fpwk;. rup. cq;fil uridf;Ff; FWf;if ehd; epw;fpwJ rupapy;iy.

ePq;fs; ehlfj;ijg; ghUq;Nfh.

116


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(newpahsu; Nghfpwhu;. fe;jg;G jiykapiu xJf;fpf;nfhz;Nl ntspg;Gwkhfg; ghu;f;fpwhu;.

gpd;du; ngU%r;R tpLfpwhu;. rl;ilg;igiaj; Johtp> ,UgJ Kg;gJ nehbfSf;Fg; gpwF

xU ifNyQ;rpia vLf;fpwhu;. gpwFk; fhw;rl;ilg; igapy; vijNah NjLfpwhu;. xU

neUg;Gg; ngl;b mfg;gLfpwJ. rpwpJ Neuk; mij tUbf; nfhz;bUe;Jtpl;L> gpzj;jpd;

jiykhl;by; cs;s Fj;Jtpsf;fpy; xU jpupia ,l;L Vw;Wfpwhu;. gpwF rpy CJtj;jpfisAk;

gw;witj;Jg; gpzj;jUfpNy itf;fpwhu;. rpwpJ Neuk; mij tUbf;nfhz;bUe;J tpl;L>

gpzj;jpd; jiykhl;by; cs;s Fj;Jtpsf;fpy; xU jpupia ,l;L Vw;Wfpwhu;. gpwF rpy

CJtj;jpfisAk; gw;witj;Jg; gpzj;jUfpNy itf;fpwhu;. rpwpJ Neuk; Fdpe;J ghu;j;Jf;

nfhz;L epw;fpwhu;. fz;fis xU jlit %bj; jpwe;Jtpl;L ntspNa tUfpwhu;. fjT

kzp myWfpwJ. nlh|f;w;w(u;) rl;ilj; njwpiaf;$lg; g+l;lhky; ntspNa te;J ghu;f;fpwhu;.

kNdhfud; tpiue;J Eiofpwhd;.

kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;) ,Uf;fpwhuh> tPl;biy?

fe;jg;G: X... ehd;jhd; nlh|f;w;w(u;). vd;d NtZk;?

kNdhfud;: X... re;Njh\k;> nlh|f;w;w(u;). ey;y fhyk;. ePq;fs; tPl;biy ,Ue;jJ.

(nlh|f;w;wupd; iffisg; gw;wpagb) cq;fis vdf;Fj; njupAk;. nlh|f;w;w(u;)

vd;w;iw Ngu; kNdhfud;. kprp]; MWKfj;jpd;w;iw wpNy\d;. ePq;fs; XuplKk;

ntspahiy Nghfhky; ,Ue;jNj ngupa fhupak;. clid vd;Ndhil

tuNtZk; nlh|f;w;wu; vd;w;iw rk;rhuj;Jf;Fr; Rfkpy;iy. fLk; tUj;jk;.

Mgj;J. fhu; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpwd; nlh|f;w;w(u;).

(glglg;Gld; gjwpg; gjwpg; NgRfpwhd;> kNdhfud;. fe;jg;G vJTk; Ngrtpy;iy.

Fdpe;jgb epw;fpwhu;.)

kNdhfud;: ePq;fs; tPl;biy ,Ug;gPq;fNsh ,y;iyNah vz;L gae;J nfhz;Ljhd;

te;jehd;. top KOtJk; ,Nj ftiyjhd;> vdf;F. mg;gpbNa me;jupr;Rg;

Nghndd; nlh|f;w;w(u;). rl;iliag; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L thUq;Nfh. cq;fSf;Fg;

Gz;zpak; fpilf;Fk;.

(fe;jg;G Kfj;jpy; ve;jtpj rydKk; fhl;lhky;> Nrhfj;NjhL ngU%r;R

tpl;lgb NkNy ghu;f;fpwhu;.)

kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w ;w(u ;)> ele;jJ ,Jjhd;. gQ;rhl;ruk; te;jtd;. vd;idf;

fhzpwJf;nfz;L - vq;fil tPl;Lf;F. nfhQ;r Neuk; gyijAk; gj;ijAk;

Ngrpf;nfhz;L ehq;fs; ,Ue;jk;. gpwF vy;yhUkha;j; Njj;jz;zp Fbr;rk;.

gQ;rhl;ruj;Jf;F taypd; thrpf;fpwJ Nf|f;f ey;y tpUg;gk;. mtd; taypd;

thrpf;fr; nrhy;ypg; ghkhitf; Nfl;lhd;. mts; clid taypid vLj;J

thrpj;jhs;. jpBnuz;L mts; ifia neQ;rpiy itr;rgbNa mywpdhs;.

mg;gpbNa nghj;njz;L tpOe;J Nghdhs;. mtisj; J}f;fp fl;bybf;Ff;

nfhz;LNgha; MWjyha;g; gLf;f itr;rk;. new;jpapiy ~g|hk; g+rp> Kfnkq;Fk;

jz;zp njspr;Rg; ghj;jk;. Ms; miraNt ,y;iy. kuf;fl;il khjpupf;

fplf;fpwhs;. ,J mD}wprpk; vz;Ljhd; ehd; epidf;fpwd;. mttpd;w;iw

jfg;gdhu; $l mD}wprpk; te;J jhd; nrj;jtuhk;. mij epidf;fj;jhd;

gakhapUf;F.

(nlh|f;w;w(u;) vijAk; fhjpy; thq;fpf; nfhs;shjtu; Nghy kTdkha; epw;fpwhu;.)

117


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kNdhfud;: ePq;fs; clid ntspf;fpLq;Nfh nlh|f;w;w(u;). rl;iliag; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L

thUq;Nfh.

(fe;jg;Gtpd; iffis ,U iffshYk; gw;wpagbNa miof;fpwhd;> kNdhfud;.

iffis tpLtpj;Jg; gpd;thq;fpagbNa xU mRkhj;jKk; ,d;wpg; Nghfpwhu;.)

fe;jg;G: kd;dpf;f NtZk;. IQ;R epkp\j;Jf;F Ke;jpj;jhd; vd;w;iw gps;is Nkhrk;

Nghapl;LJ.

kNdhfud;: r;... r;... r;... (rpwpJ Neuk; nghWj;J) M> flTNs! vg;gbg;gl;l mre;ju;g;gkhd

NtisapNy ehd; te;jpUf;fpnwd;! vd;d mjpl;lf; Fiwthd ehs;... Mdhy;>

Mu; jhd; epidr;rpUg;gpdk;> ,g;gpb elf;Fk; vz;L. r;... r;... r;...

(Nahridapy; Mo;e;jgbNa Nghtjh> tpLtjh vd;W jaq;Ffpwhd;> kNdhfud;.

nlh|f;w;wupd; ifia cupikAld; neUf;fkhfg; gw;wpagb)

kNdhfud;: kd;dpr;Rf; nfhs;Sq;Nfh nlh|f;w;w(u;). jaT nra;J NfSq;Nfh ehd;

nrhy;ypwij. cq;fil epiyik vdf;F tpsq;FJ. gupg+uzkha; tpsq;FJ.

,e;j Ntisapiy cq;fis tur;nrhy;ypf; Nf|f;fpwJ vtsT ntf;ff;Nflhd

fhupak;. flTSf;Fj;jhd; njupAk;. ehd; gLw ghL. Mdhy; vd;d nra;apwJ?

Ntiw topapy;iy> nlh|f;w;w(u;). ePq;fNs Nahrpr;Rg; ghUq;Nfh... ehd;

Ntiw Mupl;ilg; NghwJ? cq;fis tpl Ntiw nlh|f;w;wNu ,y;iy> ,e;j

Cupiy. Ntiw CUf;Fg; Ngha;j; Njbg; gpbr;R thwJf;fpilapiy... ,J

kpr;rk; Mgj;jhd tpahjp. ghkhtpd;w;iw jfg;gDk; mD}wprpk; te;J jhd;

nrj;jtu;. nghy;yhj Neha;. mD}wprpk; nlh|f;w;w(u;). mtu; fd fhyk;

tUj;jkhAk; fplf;Nfy;iy. jpBnud;W xU ehs;... nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; vdf;F

,g;g flTs; Nghiy. jaTnra;J kWf;fhky; thUq;Nfh. nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ehd;

vdf;fhfha;f; Nf|f;Nfy;iy. Ntiw xU capUf;fha;f; Nf|f;fpnwd;. jaT

nra;J ... g;yP]; ...

(rpwpJ Neuk; kTdk;. fe;jg;G jpUk;Gfpwhu;. kNdhfuDf;Fg; gpd;fhl;ba gb

rpy nehb epw;fpwhu;. gpd;du;> ,ae;jpuk; Nghy cs;siwf;Fg; Nghfpwhu;.

mq;Fs;s Fj;J tpsf;ifj; J}z;btpl;l gpwF> vz;nza;f; Nghj;jpiy vLj;J

vz;nza; tpLfpwhu;. ifia xU JthahNy Jilj;j gpwF> gpzj;jpd;

mUfpy; epd;W xU ntw;Wg; ghu;itiag; gba tpLfpwhu;. jkJ %f;fpid

tpuy;fshy; mu;j;jkpd;wpg; gpbj;J tpl;l gpwF> ehbiaj; jlTfpwhu;. NkirapNy

tpupe;jgb ,Ue;j xU nkhj;jkhd Gj;jfj;ij vLj;J> eLg;gf;fj;ijg;

ghu;f;fpwhu;. gpd;du; mg;Gj;jfj;jpd; gf;fq;fis tpWtpW vd;W Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;

Gul;Lfpwhu;. new;wpapd; Kfl;il tpWtpW vd;W curp tpl;Lf;nfhz;l fe;jg;G

ntspf;$lj;Jf;F tUfpwhu;.)

kNdhfud;: (MWjyhfg; ngU%r;R tpl;lgb) mg;ghlh - thUq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;).

(kNdhfuidf; fz;l gpwF jhd; mg;gb xUtd; jd; tPl;by; te;J epw;fpwhd;@

jd; kidtpapd; Neha;f;F itj;jpak; ghu;f;Fk; nghUl;Lj; jd; tPl;Lf;F

tUkhW jk;ik mioj;jhd; vd;w epidT nlh|f;w;wUf;F cz;lhfpwJ.)

fe;jg;G: X... ehd;... mg;gNt nrhd;ndNd> tu Vyhnjz;L. jaT nra;J vd;idf;

fiur;ry; nra;ahijAk;.

118


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kNdhfud;: ,y;iy nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fil epiyik vdf;F ey;yha; tpsq;FJ. ehd;

vd;d> fy;Yr; rpiyah> my;yJ kuf;Fj;jpah... ey;yha;j; njupAk;> ePq;fs;

vg;gbg;gl;l kdepiyapiy ,Uf;fpwPq;fs; vz;L. ehDk; kdprd; jhd;. xNu

xU gps;isia> mJFk; ,e;j tarpiy... gwpFLf;fpwnjz;lhy;> mJ vt;tsT

Vkhw;wkha; ,Uf;Fk;... vt;tsT J}f;fkha;> ftiyaha; ,Uf;Fk;... mnjy;yhk;

vdf;Fg; g+uzkha; tpsq;Fk;. Mdhy;> ehd;... Nf|f;fpwJ vdf;fhfhf ,y;iy>

nlh|f;w;w(u;). Ntiw xU capu; rPtj;jWthapiy ,Uf;FJ. rhff; fplf;fpwts;

vd;w;iw rk;rhuk;. me;jf; fpwPr;nrz;l Fswiyf; Nfl;bUe;jPq;fs; vz;lhy;>

Kfj;ijg; ghj;jpUe;jPq;fs; vz;lhy;> vd;w;iw fpNyrk; cq;fSf;F tpsq;Fk;.

flTNs> flTNs... rj;jpakha; ehd; epidr;nrd;> ePq;fs; cLg;Gg; Nghlj;jhd;

cs;is Nghapl;Bq;fs; vz;L. nlh|f;w;w(u;)> g;sP];> thUq;Nfh. Neuk;

nghd;dhdJ. kz;lhbf; Nf|f;fpnwd;. ePq;fs; tuj;jhd; NtZk;... g;sP];...

fe;jg;G: (njspthfTk; jplkhfTk;) kd;dpr;Rf; nfhs;Sk; ehd; ,g;g ck;Nkhil tu

VyhJ.

(,t;thW nrhd;d fe;jg;G cs;Ns nry;yj; jpUk;Gfpwhu;. njhlu;e;J nrd;w

kNdhfud; fe;jg;Gtpd; ifiag; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;Sfpwhd;.)

kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; gLw rq;flk; vdf;Fj; njupAk;. mJ vt;tsT

fLikahdJ vz;lJk; vdf;F tpsq;Fk;. Mdhy;> ehd; tur; nrhy;YwJ

xU gy;Yf;nfhjpf;Fg; gupahuk; nra;apwJf;F ,y;iy> nlh|f;w;w(u;). jbkd;

fha;r;rYf;F kUe;J vOjpf; FLf;fpwJf;fhf ,y;iy> cq;fis ehd;

tur;nrhy;yp kz;lhLwJ. xU capiuf; fhg;ghw;WwJf;F... xU kdpr rPtidf;

fhf;fpwJf;fhf ... (kd;whl;lkhf) nlh|f;w;w(u;)> kdpr rPtd; jdpg;gl;l Jauq;fis

tpl NkyhdJ. tpiykjpg;gpy;yhjJ. kdprj; jd;ikapd;w;iw Nguhit

Nf|f;fpnwd;> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fil kdj; ijupaj;ijAk; jpahf rpe;ijiaAk;

fhl;Lq;Nfh... jaT...

fe;jg;G: (gjw;wj;Jld;) jaT nra;J vd;id ,dpj; njz;bf;f Ntz;lhk;. itj;jpa

ju;k tpjp gjpd;%z;lhk; Gj;jfk; Kjyhk; gpukhzg;gb> vd;w;iw fOj;ijg;

gpbr;R ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghf ckf;F cupik ,Uf;F. itj;jpa jUkg;gb

ck;kil Ntz;LNfhis kWf;fpwJf;F vdf;F cupik ,y;iy.

tpUg;gnkz;lhy; vd;id ePu; mg;gpb ,Oj;Jf; nfhz;LNghk;. Mdhy;> ve;j

NtiyiaAk; nra;af;$ba epiyikapiy ,g;g ehd; ,y;iy. vd;id

kd;dpr;Rf; nfhs;Sk;> kp];w;w(u;) kNdhfud;.

kNdhfud;: ,y;iy> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; me;jj; njhdpapiy Ngrf;FlhJ. itj;jpa

jUkj;ijg; gw;wpAk; gjpd;%z;lhk; Gj;jfj;ijg; gw;wpAk; vdf;F vd;d ftiy?

cq;fisf; fl;lhag; gLj;JwJf;F vdf;F vd;d cupik ,Uf;F? mg;gpb

ehd; fdtpiyAk; epidf;f khl;nld;. ,g;g vd;w;iw rk;rhuj;ij ePq;fs;

jhd; fhg;ghw;w NtZk;. ePq;fs; jhd; nja;tk;. ePq;fs; jhd; flTs;. kdkpuq;fp>

kdkpirQ;R thwnjz;lhy; thUq;Nfh. ,y;iynaz;lhy;> ehd; vd;d nra;a

KbAk;? vd;w;iw jiytpjp vz;bl;Lg; Nghf Ntz;baJ jhd;... Nghwjh?

ehd; vq;if NghwJ? nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fisj; jtpu Ntiw fjpNa ,y;iy.

cq;fil kfd; cq;fistpl;L> ,g;gj;jhd; gpupQ;rpl;lhd; vz;L nrhd;dPq;fs;.

mg;gpbnaz;lhy;> vd;w;iw me;juk; cq;fisj; jtpu Ntiw MUf;Fj; jhd;

119


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tpsq;Fk;? vd;dlh> myk;gpf; nfhz;L epf;fpwhd;> kilad; vz;L

epidahijAq;Nfh. vd;d NgRwnjz;L Nahrpf;fpw kdepiyNa vdf;F

,y;iy. jaT nra;J Fiw epidf;f Ntz;lhk;. clid thUq;Nfh. itj;jpau;

jhNd fz;fz;l nja;tk;! ePq;fs; thUq;Nfh nlh|f;w;w(u;). mD}wprpk; vz;lhy;...

ma;Nah> flTNs! nlh|f;w;w(u;)> fd Neuk; ehd; kpisf;nfLj;j khl;nld;.

xU miu kzpj;jpahyk;.

fe;jg;G: fd J}uk; Nghf NtZkh?

kNdhfud;: ,y;iy. xU ehY ehyiuf; fl;il jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. fhu; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpnwd;.

miu kzpj;jpahyk; vLf;fhJ> Ngha;j; jpUk;gp tu. kWf;fhky; thUq;Nfh.

fe;jg;G: (rpwpJ Neuk; Nahrpj;Jg; ngU%r;R tpl;lgb) k;...

(fe;jg;G cs;Ns nrd;W kidtpiaAk; Foe;ijiaAk; khwp khwpg; ghu;j;jgb

epw;fpwhu;. kNdhfud; epiy nfhs;shJ jtpg;gtdha; cs;shd;. rpwpJ

Neuj;jpd;gpd; Nfh|w;iw khl;bf; nfhz;L ifg;ngl;b rfpjk; tUfpwhu;> fe;jg;G.

kNdhfud; mtuplkpUe;J ngl;bia thq;fpf; nfhz;L> Kd;Nd mtiu

mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;. ele;J ntspNawg; Nghd fe;jg;G> xU fzk; epd;W>

cs;siwg; gf;fk; ghu;f;fpwhu;. kNdhfud; mtu; ifiag; gpbf;fNt> nky;yj;

jpUk;gpg; Nghfpwhu;. NrhffPjk; nky;y ,irj;Jf; $LfpwJ. xsp nky;y

nky;y kq;f> jpiu nkJthf %LfpwJ.)

II

,uz;lhk; fhl;rp kNdhfudpd; tuNtw;giwapy; eilngWfpwJ. kNdhfud; tPL trjp

cs;s xUtupd; tPlhff; fhl;rp jUfpwJ. Nkilapd; ,lg;ghjpapd; gpd; gFjpapy;> Nky;

tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd gbf;fl;Lj; njd;gLfpwJ. eL Nkil ,lj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapYk;

gbf;fl;L Kd;ghfTk; xU N\hf;Nf]; cs;sJ. N\hf;NfRf;F Nky;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> nlf;

Nghd;w nghUl;fs; cs;sd. ,lg;gf;fr; Rtupd; eLg;gFjpapy; xU Gj;jf ,whf;if

cs;sJ. Nkilapd; tyg;ghjp eLg;gFjpapy;> Nrh/th nrw;wpfs; Nghlg;gl;Ls;sd. ePs

Nkir kPJ M(a;)\;l;NuAk; rpy ftu;r;rpg; gj;jpupiffSk; cs;sd. ,tw;NwhL epWj;jpapw;

nghUj;jpa xU ngz;zpd; xU glKk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. eL Nkil tyj;jpd; fPo; ty

%iyapy;> epWj;jpNahL $ba xU kpd; tpsf;Fk; cz;L. ePskhd nrw;wpapy; xU

jiyaizAk; Fok;gpa Nfhyj;jpw; fplf;Fk; xU gLf;if tpupg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Ke;jpa fhl;rpiatpl ,e;jf; fhl;rpapy; mjpfk; ntspr;rk; cz;L. ,g;nghOJjhd;

fjhghj;jpuq;fisr; fiyQu;fs; KOikahfg; ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;. nlh|f;w;wupd; ngl;biaj;

J}f;fpf;nfhz;L fjitj; jpwe;jgb kNdhfud; cs;Ns Eiofpwhd;. fe;jg;G gpd;dhy;

tUfpwhu;.

kNdhfud;: (miwiar; Rw;Wk; Kw;Wk; Nehl;lkpl;L> epd;W) VjhtJ mtf;Nflha;

ele;jpUe;jhy;... flTNs!)

(jpBnud;W fe;jg;G epw;Fk; gf;fk; ghu;itiaj; jpUg;Gfpwhd;. mtu; ,d;Dk;

,Ug;Gf; nfhs;shky; mtd; epw;Fk; jpiria Nehf;fpagb> Mdhy;> rpe;jid

Ntnwq;Nfh miya ntwpg;Gld; epw;fpwhu;. mtiu cupagb cgrupf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;Dk; tpopg;G tu...)

120


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kNdhfud;: ,Uq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ,Uq;Nfh. mit Nkiyjhd; ,Uf;f NtZk;. ePq;fs;

te;jpUf;fpwPq;fs; vz;L nrhy;ypg; Nghl;L thnwd;.

(nlh|f;w;w(u;) VNjh KZKZg;gJ Nghy; thairf;fpwhu;.

kNdhfud;: cz;ikapiy> nlh|f;w;w(u;)> cq;fil ngUe;jd;ikia epidf;f epidf;f...

mijg;gw;wp vd;d nrhy;ypw njz;Nl vdf;Fj; njupNay;iy. rj;jpakha;r;

nrhy;ypnwd;> nlh|f;w;w(u;)... rup> rup... ... ePq;fs; ,Ue;J nfhs;Sq;Nfh.

ehd; mitf;Fr; nrhy;ypg;Nghl;L thnwd;.

(flfl ntd;W khbg;gb Vwpg; Nghfpwhd;> kNdhfud;. nlh|f;w;w(u;) ,uz;nlhU

jlit jiykapiuf; Nfhjp tpLfpwhu;. kUe;Jf; fiw gbe;j jk; iffis

xUf;fhy; kze;J ghu;j;Jtpl;L> gpd;du; mtw;iw cw;W Nehf;Ffpwhu;. xNu

mikjp #o;e;jpUf;fpwJ. gpd;du; miw Nky; khbapy; ~~M!|| vd;w mywy;

Nfl;fpwJ. Xu; mYkhupapd; fz;zhb rlhnud mbgl;Lr; Rf;fy; Rf;fyhf

nehUq;fpa rj;jk; Nfl;fpwJ. gpd;du; rpwpJNeu mikjp. kNdhfud; khbf;Fr;

nrd;w gbf;fl;Lg; gf;fkhff; fe;jg;G Nehf;Ffpwhu;. Nkw;gbf;fl;by; kNdhfud;

epw;fpwhd;. mtd; Njhw;wk; Kw;whf khwptpl;lJ. gLgaq;fukhd vJNth

ele;J tpl;lJ Nghd;w ~g|htk; mtd; Kfj;jpNy njupfpwJ. tUj;jKk;>

Mj;jpuKk;> Vkhw;wKk; khwpkhwpj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. gbf;fl;lhy; ,wq;fpf;

iffisg; gpire;jgbNa eLNkilf;F tUfpwhd;. gw;fis ewewntd;W

neUkpf; nfhz;L ... ...)

kNdhfud;: mts; vd;id Vkhj;jpg;Nghl;lhs;. Vkhj;Jf;fhwp. tpl;bl;L Xbj; JiyQ;R

Nghdhs;. tUj;jnkz;L nrhy;yp vd;id nlh|f;w;wupl;il mDg;gpdJ

vd;dj;Jf;nfz;L vdf;F mg;g tpsq;Nfy;iy. ,g;g tpsq;FJ> vy;yhk;

gQ;rhl;ruj;jhNdhil Xbg; NghwJf;fhfj;jhd;. vd;id mDg;gpdts;>

nlh|f;w;wupl;il. (fe;jg;GTf;Ff; fpl;lg; Ngha; vd;idf; iftpl;bl;lhs;. Xbg;

Nghl;lhs;. Vkhj;jpg; Nghl;lhs;. Vd; vb cdf;F ,e;jg; ngha;? Vd; ,e;jg;

grg;Gk; ghrhq;Fk;? Vd; ,e;jr; #Jk; rjpAk; if....jdKk;? vd;d jPikag;gh>

ehd; cdf;Fr; nra;jpUg;ngd;? xU JNuhfk; epidr;rpUg;ngdh? Vdg;gh eP...

,e;j khjpupr; nra;jha;? (fe;jg;Gtplk;) mts; Xbg; Nghapl;lhs; nlh|f;w;w(u;).

vd;id tpl;bl;L Xbapl;lhs;> nlh|f;w;w(u;).

(fz;zPu; Kl;LfpwJ. kNdhfuDf;F Mj;jpuKk; JauKk; Nghl;b NghLfpd;wd.)

fe;jg;G: m ... m ... tUj;jf;fhwp vq;if?

kNdhfud;: tUj;jf;fhwp> tUj;jf;fhwp. mts; tUj;jf;fhwp ,y;iy. vq;ifNah fple;j

%Njrp. vd;d Nftyk;. vd;d vspajdk;. nfhLk;ghtp. ,ijg;Nghiy xU

#o;r;rp nra;apw Gj;jp Nga; gprhRf;F$l tuhJ. vd;id cq;fspl;il

mDg;gpdts; ... tUj;jnkz;L nrhy;yp> cz;ikahd Nehf;fk;> me;j

eha;g;gay; gQ;rhl;ruj;Njhil> mtspd;w;iw fs;sg; GupaNdhil XLwJf;F.

ma;Nah> flTNs> ,jpYk; ghu;f ;f> ehd; nrj;jpUf;fyhk;. ,e;j

mjpu;r;rpapiyapUe;J vdf;F kPl;rp ,y;iy. xU fhyKk; ,y;iy.

fe;jg;G: kd;dpf;f NtZk;> kp];w;w(u;) kNdhfud;. ,njy;yhk; vd;d? vd;w;iw gps;is

nrj;Jg; Nghr;R. vd;w;iw kdprp tPl;biy Jf;fKk; Jd;gKkha; mOjgbNa

,Uf;FJ. vdf;F... vdf;F... epf;fNt Kbahjgb fisg;ghAk; Nrhu;thAk;

,Uf;F. %z;L ehsha; ,uT gfyha; vdf;F epj;jpiu ,y;iy. ,g;gpb

121


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vy;yhk; ,Uf;f> ePu;... ePu;... ePu; vd;d nra;apwpu;? Ntbf;if fhl;bwpu;. VNjh

xU gLNkhrkhd ck;kil Nfhkhspf; $j;Jf;Fg; gf;fthj;jpak; thrpf;fr;

nrhy;yp vd;idf; Nf|f;fpwpu;. gf;fthj;jpak; thrpf;fpwJ vz;lhy;f; $bg;

guthapy;iy. ck;kil $j;J Nkilf;Fg; ge;jy;fhyha; epz;L Rkf;fr;

nrhy;ypwpu;. vdf;F ... ... vdf;F xz;LNk tpsq;Nfy;iy.

(kNdhfud; ifapy; itj;jpUe;j fbjk; Nghd;w xU fljhrpia ntWg;Gld;

fPNo tPrp vwpe;J VNjh> Xu; mUtUg;ghd g+r;rpia kpjpg;gJ Nghy

cof;Ffpwhd;.)

kNdhfud;: vy;yhk; fz;Zf;F Kd;idNa elf;fpJ. ehd;jhd; xz;ilAk; ftdpf;Nfy;iy.

mtd; xt;nthU ehSk; Vd; te;J Nghdhd;. vz;lijf;$b ehd;

ftdpf;Nfy;iy. ,z;ilf;F ,e;jg; gQ;rhl;ruk; Vd; fhu; gpbr;Rf;nfhz;L

te;jtd;? mijf;$l ehd; Nahrpr;Rg; ghf;Nfy;iy. Vd; fhu;? ehd; xU

FUl;L kilad;. fz;zpUe;Jk; ghf;fj; njupahjtd;. rP... ehd; xU Kl;lhs;.

fe;jg;G: vdf;F ... vdf;F ... xz;LNk tpsq;Nfy;iy. ,Jf;nfy;yhk; vd;d fUj;J?

nrUg;ghiy mbr;rJ Nghiy... fhwpj; Jg;gpdJ Nghiy ,Uf;F> ck;kil

Ntiy. kdprd;w;iw Jf;fj;ijg; gfpb gz;zpwJ Nghiy ,Uf;F. xU

kdprd; nra;akhl;lhd;> ,g;gpbahd fhupaj;ij. ,g;gpb xU tpru;j;jdkhd

Ntiyia ehd; ,J tiu Nfs;tpg;gl;lNj fpilahJ.

(jdf;F mtkhdk; Neu;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;Dk; czu;T rpwpJ rpwpjhf nlh|f;w;wupd;

neQ;rpNy tpbe;J nfhz;L tu> nrhy;tnjd;d> nra;t njd;d vd;W

mwpahjtuhf kdk; GOq;Ffpwhu;.)

kNdhfud;: mg;g cdf;F vd;dpiy md;gpy;iy. Ntiw xU Mspiy jhd; cdf;F

tpUg;gk;. rupag;gh. Mdhy;> Vd; ,e;j Vkhj;J? fPo;j;jukhd JNuhfk; Vd;?

vspajdkhd je;jpuj;jhiy vd;dg;gh ed;ik cdf;F? vd;d yhgk;? Vdg;gh

,e;j Ntiyia eP nra;jha;? ehd; cdf;F vd;d nfLjp nra;njd;?

(nlh|f;w;wiu Nehf;fp) nlh|f;w;wu;> vd;w;iw Ju;g;ghf;fpaj;ij ePq;fNs Neupiy

fz;bUf;fpwPq;fs;. ePq;fs; tpUk;ghkNy> re;ju;g;g trj;jhiy ,q;if te;J

Nru;e;jpUf;fpwPq;fs;. cz;ik KOtijAk; cq;fSf;F ehd; nrhy;Ynwd;.

xz;ilAk; xspf;fhky;> kdk; jpwe;J vy;yhj;ijAk; nrhy;Ynwd;... NfSq;f...

nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ,e;j mepahaj;ij. rj;jpakha;r; nrhy;Ynwd;. ehd; xU

nrhy;Yf;$lg; ngha; NgNry;iy. vy;yhk; ntspntspahar; nrhy;ypnwd;>

cq;fSf;F> me;j kdprpia vd;w;iw capiug;Nghiy tpUk;gpndd;. ,y;iy.

capu; Nghiy vz;L nrhd;dhYk; NghjhJ. capiutpl Nkyha; tpUk;gpndd;.

md;G nrYj;jpndd;. MjuT fhl;bndd;. mtisf; Fk;gplf;$lj; jahuha;

,Ue;njd;. mtSf;fha; vy;yhj;ijAk; gypapl;nld;. jpahfk; nra;njd;.

vd;w;iw nrhe;jf;fhuu; vy;yhNuhilAk; rz;il gpbr;nrd;> nlh|f;w;w(u;).

vj;jpid gpioa nsy;yhk; nra;jpUg;gs;? mJfs; vy;yhj;ijAk; kd;dpr;nrd;.

vd;w;iw nrhe;j mk;khNth mf;fhNth me;jj; jtWfisr; nra;jpUe;jhy;f;

$l ehd; nghWj;jpUf;f khl;nld;. Vd;> mtis ehd; xU fLfLg;ghd

Kfj;Njhil$lg; ghj;jjpy;iy. xU tpjkhd FiwAk; itf;Nfy;iy. mg;gpb

vy;yhk; ,Uf;f> Vd; ,e;jg; ngha; ,tSf;F? ,e;jf; fglKk; je;jpuKk;

122


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Fs;sGj;jpAk; Vd;? cd;w;iw md;G NtZk; vz;L ehd; gpbthjk; gpbf;Nfy;iy.

gpd;id> Vd; ,e;j vspajdk;? vd;dpiy cdf;F md;gpy;iy vz;lhy;...

rup. cd;id ehd; tpUk;Ngy;iy. ,d;dhNuhil jhd; ehd; Xlg;Nghnwd;>

vz;L nrhy;ypapUf;fyhNk! ntspntspaha;f; fijr;rpUf;fyhNk. ,ijg;gw;wp

vy;yhk; vd;w;iw nfhs;if vd;d vz;L cdf;F ey;yha;j; njupAk;. gpwNfd;

mg;gh> ,e;j %Lke;jpuk;? (ePs; NkirapypUe;j ghkhtpd; glj;ij vLj;J

Kd;dhw; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L) ghUq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;)@ ,g;gpbr; rhe;jkhd

xUj;jp> ,g;gpbahd Nftykhd xU fhupaj;ijr; nra;jpUf;f KbAkh? ePq;fNs

nrhy;Yq;Nfh> nlh|f;w;w(u;). ghUq;Nfh ,e;jg; glj;ij.

(nlh|f;fw;wupd; Kfj;Jf;F NeNu glj;ij ePl;Lfpwhd;. nlh|f;w;wupd; Mj;jpuk;

mjpfupf;fpwJ. kpUf ntwp xd;W gsPupLfpwJ> mtu; tpopfspy;. xt;nthU

nrhy;yhf mOj;jp mOj;jp mtu; NgRfpwhu;.)

fe;jg;G: Vd; fhZk;> ,ij vy;yhk; vdf;Fr; nrhy;Ywpu;? ,ijg; gw;wp vy;yhk;

vdf;F mf;fiwAk; ,y;iy. ftiyAk; ,y;iy. vdf;Fj; Njitapy;iyf;

fhZk; ck;kil Ntiyf;fhwd; vz;L epidr;rpuh> ck;kil FswiyAk;

$r;riyAk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJf;F... ck;kil mtkhdq;fisg;

nghWj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJf;F? fhZk;> ,njy;yhk;.

(kNdhfud; fe;jg;GtplkpUe;J rpwpJ gpd;thq;fp Mr;rupaj;NjhL mtiug;

ghu;f;fpwhd;.)

fe;jg;G: Vd; fhZk; vd;id ,q;if $l;b te;j ePu;> ,g;g? ePu; fy;ahzk; gz;zpdpu;>

Ntiy ,y;yhky;. ePu; ck;kil czu;r;rpkakhd ehlfj;ij Mlyhk;.

my;yJ Nfhkhspf;$j;ij MbdhYk; rup jhd;. ckf;F Ntiw Ntiy

,y;iy vz;lhy; mJfisr; nra;J nfhz;L ,Uk;. Mdhy;> vd;id Vd;

fhZk; ,JfSf;if ,Of;fpwpu;? vdf;Fk; cJfSf;Fk; vd;d mYty;?

ck;kil fhjy;f; fijaSf;ifAk; ry;yhgq;fSf;ifAk; vd;id Vd; nfhz;L

te;J kpidf;nfLj;Jwpu;? vd;id vd; ghl;biy tpl;bLk;. MNud; ck;

jutop cy;yhrpaNshil Ngha; ck;kil kdprj;jd;ik> jpahf rpe;ij>

gz;G> gzpahuk;... ,Jfisg; gw;wpg; NgRk;. gpurq;fk; gz;Zk;. my;yJ

GWGWj;Jf; nfhz;L Grj;Jk;. NtZnkz;lhy; ck;kil tPizia vLj;J>

fUzhurk; jJk;g xU fPu;j;jidiag; gpLq;fp vwpAk;. ePu; fhk;Nghjpia

thrpr;rhy; vd;d> Kfhupapiy mOJ tbQ;rhy; vd;d? vdf;nfd;d fhZk;

mijg;gw;wp? kdpru ; kf;fNshil ck;kil Nrl;ilia itr;Rf;

nfhs;shijAk;. kw;witf;F kupahij FLf;fpwJ vg;gpb vz;L ckf;Fj;

njupahl;lhy;> mitf;Ff; fpl;lg; NghfhijAk; mtsT jhd; ehd;

nrhy;yf;$baJ.

kNdhfud;: kd;dpf;f NtZk;. ,Jf;nfy;yhk; vd;d fUj;J?

fe;jg;G: fUj;jh Nf|f;fpwpu; kp];w;w(u;) kNdhfud;? kdpriu tpisahl;Lr; rhkhd;

Nghiy kjpf;fpwJ rupapy;iy vz;lJ jhd; ,Jf;Ff; fUj;J. ehd; xU

nlh|f;w;w(u;). mj;ju; thridAk; guj;jik kzKk; ,y;yhjitAk;>

nlh|f;w;wu;khUk; kw;wj; njhopy;fhwu; vy;yhUk; ck;kil tPl;L tpsf;F

khWfs; Jilg;gf;fl;ilas; - vz;lh epidr;rpu;? tpUg;gnkz;lhy; ePu; me;j

Ntiyiar; nra;Ak;. Mdhy;> Jd;gg;gLw xU kdpridg; gpbr;R> $j;J

Nkilf;Ff; Fj;Jf;fy;yha; itr;Rg; ghf;fpwJf;F ckf;F cupik ,y;iy.

123


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kNdhfud;: vd;d Jzpr;rNyhil ePu; vdf;F cijr; nrhy;ypwpu;?

fe;jg;G: vd;w;iw Jd;g epiyiaj; njupQ;r gpwFk; vd;id ,q;if nfhz;L te;J>

ck;kil myk;gy;fisf; Nf|f;f itf;fpwJf;F ckf;Fj;jhd; vtsT Jzpr;ry;?

kw;wtd;w;iw kdf;ftiyia ieahz;b gz;zpwJf;F vd;d cupik fhZk;

,Uf;F ckf;F?

kNdhfud;: ckf;nfd;d tpruh? vd;d fUiz ,y;yhj fy;Yj; J}z; ePu;? ehNdh

ftiyapiy KOfp ,Uf;fpnwd;. ... ... ePu; ...

fe;jg;G: ftiy. (cuj;J) ftiy. me;jr; nrhy;iy cr;rupahijAk;. ckf;Fk;

mJf;Fk; ntF J}uk;. filr; nryTf;Ff; fhR Nghjhjtq;fSk;

ftiyg;gLwjha;j; jhd; nrhy;ypwhq;fs;. milg;gd; tpahjp gpbr;r Nfhopr;

rhtYk; ftiy jhd; gLfpJ.

kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePu; ck;ik kwe;J NgRwpu;. cg;gpbg;gl;l Ngr;Rf;Ff; iffhyhyiy

jhd; kWnkhop FLf;fpwJ tof;fk;. tpsq;Fjh> ehd; nrhy;ypwJ? (jd;

rl;ilg; igapypUe;J ,uz;L fhRj;jhs;fis vLj;J mtw;iw Nkir kPJ

mbj;J itj;J) ,e;jhUk;. ,J ePu; te;jJf;fhf ehd; ju Ntz;ba fhR.

fe;jg;G: vdf;Ff; fhR juj; njz;bf;f Ntz;lhk; (fhRj; jhs;fis vLj;Jf;

fpopj;njwpfpwhu;.) mtkhdj;Jf;F <lha;f; fhR FLj;Jr; rkhspf;f VyhJ.

kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> msNthil epWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;.

fe;jg;G: msT vd;d fhZk; msT? nra;apwijAk; nra;JNghl;L> gpwF vr;rupf;if

gz;zpwpuh> vr;rupf;if?

kNdhfud;: X> ePu; ngupa nlh|f;w;w(u;) jhd;. Mdhy; vd;w;iw epiyikiaAk; nfhQ;rk;

Nahrpr;Rg; ghUk;.

fe;jg;G: vdf;nfd;d> Ntiw Ntiy ,y;iyah? ck;ikg; Nghiy nghOJ Nghfhj

Gspr;ry; Vtiwf;fhwd; vz;lh epidr;rpu; vd;idAk;?

kNdhfud;: kupahijf;fha;g; ghf;fpnwd;.

fe;jg;G: kupahijiag; gw;wp vd;d fhZk; njupAk; ckf;F?

kNdhfud;: nlh|f;w;w(u;)> ePq;fs; ,dpg; Nghfyhk;.

fe;jg;G: Nghfj;jhd; Nghnwd;. gpd;id vd;d> ck;Nkhil tpUe;J rhg;gplth te;jehd;?

vd;idf; nfhz;L Ngha; tpLwJf;F xOq;F gz;Zk;.

kNdhfud;: X... xOq;F> nfhz;L Ngha; tpLwJf;F xOq;F. fl;lhak; nra;aj;jhd;

NtZk;.

(Nkiy kzpiaf; fpL fpL vd mbf;fpwhd;. xUtUk; tutpy;iy. kPz;Lk;

mbf;fpwhd;. ahUk; ,y;iy. NfhghNtrj;Jld; kzpia epyj;jpy; tPRfpwhd;.

mg;NghJ xU Ntiyahs; tUfpwhd;.)

kNdhfud;: vq;if Ngha;j; JiyQ;rpl;bas; vy;yhUk;? Ngha; l;w;a;tupl;ilr; nrhy;Y...

fhiuf; nfhz;L tul;lhk; vz;L> ,tu; Nghf NtZk;. (Ntiyahs; Nghfj;

124


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpUk;Gk;NghJ) ,e;jh> vy;yh Ntiyf;fhwiuAk; ntspapiy Nghfr; nrhy;Y.

eP kl;Lk; epy;. mtq;fs; xUj;jUf;Fk; ,dp ,e;j tPl;biy Ntiy ,y;iy.

JNuhfpas;. xz;Lk; njupahjJ khjpup ebg;G. ed;wpapy;yhj ehas;. vy;yhUk;

Ngha;j; JiyAq;Nfh. k; ... ... ePq;fs; Nghfyhk;.

(Ntiyahs; nlh|f;w;wupd; ngl;biaj; J}f;fpagb mtiu mioj;Jr;

nry;fpwhd;. nlh|f;w;w(u;) ntWg;NghLk; mUtUg;NghLk; rpdj;NjhLk;

ntspNaWfpwhu;. kNdhfud; epiynfhs;shky; ,uz;nlhU juk; mq;Fkpq;Fk;

miye;jgpd;> tpWtpnwd;W khbg;gbfspy; Vwp> cs;siwf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;.

rpwpJ Neuj;jpw; ifj;Jg;ghf;fpAld; ,wq;fpatd;> eL Nkilf;F te;J> ghkhtpd;

glj;ij ntwpj;Jg; ghu;f;fpwhd;. rQ;ry ,ir tYf;fpwJ. newpahsu; gf;fg;

gbf;fl;lhy; Vwp> fPo; Nkil eLg;gFjpf;F tUfpwhu;.)

newpahsu;: vd;d ele;jJ vz;lij vy;yhk; ePq;fs; ghj;jPq;fs;. kdrhu nlh|f;w;wUf;Ff;

Nfhgk; thwJ epahak; jhd;. Foe;ijiag; gypFLj;j Jf;fk; mtUf;F.

vtsNth njz;br;Rj;jhNd> kNdhfuDk; $l;b te;jtd;> mtiu!

ngz;rhjp tpl;bl;L Xbapl;lhs; vz;l Jauk; kNdhfuDf;F. Jauk; kl;Lky;y.

Vkhw;wKk; jhd;. mtd;w;iw Jauk; mtDf;F.

xUj;ju; Jauj;ij kw;wtUf;Fr; nrhy;ypg; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhz;lhy;> ,uz;L

NgUf;Fk; Jauk; FiwAk; vz;nlhU jj;Jtj;ijr; rpy Ngu; mbf;fb

nrhy;ypwij ePq;fs; Nfl;bUg;gPu;fs;. Mdhy;> ,g;g ePq;fNs NeUf;F Neiu

ghj;jPq;fs;. Jaug;gLw kdq;fSf;F> ePjp> epahak;> jUkk; - ,Jfnshz;Lk;

njupahJ. jq;fil Jauk; jhd;> kw;w vy;yhj;ijAk; %b kiwr;Rg; NghLk;.

Mdgbahiy jhd; ,it ,uz;L NgUila Jauq;fSk; ,uz;L Kidaspiy

epz;L jj;jspr;RJfs;.

vz;lhYk;> nlh|f;w;wUila ntWg;Gk; rpdKk; mt;tsT epahakhdit

my;y vz;L nrhy;yTk; ,lkpUf;F. nlh|f;w;w(u;) ,g;g tPl;il Ngha;f;

nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. xU Ntis ePq;fs; epidg;gPq;fs;> mtu; jd;Dila tPl;biy

,Uf;fpw ngz;rhjpiag; gw;wpj;jhd; Nahrpr;Rf;nfhz;L Nghwhu; vz;L. Nkhrk;

Nghd mtUila gps;isiag; gw;wpj;jhd; kdtUj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;L Nghwhu;

vz;Lk; rpy Ntis epidg;gPq;fs;. Mdhy; cz;ikapiy ,g;g mtUila

kdj;jpiy epiwQ;rpUf;fpwJ> kNdhfuDila tPL@ mtDila ngz;rhjp

ghkhitf; $l;bf;nfhz;L Xbd Nrhuehafd; gQ;rhl;ruk;> mtidg;Nghiy

Mf;fspd;w;iw ~Nrhf;F|> nrhFR> cy;yhrk;> yPyhtpNdhjq;fs;. ,Jfisg;

gw;wp vy;yhk; nlh|f;w;wUf;Fj; jPuhj frg;G> ntWg;G. ,e;jf; frg;Gk; ntWg;Gk;

mtUf;Fr; rhFkl;Lk; jPuhJ. ,uz;L Jauq;fSk; jdpj;jdp epz;L

Nkhjpdjhiy cz;lhdJfs; ,uz;L ntWg;Gfs;. ,e;j ,uz;L ntWg;GfSf;

Fs;isAk; nlh|f;w;wUila ntWg;Gj;jhd; fLikahdJ> frg;ghdJ.

rup Nkil mLf;fzpas; vy;yhk; rpjWg;gl;Lg; Ngha;f; fplf;FJfs;.

mnjy;yhj;ijAk; xOq;F nra;a NtZk;. ePq;fs; ghj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;ff;

$bajha; me;j Ntiyia ehd; njhlq;ff; FlhJ. Mdgbahiy> cq;fSf;F

tzf;fk; $wp tpilngWfpnwd;. (gf;fj;Nj ghu;j;J) jk;gp> ,dpj; jpiuia

%b tpLk;.

(jpiu. ~,U Jauq;fs;| Kw;Wk;.)

125


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ehlf Mrpupau; : ,.KUifad; (23.04.1935 - 27.06.2009)

aho;g;ghzk; fy;taiyg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;. tpQ;Qhdkhzp> fiykhzp> KJkhzpg;

gl;lq;fisg; ngw;wtu;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,tUf;F nfsut ,yf;fpaf;; fyhepjpg;

gl;lk; toq;fpaJ.

1950 fspy; ftpij vOjj; njhlq;fpa ,tu; ftpijfs;> gh ehlfq;fs;> Nkil ehlfq;fs;>

jpwdha;Tfs;> fl;Liufs;> nkhopngau;g;Gf;fs; vdg; gy tifahd gilg;Gf;fisj;

je;Js;shu;. Mrpupau;> Mrpupau; fyhrhiy tpupTiuahsu;> gy;fiyf;fofg; gjpthsu;

Mfpa gjtpfspy; gzpGupe;Js;shu;.

vOjpa E}y;fs;

1) ftpij E}y;fs;

- xUtuk; (nkhopngau;g;Gf; ftpij - 1966)

- neLk;gfy; (fhtpak; - 1967)

- Mjpgftd; (1978)

- khL fapW mWf;Fk; (1990)

- ehq;fs; kdpju; (1992)

- xt;nthU Gy;Yk; g+Tk; gps;isAk; (2001)

2) gh ehlf E}y;fs;

- te;J Nru;e;jd juprdk; (1965)

- NfhGuthry; (1969)

- ntwpahl;L

- Nkw;g+r;rp (1995)

- rq;flq;fs; (2000)

- cz;ik (nkhopngau;g;G 2002)

3) Nkil ehlfq;fs;

- f^opak;

- mg;gUk; Rg;gUk;

ehlf mwpKfk;

,e;ehlfk; U\pa vOj;jhsuhd md;ud; nrf;Nfht; vd;gtuJ rpWfijnahd;W> vkJ

#oYf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; ghj;jpuq;fSk; nghUj;jkhd fijf;fUTk; nfhz;ljhf

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. aho;g;ghzg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; ciuahly; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

NgRnghUs;; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;

,U Jauq;fs; - fe;jg;Gtpd; gps;isapd; mfhy kuzk;> kNdhfudpd; kidtp

fs;sf;fhjyDld; Xbg; Nghd Jauk; Mfpa ,uz;L Jauq;fSk; ,U ghj;jpuq;fspd;

%ykhfr; rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

xt;nthUtu; JauKk; mtutu;f;F typjhdJ. ,J FiwthdJ mJ NkyhdJ vd

thjhl KbahJ. xUtu; Jauj;ij kw;wtu; gupTld; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Skplj;J> mjd;

jhf;fk; Fiwayhk;. rpdk; nfhz;l kdk; tPz; tpthjq;fisNa tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.

126


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fijf;fU

fe;jg;Gtpw;F kfspd; kuzj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l Jauk;. kNdhfudpw;F kidtpapd; ek;gpf;ifj;

JNuhfj;jhy; Vw;gl;l Mj;jpuKk; JauKk;. ,U ghj;jpuq;fSk; Jauj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

epiyapy; Vw;gLk; thf;Fthjj;jpd; %yk; xU KbitNah MWjiyNah vl;lKbatpy;iy.

ehlfk; - rhuhk;rk;

fe;jg;G nlhf;lUf;F ePz;l fhyj;jpd; gpd; gpwe;j kfs;> tapw;Nwhl;l tpahjp te;jjhy;

,we;Jtpl;lJ. me;jj; Jf;fj;jpy; mtu; ,Ue;jNtisapy;> kNdhfud; vd;gtu; jdJ

kidtp mdpw;wprk; vd;w Neha; te;J Mgj;jhd epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhfTk; mtSf;F

itj;jpak; nra;a tUk;gbAk; fe;jg;Git tw;GWj;jpf; Nfl;fpd;whu;. Muk;gj;jpy; kWj;j

fe;jg;G nlhf;lu; xUthW rk;kjpj;Jr; nry;fpwhu;. mq;Nf kNdhfudJ kidtp jdJ

fs;sf;fhjyd; gQ;rhl;ruj;Jld; Xbtpl;lijawpe;J> Mj;jpuKk; Jf;fKk; mile;j kNdhfud;>

jd;Dila kdf;FKwiyf; fe;jg;Gtplk; nfhl;bj; jPu;f;f vj;jdpj;jNghJ Njhd;wpa

Kuz;ghLfs;.


gLtd; - tapw;Nwhl;lk;

ngz;rhjp / rk;rhuk; - kidtp

FWf;if - ,ilapy;

nehb - tpehb

me;jupr;Rg; NghNdd; - jtpj;Jg; NghNdd;

nrj;jtuhk; - ,we;jtuhk;

tpahjp - Neha;

nkhj;jk; - jbg;G

rPtj;jWtha; - capu;gpupAk; jUzk;

rq;flk; - f\;lk;

cof;Fjy; - gykhf kpjpj;jy;

fl;il - iky;

127


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

rq;f fhyk;

mwpKfk;

fp.gp. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd fhyg;gFjp

Kjy;> ,il> filr;rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L jkpo;g; gzpahw;wg;gl;l fhyk;

KbAil %Nte;ju;fSk; FWepy kd;du;fSk; jkpo;ehl;il Ml;rpGupe;jdu;

muru;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;FkpilNa rpwe;j cwT fhzg;gl;lJ. muru;fshy;

Gytu;fs; Mjupf;fg;gl;ldu;

FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy Mfpa ,aw;ifahd epy mikg;gpd;

mbg;gilapy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw mike;jpUe;jJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

Nghw;wg;gl;l mf> Gw xOf;fq;fs; ,t;tbg;gilapNyNa rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

epy mikg;gpw;Nfw;wthW kf;fs; njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. Gfhu;> Krpwp>

nfhw;if Kjyhd JiwKfq;fs; ,Ue;jikf;Fk; may; ehLfSldhd tzpfk;

rpwe;J tpsq;fpaikf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd

,aw;iff;F ,iaghd topghl;L Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. KUfd; (FwpQ;rp)>

jpUkhy; (Ky;iy)> ,e;jpud; (kUjk;)> tUzd; (nea;jy;)> nfhw;wit (ghiy)

Mfpa nja;tq;fs; kf;fshy; topglg;gl;ld

,yf;fpaq;fs;

m) vl;Lj;njhif

Gytu;fs; gyuhy; ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; ,aw;wg;gl;l nra;As;;fspd; njhFg;G E}y;fs;.

1. ew;wpiz

2. FWe;njhif

3. mfehD}W (neLe;njhif) mfj;jpiz

4. Iq;FWE}W

5. fypj;njhif

6. GwehD}W

7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J

8. gupghly;

M. gj;Jg;ghl;L

1. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L

2. Ky;iyg;ghl;L

3. gl;bdg;ghiy

4. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil

5. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil

6. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

7. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil

8. $j;juhw;Wg;gil

(kiygLflhmk;)

9. kJiuf;fhQ;rp

10. neLey;thil (,J mfkh> Gwkh vd;w ru;r;irf;Fupa E}y;)

Gwj;jpiz

mfj;jpiz

Gwj;jpiz

1. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhWgFjp - 2

128


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fgpyu;> guzu;> ef;fPuu; Kjypa Mz;ghw; Gytu;fSk; fhf;ifghbdpahu;> xsitahu;>

Mjpke;jpahu;> ghupkfspu; Kjypa ngz;ghw; Gytu;fSk; nra;As;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdu;.

rpy muru;fSk; nra;As;;fs; ,aw;wpAs;sdu;.

,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;

nghUs; kuG

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> kf;fs; tho;f;if Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz

vd;w gpujhd nghUs; kuGfis cs;slf;fpAs;sd.

mfk;

kdnkhj;j jiytDk; jiytpAk; jk;Ks; $ba $l;lj;J Ja;j;j ,d;gj;ij

,j;jd;ikahdnjd ntspg;gLj;j Kbahj czu;T mfk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ

fhjnyhOf;fk;. mfj;jpizr; nra;As;fspy; jiytd;> jiytp KjyhNdhupd;

ngau; Rl;lg;glkhl;lhJ

md;gpide;jpiz J}a fhjnyhOf;fkhFk;. Gzu;jy; (FwpQ;rp)> ,Uj;jy;

(Ky;iy)> Cly; (kUjk;)> ,uq;fy; (nea;jy;)> gpupjy; (ghiy) Mfpad

md;gpide;jpiz vdg;gLk;

iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz vd;gd J}a fhjnyhOf;fq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy

iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf;fhkkhFk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;

- gUtnka;jhj Ngijaplk; MltndhUtd; fhjy;nfhz;L mtisg; gw;wpg;

gythW nrhy;yp ,d;GWjy;

- xj;j md;gpduha jiytDk; jiytpAk; vjpu;g;gl;Lf;$Lk; $l;lj;jpd;

Kd; ngUk;ghYk; jiytdplk; epfOk; fhl;rp> Iak;> njspT> Njwy; vd;Dk;

epiyfs;

- nfhy;NyW jOTjy; Kjypait fhuzkhf epfOk; kzKiwfs;

ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf; fhkkhFk;. xUtd; xUj;jpaplk; kpf;f fhkj;jdhfp

mtis milag;ngwhj epiyapy; klNyWjy;> tiugha;jy; vd;gd %yk; mtis

miltjw;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;

mfg;ghly;fspy; Kjy; (epyKk; nghOJk;)> fU (Itif epyk; - xt;nthd;Wf;Fk;

cupj;jhd nja;tk;> kf;fs;> czT> g+> kuk;> tpyq;F> aho;> njhopy; Kjyhdit)

(xOf;fk;) vd;gd rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,aw;ifNahL xl;ba xOf;fq;fs;> ,aw;if tu;zidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

mzpfs; rpwg;ghff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. cs;Siw ctkk;> ,iwr;rpg; nghUs;

vd;gdTk; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sd.

cs;Siw ctkk;

ctikia ntspg;gilahf vLj;Jf; $whky; (mjhtJ ‘Nghy’> ‘md;d’> ‘xj;j’ vd;w

mikg;gpw; $wg;glhJ.) nra;Aspy; tUk; xU tptupg;G %yk;> nrhy;y tpUk;Gtijr;

#l;Rkkhf czu;j;Jk; Kiwik cs;Siw ctkk; vdg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ xU ctik

nra;ASf;Fs;Ns cs;Siwe;J ,Uj;jy; cs;Siw ctkk; MFk;.

129


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

c - k; : FWe;njhifg; ghly;: 226

“jaq;F jpiu nghUj jhio ntz;g+f;

FUF vd kyUk;.......”vd;Dk; njhliu cjhuzj;jpw;F vLj;J Nehf;FNthk;. flw;fiuapy; kyu;fNshL

fhl;rp jUk; jhio kuk; gw;wp tpgupg;gjhf ,j;njhlu; mike;Js;sJ. jhioapdJ

ntz;zpwg; g+ ehiuiag; Nghy ngUe;Jiwapy; g+j;Js;sJ vd;gJ ,jd; ntspg;gilg;

nghUs;. jhok;g+it FUF vd kaq;fp xUtUk; vLf;fhJ tpl> mjd; tho;T ntWkNd

foptJNghy jiytdhy; Ja;f;fg;glhj jiytpapdJ epiy ,q;F cs;Siwahf

czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,iwr;rp

,J cs;Siw ctkj;ijg; NghyNt fUg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J ca;j;Jzug;gLk;. vdpDk;

,uz;bw;Fk; NtWghL vd;dntdpy;> cs;Siwapy; $wg;gl;l nghUSk; ca;j;JzUk;

nghUSk; xj;JKbAk;. ,iwr;rpapy; $wg;gl;l nghUSk; ca;j;JzUk; nghUSk;

xj;J Kbe;J> mjdpd;W kw;nwhU njhdpg;nghUs; mthtg;gl;L epw;Fk;. mjhtJ

xd;iwr; nrhy;Yk;nghOJ ,d;ndhd;W epidTf;F tUk;. ,jidr; rpyu; rk];fpUjj;jpy;

Ngrg;gLk; ‘j;tdp’ vd;gjDs; mlf;Ftu;.

cjhuzk; : FWe;njhifr; nra;As;: 225

“fd;W jd; gaKiy khe;j> Kd;wpy;

jpid gpb cz;Zk;.......”

vd;Dk; njhliu Nehf;Ff.

ngz;ahid jd; fd;Wf;Fg; ghY}l;bagbNa jd; grpf;F Kw;wj;Jj; jpidiaj; jpd;DfpwJ.

mq;qdNk ePAk; nghUs; NjLk; cd; flikia epiwNtw;Wk; mNjNtisapy; (ahid

fd;wpw;Fg; gae;jJ / nfhLj;jJ Nghy) ,tsJ eyidAk; Ngz KbAk; vd;Dk;

Fwpg;Gj; Njhd;w mikjypd; ,/J ,iwr;rpg; nghUshk;.

Gwk;

Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ fhjy; jtpu;e;j Vidatw;iwg; ghLtjhFk;. rpwg;ghf

NghnuhOf;fKk; tPuk;> nfhil> epiyahik KjypadTk; Gwj;jpizapd; ghw;gLk;.

ngau; Rl;ba fhjy;fSk; Gwj;jpizapDs;NsNa tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

Itifg; NghnuhOf;fq;fSk; fhQ;rpj;jpizAk; ghlhz;jpizAk; Gwj;jpizAs;

mlq;Fk;.

ntl;rp (FwpQ;rp)> tQ;rp (Ky;iy)> copiQ (kUjk;)> Jk;ig (nea;jy;)> thif

(ghiy) Mfpad NghnuhOf;fq;fshFk;.

- fhQ;rpj;jpiz vd;gJ ahf;if> nry;tk;> ,sik Kjyhdtw;wpd; epiyahikiag;

ghLtjhFk;.

- ghlhz;jpiz vd;gJ xUtuJ tPuk;> nfhil> Gfo; vd;gtw;iw tpje;J $WjYk;

mwTiu $wp tho;j;JjYkhFk;.

mwf;fUj;Jf;fSk; rq;fr; nra;As;fspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

130


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nra;As; kuG

jdpepiyr; nra;As;fshfr; rq;fr; nra;As;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mftw;gh (Mrpupag;gh) ngUkstpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

c- k;;:

mfehD}W> GwehD}W

tQ;rpg;gh (kJiuf; fhQ;rp)> fypg;gh (fypj;njhif)> gupghl;L (gupghly;) Kjyhd

gh tiffSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

rpwpa nrhw;fs; nra;As;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

mfr;nra;As;fs; ghj;jpuf; $w;Wf;fshf mike;Js;sd.

Gwr;nra;As;fs; Gytu; $w;Wf;fshf mike;jpUf;Fk;.

rq;f mfr;nra;As;fs; ehlfj;jd;ik nfhz;litahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cs;sij cs;sthNw $Wgitahf ,f;fhyr; nra;As;fs; mikfpd;wd.

xg;gPl;lstpy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; J}a jkpo; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. tlnkhopr;

nrhw;fs; Fiwe;jstpNyNa gapd;Ws;sd.

gapw;rp :

gpd;tUtd njhlu;ghf tpgupf;Ff.

1. rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;JtjpYs;s ,lu;ghLfs;.

2. rq;ffhy ,yf;fpag; nghUs; kuG.

3. rq;f mfr;nra;Al; gz;Gfs;.

4. rq;f Gwr;nra;Al; gz;Gfs;.

5. rq;f fhyk; ,aw;if newpf;fhyk;.

6. Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpaq;fspd;; gz;Gfs;.

7. rq;fr; rhd;Nwhupd; rpwg;Gfs;.

8. rq;fr; nra;As;fspy; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs;.

131


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mwpKfk;

rq;f fhyj;ij mLj;J fp.gp. 3 – fp.gp 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd

fhyg;gFjp rq;fkUtpa fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;by; fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp eilngw;wJ.

rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; rkz> ngsj;j kjq;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd.

,f;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; irt> itzt rkaq;fs; vOr;rp ngwj; njhlq;fp;d.

kf;fspilNa gpwg;gpdbg;gilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; tYtile;jd.

xOf;fg; gpwo;Tfs; fhuzkhf> rlq;F Kiwfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.

rkz> ngsj;j kjq;fisg; gug;Gk; Kaw;rpfs; ngUkstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

r%f tho;f;ifia xOq;FgLj;Jk; vj;jdq;fSk;> mwnthOf;fq;fisg; NgZk;

Kaw;rpfSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wij ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;.

,f;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tlnkhopf; fUj;Jf;fSk; fijfSk; ,lk;ngwj;

njhlq;Ffpd;wd.

rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> ahfq;fs; r%fj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l mNjfhyj;jpy;

rkzUk; ngsj;jUk; xOf;frPyq;fisAk; mwnewpfisAk; rKjhaj;jpy;

Kjd;ik ngwitf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; jk;ik <LgLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

mwnthOf;fq;fspd; Njit r%fj;jhy; czug;glyhapw;W.

,f;fhyj;jpnyOe;j ngUk;ghyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; kf;fs; vt;thW tho Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij typAWj;Jtdthf mike;Js;sd.

njhlu;epiyr; nra;As;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd (rpyg;gjpfhuk;>

kzpNkfiy).

mwE}y;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis mf> Gw> mw ,yf;fpaq;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs;>

gpuge;jq;fs;> ghRuq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

,yf;fpaq;fs;

mwE}y;fs; mfj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fs; Gwj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fs;

jpUf;Fws; fhu;ehw;gJ fstop ehw;gJ

ehybahu; Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ

ehd;kzpf;fbif jpiznkhop Ik;gJ

,d;dh ehw;gJ Ie;jpiz vOgJ

,dpait ehw;gJ jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ

jpupfLfk; ife;epiy

Mrhuf;Nfhit

gonkhop ehD}W

rpWgQ;r %yk;

KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp

Vyhjp

rq;fkUtpa fhyk;

132


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fhg;gpaq;fs; gpuge;jq;fs;

rpyg;gjpfhuk; mw;Gjj;jpUte;jhjp

kzpNkfiy jpUtpul;ilkzpkhiy

jpUthyq;fhl;Lj; jpUg;gjpfq;fs;

Kjyho;thu; ghba me;jhjpfs;

rq;fkUtpafhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghJg; gz;Gfs;

mwf;fUj;Jf;;fs; NeubahfTk; fijfs; %yKk; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

mwf;fUj;ij typAWj;jg; nghUj;jkhd ntz;gh ahg;G ,f;fhyj;jpy;

nry;thf;Fg; ngWfpd;wJ.

cyfpay; tho;tpid epuhfupf;Fk; mstpw;F rkz> ngsj;ju;fspd; Nghjidfs;

mike;j epiyapy;> mjdhy; rypj;Jg;Nghd kf;fSf;F tho;f;ifapy; gpbg;gpidAk;

cw;rhfj;jpidAk; Cl;Ltdthfr; irt> itzt gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk;

ngWfpd;wd. mit mLj;JtUk; fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;jd.

czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;jg; nghUj;jkhd tpUj;jg;gh> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw

Kjyhd Gjpa ahg;Gf;fSk; me;jhjp> gjpfk; Kjyhd Gjpa ,yf;fpa

tbtq;fSk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

gapw;rp :


1. rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; ngUkstpy; Njhd;wpa mwE}y;fs;.

2. rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpnyOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspd; gz;Gfs;.

3. rq;f ,yf;fpa kugpd; nry;thf;F> rq;fkUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspw;

fhzg;gLjy;.

4. gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpapd; Njhw;Wthahf> rq;fkUtpa fhy

,yf;fpaq;fs; mikjy;.

5. mwE}y;fs; $Ljyhfj; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

133


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gy;ytu; fhyk;;

mwpKfk;

fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd

fhyg;gFjpahFk;.

fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp eyptila> gy;ytuhl;rp Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.

rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; mj;jpghukplg;gl;l gf;jpnewpapd; tsu;r;rp> gy;ytu;

fhyj;jpy;; cr;rk; ngWfpwJ.

irt> itzt rkaq;fs; vOr;rpAw;;wd.

irt ehad;khUk; itzt Mo;thu;fSk; itjpf rkaq;fis tsu;g;gjpy;

Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;.

gf;jprhu; E}y;fs; $Ljyhfj; Njhd;wpd.

gf;jpg; ghRuq;fs; $Ljyhf mfj;Jiwrhu; ghly;fshfj; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

gf;jp ,af;fk;> kf;fs; ,af;fkhfg; gupzkpf;fpwJ.

Mya topghl;L Kiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

,yf;fpaq;fs;

gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Ljyhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

mf;fhy ehad;khUk;> Mo;thu;fSk; jkJ gf;jpaDgtq;fisg; gjpfq;fshfTk;

gpuge;jq;fshfTk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

,iwtid cwTKiwapy; ghtidnra;J ghLk; gz;G tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.

“mg;gd; eP mk;ik eP.........”

“thuzkhapuk; #o tyQ;nra;J.....” czu;TG+u;tkhd ghRuq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; nefpo;thd> vspikahd nkhopeiliaf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

cyh> Nfhit> fyk;gfk; Mfpa gpuge;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwj;

njhlq;Ffpd;wd.

,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; fdpT> njspT> gf;jpr;Rit> Xirg;ngUf;F Kjypa

rpwg;gpay;Gfs; cilaitaha; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

I. gf;jprhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

- rk;ge;ju;> mg;gu;> Re;juu;> khzpf;fthrfu; ghly;fs;

- Kjyho;thu; %tu; jtpu;e;j Vida Mo;thu;fspd; ghRuq;fs;;

- Nrukhd;ngUkhs;> jpU%yu; MfpNahupd; gilg;Gf;fs;

II. cyfpay;rhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

- ghuj ntz;gh

- ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;

- ghz;bf;Nfhit

- ngUq;fij

- Kj;njhs;shapuk;

- = Guhzk;

- farpe;jhkzp

134


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;

,iwtDila Njhw;wg; nghypT> mUl;rpwg;G> ngUik vd;gd

czu;Tg+u;tkhf tptupf;fg;gly;.

jdpj;jdpg; gjpfq;fshfTk; gpuge;jq;fshfTk; ghLjy;. mbahu;fs;

NeubahfTk; ghtid nra;Jk; ghLjy;.

flTis tho;j;Jk; gf;jpg; ghRuq;fs; Kd;dpiyg; gutyhfTk; glu;f;ifg;

gutyhfTk; mike;Js;sd.

,f;fhyg; ghly;fspy; jhopir> Jiw> tpUj;jk; Mfpad ngUfpf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,f;fhyg; ghly;fspy; tlnkhopg; Guhzf; fijfs;> fUj;Jfs; vLj;jhsg;gL

fpd;wd.

nghJkf;fisf; ftUk; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.

gapw;rp :


1. rq;fkUtpa fhy gf;jp newpapd; tsu;r;rp gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gly;.

2. gy;ytu; fhyg; ghly;fspy; gf;jpr; Rit tpQ;rp epw;wy;.

3. gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jpg; ghRuq;fspy; ,aw;if tu;zidfs; tpQ;rp epw;wy;.

4. gy;ytu; fhyg; gf;jp ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.

5. rq;f fhy mfj;jpiz kuG> gy;ytu;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspw; fhzg;gly;.

135


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Nrhou; fhyk;

mwpKfk;

fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp.14 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd

fhyg;gFjpahFk;.

fpU\;zh ejpf;Fj; njw;NfAs;s gpuNjrq;fs; KOtJk; Kjd;Kjyhf

typanjhU kj;jpa murpd;fPo;f; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

NguuR ];jhgpf;fg;gl;likahy; vy;yhtifapYk; tskpf;f rKjhakhf> Nrhou;;

fhyr; rKjhak; fhzg;gl;lJ.

rkaq;fs; Rje;jpukhf tsuf;$ba #oy; epytpaJ.

Nrho kd;du;fs; vy;yh rkaq;fisAk; Mjupj;jdu;. cyfpaYk; rkaKk;

Kuz;glhj tifapy; mike;jpUe;jd. Nfhapy;fs; Nrhou;fhyr; rKjhaj;jpy;

Kf;fpa epWtdq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd.

tskpf;f mikjpahd #oy; epytpaikapdhy;> jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; xUikg;-

ghl;Lzu;Tk; r%fj;jpy; vd;Wkpy;yhj mstpy; fhzg;gl;ld.

vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; ngupjhfTk; rpwg;ghfTk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w czu;T

NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ. ngUq;Nfhapy;fSk; Ngupyf;fpaq;fSk; cUthdikf;F

,JNt mbg;gilahapw;W.

vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> mzp> ahg;G njhlu;ghd ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ngUkstpy;

vOe;jik> mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop tsu;r;rp ngw;wikf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;f;fy;tpAk; tlnkhopf; fy;tpAk; tsu;r;rpaile;jd.

,yf;fpaq;fs;

fk;guhkhazk;

rPtf rpe;jhkzp> Fz;lyNfrp> tisahgjp

ePyNfrp> #shkzp> aNrhju fhtpak;> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> cjazFkhu fhtpak;

ngupaGuhzk;> fe;jGuhzk; Kjypa Guhzq;fs;

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> %tUyh> FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; gps;isj;jkpo; Mfpa

gpuge;jq;fs;

,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;

cyfpay; tho;itr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

tpupthd tUzidfisAk; myq;fhuq;fisAk; nfhz;l Ngupyf;fpaq;fs;

mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUkstpy; Njhd;wpd.

muru;fspd; Gfio epiyehl;Ltijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;l guzp> cyh>

gps;isj;jkpo; Kjypa gpuge;jq;fs; Njhd;wpd.

136


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ctik> cUtfk;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> cau;T etpw;rp vdg; gy;tif mzpfSk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

tpUj;jg;gh Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ngUtof;fhapUe;j ghtifahFk;.

tlnkhopr; nry;thf;F mf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

gy;tif ,yf;fz E}y;fSk; ciuE}y;fSk; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpd.

gapw;rp :


1. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpa tiffs;.

2. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Ngupyf;fpaq;fs; mjpfstpy; Njhd;wpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

3. Nrhou; fhy gy;Jiw ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpAk; gpd;dzpAk;.

4. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.

5. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jhf;fk;.

6. gy;ytu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd

NtWghLfs;.

7. Nrhou; fhyk; xU fhg;gpa fhyk;.

8. Nrhou; fhyr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; gz;GfSk;.

9. Nrhou; fhyk; xU nghw;fhyk;.

137


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mwpKfk;

fp.gp. 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd

fhyg;gFjpahFk;.

Nrhouhl;rp epiyFiya jkpo;ehl;by; Vw;gl;l FWfpafhy ghz;bauhl;rpia

mLj;J ,];yhkpau; Ml;rpf;Fj; jkpofk; Ml;gl;lJ. njd;dhLfspy; ,];yhkpag;

guTifiaj; jLf;f Kide;j tp[a efu kd;du;fs; jkpo;ehL cs;spl;l

njd;dhLfspy; jkJ Ml;rpia epWtpdu;. mtu;fshy; jkpofk; Rkhu; Ke;E}W

Mz;Lfs; NeubahfTk; gpujpepjpfs; %yKk; Msg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mtu;fspd;

gpujpepjpfshf ,Ue;j ehaf;f kd;du;fs; jdpahl;rpia epWtp fp.gp. 18 Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp tiu Ml;rpGupe;jdu;.

me;epauhl;rp epytpaikahYk; mbf;fb Nghu;fs;> gilnaLg;Gfs;

epfo;e;jikahYk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; jkpo;ehl;by; ctg;ghd murpaw; #oy;

epyttpy;iy.

NguuR epiyFiye;jikahYk; ctg;gw;w murpaw; #oy; epytpaikahYk;

nghUshjhu tsq;Fd;wpa fhykhfNt ,f;fhyk; tpsq;fpaJ.

irtKk; itztKk; rkag; nghiwAld; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. ghRgjk;>

irtk;> rpj;jhe;j irtk;> tlfiy itztk;> njd;fiy itztk; Mfpa

kjg; gpupTfSk; Nftyhj;Jtpjk;> tprpl;lhj;Jtpjk; Kjypa jj;Jt rhj;jpuf;

nfhs;iffSk; gutyile;jd. MjPdq;fSk; klq;fSk; njhz;L Gupe;jd.

fpwp];jtk;> ,];yhk; Mfpa rkaq;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; mwpKfkhfpg; gutpd.

,yf;fpaq;fs;

jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; Kjypa Guhzq;fs;

tpy;ypghujk;> gpuGypq;fyPiy Kjypa fhtpaq;fs;

Nkhftijg;guzp> jpUth&Uyh> jpy;iyf; fyk;gfk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik

gps;isj;jkpo;> ehy;tu; ehd;kzp khiy> ek;ngUkhs; Kk;kzpf;Nfhit

Kjypa gpuge;jq;fs;

jpUg;Gfo;> fe;juyq;fhuk;> jhAkhd Rthkpfs; ghly;fs; Kjypa gf;jp

,yf;fpaq;fs;

Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ey;top Kjyhd mw ,yf;fpaq;fs;

fhsNkfk;> ,ul;ilau; KjypNahupd; jdpg;ghly;fs;

jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp> Kf;$lw;gs;S> nehz;b ehlfk; Kjypa nghJkf;fs;

rhu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs;

tpraefu ehaf;fu;fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;

rkar; rhu;G> jj;Jtr; rhu;G> mwr; rhu;G> gioikNghw;Wk; gz;G> tpj;Jtr;

nrUf;F> nghJkf;fs; rhu;G ntspg;gLk; gy;tif ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.

Nfhapy;fs; / jyq;fspd; ngUikiag; ghLk; Guhzq;fs; ngUkstpy; Njhd;wpd.

tpraefu ehaf;fu; fhyk;

138


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tlnkhopr; nry;thf;F mjpfstpw; fhzg;gl;lJ.

cyfpaiyg; ghlg; gad;gl;l rpw;wpyf;fpa tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rka>

jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs;; ghlg;gl;ld.

akfk;> jpupG> rpj;jpuf;ftp Kjypa nrhy;yyq;fhuk; epiwe;j ghly;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

Xir eaq;nfhz;l re;jr; rpwg;Gkpf;f ghly;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

rpNyil> ieahz;b> tir> tpflk; epiwe;j ghly;fspd; Njhw;wj;ij

mf;fhyj;jpy; fhz KbAk;.

gapw;rp :


1. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk; tifg;ghLk;.

2. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mf;fhy murpay;> r%f>

nghUshjhu epiyfspd; nry;thf;F.

3. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy nghJkf;fs;rhu; ,yf;fpaq;fs;.

4. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;.

5. Nrhou; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk; tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSk;.

6. tpra efu – ehaf;fu; fhyk; xU jj;Jtnewpf; fhyk;.

7. tpraefu – ehaf;fu; fhyk; xU gpuge;j fhyk;.

Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}w;gl;bay;

01. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW fyhepjp R. tpj;jpahde;jd;

02. ,yf;fpaj; njd;wy; tp. nry;tehafk;

03. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhyKk; fUj;Jk; lhf;lu; M. NtYg;gps;is

04. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW lhf;lu; K. tujuhrd;

139


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; KjyhfNt> ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo;r; rKjhak;

epiyngw;Wtpl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs; fhzg;gly;.

fp.K. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;iff;F te;j tp[aDk; mtdJ ez;gu;fs; 700

NgUk; jkpo;ehl;ilr; rhu;e;j ngz;fis kzk; Kbj;jjhfTk; 1000 jkpo;f;

FLk;gq;fs; njhopy;epkpj;jk; te;J Fbaku;e;jjhfTk; ghsp nkhopapyhd ,yq;if

tuyhw;W E}y;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wik.

fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;F Kd;Ng vy;yhsd; Kjyhd jkpo; kd;du; gyu;> gy

Mz;Lfshf mEuhjGuj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;jjhfTk; me;E}y;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wik.

fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;F Kw;gl;litahff; nfhs;sg;gLk; jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;

fshyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Kjyhd njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs; gy ,yq;ifapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

,yq;iff;Fk; jkpofj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUq;fpa cwT epytpaJ rq;f

,yf;;fpaq;fs; %yKk; njhy;ypaw; rhd;Wfs; %yKk; Gydhfpd;wik.

jkpofj;jpy; neLq;fhyj;Jf;F Kd;Ng tof;nfhope;J Nghd nrhw;fs; gy> ,d;Wk;

,yq;ifapy; toq;fp tUtjid nkhopapayhsu;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wik.

jkpo;nkhopapd; nry;thf;F rpq;fsnkhopapy; Jyf;fkhff; fhzg;gly;.

<oj;J vd;w milnkhopNahL $ba g+je;Njtdhu; vd;w Gytu; ghba ghly;fs;

rq;fj;njhif E}y;fspw; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

fpwp];J rfhg;jj;Jf;Fk; Mupa rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l

fhyg;gFjpapy;> ,yf;fpag; ghq;NfhL vOjg;gl;l jkpo;r; rhrdq;fs; gy ,yq;ifapd;

gpuhe;jpaq;fs; gytw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

fp.K. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rk;ge;ju;> Re;juu; KjyhNdhu;> <oj;Jj; jyq;fs; kPJ

gjpfk; ghbaik.

njd;dpyq;ifapy; rpq;fs muRfs; rpwg;Gw> tlghfk; jkpo; muRf;F cl;gl;lJ.

1044 ,y; ,yq;if KOtJk; Nrhouhl;rpf;F cl;gl;lJ.

nghydWit ,uhrjhdpahf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Mupar;rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyk;

mwpKfk;

fp.gp. 1215 ,y; fypq;f kd;ddhfpa “khfd;” gilnaLg;gpdhy; nghyeWit

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

fp.gp. 1216 ,y; khfdpd; jk;gp f[ghF tl ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJld;

jdpauR cUthfpaJ.

1236 ,y; jk;gnjdpahitf; ifg;gw;wpa guhf;fpukghF ghz;baUila cjtpAld;

nghyeWitiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.

1284 ,y; ghz;ba Nridj; jsgjp> “Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp” vd;w ngaUld; aho;g;ghz

muirf; ifg;gw;wp jdpauR mikj;jhd;.

mtDf;Fg; gpd; Mz;l kd;du;fs; Mupar; rf;futu;j;jp vd;w ngaUld; Ml;rp

nra;jdu;.

Vwf;Fiwa 400 Mz;Lfs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ifg;gw;Wk;tiu aho;g;ghz muR

epiyngw;wpUe;jJ.

Mupar; rf;futj;jpfSf;F Kw;gl;lfhyk;

2. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW

140


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jdpj;Jtkhd ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; Njhw;wk; ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ.

ghz;bau; epu;thfj;jpy; Nrdhjpgjp Nghd;w cau; gjtpfisg; ngw;wpUe;j

gpuhkz mjpfhupfs; aho;g;ghz muru;fshfp> rf;futu;j;jpfs; vd;w gl;lj;jpidg;

ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

khwtu;kd; FyNrfu Njtupd; fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;j fy;ntl;Lfs; Mupar;

rf;futu;j;jpfs; vd;gJ jdp mjpfhup xUtupd; ngauhftd;wp xU Fyj;jpd;

rpwg;Gg; ngauhf toq;fp te;jikiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

,yf;fpaq;fs;

,yf;fpag; gz;G

tuyhw;Wzu;T jyGuhz kuG (tlnkhop jOtpaJk; cs;Su; rhu;e;jJk;) rkar; rhu;G rhjhuz kf;fs; tho;f;if ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wik. ehl;lhu; ,yf;fpa Kiwikapd; nry;thf;F tpj;Jtr; rpwg;G fhzg;gl;lik nkhopngau;g;G Kaw;rp - ,uFtk;rk;

gapw;rp :


1. aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpa fhy (Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyk;) E}y;fistifg;gLj;Jf.

2. gpd;tUtd gw;wp Fwpg;Giu vOJf.i. ,uFtk;rk;ii. fjpiu kiyg;gs;Siii. fz;zfp tof;Fiu

3. Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jyGuhzq;fs; gw;wptpgupf;Ff.

4. aho;g;ghzj;J muru; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nghJg;gz;GfisAk; rpwg;Gg;gz;GfisAk; tpgupf;Ff.

Nrhjpl

E}y;fs;

itj;jpa

E}y;fs;

tuyhw;W

E}y;fs; jyGuhzq;fs;nkhop

ngau;g;G

nghJkf;fs;

rhu;G

,yf;fpaq;fs;

1. ruNrhjp

khiy

2. nrfuhr

Nrfu khiy

1. nrfuhr

Nrfuk;

2. guuhr

Nrfuk;

1. itah

ghly;

2. ifyha

khiy

3. NfhNzru;

fy;ntl;L

1. jl;rz

ifyhr

Guhzk;

2. jpUf;fuirg;

Guhzk;

,uFtk;rk; 1. fjpiukiyg;

gs;S

2. fz;zfp

tof;Fiu

141


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mwpKfk;

<oj;J tuyhw;wpy; me;epau; Mjpf;fk;; Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; 1505 ,y; ,yq;ifia mile;jjhf tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ij mtu;fs; 1621 ,y; ifg;gw;wpdu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; 1658 tiu epytpaJ.

,f;fhyg; gFjpia ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyk;

vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ kughfptpl;lJ.

fj;Njhypf;f kjk; type;J gug;gg;gl;l #o;epiyapy;;> fhyq;fhykhfg; Ngzp

te;j irt rkag; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; Gwe;js;sg;gl;ld.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; rka uPjpapyhd mlf;FKiw fhzg;gl;l epiyapy;

kpfr; rpy ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfNs ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wd.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpYk; (1505 - 1658) xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpYk; (1658-1796)

Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfNs ,lk;ngw;wikahy;; ,t;tpU fhyq;fisAk;

,izj;J Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;ju; fhyk; vd ,yf;fpa tuyhw;whrpupau;

Fwpg;gpLtu;.

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; epytp te;j fy;tp kuG eyptilaj; njhlq;fpaJ.

,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz> rkaf;fy;tp kiwKfkhfg; gapw;wg;gl;L te;jJ.

Gjpjhf epWtg;gl;l RNjrnkhopf; fy;tpf;$lq;fspy; Ntjhfkf; fy;tp

gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyk;

1. Qhdg;gs;S

2. mu;r; ahfg;gu; mk;khid / re;jpahFikNahu; mk;khid

xy;;;yhe;;ju;; fhyk;

fhtpak; - jpUr; nry;tu; fhtpak;

Guhzk; - rptuhj;jpup Guhzk;Vfhjrpg; Guhzk;gps;isahu; fij

J}J - fz;zpatis FUehj Rthkp J}Jfps;is tpL J}JgQ;rtd;dj; J}J

mk;khid - jpUr;nry;tu; mk;khid

fhjy; - ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; fhjy;

me;jhjp - fy;tis me;jhjpkiwirae;jhjpGypA+ue;jhjp

mfg;nghUl;Nfhit - fuit Ntyd; Nfhit

,yf;fpaq;fs;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; fhyk;

142


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

gs;S - gwhis tpehafu; gs;S

jz;biff; fdfuhad; gs;S

gjpfk; - ,Ztpy; rptfhkp mk;ik gjpfk;

CQ;ry; - tl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpl;bak;gjp gj;jpufhsp CQ;ry;

Jjp - ,Ztpy; rptfhkp mk;ik Jjp

gps;isj;jkpo;- ,Ztpy; rptfhkp mk;ik gps;isj;jkpo;

ehlfq;fs; - myq;fhu &gd; ehlfk;

mjp&ghtjp ehlfk;

thsgpkd; ehlfk;

nehz;b ehlfk;

mDUj;jd; ehlfk;

Vida E}y;fs; - mKjhfuk; (tpr itj;jpa E}y;)

re;jhd jPgpif (Nrhjplk;)

fhrpahj;jpiu tpsf;fk;

,yf;fpag; gz;Gfs;

rkar; rhu;G (irtk; / fpwp];jtk;)

Gjpa mDgtq;fis ntspapl> gioa jkpo; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; ifahsg;gl;lik

gytifahd rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpaik

cjhuzk; : J}J> Nfhit> gs;S> FwtQ;rp> gps;isj;jkpo;> me;jhjp.

nghJkf;fs; rhu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd

cjhuzk;: gs;S> mk;khid> FwtQ;rp

jkpo; ciueil tsu;r;rpf;fhd Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; fhzg;gl;lik

cjhuzk; : khjfy; kapy;thfdg; Gytupd; ciueil

nkhopngau;g;G ,lk;ngw;wik

tpUj;jk;> mfty;> fypg;gh> jhopir> rpe;J> fz;zp Kjyhd ahg;Gf;fs; Njitf;Nfw;g

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld

gapw;rp :


1. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;ju; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.

2. gpd;tUtd gw;wp> Fwpg;Giu vOJf.

i. Qhdg;gs;S ii. gwhis tpehafu; gs;S iii. jpUr;nry;tu; fhtpak;3. ‘fj;Njhypf;fkjf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;Gtjw;F jkpo; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs;

ifahsg;gl;ld’ - myRf.

4. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;ju; fhy ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfis tpgupf;Ff.


<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpar; nry;newp Nguhrpupau; rp. jpy;iyehjd;

<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tsu;r;rp fyhepjp rp. rptypq;fuh[h

<oj;J ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp fyhepjp Nf. v];. eluhrh

<oj;Jj; jkpo;E}y; tuyhW F.X.C. eluhrh

143


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

mwpKfk;

,yf;fzk; vd;gJ nkhopapd; mikg;igAk; gad;ghl;L KiwfisAk; Kiwahf

tpsf;FtjhFk;. jkpo; ,yf;fzk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;>

nghUsjpfhuk; vd %d;W gpupTfshfNt tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy;

ahg;gpyf;fzk;> mzpapyf;fzk; vd;gdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,ilf;fhyj; jkpo;

,yf;fzj;jpy; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> mzp> ahg;G vd Ie;J gpupTfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngw;wpUe;jd. nkhopapyf;fzk; vd;w tifapy; vOj;jpay;> nrhy;ypay;> njhlupay;

vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. khztdpd; Njit> nkhopapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;

fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Mfpatw;wpypUe;J nra;Al;gFjpfs; rpytw;iwAk; ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iwAk;

khztu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mt;thwhd ,yf;fpaq;fs;

khztu;f;Fj; njspthf tpsq;fNtz;Lkhapd;> mtw;NwhL njhlu;Gila ,yf;fzf;

$WfisAk; mt;tf;fhy nkhop tof;FfisAk; mtw;NwhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fw;gpg;gjw;F

Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpLtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

,yf;fpaf; fy;tpf;F kl;Lkd;wp nkhopawpT tpUj;jpf;Fk; cjTk; tifapy; jw;fhy

nkhop tof;Ffs;> mUfpa tof;Ffs;> kiwe;j tof;Ffs; Kjyhd tptuq;fisAk;

khztu;f;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlg;gug;Gfis mbnahw;wp ,yf;fzk;

njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fis tpdtp> khztu;fspd; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffis mt;tg;NghJ

kl;bLtJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

juk; 12 ,w;fhd Mrpupau; ts E}ypy;;>

1. vOj;jpay;

2. gjtpay;

4. nrhy;ypay;

nrhw;ghFghL

ngau;r;nrhy;

tpidr;nrhy;

vd;Dk; myFfSf;fhd topfhl;lw; Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

kuG uPjpahd ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gNjhL> Njitg;gLkplq;fspy; jw;fhy tof;FfisAk;

nkhopapay; El;gq ;fisAk; khztu;f ;Fj ; njspTgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. ,yf;fzk;

144


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vOj;J vd;gJ> mbg ;gilapy; nkhopf ;F Kjw;fhuzkhfpa xypfisAk;

mt;nthypfSf;fhd tuptbtj;ijAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;.

1.1 vOj;jpd; tiffs;

jkpo;nkhopapy; toq;Fk; mbg;gil xypfis Kjy; vOj;J vd;Wk;> mbg;gil xypfshf

mikahJ mtw;iwr; rhu;e;J mikAk; xypfisr; rhu;ngOj;J vd;Wk; $Wtu;.

1.1.1. KjnyOj;J

KjnyOj;Jf;fs; capnuOj;J> nka;naOj;J vd ,Utifg;gLk;. jkpopy; 12

capnuOj;Jf;fSk; 18 nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd.

capnuOj;Jf;fs; : m> M> ,> <> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs

nka;naOj;Jf;fs; : f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;

capnuOj;Jf;fs;

mfuk; Kjypa gd;dpuz;Lk; capu;Nghyj; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; ty;yik cilaitahifahy;

capnuOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gl;ld. ,it Mtp vdTk; ngau;ngWk;.

nka;naOj;Jf;fs;

ffuk; Kjypa gjpndl;Lk;> capupd;wp ,aq;fhj cly;Nghyj; jhkhf ,aq;Fk; td;ik

mw;wdthifahy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gl;ld. ,it cly;> clk;G> xw;W> Gs;sp

vdTk; ngau;ngWk;. nka;naOj;Jf;fis mtw;wpd; xypg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W

gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

1. ty;ypdk; (typa xypg;Gilait)

f;> r;> l;> j; g;> w;

,it td;fzk; vd;Wk; typ vd;Wk; ngau;ngWk;.

2. nky;ypdk; (nky;ypa xypg;Gilait)

q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;

,it nkd;fzk; vd;Wk; nkyp vd;Wk; ngau;ngWk;.

3. ,ilapdk; (,ilg;gl;l xypg;Gilait)

a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;

,it ,ilf;fzk; vd;Wk; ngau;ngWk;.

1.0 vOj;jpay;

145


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1.1.2. rhu;ngOj;J

KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhu;e;J epd;W ,aq;Fgit rhu;ngOj;Jf;fshFk;.

capUk; nka;Ak; Nru;e;j xypg;Gepiyf;fhd milahskhf mike;j

capu;nka;fSk;>

capnud;Nwh nka;nad;Nwh nfhs;sKbahj Ma;jKk;>

KjnyOj;Jf;fSs; rpy> nrhw;fspy; mikAk;NghJ> jkf;Fupa xypg;G mstpy;

xypf;fhJ rpwpJ NtWgl;L (ePz;L / FWfp) xypg;gdthf mike;jitAk;

rhu;ngOj;Jf;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs; gj;J tifg;gLk;.

i. capu;nka; ii. Ma;jk;

iii. capusngil iv. xw;wsngil

v. Fw;wpaYfuk; vi. Fw;wpaypfuk;

vii. Ifhuf; FWf;fk; viii. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;

ix. kfuf; FWf;fk; x. Ma;jf; FWf;fk;

I. capu;nka;

nka;naOj;Jld; capnuOj;Jr; Nru;e;J xypg;gij capu;nka;naOj;J vd;fpNwhk;.

18 nka;AlDk; 12 capu;fSk; NrUk;. mt;ttw;Wf;Fj; jdpahd tuptbtk; cz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : f; + m = f f; + M = fh

18 nka; x 12 capu; = 216 capu;nka;naOj;Jf;fs;.

capu;nka; vOj;jpy; cs;s capnuOj;jpd; khj;jpiuNa nfhs;sg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : f; + m = f - 1 khj;jpiu (capu;nka;f; Fw;nwOj;J)f; + M = fh - 2 khj;jpiu (capu;nka; nel;nlOj;J)

khj;jpiu:

vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupg;gjw;F vLf;Fk; fhy mstpid mstpLk; myfpid

khj;jpiu vd;gu;. fz;zpikg;nghOJ my;yJ ife;nehbg;nghOJ> xU

khj;jpiu msT vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. capnuOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk;>

xypf;Fk; fhy mstpd; mbg;gilapNy Fw;nwOj;J vd;Wk; nel;nlOj;J

vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; xU khj;jpiu msthfTk;

nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; ,U khj;jpiu msthfTk; xypf;fpd;wd. nka;naOj;Jf;fs;

miukhj;jpiu xypg;Gilad.

capu;f;Fwpy; - m> ,> c> v> x

capu;neby; - M> <> C> V> I> X> xs

Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs; Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; vd;Wk; neby; vOj;Jf;fs;

nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

146


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

II. Ma;jk;

%d;W Gs;spfisAila (/) vOj;J tbtk; Ma;jk; vdg;gLfpwJ. Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw;Gs;sp

jdpepiy vOj;J vd;gd ,jd; NtW ngau;fshFk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu ½. ,Jnrhy;ypy; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ jdpf; Fw;nwOj;Jf;Fk; ty;ypd capu;nka; vOj;Jf;Fk;

,ilapy; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : m/J> v/J> m/wpiz.

Fw;nwOj;Jf;Fk; xU ty;ypd nka;f;Fk; ,ilapNyNa tUnkd;w ,lr;rhu;G fhuzkhf

rhu;ngOj;J vdg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhy tof;fpy; Nkw;$wpa tpjpf;Fs; mikahkYk;

(Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhy; fhuzkhf) tUfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : E/khd;

III. capusngil

msngil vd;gJ msG vLj;jyhFk;. mjhtJ vOj;J ePz;nlhypj;jy; vd;gjhFk;.

capnuOj;Jf;fspy; nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk msngLf;Fk;. nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk;

jkf;Fupa khj;jpiuapdpd;W ePz;nlhypj;jy;> capusngil vdg;gLk;. nrhy;ypd; Kjy;>

,il> ,Wjp epiyfspy; ,it ePz;nlhypg;gJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Xxjy; Ntz;Lk; - nrhy;ypd; Kjy;

nja;tk; njhohms; - nrhy;ypd; ,il

eir, - nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp

nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; msngLj;jw;F mwpFwpahf mjdjd; ,df;Fw;nwOj;J mUfpy;

vOjg;gLk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu 3 MFk;.

IV. xw;wsngil

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkplj;J> nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; MWk;> u;> o; jtpu;e;j ehd;F,ilapd vOj;Jf;fSk; Ma;j vOj;Jkhf gjpndhU vOj;Jf;fSk; jkf;Fupamiukhj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;nlhypj;jy; xw;wsngil vdg;gLk;. ePz;L xypj;jw;Fmilahskhf mNj vOj;J mjd; gf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gLk;. (Ma;jKk; xw;wsngilf;Fs;Ns

nfhs;sg;gLtijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f.)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ,yq;;q;F ntz;gpiw

jpus;s; Nrid

v//fpyq;fpa ifauha;

nrhy;ypd; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYNk nka;naOj;J msngLf;Fk;. nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; kl;Lk; Ma;jk; msngLf;Fk;. xw;wsngilf;Fupa khj;jpiu 1 MFk;.

V. Fw;wpaYfuk;

cfuk; jd;khj;jpiuiatplf; Fiwe;njhypg;gpd; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. mJjdpf;Fw;nwOj;J my;yhj kw;iwa vOj;Jf;fspd; gpd;Nd nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; ty;ypd

nka;apd; Nky; VwptUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ML> ghf;F> fapW.

147


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Fw;wpaYfuj;Jf;F cupa khj;jpiu ½. Fw;wpaYfuj;ij mjd; may; vOj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Mwhf tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; tiffs;

1. td;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - ehf;F> Ngr;R> jl;L

2. nkd;nwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - jq;F> neQ;R> tz;L

3. ,ilj;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - nea;J> khu;G> rhy;G

4. nebw;n;whlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - ghF> J}R> ehL

5. capu;j;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - tuF> gaW> glF

6. Ma;jj;njhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; - m/J> ,/J> v/F

VI. Fw;wpaypfuk;

,fuk; jd; khj;jpiuapd;Wk; FWfp xypg;gJ Fw;wpaypfuk; vdg;gLk;. Fw;wpaYfuj;ijf;nfhz;l nrhy;NyhL afuj;ijf; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;Fk; nrhy; te;J GzUkhapd;

cfuk; ,fukhfj; jpupe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;Fk; khj;jpiu ½ MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : tz;L+ ahJ = tz;bahJ

ehF + ahJ = ehfpahJ

fhL + ahJ = fhbahJ

VII. Ifhuf; FWf;fk;

nrhy;ypd; KjypNyh ,ilapNyh <w;wpNyh tUk; Ifhuk; jdf;Fupa khj;jpiuapypUe;JFiwe;njhypg;gJ Ifhuf; FWf;fk; MFk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu 1 MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Kjypy; tUjy; - Iau;> Ig;grp

,ilapy; tUjy; - fiyQu;> mikr;ru;

<w;wpy; tUjy; - thio> gid

Ifhuk; jdp vOj;jhfNth XnuOj;njhU nkhopahfNth tUk;NghJ FWfhJ.

VIII. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;

nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk; xsfhuk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;njhypg;gJ xsfhuf;FWf;fk; MFk;. ,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu 1 MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : xsitahu;> ntsthy;> nrsfupak;

nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;NghJ FWFk; xsfhuk;> jdpj;J xypf;Fk;NghJ FWfhJ.

IX. kfuf; FWf;fk;

kfuk; jdf;Fupa ½ khj;jpiuapypUe;J FWfp xypg;gJ kfuf; FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;.,jw;Fupa khj;jpiu ¼ .

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nghd;k;> kUz;k;> jUk;tstd;

148


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

X. Ma;jf; FWf;fk;

Ma;jk; jdf;Fupa khj;jpiuapypUe;J FWfp xypg;gJ Ma;jf; FWf;fkhFk;. ,jw;Fupa

khj;jpiu ¼. nrhw;Gzu;r;rpapd;NghJ yfu> sfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Kd; jfuk; tupd;

yfu> sfu <Wfs; Ma;jkhfj; jpupe;J FWfp xypf;Fk;.

fy; + jPJ f/wPJ

Ks; + jPJ K/BJ

my; + jpiz m/wpiz

1.1.3. $l;nlOj;J / re;jpaf;fuk;

capnuOj;Jf;fspy; I> xs vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; $l;nlOj;J my;yJ re;jpaf;fuk;

vdg;gLk;. ,it ma;> mt; vd;Wk; vOjg;gLfpd;wd. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,it m,>

mc vd;Wk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;fhyj;jpy; mt;thW vOjg;gLtjpy;iy.

I xs

ma; mt;

m, mc

1.1.4. fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;

jw;fhyj; jkpopy; rpy fpue;j vOj;Jf;fSk; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd.

[> ]> \> `> => Ñ

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

[ - [yk;> gq;f[k;

] - ru];tjp

\ - G\;gk;

` - `ud;

= - =epth];

Ñ - NÑkk;

149


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1.1.5. Rl;nlOj;Jf;fSk; tpdhntOj;Jf;fSk; ,dntOj;Jf;fSk;

I. Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs;

m> ,> c vd;Dk; %d;Wk; Rl;Lg;nghUspy; tUk;NghJ Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk;.

nrhy;ypypUe;J gpupf;f Kbahj tifapy; ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; mikAk;NghJ mfr;Rl;L

vd;Wk; gpupf;ff;$ba tifapy; mikAk;NghJ Gwr;Rl;L vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;ngWk;.

NgRNthDf;Fk; Nfl;NghDf;Fk; Nra;ikapYs;s nghUis mfuk; Rl;b epw;Fk;.

NgRNthDf;F mz;ikapYs;s nghUis ,fuk; Rl;b epw;Fk;.

Nfl;NghDf;F mz;ikapYs;s nghUis cfuk; Rl;b epw;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

(m) mtd;> mts;> mtu;fs;

mJ> mit

,td;> ,ts;> ,tu;fs; mfr;Rl;Lfs;

,J> ,it

cJ> cit

(M) mk;kdpjd;

mt;tjpfhupfs;

mg;gps;is

,k;khztd;> ,g;ghlfp Gwr;Rl;Lfs;

,j;jiytu;fs;

,k;khL> ,t;tplaq;fs;

ck;kdpjd;

ct;tPL

jw;fhyj;jpy; cfuk; Rl;Lg;nghUspy; tUtJ mupjhf cs;sJ.

II. tpdhntOj;Jf;fs;

jkpopy; rpy vOj;Jf;fs; tpdhg;nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. mitahtd v> V> ah> M>

X vd;Dk; Ie;Jkhk;. mtw;Ws; v> ah vd;gd nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; tpdhg;nghUspy;

tUk;. MfhuKk; XfhuKk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tpdhg;nghUspy; tUk;. Vfhuk;

nrhy;ypd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; tpdhg;nghUspy; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : v - vtd;? vJ? vtu;?

M> X - je;ijah? nrd;wdNuh?

V - Vd;? VJ?

ghk;Ng?

ah - ahJ? ahit? ahtu;? ahq;qdk; ?

jw;fhyj;jpy; M nkhop KjypYk; tpdhg;nghUspy; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Mu;?

tpdhntOj;Jf;fs; mftpdh> Gwtpdh vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : vd;d? - mftpdh

vg;nghUs;? - Gwtpdh

150


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

III. ,dntOj;Jf;fs;

capnuOj;Jf;fSs; Fwpy; Ie;Jf;Fk; xj;j neby; Ie;Jk;> Ifhuj;Jf;F ,fuKk;>

xsfhuj;Jf;F cfuKk; ,dk;.

m - M, - <

c - C

v - V

x - X

I - ,

xs - c

nka;naOj;Jf;fSs; ty;ypdk; MWf;Fk; KiwNa nky;ypdk; MWk; ,dk;.

me;j ,dKiw tUkhW:

f; - q;

r; - Q;

l; - z;

j; - e;

g; - k;

w; - d;

,ilapdk; MWk; ,dntOj;Jf;fs; ,y;yhjit.

kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;

FWtpil tpdhf;fs;

1. KjnyOj;J> rhu;ngOj;J vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff.

2. khj;jpiu vd;why; vd;d?

3. rhu;ngOj;jpd; tiffs; gj;Jk; vit?

4. ‘msngil’ vd;why; vd;d?

5. ‘re;jpaf;fuk;’ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

6. jkpopy; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLjiy vLj;Jf;fhl;LfspD}lhf tpsf;Ff.

7. Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; tiffis cjhuze; je;J tpsf;Ff.

8. mfr;Rl;L> Gwr;Rl;L vd;gtw;wpw;F cjhuzk; jUf.

9. tpdhntOj;Jf;fs; Ie;jpidAk; Fwpg;gpl;L xt;Nthu; cjhuzk; jUf.

10. ty;ypd nka;fs; vit? mtw;wpd; ,dntOj;Jf;fs; vit?

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhif gw;wp tpsf;ff; Fwpg;Giu jUf.

2. jkpopYs;s rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fkhd Fwpg;G vOJf.

151


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vOj;Jf;fspd; tif

vOj;J

KjnyOj;J rhu;ngOj;J

capu; nka;

Fwpy; neby; ty;ypdk; nky;ypdk; ,ilapdk;

m M f; q; a;

, < r; Q; u;

c C l; z; y;

v V j; e; t;

I g; k; o;

w; d; s;

x X

xs

Rl;nlOj;J

capu;

nka;

Ma;jk; capusngil xw;wsngil Ifhuf;

FWf;fk;xsfhuf;

FWf;fk;

kfuf;

FWf;fk;

Ma;jf;;

FWf;fk;

Fw;wpa-

Yfuk;;

Fw;wpa-

ypfuk;;

,d vOj;Jf;fs;

m - M, - <c - Cv - VI - ,x - Xxs - c

f; - q;r; - Q;l; - z;j; - e;g; - k;w; - d;

jkpopy; ,lk;ngWk; fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;

$l;L

capu;

vz;zf;fU tiuglk;

[ ] \ ` = Ñ

152


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1.2 vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;GKiw

vOj;Jf;fs; gpwg;Gf;Fupa ,lq;fs;

1. capu; vOj;Jf;fs; -2. ,ilapd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; -3. ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - khu;G4. nky;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - %f;F5. Ma;jk;; - jiy

xypg;gpwg;Gf;F Kaw;rp nra;Ak; cWg;Gf;fs;

,jo;> gy;> eh> mz;zk; (Nky;tha;)

i. Kaw;rp capu; vOj;Jf;fs;

mq;fhj;jy; - m> M ,jo; Ftpjy; - c> C> x> X> xs mq;fhg;Gld; mbehtpd; XukhdJ

mz;;zg;gy;iyg; nghUe;Jjy; - ,> <> v> V> I

ii.

Nky;thia ehtpdb nghUe;Jjy; - a;

Nky;tha;g; gy;ybia ehEdp nghUe;Jjy; - u;

Nky;tha;g; gy;ybia ehEdp mOj;Jjy; - y;

Nky;tha;g;gy; fPOjl;ilg; nghUe;Jjy; - t;

Nky;tha; eLg;gFjpia ehEdp nghUe;Jjy; - o;

Nky;tha; Kd;gFjpia ehEdp mOj;Jjy; - s;

ehf;fpdb> Nky;thapdbiag; nghUe;Jjy;. - q;

ehf;fpd; eLg;gFjp> Nky;tha; eLg;gFjpia nghUe;Jjy; - Q;

ehf;fpd; Edpg;gFjp tise;J Nky;tha; Kd;gFjpiag; nghUe;Jjy; - z;

Nky;tha;g; gy;ypdJ mbia ehf;F Edp nghUe;Jjy; - e;

NkypjOk; fPopjOk; nghUe;Jjy; - k;

Nky;thia ehEdp nghUe;Jjy; - d;

ehf;fpdb> Nky; thapdbiag; nghUe;Jjy; - f;

ehf;fpd; eLg;gFjp> Nky;tha; eLg;gFjpiag; nghUe;Jjy; - r;

ehf;fpd; Edpg;gFjp tise;J Nky;tha;f; filg;gFjpiag; nghUe;Jjy; - l;

Nky;tha;g; gy;ypdJ mbia eh Edp nghUe;Jjy; - j;

NkypjOk; fPopjOk; nghUe;Jjy; - g;

Nky;thapy; ehEdp kpfg; nghUe;Jjy; - w;

gpwg;Gf;F Kaw;rp nra;Ak; cWg;Gf;fSs; ,jo;> eh vDk; ,uz;ilAk; mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L nkhopapayhsu;fs; ntt;NtW epiyapy; tifg;gLj;JtijAk; ehk; fhzyhk;.

1 . ,jo ;

,jo; Ftpahj capu; : m> M> ,> <> v> V> I

,jo; Ftpe;j capu; : c> C> x> X> xs

njhz;il

I.

II.

III.

153


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2 . eh

Kd;Dapu; : ,> <> v> V

,ilAapu; : m> M

gpd;Dapu; : c> C> x> X

3 . eh

Nky; capu; : ,> <> c> C

eL capu; : v> V> x> X

fPo; capu; : m> M

ehthdJ Nky;> eL> fPo; ,lq;fspy; epw;wy;> Kd;> ,il gpd; ,lq;fspy; epw;wy;

vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhWk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

e h Fwpy ; neby; ,jo ;

Nky; Kd; capu; , < FtpT ,y;iy

eL Kd; capu; v V FtpT ,y;iy

Nky; gpd; capu; c C FtpT cz;L

eL gpd; capu; x X FtpT cz;L

fPo; ,il capu; m M FtpT ,y;iy

,tw;Ws;Ns Kd;Dapu;fshfpa ,> <> v> V vDk; ehd;Fk; jk;ik mLj;J l;> z;>

s;> o; (nka;ahf / capu;nka;ahf) tUk;NghJk; w; jtpu;e;j (w> wh ....) %y

xypapypUe;J rpwpJ NtWgl;L xypf;fpd;wd.

l;> z;> s;> o; jtpu;e;j l;> z;> s;> o; Mfpatw;wpd;

,lj;J tUk;NghJ Kd;tUk;NghJ

, ,J> gpid> jpid> tpiy> ,iy ,L> gpiz> jpiz> tpis> ,io

< <J> kPd;> rPy;> <if <L> tPz;> rPs;> <io

v vJ> vd;> nty;yk;> vU vL> vz;> nts;sk;> vO

V VJ> Ngd;> Ntiy> Vy; VL> Ngz;> Ntis> Vo;

capnuOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; gjpndl;Lk; nghUs; NtWgLj;Jk;

nrhw;fis Mf;Fk; xypfsha; mikfpd;wd. mtw;iw xypad;fs; vd

nkhopapayhsu;fs; $Wtu;.

capu; vOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; capu; xypad;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.

,t ;nthypad ;fs; r py re ;ju ;g ;gq ;fspy ; ntt;NtW cr;ru pg ;Gf ;fis

ciladthaikAk;. mt;NtWgl;l cr;rupg;Gfis khw;nwhypfs; vd;gu;.

cjhuzkhf ‘,’ vd;Dk; xypad; ,dp vd;gjpy; Kd;Dapuhf xypf;Fk;. ,b

vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; eh rpwpJ gpd; nry;y xypf;Fk;.

154


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nka; xypfs; gpwg;G

gpwf;Fk; ,lq;fs; gpwf;Fk; Kiwfs;

miu Mnlhyp tUnlhyp kUq; %f;nfhyp ntbg;

capu; nfhyp nghyp

mz;zk; a; - - - Q; r;

filaz;zk; - - - - q; f;

Edpaz;zk; - - u; y; d; w;

tiseh - - - s;> o; z; l;

gy; - - - - e; j;

cjl;Lg;gy; t; - - - - -

<upjo; - - - - k; g;

eLeh> mz;zj;ijj; njhLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - mz;z xypfs;.

fileh> filaz;zj;ijj; njhLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - filaz;z xypfs;.

ehEdp> Edpaz;zj;ijg; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - Edpaz;z xypfs;.

ehEdp> Nky;Nehf;fp tise;J eLmz;zj;ijj; njhLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - tiseh

xyp

ehEdp> Nkw;gy;ypd; cl;Gwj;ijg; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - gy; xyp cjl;by; Nkw;gy; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - cjl;Lg; gy; xyp.

,jo;fs; ,uz;Lk; nghUe;Jk;NghJ gpwg;gJ - <upjo; xyp. tha;f;Fs; fhw;iwj; jilnra;J jpBnud;W fhw;iw thapdhy; ntsptpLk;NghJ

gpwg;gJ - ntbg;nghyp.

‘r’ vd;gJ ntbg;nghyp vOj;J> ,Ug;gpDk; fileh filaz;zj;ijj; njhl;L>

gpupAk;NghJ fhw;whdJ rw;W curpr; nry;y xypf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,e;j vOj;J

kl;Lk; ntbg;nghypf;Fs;Ns ntbg;Gunrhypahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

tha;f;Fs; fhw;iwj; jilnra;ahky; fhw;iw %f;fpdhy; ntsptpLk;NghJ gpwg;gJ

- %f;nfhyp.

i. ehEdp> Ezpaz;zj;ijj; njhl> fhw;W ehtpd; ,U tpspk;GfspdhYk;

ntspNaWk;NghJk;.

ii. eh> Nky;Nehf;fp tise;J eL mz;zj;ijj; njhl fhw;W ,U tpspk;GfspdhYk;

ntspNaWk;NghJk; gpwg;gJ – kUq;nfhyp. capnuhy pf ;Fu pa jd ;ikiaAk; nka ;nahypf ;Fu pa jd ;ikiaAk;

nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; miuAapu; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.

nka;naOj;Jf;fs; gjpndl;Lk; nka;nahypad;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.

,tw;Wf;Fk; khw;nwhypfs; cs.

nka;nahypad;fSs;Ns f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w; vDk; nka;nahypad;fSf;Fg;

gpd;tUk; khw;nwhypfs; tUfpd;wd.

155


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fuk; vd;gjpy; ‘f’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (k) xypad; f ghfy; vd;gjpy; ‘f’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (h)

gq;fk; vd;gjpy; ‘f’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (g)

rj;jk; vd;gjpy; ‘r’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (s) xypad; r Ml;rp vd;gjpy; ‘r’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (ch)

kQ;R vd;gjpy; ‘r’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (j)

jlk; vd;gjpy; ‘l’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (d) xypad; l jz;lk; vd;gjpy; ‘l’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (d)

Ml;rp vd;gjpy; ‘l’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (t)

jiy vd;gjpy; ‘j’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (t) xypad; j re;jk; vd;gjpy; ‘j’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (d)

gjk; vd;gjpy; ‘j’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (th)

gl;L vd;gjpy; ‘g’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (p) xypad; g Mk;gy; vd;gjpy; ‘g’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (b)

rgyk; vd;gjpy; ‘g’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (bh)

mwk; vd;gjpy; ‘w’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (r)tw;wy; vd;gjpy; ‘w’ vd;gJ khw;nwhyp (tr)

‘e;’ nka;ahfr; nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; kl;LNk gy; %f;nfhypahf cr;rupf;fg;gLk;. (ge;J>

re;jk;) nrhy;ypd; Kjdpiyapy; ‘e;’ nka; Edpaz;z %f;nfhypahfpa ‘d;’ MfNt

cr;rupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (ehd;> eP> ney;...)

1.3 vOj;Jf;fspd; guk;gy;

nrhy;yhf;fj;jpy; vOj;Jf;fs; gapd;WtUk; KiwikNa vOj;jpd; guk;gy; vdg;gLfpwJ.

jkpopNy nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; ,d;d ,d;d vOj;Jf;fs;jhk; tUk; vd;Wk;> nrhy;ypd;

,Wjpapy; ,d;d ,d;d vOj;Jf;fs;jhk; epw;Fk; vd;Wk;> nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; ,d;d

,d;d nka;naOj;Jf;fs;jhk; Nru;e;J epw;Fk; (kaq;Fk;) vd;Wk; tiuaWf;Fk; tpjpfs;

,yf;fz E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jkpo; xyp kugpd; mbg;gilapNy

mike;jit. ,t;tifahd tpjpfs; gpwnkhopfspd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J jkpopd; jdpj;jd;ik

nflhjthW fhg;gitahFk;.

1. nrhy;ypy; Kjypy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs; - Kjdpiy / nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;

2. nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs; - ,Wjpepiy / <w;W epiy vOj;Jf;fs;

3. nrhy;ypd; ,ilapy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; kaq;fptUjy; - ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;

1.3.1. Kjdpiy vOj;Jf;fs;

(m) 12 capu; vOj;Jf;fSk; nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; epw;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mzp> Mil Kjypad.

xypad; w

Fwpg;G capnuOj;Jf;fs;> nka;naOj;Jf;fs; vd;gd xypf;fg;gLk; Kiwfis

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.

khw;nwhypfs; gw;wp> nghUj;jkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; mwpKfQ; nra;f.

156


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(M) ty;ypd nka;fspy; f;> r;> j;> g; vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; 12 capUld; Nru;e;J

nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fdp> fhL> fpsp> fPup> Fb> $L> nfL>

NfL> ifjp> NfhL> nfskhuk;

(,) nky;ypd nka;fspy; e;> k; ,uz;Lk; 12 capu;fSlDk; Nru;e;J nrhy;Yf;F

Kjypy; tUk; Qfunka; m> M> v> x vd;Dk; ehd;F capNuhLk; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : e; - ez;L> eha; Kjypad

k; - kyu;> khJ Kjypad

Q; - Qkyp> Qhyk;> nQfpop> nQhs;Fjy;

q; - qdk; (,lk;)> mq;qdk;> ,q;qdk;

(<) ,ilapd nka;fspy; afunka; m> M> c> C> X> xs vd;Dk; MW

capUld; Nru;e;J nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : atdu;> ahJ> Afk;> A+fk;> Nahfk;> nastdk;

jw;fhy tof;F

1. nkhopf;F Kjypy; tuhjit vdf;Fwpg;gpLk;; vOj;Jf;fspy; rpy gpwnkhopj;

njhlu;G fhuzkhf Kjdpiyaahf tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : l;; - ll;yp> lhf;lu;

w; - NwbNah> whf;if> wk;Gl;lhd;

u; - uau;> upa+g;> uPq;fhuk;

y; - yl;L> nyhj;ju;> Nyfpak;

1.3.2. ,Wjpepiy vOj;Jf;fs;

(m) capu; vOj;Jf;fSs; vfuk; jtpu;e;j 11 vOj;Jf;fSk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gy> gyh> fpsp> NjdP> VL> G+> Nr (vUJ)>

if> neh (tUj;J)> Ngh> nts

(M) nka;naOj;Jf;fSs; Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s; vd;Dk; gjpndhd;Wk;

nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : cupQ;> kz;> ntupe; (KJF)> kuk;> nghd;> nka;>

Ntu;> Nty;> njt; (gif)> aho;> jhs;.

jw;fhy tof;F

1. V> x> xs vd;gd ,d;iwa tof;fpy; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2. Q;> e;> t; vd;gd nkhopapd; ,Wjpapy; tUtJ mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. “t;”

vd;gJ nrf;Nfht;> Fwp];Nrt;> uhkuht; Kjypa gpwnkhopg; ngau;r; nrhw;fspy;

tUtJ cz;L.

3. nkhop ,Wjpapy; tuh vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l ty;ypd nka;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; gpwnkhopapy;

mike;j ngau;r;nrhw;fspy; tUtJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : f; - <uhf;

r; - #upr;

l; - Nltpl;

j; - ghf;jhj;;

g; - N[hrg;

w; - n[dw;

157


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1.3.3. ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;

nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ,zq;fp tUk; Kiwik gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. f;> r;> j;> g; vd;Dk; ehd;F nka;fSk; jk;NkhL jhk; kaq;fp (Nru;e;J) epw;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gf;fk; - (f; + f;) kr;rk; - (r; + r;)

Rj;jk; - (j; + j;) mg;gk; - (g; + g;)

,t;thW xNu nka; ,ul;bj;J tUtJ cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

f;> r;> j;> g; vd;w ehd;Fk; cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fkhfNt tUk;.

2. u;> o; vd;Dk; ,U nka;fSk; jk;nkhL gpwnka; kaq;fp (Nru;e;J) epw;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Nrhu;T - (u; + t;)

tho;T - (o; + t;)

,t;thW jk;nkhL gpwnka;fs; kaq;FtJ Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. u;>

o; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fkhfNt tUk;.

3. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l MW nka;fSk; jtpu;e;j Vida gd;dpU nka;fSk; cldpiy

nka;k;kaf;fkhfTk; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fkhfTk; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : el;lk; - el;G

fw;G - fw;wy;

4. %d;W nka;fs; kaq;fp (Nru;e;J) tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; a;> u;> o; vd;Dk; nka;fSs;

xd;W Kjypy; epw;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : a; - tha;f;fhy;

fha;r;ry;

rha;e;jJ

u; - ghu;g;ghd;

cau;r;rp

Nru;e;jhu;

o; - tho;f;if

fho;g;G

gho;q;fpzW

jw;fhy tof;F

f> j> g Mfpa ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fkhf

gy ,lq;fspy; vOjg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gf;jp> mf;dp

Mj;kh

rg;jk;


1. ,ilepiy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpd; ,UtiffisAk; cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.

2. nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; 12 capnuOj;Jf;fSlDk; Nru;e;J tUk; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;

vit?

3. nrhw;fspd; ,ilapy; %d;W nka;fs; kaq;fp tUtjw;F ,uz;L

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; jUf.

158


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2.0 gjtpay;

vOj;J jdpj;Njh njhlu;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ gjk;.

XnuOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Nfh (murd;)

G+ (kyu;)

M (gR)

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fshyhd nrhw;fs;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jha;> je;ij> flTs;

nrhy;> gjk;> fpstp> nkhop vd;gd xU nghUis czu;j;Jtd. nrhy;iy

Mf;ff; $Wfshfg; gFj;jhAk; ,yf;fzg; gFjp gjtpay; vdg;gLk;.

nrhw;fs; gfhg;gjk;> gFgjk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

gfhg;gjk; :

gFjp> tpFjp Kjyhd cWg;Gf;fshfg; gFf;f Kbahj nrhy;> gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;.

ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fspYk; gfhg;gjq;fs; cs;sd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

ngau;g; gfhg;gjk; : ,yq;if> epyk;> kuk;

tpidg; gfhg;gjk; : rpup> th> Ngh

,ilg; gfhg;gjk; : kw;W> nfhy;> V

cupg; gfhg;gjk; : cW> jt> edp

gFgjk;

gFjp tpFjp Kjypa nrhy;yhf;ff; $Wfis ,dq;fhzj;jf;f nrhy;> gFgjk;

vdg;gLk;. ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; vDk; ,Utifr; nrhw;fspYk; gFgjq;fs;

mikAk;. mt;tifapy; ngau;g;gFgjk;> tpid;g;gFgjk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

gFgjr; nrhy;nyhd;wpy;; ,lk;ngWk; $Wfis mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;

MW gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. mit gFjp> tpFjp> ,ilepiy> rhupia>

re;jp> tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. gFgjk; xd;wpy; ,e;j MW cWg;Gf;fSk; fl;lhak;

mikAk; vd;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; gFjp> tpFjp vd;Dk; ,U cWg;Gf;fSk;

mikAk;.

159


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2.3.1 ngau;g;gFgjk;

vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:

Cuhu; = Cu; + Mu;

gFjp tpFjp

mwpQd; = mwp + Q; + md;

gFjp ngau; tpFjp

,ilepiy

2.3.2 tpidg;gFgjk;

vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:

$Lk; = $L + ck; (,uz;L cWg;Gf;fs;)

gFjp tpFjp

cz;lhd; = cz; + l; + Md; (%d;W cWg;Gf;fs;)

gFjp ,ilepiy tpFjp

cz;ldd; = cz; + l; + md; + md; (ehd;F cWg;Gf;fs;)

gFjp ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp

gpbj;jdd; = gpb + j; + j; + md; + md;

gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp

(Ie;J cWg;Gf;fs;)

ele;jdd; = el + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;

gFjp re;jp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp

(MW cWg;Gf;fs;)

2.3.3. gFgj cWg;Gf;fs;

gFjp : xU gFgjj;jpd; mbr;nrhy;Ny gFjpahFk;. ,J nrhy;ypd;

njhlf;fj;jpy; mikAk;.

tpFjp : nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk; cWg;G. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;

czu;j;JtJ. rpy tpFjpfs; fhyj;ijAk; czu;j;Jtd.

,ilepiy : nrhy;ypd; ,ilNa epw;Fk; cWg;G. njupepiy tpidr;nrhw;fspy;

fhyj;ij ,J czu;j;Jk;. ngau; ,ilepiyfSk; cs. ,it

fhyk; czu;j;jh.

re;jp : gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk; cWg;G. gFjpNahL

,ilepiy GzUk;NghJ> mtw;wpw;fpilapy; Njhd;WtJ re;jp.

160


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

5. rhupia : gFgj cWg;Gf;fSf;fpilNa ,iae;J tUtJ rhupia

vdg;gLfpwJ.

6. tpfhuk; : gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilNa te;j re;jp jpupe;J

tpfhug;gLtJ tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gFjpAk;

tpfhuk; milAk;.

gFjp (Kjdpiy)

njupepiyg; gFgjq;fSf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; el> th Kjypa tpidr;nrhw;fSk;> rpWghd;ik

ngau;r;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhw;fSk; gFjpfshf tUk;. njupepiy tpidg;gFjpfs;

ngUk;ghYk; Vty; tbtpNyNa mikAk;.

ele;jhd; - gFjp = el (tpidab)

rpj;jpupj;jhd; - gFjp = rpj;jpuk; (ngaub)

Nghd;whd; - gFjp = Nghy; (,ilab)

rhd;whd; - gFjp = rhy; (cupab)

njupepiy tpidg;gFjpfs; tp> gp Kjypa tpFjp ngw;NwDk; tpfhug;gl;NlDk; gpwtpidg;

gFjpfsha; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

nra;tpj;jhd; - gFjp = nra;tp (nra; + tp)

elg;gpj;jhd; - gFjp = elg;gp (el + gp)

jpUj;jpdhd; - gFjp = jpUj;J (jpUj;J)

Njw;wpdhd; - gFjp = Njw;W (NjW)

nra;tpid tbtk;> nrag;ghl;L tpid tbtj;ijg; ngw;Wk; njupepiy tpidr;nrhy;ypd;

gFjpahf tUtJz;L.

Njlg;gl;lhd; - Njlg;gL

Kbf;fg;gl;lJ - Kbf;fg;gL

jw;fhyj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; njupepiy tpidr;nrhw;fs; gytw;wpd; gFjpfs; $l;Ltpidg;

gFjpfs; vd;W nfhs;sj ;jf ;f tifapy; mike;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:

Xbf;nfhz;bUg;ghd; vd;w tpidr; nrhy;ypd; gFjp> Xbf;nfhz;bU vd;gjhFk;.

,f;$l;Ltpidg;gFjpapy; XL vd;w mbg;gil tpidabNahL NkYk; gy xl;Lf;fs;

mike;Js;sd. (XL + nfhs; + ,U)

tpFjp

tpFjp vd;gJ gFgjq;fspd; ,WjpapNy te;J jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gdtw;iwNah

Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs; Kjyhd nghUs;fisNah czu;j;jp epw;Fk; xU nrhy;yhf;ff;$W

MFk;.

ngau; tpFjpfs; : Fioad; (md;) Nfhkhd; (khd;)

thdj;jhd; (Md;) gpwd; (d;)

Fioau; (mu;) Fioas; (ms;)

Njhd;wy; (my;) thdj;jhu; (Mu;)

161


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

njhopw;ngau; tpFjpfs;

(jy;) elj;jy;

(my;) Mly;

nra;jik nra;jJ

nra;fpd;wik nra;fpd;wJ J

nra;tJ

gz;Gg;ngau; tpFjpfs;

(ik) ed;ik (I) njhy;iy (rp) khl;rp (G) khz;G

(mk;) eyk; (wp) ed;wp

njupepiy tpidKw;W tpFjpfs;

ele;jdd; (md;)

ele;jhd; (Md;)

ele;jds; (ms;)

ele;jhs; (Ms;)

ele;jdu; (mu;) - gyu;ghy;

ele;jhu; (Mu;) - kupahij xUik

ele;jJ (J) - m/wpiz

ele;jd (m) - m/wpiz

ele;Njd; (Vd;) - jd;ik xUik ele;jid (I) - Kd;dpiy xUik

ele;jha; (Ma;) - Kd;dpiy xUik ele;jPu; (<u;) - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik

elg;Nghk; (Xk;) - jd;ik gd;ik

elj;jp (,) - Vty; xUik

elkpd; (kpd;) - Vty; gd;ik

ele;jdu; (mu;) glu;f;if gd;ik

Fwpg;G tpidKw;W tpFjpfs;

fupad; (md;) fupad (m)

fupas; (ms;) fupJ (J)

fupau; (mu; tpy;yp (,)

ik

Mz;ghy; tpFjpfs;

ngz;ghy; tpFjpfs;

162


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

njupepiytpidg; nganur;r tpFjpfs;

nra;j (m) nra;fpd;w (m) nra;Ak; (ck;)

Fwpg;Gtpidg; nganur;r tpFjp

fupa (m)

njupepiytpidnar;r tpFjpfs;

ele;J (c) Xb (,) cz;zh (M)

cz;z (m) cz;lhy; (My;) cz;zhky; (ky;)

Ngha; (a;)

gpwtpid tpFjpfs;

nra;tp (tp) cUl;L (L) Nghf;F (F) gha;r;R (R)

elg;gp (gp) elj;J (J) vOg;G (G) gapw;W (W)

nrag;ghl;Ltpid tpFjp

fl;lg;gl;lhd; (gL)

tpaq;Nfhs;tpid tpFjp

tho;f (f) thopa (,a) thopau; (,au;)

163


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,ilepiy

gFgjq;fspy; gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; eLtpy; epw;Fk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs; ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.

mit ngaupilepiy> tpidapilepiy vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

(m) ngaupil epiyfs;: ,it fhyq;fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

fiyQd; (fiy+ Q; + md;)

XJthd; (XJ + t; + Md;)

tiyr;rp (tiy + r; + ,)

(M) tpid ,ilepiyfs;: njupepiy tpidg; gFgjq;fspy; tUk; ,ilepiyfs;

fhyq;fhl;Ltdtha; mikAk;. me;j tifapy; mit ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy>

epfo;fhy ,ilepiy> vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.

,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; : j;> l;> w;> ,d;> d;> ,

nra;jhd; = nra; + j; + Md;cz;lhd; = cz; + l; + Md;jpd;whd; = jpd; + w; + Md;Xbdhd; = XL + ,d; + Md;Nghdhd; = Ngh + d; + Md;$baJ = $L + , + m + J

epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : Mepd;W> fpd;W> fpW

elthepd;whd; = el + Mepd;W + Md;elf;fpd;whd; = el + fpd;W + Md;elf;fpwhd; = el + fpW + Md;

- Mepd;W vd;Dk; ,ilepiy jw;fhy tof;fpy; ,y;iy.

vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs;cz;ghd; = cz; + g; + Md;nra;thd; = nra; + t; + Md;

vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; : ,y;> my; M

ele;jpyd; = el+ j;j + ,y; + md;elf;fpd;wpyd; = el + fpd;W + ,y; + md;fz;lhdy;yd; = fz;lhd; + my; + md;elthd; = el + t; + M + d;

njupepiy tpidfspy; ,ilepiyfNs ngUk;ghYk; fhyq;fhl;Lk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

tpFjpfSk; gFjpfSk; fhyq;fhl;LtJz;L.

re;jpgFjp> ,ilepiy vd;gdtw;iw xypkugpd; mbg;gilapy; ,iaGgLj;Jtjw;Fr;

rpyNtisfspy; re;jp vDk; gFgj cWg;G cjTfpwJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 1. gbj;jhd;

gb + j; + j; + Md; (j;)

gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy tpFjp

2. ghu;g;ghs;

ghu; + g; + g; + Ms; (g;)

gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy tpFjp

164


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

rhupia

gFgj cWg;Gfs; nghUj;jkhfr; rhu;e;J ,iaa tUtJ rhupia MFk;. md;> mj;J>

m Kjypa gy rhupiafs; cs;sd.

vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:

1. cz;ldd;cz; + l; + md; + md; (md;)


2. Gj;jsj;jhd;Gj;jsk; + mj;J + Md; (mj;J)

gFjp rhupia tpFjp

3. XbaJXL + , + m + J (m)


tpfhuk;

nky;ypd nka;> ty;ypd nka;ahfYk; ty;ypd nka; nky;ypd nka;ahfYk;

Fw;nwOj;J nel;nlOj;jhfYk;> nel;nlOj;J Fw;nwOj;jhfYk; ,y;yhj vOj;J

Njhd;wYk; cs;s vOj;J nfLjYk; (njhFjYk;) XnuOj;J ,d;NdhnuOj;jhfj;

jpupjYk; tpfhuq;fs; MFk;.vLj;Jf;fhl ;L:

1. tpOe;jhd;tpO + j; (e;) + j; + Md; (ty;ypd nka; nky;ypdkhjy;)

gFjp re;jp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy tpFjp

2. nrj;jhd;rh + j; + j; + Md; (XnuOj;J ,d;NdhnuOj;jhf jpupe;jJ)

(nr)

gFjp re;jp ,ilepiy tpFjp (r; + M r; + v)

3. fz;lhs;fhz; + l; + Ms; (nel;nlOj;J Fw;nwOj;jhjy;)

(fz;)


khztu;fSf;Fupa ,yf;fzr; nraw;ghLfs; ahTk; mtu;fSf;Fupa Fwpj;j

ghlg;gug;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J nfhLf;fg;gly; cfe;jJ vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. Nky;tUk; ghlybfspy; mike;Js;s XnuOj;Jr; nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L vOJf.

“Nfhtyd; nrd;W> nfhs;ifapd; ,Ue;j

fTe;jp Iiaiaf; ifnjhONjj;jp ...”(rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Cu; fhz; fhij)

2. nrd;W> njhONjj;jp vd;gtw;iwr; re;jp gpupj;njOJf.

165


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2. ge;jpapy; jbj;j vOj;jpYs;s nrhw;fis ngau;> tpid> ,il vd NtWgLj;jpg;

gl;baypLf.

“jkpo; tsu;j;j Kbkd;duhfpa Nru> Nrho> ghz;baUq; fope;JNghapdu;.

mfj;jpadhiu Kjyhff; nfhz;l Gytu; ngUkf;fs; FOkpapUe;J jkpohuha;e;j

Kr;rq;fq;fSk; mope;JNghapd. nry;tj;jpy; tsu;e;j rPkhl;b my;yYw;wiyfpd;w

jd;ik Nghy; jkpo;khJ nghyptpoe;J Njhd;Wfpd;whs;.

‘jkpo;j;njhz;L’ (fl;Liu - Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;)

3. (m) gpd;tUk; mbfspy; jbj;j vOj;Jf;fspYs;s nrhw;fisg; gFgjk; -

gfhgjk; vd NtWgLj;jpg; gl;baypLf.

(M) gFgjq;fshf mike;jtw;iwg; gFj;J> gFjp> tpFjp Kjypa

cWg;Gf;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

(,) gFgjk; vd ,dq;fz;ltw;iwg; ngau;g;gFgjk;> tpidg;gFgjk; vd

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

jkpiog; gbf;fg; gbf;f ,d;gk; jUfpwJ.

myq;fhuk; nra;ahky; mts; ntspapy; nry;ykhl;lhs;.

“ehd; Vd; gpwe;Njd;?” vd;W xt;nthUtUk; NfSq;fs;.

4. gpd;tUtdtw;iwg; gFgj cWg;Gf;fshfg; gFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

(i) mOjhd; (ii) tPo;j;jpdhd; (iii) milthd; (iv) $dp

(v) Nfhopfs; (vi) ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; (vii) epkpu;j;jpdhd;

5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njupTnra;f.

(m) ‘%o;fpdhd;’ vd;gjd; rupahd gpupg;G

(i) %o;F + fpdh +d; (ii) %o; + fp +Md;

(iii) %o;fp + fpd; +Md; (iv) %o;fpd; + Md;

(v) %oF + fpd; +Md;

(M) ‘nehe;jJ’ vd;gjd; rupahd gFjp

(i) neh (ii) Neh (iii) nehe;J (iv) Nehjy; (v) NehFjy;

(,) ‘ntl;fg;gl;lhd;’ vd;gjd; rupahd re;jpgpupg;G

(i) ntl;fk; + gL + Md;

(ii) ntl;fg;gl;L +Md;

(iii) ntl;fg;gL + Md; (iv) ntl;fg;gL + l; + Md;

(v) ntl;fk; + gl;L +Md;

166


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

3.1. nrhy;ypd; ,ay;Gk; tifAk;

(m) nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G

xUtu; jk; fUj;jpidg; gpwu;f;F mwptpg;gjw;Fk; gpwu; fUj;jpidj; jhk;

mwptjw;Fk; fUtpahf miktJ nrhy;yhFk;. XnuOj;jhyhapDk; xd;Wf;F

Nkw;gl;l vOj;JfshyhapDk; mike;J nghUis czu;j;jp epw;gJ mjd;

,ay;ghFk;.

(M) nrhy;ypd; tiffs;

nrhw;fisj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup vd ehd;F

tiffshff; $Wk;.

ehy;tifr; nrhw;fSs;Ns> ngau;r;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;Yk; jdpj;J epd;W

nghUSzu;j;jty;yd. ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; cupr;nrhw;fSk; jdpj;jpaq;Fk;

Mw;wy; ,y;yhjdtha;g; ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; rhu;e;J epd;Nw nghUs;

czu;j;j ty;yd.

3.2. nrhy;ypd; gz;Gfs;

I. nghUSzu;j;Jk; gz;G

nghUSzu;j;Jk; mbg;gilapy; %tif nkhopfs; cs;sd. mitahtd

xUnkhop> njhlu;nkhop> nghJnkhop vd;gdthFk;.

(M) njhlu;nkhop

gFgjkhapDk; gfhg;gjkhapDk; xU nrhy; jdpahf epd;W xU nghUis

czu;j;Jkplj;J> mJ xUnkhop vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : jP> epyk;> el> ele;jhd;

(M) xUnkhop

xU nrhy;iyj; njhlu;e;J ,d;ndhd;Nwh> gyNth tUkplj;J> mj;njhlu; gy

nghUisj; jUtjhf mikAk;. mJNt njhlu;nkhop vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghd;Kb> ,uhg;gfy;> epyj;ijf; fle;jhd;

(,) nghJnkhop

xU nrhy;yha; epd;W xU nghUisj; je;Jk; mJNt njhlu;nkhopaha;

epd;W NtW nghUisj; jUtjhAk; rpy nrhw;fs; mikayhk;. mit

nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : jhkiu> Ntq;if

jhkiu vd;gJ mg;ngaUs;s nfhbiaf; Fwpf;Fkplj;J mJ xUnkhopahFk;.

mJ jh + kiu vdj; njhlu;nkhopahf mike;J jhTk; kiuiaf;

Fwpf;Fk;.

Ntq;if vd;gJ Gypiaf; Fwpf;Fk;nghOJ xU nkhopahFk;. mJ NtFq;

ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nghOJ njhlu;nkhopahFk;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; nghJnkhop mUfpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

3.0 nrhy;ypay;

167


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

II. ,U tiffshf toq;Fk; gz;G

nrhw;fs; ,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;F vd;Dk; ,uz;L tiffspy; toq;fptUk;.

(m) ,ay;G tof;F

vg;nghUSf;F vr;nrhy; mike;jNjh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhw; $Wjy;

,ay;G tof;F vdg;gLk;.

,ay;G tof;fpy; %d;W tiffs; cs;sd. mitahtd :

1. ,yf;fzKilaJ

2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp

3. k&c

1. ,yf;fzKilaJ

,yf;fz newpKiwahf toq;fptUk; nrhw;fs; ,yf;fzKilaJ vd;w

tifapy; mlq;Fk;. (,t;tifapy; cs;s nrhw;fNs mjpfk;.)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : epyk;> ePu;> ed;dpyk;

2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp

,yf;fz newpKiw ,y;iyahapDk; ,yf;fzKilaJ Nghy;> rhd;Nwhuhy;

njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fptUk; nrhw;fs; rpy ,yf;fzg; Nghyp vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ,y;Kd; vd;gij Kd;wpy; (Kw;wk;) vd;Wk;

efu;g;Gwk; vd;gij Gwefu; vd;Wk;

Nfhtpy; vd;gij Nfhapy; vd;Wk;

nghJtpy; vd;gij nghjpapy; vd;Wk; toq;Fjy;.

3. k&c

,yf;fzKila nrhw;fs; rpy ,ilapNy rpy vOj;Jfs; nfl;Lk;> rpy

vOj;Jj; jpupe;Jk; rpy vOj;Jj; Njhd;wpAk; kUtp toq;fp tUfpd;wd. mit

k&c vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

,yf;fzKilaJ k&c

mUkUe;jd;d - mUke;j

tho;ehs; - thzhs;

NrhoehL - NrhzhL

ghz;baehL - ghz;behL

(M) jFjp tof;F

xU nghUis czu;j;Jtjw;F cupa ,ay;ghd nrhy;yhw; nrhy;tJ

jFjpad;nwd;W fUjp> NtW thu;j;ijfshy; toq;FtJ jFjp tof;F MFk;.

,JTk; %tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:

1. ,lf;fulf;fy;

2. kq;fyk;

3. F*cf;Fwp

168


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

1. ,lf;fulf;fy;

ed;kf;fsplj;Nj nrhy;yj; jfhj nrhy;iy (,lf;fiu) kiwj;J NtW

thu;j;ijfshw; nrhy;YtJ ,lf;fulf;fy; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

kyq;fOtp te;Njd; vd;gijf; fhy;fOtp te;Njd; vd;W $Wjy;.

kyq;fopj;jy; vd;gijf; nfhy;iyf;Fg; Nghjy; vd;W $Wjy;.

2. kq;fyk;

kq;fykpy;yhj thu;j;ijfisj; jtpu;j;J kq;fykhfr; nrhy;YtJ kq;fyk;

MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

kq;fykpy;yhjJ kq;fy tof;F

nrj;jhu; JQ;rpdhu;> fhykhdhu;> ,iwab Nru;e;jhu;

,LfhL ed;fhL

er;Rg;ghk;G (ehfk;) ey;y ghk;G

3. F*cf;Fwp

xU FOtpdu; ahjhapDk; xU fhuzk; gw;wp xU nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhy;iyj; jtpu;j;J NtW thu;j;ijahy; Fwpg;gJ F*cf;Fwp MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nrhy;tpsk;gp (Ntlu;> fs;isf; Fwpg;gJ)

gwp (nghw;nfhy;yu;> nghd;idf; Fwpg;gJ)

III. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gtw;iw czu;j;Jk; gz;G

nrhw;fs; (ngau;> tpid) nghJthf jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gdtw;iw

czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

(m) ,Ujpiz

capUs;sdTk; capupy;yhjdTkhfpa nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; vy;yhk;

cau;jpiz> m/wpiz vd;Dk; ,uz;L njhFjpfSs; mlf;fg;gLk;.

jpiz vd;gJ rhjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. cau;thfpa rhjp cau;jpiz. cau;ty;yhj

rhjp (my; + jpiz) m/wpiz. gFj;jwptpd; mbg;gilapNyNa cau;jpiz>

m/wpiz vd;gd gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gFj;jwpTs;s kf;fs;> Njtu;> eufu;

MfpNahiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; cau;jpiz vd;w njhFjpAs; mlf;fg;gLtu;.

tpyq;F> gwit Kjypa capUs;s nghUs;fisAk; epyk;> ePu; Kjypa

capuw;w nghUs;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; m/wpiz vd;w njhFjpAs;

mlf;fg;gLk;. gps;is> Foe;ij vd;gd gFj;jwptpy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; mr;nrhw;fs;

m/wpizapy; mlf;fg;gLk;.

(M) Ik;ghy;

jpiz vd;Dk; njhFjp> ghy; vd;Dk; gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ghy; vDk;

gFjp> Mz; - ngz; vd;w Ngjj;ijAk;> xUik - gd;ik vd;w vz;

Ngjj;ijAk; fhl;Lk; tifapy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

169


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cau;jpizapy; %d;W ghy;fs; cs;sd. Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy; vd;gd

mitahFk;. Mz;ghy; Mz;fspd; xUikiaf; Fwpg;gjhAk; ngz;ghy; ngz;fspd;

xUikiaf; Fwpg;gjhAk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. gyu;ghy; vd;gJ Mltu;> fhisau;

vd;gd Nghd;w Mz; gd;ikiaAk; kq;ifau; kfspu; vd;gd Nghd;w ngz;

gd;ikiaAk; kf;fs;> mtu; vd;gd Nghd;w mt;tpUtu; gd;ikiaAk; Fwpj;J

epw;Fk;.

m/wpizapy; ,uz;L ghy;fs; cs;sd. xd;wd; ghy;> gytpd; ghy; vd;gd

mitahFk;. m/wpizapy; Mz; - ngz; Ngjk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glhky;

vz;Nz mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

cau;jpiz

1. mtd; / te;jhd; - Mz;ghy;

2. mts; / te;jhs; - ngz;ghy;

3. mtu; / te;jhu; - gyu;ghy; (,f;fhy tof;fpy; kupahij xUik)

m/wpiz

1. mJ / te;jJ - xd;wd;ghy;

2. mit / te;jd - gytpd;ghy;

jw;fhy tof;F

,d;W ‘fs;’ vDk; tpFjp ngw;W tUtdNt gyu;ghiy czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Mrpupau;fs;

khztu;fs;

njhopyhsu;fs;

‘Mu;’,‘u;’ vDk; tpFjp ‘fs;’ ngw;W tUtd ,d;W kupahijahf xUtiuf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg;

gad;gLfpd;wd. mtu;

Mrpupau;

mjpgu;

Gytu;

(,) %tplk;

,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; czu;j;Jk; nrhw;fs; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if vd;Wk;

%tplq;fSs; xd;iw czu;j;Jk;.

NgRNthd; jd;idf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy; jd;ik ,lj;ij czu;j;Jk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehd;> ehk;

NgRNthu; Kd;dpiyapy; cs;stiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; nrhy; Kd;dpiy ,lj;ij

czu;j;Jk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : eP> ePq;fs;

Ngrg;gLk; nghUs; glu;f;if ,lkhFk;. mjhtJ> jd;ik> Kd;dpiyr; nrhw;fs;

jtpu;e;j Vidait ahTk; glu;f;if ,lj;ij czu;j;Jk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mtd;> mtu;fs;

gwit> tpyq;F

170


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;3.1.3 nrhw;ghFghL

nrhw;fis ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> tlnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy; vd ehd;fhf ,yf;fz

E}yhu; ghFgLj;jpAs;shu;. (nghUz;ik gw;wp te;j ghFghL ,yf;fpa tof;F)

(m) ,aw;nrhy; ,ay;ghfg; nghUswpaj;jf;f tifapy; toq;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ,aw;nrhw;fs;

vdg;gLk;. ,yf;fzj;njhopw;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup

vd ehd;fhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

1. ngaupaw; nrhy; - kz;> nghd;

2. tpidapaw; nrhy;- ele;jhd;> cz;fpwhd;

3. ,ilapaw; nrhy; - I - mtid

My; - kz;zhy;

4. cupapaw; nrhy; - moF> md;G

(moF> md;G Kjypad gz;ig czu;j;Jkstpy; cupapaw;

nrhw;fs; MFk;. mit Ntw;Wik Vw;Fkplj;J> ngau;r;

nrhw;fs; MFk;.) “md;Gj; njhy;iy” vd;Dk; njhlupy;

“md;G” milahfg; gz;ig czu;j;Jk; cupapaw; nrhy;yhf

mikfpd;wJ. “md;Gf;Fg; gzpe;jhd;” vd;Dk; njhlupy; md;G

Ntw;Wik cUNgw;w ngau;r; nrhy;yhf mikfpd;wJ.

(M) jpupnrhy; nra;AspNy kl;Lk; toq;FtdthAk; ,lk;Nehf;fpg; nghUs; mwpe;Jnfhs;s

Ntz;baitahAk; cs;s nrhw;fs; jpupnrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,r;nrhw;fs; xU

nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fshAk;> gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;yhAk; toq;Fk;.

jpupnrhy;Yk; ngau;> tpid> ,il> cup vd;Dk; ehd;F tiffspYk; tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

1. ngau;j;jpupnrhy;:kiy vDk; ,aw;nrhy;Yf;F ntw;G> tpyq;fy;> tiu vd;gd

nra;As; tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;. ,it xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs;.

Mop vDk; nra;As; tof;Fr; nrhy; fly;> rf;fuk;> tl;lk;> rpy;Y

Kjypa gy nghUs;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU

nrhy;.

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; Kjypad

jpiz

cau;jpiz m/wpiz

xUik gd;ik xUik gd;ik

Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; gyu;ghy; xd;wd;ghy; gytpd;ghy;

171


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2. tpidj;jpupnrhy;: nrg;gpdhd;> fowpdhd;> fpse;jhd;> nkhope;jhd; vd;gd nrhd;dhd;

vDk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;J toq;Fk;.

tiue;jhd; vDk; xU nrhy; ePq;fpdhd;> nfhz;lhd;> epUzapj;jhd;

vDk; gy nghUs; Fwpj;J toq;Fk;.

3. ,ilj;jpupnrhy;: nfhy; vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; nra;AspNy xypf;Fwpg;G> Iag;nghUs;>

mirepiy vdg; gy nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk;. V> vd vd;gd

vz;Zg;nghUs; jUtd.

4. cupj;jpupnrhy;: fb vDk; cupr;nrhy; fhg;G> $u;ik> mr;rk;> tpsf;fk; vdg; gy

nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk;.

rhy> cW> jt> edp> $u;> fop vd;Dk; cupr;nrhw;fs; kpFjpg;

nghUisj; jUtd.

(,) tlnrhy;

jkpo; eilngw;W> jkpNohL fye;J toq;Fk; Mupa nkhopr; nrhw;fNs

tlnrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,Utiffshfj; jkpopNy fye;jd.

1. jw;rkk;

xyp khWghbd;wpj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; Mupar; nrhy; jw;rkk; vdg;gLk;. Mupa

nkhopf;Fk; jkpo;nkhopf;Fk; nghJthd xypfshyhd nrhw;fs; ,t;tifapy;

mlq;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fkyk;> Fq;Fkk;> fhuzk;> mkyk; Kjypad.

2. jw;gtk;

jkpopNy jpupnga;jp toq;Fk; Mupar;nrhw;fs; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. Mupa

nkhopf;Fr; rpwg;ghd vOj;Jf;fisAila nrhw;fs;> jkpo; xypkuGf;F Vw;wthW

tpfhuk; ngw;W toq;Fkplj;J> jw;gtk; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: murd;> mikr;rd;> muq;fk;> Mrhuk;> Mjp> fzk;> #J> jtk;> J}J>

ehfupfk;> ehtha; ghf;fpak;> ghtk;> ke;jpup

(<) jpirr;nrhy;

Mupaky;yhj may;nkhopfspypUe;J te;J jkpopy; toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;

,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. gpw jpirfspypUe;J jkpopw; fye;j nrhw;fshjyhy;>

,it jpirr; nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;.

1 . fpNuf;f nkhopr;nrhw;fs;:

Xiu (Neuk;)> fd;dy; (fbfhuk;)> RUq;if> atdu; Kjypad.

2 . muG nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

,khk; (,];yhkpa rkaj; jiytu;) ,yhfh> jfty;> t#y; Kjypad.

3 . ghurPf nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

rpg;ge;jp> Rkhu;> Jg;ghf;fp> rhy;it Kjypad.

172


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4. cUJ nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

mry;> mj;ju;> mz;lh> Mrhkp> ,whj;jy;> ,dhk;> CJtj;jp> frhg;G> nfLgpb> fg;gp>

fhyp> Fj;jif> re;jh> ruhrup> rhkhd;.

5 . njYq;F nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

,lhg;G> ,utpf;if> ,uhZtk;> ,yQ;rk;> xapy;> fNghjp> re;jb> tpUJ.

6 . fd;dl nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: ml;bif> rkhspj;jy;> nrhj;J.

7 . kiyahs nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: nfhr;rp> jsthlk;

8 . kuhj;jp nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

ml;ltiz> mghz;lk;> ifyhF> Fz;lhd;> rhk;ghu;.

9 . Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

mykhup> mythq;F> md;dhrp> fLjhrp> fjpiu> Nfhg;ig.

10. xy;yhe;j nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:cyhe;jh> rhf;F> Jl;L> Njhk;G.

11. gpnuQ;R nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: Frpdp> JUg;G> gl;lhsk;> yhe;ju;.

12 .Mq;fpy nkhopr; nrhw;fs;:

fhu;> g];> njhd;> Nfhg;gp> rPnke;J> irf;fps;> tq;fp.

13. rpq;fs nkhopr; nrhw;fs;: Njhil> tj;jhis> nfhWf;fhg;Gsp.

jw;fhy tof;F

jkpopNy md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu gy nkhopfspypUe;Jk; nrhw;fs; te;J

fye;Js;sd. ,t;thW fye;j gy nrhw;fs; md;whlg; Ngr;R tof;fpy; kl;Lkd;wp

vOj;J tof;fpYk; epd;W epyTfpd;wd.

jkpopy; te;J fye;Js;s jpirr; nrhw;fSs; Mq;fpy nkhopapd; nry;thf;F

ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. Ml;rpapay;> nghUspay;> tzpftpay;> mwptpay;>

kUj;Jttpay;> nghwpapay;> njhopDl;gtpay;> fzpdpj;Jiw vd;gd Nghd;w

GJg;GJj; JiwfspNy jkpo; E}y;fSk; rQ;rpiffSk; ntsptUfpd;wd. ,jdhy;

GJg;GJr; nrhw;fSk; GJg;GJ nkhopkuGfSk; jkpopw; GFe;J tUfpd;wd.

gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; fiyr; nrhw;fshfg; ghlE}y;fspNy

gapd;W tUfpd;wd. nghJkf;fSila md;whlg; Ngr;rpy; kl;Lkd;wp>

,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fshd njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp epfo;r;rpfspYk; gy

Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wd.

173


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vz;zf;fU tpsf;fg;glk;

nrhw;ghFghL

,yf;fpa tof;fpw; gapYQ; nrhw;fisr; rpwg;G Nehf;fp ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr;

nrhy;> tlnrhy; vdg; gz;il ,yf;fzfhuu; ehd;fhfg; ghFgLj;jpAs;sdu;.

nrhy;

,aw;nrhy; jpupnrhy; jpirr;nrhy;

tlnrhy;

ngau;

,aw;nrhy;

c+k;:kz;

nghd;

tpid

,aw;nrhy;

c+k;:ghbdhd;

Mbdhd;,il

,aw;nrhy;

c+k;:mtid

mtdhy;

(I> My;

vd;gd)

cup

,aw;nrhy;

c+k;:moF*

md;G*

ngau;j;

jpupnrhy;

c-k;:ntw;G

tiu

tpidj;

jpupnrhy;

c-k;:Vfpdhd;

nkhope;jhd;

,ilj;

jpupnrhy;

c-k;:V> vd

(vz;Zg;

nghUs;

jUtd)

cupj;

jpupnrhy;

c- k;:cW> jt>

edp

jw;rkk;

c+k;:fkyk;

Fq;Fkk;

jw;gtk;

c+k;:ghf;fpak;

Mrhuk;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfankhopc-k; mYkhup fLjhrp

xy;yhe;jnkhopc-k; ,yhr;rp fe;Njhu;

muGnkhopc-k; jfty; t#y;

gpnuhQ;Rnkhopc-k; Frpdp ,yhe;ju;

cUJnkhopc-k; mj;ju; mz;lh

njYq;Fnkhopc-k; ,lhg;G ,utpf;if

fd;dlnkhopc-k; nrhj;J rkhspj;jy;

kiyahsnkhopc-k; nfhr;rp jsghlk;

Mq;fpynkhopc-k; ngd;rpy;

mTd;];

* moF> md;G Kjypad gz;ig czu;j;JkstpNy

cupr;nrhw;fshFk;. mit Nt;w;WikNaw;Fkplj;Jg;

ngau;r;nrhw;fshFk;.

174


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

3.2 ngau;r;nrhy;

3.2.1 ngau;r;nrhy; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;

ngau;r;nrhy;yhtJ nghwpfl;Fk; kdj;Jf;Fk; tplakhfpa nghUis czu;j;JQ;

nrhy;yhFk;.

,LFwpahAk;> fhuzf;FwpahAk; kuGKiwahfTk; GjpJGjpjha; Mf;fg;gl;Lk;

ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

ngUk;ghyhd ngau;r;nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

Ntw;Wik Vw;gJ ngau;r;nrhw;fSf;Fupa rpwg;gpay;G MFk;.

,U jpizfspYk; (cau;jpiz> m/wpiz) Ik;ghypYk; (Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;>

gyu;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;) %tplj;jpYk; (jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if)

xd;wpid Vw;gdthAk; nghJthf miktdthAk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gapd;WtUfpd;wd.

3.2.2 ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; tiffs;

I. ngauplg;gLk; mbg;gilapyhd tifaPL

,LFwpg;ngau;;> fhuzg;ngau;> fhuztpLFwpg;ngau; vdg; ngauplg;gLk;

mbg;gilapy; ngau;r;nrhw;fis %d;W tiffSs; mlf;fyhk;.

(m) ,LFwpg;ngau;

xU fhuzq; fUjhJ> nghUis czu;j;jp epw;Fk; ngau; ,LFwpg;ngau;

MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kuk;> kiy

(M) fhuzg;ngau;

ahjhapDk; xU fhuzk; gw;wpg; nghUis czu;j;jp epw;Fk; ngau;

fhuzg;ngau; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gwit> mzp

(gwg;gjdhy; gwit vdTk;> mzpag;gLtjhy; mzp vdTk; te;jikahy;> mit

fhuzg; ngau;fs; MFk;.)

(,) fhuz ,LFwpg; ngau;

fhuz ,LFwpg; ngauhtJ> fhuzq; fUjpanghOJ fhuzg; ngauhfTk;

mf;fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ ,LFwpg;ngauhfTk; epd;W nghUis czu;j;Jk;

ngauhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Ks;sp> fwq;F> ehw;fhyp.

(Ks;sp vd;gJ fhuzq; fUjp> Ks;isAila nrbfs;> kuq;fs; gytw;iw

czu;j;JkhapDk; fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ ,LFwpastha; Ks;sp vd;Dk; xU

nrbiaNa czu;j;JfpwJ.

fwq;F vd;gJ fhuzq; fUjpanghOJ> RoYjiyAila gy nghUs;fs;

czu;j;JkhapDk; fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ fhw;whb vd;Dk; xU nghUisNa

czu;j;JfpwJ.

ehw;fhyp vd;gJ fhuzq; fUjpanghOJ ehY fhy;fis cila ML> khL> Kjypa

gy nghUs;fis czu;j;JkhapDk; fhuzq; fUjhjnghOJ fjpiu vd;Dk; xU

nghUisNa czu;j;JfpwJ.)

175


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,LFwpg; ngau;fs;> fhuzg; ngau;fs; vd;gd nghJg;ngau;> rpwg;Gg; ngau;

vd ,U tifg;gLk;. nghJg;ngauhtJ gy nghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJthf

mikAk; ngauhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kuk; - ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngau; tpyq;F

gwit

rpwg;Gg; ngauhtJ xt;nthU nghUSf;Nf rpwg;ghfp tUk; ngauhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl ;L: My;

kh

gyh

fup ;

fhup

kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs; :

gpd;tUk; nrhw;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa Muha;e;J> mit ,LFwpg; ngau;;fsh>

fhuzg;; ngau;;fsh> fhuz ,LFwpg;; ngau;;fsh vd;W njspthf;Ff.

thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> kpd;> njhiygd;dp> fiury;> Nru;it> kpd;fhl;b>

#op> njhil> mstp> Fohap> Kf;fhyp> Njw;wk;> epWty;> fUJNfhs;.

II. czu;j;jg;gLk; nghUs; mbg;gilapyhd tifaPL

ngau;r;nrhw;fis> mit czu;j;Jk; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW

tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

(m) nghUl;ngau;

nghUis czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; nghUl; ngau;fs; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: kf;fs;> khL> kuk;

(M) ,lg;ngau;

,lj;ij czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; ,lg;ngau;fs; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cyfk;> ehL> Cu;

(,) fhyg;ngau;

fhyj;ij czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; fhyg;ngau;fs; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Afk;> Mz;L> Nfhil

(<) rpidg;ngau;

VjhtJ Xu; cWg;ig (rpidia) czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; rpidg;ngau;fs; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: jiy> fz;> nfhk;G> ,iy

(c) Fzg;ngau; / gz;Gg;ngau;

VjhtJ gz;gpid (Fzj;jpid) czu;j;Jk; ngau;fs; Fzg;ngau;fs; (gz;Gg;

ngau;fs;) MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ntz;ik> moF> md;G> tl;lk; Kjypad.

fhuzg; nghJg;ngau;

,LFwpr; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;

fUik epwq;nfhz;ltw;wpw;Fupa fhuzr; rpwg;Gg;

ngau;fs;.

(fup - ahid@ fhup - fupf;FUtp)

176


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(C) njhopw;ngau;

njhopiy czu;j;Jk; ngau; njhopw;ngau; MFk;. mJ tpidabahfg; gpwe;J>

tpid epfo;tpid my;yJ epfohikia czu;j;Jk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : cz;zy;> cLj;jy;> cwq;fy; Kjypad.

(v) tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs;

tpidabahfg; gpwe;J> nraiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; fUj;ijAk; czu;j;Jk;

ngau; tpidahyizAk; ngau; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: tpOe;jtd; vOe;J XLfpwhd;. ,q;F ‘tpOe;jtd;’ vd;gJtpidahyizAk; ngau;. ,J tpOjy; vd;w nraiyAk; ,we;j

fhyj;ijAk; ‘mtd;’ vd;w fUj;jhitAk; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.

Xd; / Xu; tpFjp ngw;Wk; tpidahyizAk; ngau; tUk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: te;Njhd;> te;Njhu;

goe;jkpopy; tpidKw;Wfs; rpyNtisfspy; ngau;j;jd;ikg;gl;L> (Ntw;WikcUGfs; Vw;f ,lkspj;J) ngau;fshf ,aq;Fkplj;J> mit tpidahyizAk;ngau;fs; vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ele;jhidf; (ele;jtid) fz;Nld;.ngw;whiug; Nghw;wp tho;.te;Njhuhy; ,g;guprpy;fs; jug;gl;ld.flTisf; fz;ltu; vtUk; ,yu;.

III. ,l NtWghl;lbg;gilapyhd tifaPL

ngau;fs; ,lNtWghl;lbg;gilapy; jd;ikg; ngau;fs;> Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs;> glu;f;ifg;ngau;fs; vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.

NgRNthd; jd;idg; gw;wpg; NgRtJ jd;ik ,lk;> NgRNthdhy; vjpu;Kfkhf;fg;gl;Lf;Nfl;Fk; nghUs; Kd;dpiy ,lk;> Ngrg;gLk; nghUs; glu;f;if ,lk;.

(m) jd;ikg; ngau;fs;

xUik - ehd;> ahd;gd;ik - ehk;> ahk;> ehq;fs;> ahq;fs;

(M) Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs;

xUik - ePgd;ik - ePu;> ePapu;> ePtpu;> vy;yPu;> ePq;fs;

(,) glu;f;ifg; ngau;fs;

jd;ik> Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs; my;yhj kw;iwa ngau;fs; ahTk; glu;f;ifg; ngau;fs;MFk;. glu;f;ifg; ngau;fspNyNa jpiz> ghw;ghFghL cs;sJ.

1. Mz;ghw; ngau; :md;> Md;> kd;> khd;> d; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;WtUk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: fz;zd; - ‘md;’ tpFjp

Cuhd; - ‘Md;’ tpFjptlkd; - ‘kd;’ tpFjpNfhkhd; - ‘khd;’ tpFjpgpwd; - ‘d;’ tpFjp

177


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2. ngz;ghw; ngau;ms;> Ms;> ,> s; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;WtUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ,isas; - ‘ms;’ tpFjp,isahs; - ‘Ms; tpFjp

nghd;dp - ‘,’ tpFjpgpws; - ‘s;’ tpFjp

3. gyu;ghw; ngau;

mu;> Mu;> fs;> khu;> u; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;WtUk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ftpQu; - ‘mu;’ tpFjp

Cuhu; - ‘Mu; tpFjp

FUf;fs; - ‘fs;’ tpFjpNjtpkhu; - ‘khu;’ tpFjpgpwu; - ‘u;’ tpFjp

cau;jpizapy; Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy; vd;w %d;W gpupTfNs cs;sd.

Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd gd;ikia cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; gyu;ghw;

ngau;fs; mike;Js;sik gioa ,yf;fz kuG.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: khztd; - Mz;ghy;

khztp - ngz;ghy;

khztu; - gyu;ghy;

kfd; - Mz;ghy;

kfs; - ngz;ghy;

kf;fs; - gyu;ghy;

4. xd;wd;ghw; ngau;

J vd;;Dk; tpFjp ngw;WtUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mJ> gpwpJ.

5. gytpd;ghw; ngau;

it> m> fs; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;W tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mit> gy> khLfs;

m/wpizapy; xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vd;w ,uz;L gpupTfNs cs;sd.

m/wpizapy; Mz;> ngz; NtWghL ,y;iy. vz; NtWghL (xUik> gd;ik)

kl;LNk cs;sJ.

IV. rpwg;Gg; ngau;fSk; nghJg; ngau;fSk;

rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;

,g;ngau;fs; Vidait Nghy; tpFjp ngwhJ cau;jpizapYk; m/wpizapYk;

Mz;> ngz; ghy;fis czu;j;jp epw;Fk; ngau;fshFk;. tpFjp ngwhky; ghy;

fhl;LtjhNyNa ,it rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs; Mfpd;wd.

(m) cau;jpiz Mz;ghw; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs; :Nfh> Nts;> Fuprpy;> Njhd;wy;

(M) cau;jpiz ngz;ghw; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs; :

kq;if> kle;ij> ijay;

(,) m/wpizg; ngz; ngau; :

gpb> gpiz> ke;jp

178


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nghJg; ngau;fs;

jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; vd;gdtw;Wf;Fg; nghJthf mikAk; tifapw; rpy ngau;r;

nrhw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;ntt; tiffspy; mg;ngau;fs; nghJthf cs;sd

vd;gijg; gpd;tUkhW Nehf;fyhk; :

(m) ,Ujpizg; glu;f;ifg; nghJg;ngau; :

je;ij> jha;> Mz;> ngz;> jhd;> jhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: cau;jpiz m/wpiz

je;ij ,td; je;ij ,t;ntUJ

jha; ,ts; jha; ,g;gR

mtu;fSs; xUtu; kl;LNk Mz;.

Mz; Foe;ij gpwe;jJ.

ciuahba ngz; NfhgKw;whs;.

ngz; kapy; MbaJ.

jhd; vd;Dk; glu;f;ifg; ngau; ,U jpizf;Fk; nghJtha; xUikapy; tUk;.

mtd;jhd; $wpdhd; - cau;jpiz Mz;ghy;

mts;jhd; $wpdhs; - cau;jpizg; ngz;ghy;

mJjhd; epiyikahFk; - m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;

jhk; vd;Dk; glu;f;ifg; ngau; ,Wjpizf;Fk; nghJtha; gd;ikapy; tUk;.

Gytu;jhk; ,t;thW $wpdu;- cau;jpiz gyu;ghy;

mitjhk; ,jd; tpilfs; - m/wpiz gytpd;ghy;

(M) ,Ujpiz %tplg; nghJg;ngau;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

‘vy;yhk;’ vd;Dk; nrhy; nghJg;ngauhf miktijg; gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspw;fhz;f.

ehnky;yhk; KbT $wptpl;Nlhk; - jd;ik

ePq;fnsy;yhk; vd;d KbT vLj;jPu;fs;? - Kd;dpiy

mtu;fnsy;yhk; nrd;Wtpl;ldu; - cau;jpizg; glu;f;if

mitnay;yhk; Kbe;JNghd fijfs; - m/wpizg; gytpd;ghy;

(,) cau;jpiz Mz;> ngz; ,Ughw; nghJg;ngau; :xUtu;> Ngij> Cik Kjypad.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: MltUs; xUtu; Ngrpdhu;

kfspUs; xUtu; ghbdhu;

Cik Xb te;jhd;

Cik mOjhs;

,Ujpizf;Fk;

nghJ - xUik

,Ujpizf;Fk;

jhk; nghJ - gd;ik

179


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(<) m/wpiz ,Ughw; nghJg;ngau; / ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngau;

m/wpiz xd;wd;ghYf;FupaJ vd;Dk; tpFjpiaNah> m/wpizg; gytpd;ghYf;Fupa

it> fs;> m vd;Dk; tpFjpfisNah ngwhJ tUk; m/wpizg; ngau;fs; xd;wd;ghYf;Fk;

gytpd;ghYf;Fk; nghJg;ngau;fshFk;. mg;ngau;fs; nfhz;L KbAk; tpidfisg;

nghWj;Nj mtw;wpd; ghy; vJntdf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mit ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngau;fs;

vdTk; ngau;ngWk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Fapy; $tpaJ@ Fapy; $tpd

fz; rpte;jJ@ fz; rpte;jd

jw;fhy tof;F

jd;ikg; ngau;fshf ehd;> ehk;> ehq;fs; vd;gdNt ,d;W ngUtof;fpy; cs;sd.

ahd;> ahk;> ahq;fs; vd;gd mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; ngau;fshf cs;s ePapu;> ePtpu;> vy;yPu; vd;gd nra;As;

tof;fpNyNa cs;sd. ePu;> ePq;fs; vd;gdNt ,d;iwa tof;fpy; cs;sd.

glu;f;if Mz;ghYf;Fupa tpFjpfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l md;> Md;> kd;> khd;> d;

vd;gdtw;Ws; ,Wjp %d;Wk; ,d;iwa tof;fpy; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gyu;ghYf;Fupa ngau; tpFjpfs; ngUk;ghd;ik ‘fs;’ tpFjpiag; ngw;W tUfpd;wd.

gz;ila ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; m/wpizf;F cupajhff; $wg;gl;l “fs;” tpFjp>

,d;W tpFjp Nky; tpFjpaha; cau;jpizg; gyu;ghiy czu;j;jp tUfpd;wJ.

xUtiuf; Fwpf;Fkplj;jpYk; kupahijf;fhf “fs;” tpFjp Nru;f;fg;gLtJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

Mrpupau; Mrpupau;fs;

mtu; mtu;fs;

Cuhu; Cuhu;fs;

rpwhu; rpwhu;fs;

gyu;ghy; czu;j;Jk; ‘Mu;’ tpFjp ‘Xu;’ vdj; jpupe;Jk; tUtJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

ey;yhu; - ey;Nyhu;

,isahu; - ,isNahu;

tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs; gy ,d;W ‘Xu;’ vDk; tpFjpiag; ngWfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

fhakile;Njhu;

rpj;jpngwhNjhu;

cau;jpiz ,Ughw; nghJg;ngau;fshf ,f;fhy tof;fpy; Vuhskhd nrhw;fs;

gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

mfjp> mwpthsp> Mizahsu;> cNyhgp> Vio> rdhjpgjp> Fw;wthsp> rl;lj;juzp>

nrayhsu;> Nrhk;Ngwp> Qhdp> ijuparhyp> ePjpgjp> Nehahsp> gpujpthjp> Gj;jprhyp>

Gytu;> Kjyhsp> Nkij.

180


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

3.2.3 ngau;r;nrhy;yhf;fk;

ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpakhf mikAk; Kiwfs;tUkhW :

i. rpy ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gFjp> tpFjp Kjypa gFgj cWg;Gfshfg; gpupf;fKbahjitahf cs;sd.vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghUs;> Fil> Kjy;

ii. ngau;g;gFjpfs; gy;NtW tpFjpfisg; ngw;W ntt;NtW ngau;r;nrhw;fshfmike;Js;sd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

nghd;dd;> Kbad;> rilad; (‘md;’ tpFjp)

aho;g;ghzj;jhd;> kl;lf;fsg;ghd; (‘Md;’ tpFjp)

nghd;dp> Cop (‘,’ tpFjp)

jiytu;> fiyQu;> kPdtu;> Cutu;> ehl;ltu; (‘mu;’ tpFjp)

efuj;jhu;> Cuhu;> mbahu;> mfj;jhu; (‘Mu;’ tpFjp)

cilNahu;> kiwNahu; (‘Xu;’ tpFjp)

jiyik> Kiwik> epiyik (‘ik’ tpFjp)

iii. tpid tbtq;fspypUe;J cz;lhFk; ngau;fs;.

1. rpy tpidabfs; ngau;r;nrhw;fshfTk; toq;Ffpd;wd. ,it Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngau;fs; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

G+> fl;L> jspu;> Kb> ,iz> gzp> vjpu;> gpb> miz> nghup> Gfo; Kjypad.

2. Kjdpiy jpupe;j njhopw;ngau;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

(m) tpidabapd; KjYapu; ePsy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ngW - NgW

nghU - Nghu;

fU - fhu;

tpL - tPL

(M) tpidg;gFjpapd; <w;W capu;nka; ,ul;bj;jy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: vOJ - vOj;J

xOF - xOf;F

khW - khw;W

$L - $l;L

G+R - G+r;R

(,) tpidg;gFjpapd; <w;W ty;ypd nka; nky;ypd nka;iag; ngWjy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: gF - gq;F

3. tpidg;gFjpfSf;Fg; gy;NtW njhopw;ngau; tpFjpfisr; Nru;g;gjdhy; njhopw;ngau;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ‘jy;’ tpFjp - nfhLj;jy;

‘my;’ tpFjp - Xly;

181


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4. vjpu;kiwj; njhopw;ngau;fs;> fhyq;fhl;Le; njhopw;ngau;fs; vd;gdTk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

elthik

nra;ahik

fpilj;jik

$wpaJ

fpilf;fpd;wik

$Wfpd;wJ

elg;gJ

tUtd

5. ,we;j fhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk;> vjpu;kiw vd;gdtw;iw czu;j;Jk;

tpidahyizAk; ngau;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

,we;Njhu; - ,we;j fhy tpidahyizAk; ngau;

tUfpd;wtu;fs; - epfo;fhy tpidahyizAk; ngau;

NghNthu; - vjpu;fhy tpidahyizAk; ngau;

rKfkspahNjhu; - vjpu;kiw tpidahyizAk; ngau;

v. ,ilr; nrhw;fis mbahff; nfhz;Lk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

gpwd;> kw;wtd;> Nghd;whd;- gpw> kw;W> Nghy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

mbahfg; gpwe;jd.

mtd;> ,td; - m> , vd;Dk; Rl;bil mbahfg; gpwe;jd.

vtd;> ahtd; - v> ah vd;Dk; tpdhtpilr; nrhy;

mbahfg; gpwe;jd.

vi. cupr;nrhw;fis mbahff; nfhz;Lk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

rhd;Nwhd; - rhy; vd;Dk; cupr; nrhy;ybahfg; gpwe;jJ.

vii. $l;Lg;ngau;fs;

1. ngau; + ngau;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Nfhapy;> tha;f;fhy;> ,ilA+W.

2. ikaPw;Wg; gz;Gg;ngau; + ngau;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ntz;gh> ntw;wpiy

vjpu;kiwj; njhopw;ngau;

,we;jfhyj; njhopw;ngau;

epfo;fhyj; njhopw;ngau;

vjpu;fhyj; njhopw;ngau;

182


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

viii. khw;Wg;ngau;

xU ngau;r;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ngau;r;nrhy; khw;Wg; ngau;;

vdg;gLk;. ,J gjpyPl;Lg; ngau;> gpujpaPl;Lg; ngau; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

jhd;> jhk;> jd;> mtd;> ahuhtJ> vitNaDk;> vd;id> cd;id.

1. fz;zd; ghbdhd;. jhd; ,dpg;ghLtjpy;iy vdf; $wpdhd;.

2. khyjp jd; Gj;jfj;ijj; Njbdhs;.

3. khztu;fs;> jhq;fs; tpisahlg; Nghtjhff; $wpdhu;fs;.

4. kjp ghlk; gbj;jhd;. Mdhy; mtDf;F mJ tpsq;ftpy;iy.

5. khztu;fSs;> ahuhtJ ,jw;F kWnkhop $wyhk;.

6. Ie;J tpdhf;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. vitNaDk; ,uz;Lf;F tpil vOJf.

7. ehd; tPl;by; ,Ug;Ngd;. vd;idg; ghu;f;f mq;F tuyhk;.

8. eP vq;Nf Nghfpwha;? cd;id vq;Nf fhzyhk;.

jw;fhy tof;F

fhud;> fhup vd;w Jizr; nrhw;fSld; $ba gy ngau;r;nrhw;fs; ,d;W tof;fpYs;sd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ntiyf;fhud; Ntiyf;fhup

tPl;Lf;fhud; tPl;Lf;fhup

gzf;fhud; gzf;fhup

fPiuf;fhud; fPiuf;fhup

rhyp> thd;> khd;> te;ju; vd;Dk; Jizr; nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J ngau;r;nrhw;fs;

toq;fptUfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghWikrhyp> gyrhyp> ghf;fpathd;>

Gj;jpkhd;> jdte;ju;> nry;te;ju;.

3.2.4 MFngau;

xU nghUspd; ,aw;ngau;> mg;nghUNshL rk;ge;jKila gpwpnjhU nghUspw;Fj;njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fptupd;> mJ MFngau; vdg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghw; nghUSzu;j;Jjy;MFngaupd; Kf;fpakhd gz;ghFk;. MFngau; gjpdhW tifg;gLk;.

1. nghUshFngau; - ky;ypif #bdhs;.

,q;F nghUspd; ngau; mjd; cWg;ghfpa kyUf;F Mfp tUjyhy;> nghUshFngau; Mapw;W.

2. ,lthFngau; - Cu; mlq;fpaJ.

Cu; vd;Dk; ,lg;ngau; mq;Fs;s kf;fSf;F MfptUjyhy;> ,J ,lthFngau; MFk;.

3. fhythFngau; - fhu;j;jpif G+j;jJ

,q;Nf fhu;j;jpif vd;Dk; fhyg;ngau; mf;fhyj;jpw; G+f;Fk; xU nfhbf;F Mtjhy; mJ

fhythFngau; MFk;.

4. rpidahFngau; - ntw;wpiy el;lhd;

,q;Nf ntw;wpiy vd;Dk; rpidg;ngau; mjd; nfhbf;F Mtjhy;> mJ rpidahFngau;MFk;.

Fwpg;G

ngau;r;nrhy;yhf;f Kiwfis tpsq;fpajd; gpd;du;> xt;nthU KiwapYk;

Mf;fg;gLk; ngau;fis khztu;fs; jdpahfNth FOthfNth Njlr;

nra;aTk;> mtw;iwr; nrt;it ghu;f;fTk; Mtd nra;f.

183


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

5. FzthFngau; - nts;is Fiuj;jJ

,q;Nf nts;is vd;Dk; Fzj;jpd; (epwk;) ngau; me;epwk; nghUe;jpa eha;f;F Mfpte;jJ.

6. njhopyhFngau; - nghupay; cz;lhd;

,q;Nf nghupay; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngau; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila cztpw;F Mtjhy;>mJ njhopyhFngau; Mapw;W.

7. vz;zysitahFngau; - fd;dj;jpy; ,uz;L nfhLj;jhd;

,q;Nf ,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngau; mt;tsitf; nfhz;l jhf;FjYf;F (mbf;F)Mfp tUjyhy; mJ vz;zysitahFngau; MFk;.

8. vLj;jysitahFngau; - xU fpNyh thq;fpNdd;

,q;Nf fpNyh vd;Dk; vLj;jysitg; ngau; mt;tsitf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F Mfpte;jJ.

9. Kfj;jysitahFngau; - Nrhw;Wf;F xU nfhj;Jg; NghJk;

,q;Nf nfhj;J vd;Dk; Kfj;jysitg;ngau; mt;tsitAila jhdpaj;Jf;F Mtjhy;mJ Kfj;jysitahFngau; MFk;.

10. ePl;lysit MFngau; - vdf;F %d;W kPw;wu; NghJk;

,q;Nf kPw;wu; vd;Dk; ePl;lysitg;ngau; mt;tsitAila (nghUSf;F) Mtjhy;>mJ ePl;lysit MFngau; Mapw;W.

11. nrhy;yhFngau; - ,e;E}Yf;F ciu nra;jhd;.

,q;Nf ciu vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; ngau;> mjd; nghUSf;F Mfp tUjyhy; mJnrhy;yhFngau;.

12. jhdpahFngau; - tpsf;F Kupe;jJ.

,q;Nf tpsf;F vd;Dk; jhdpapd; (jhdj;jpy; cs;sjd;) ngau; mjw;Fj; jhdkhfpajz;bw;F Mjyhy;> mJ jdpahFngau; Mapw;W.

13. fUtpahFngau; - jpUthrfk; Xjpdhd;.

,q;Nf thrfk; vd;Dk; fUtpg;ngau; mjd; fhupakhfpa xU E}ypw;F Mfp te;jJ.

14. fhupathFngau; - myq;fhuk; fw;whd;

,q;Nf myq;fhuk; vd;Dk; fhupaj;jpd; ngau; mjid czu;j;Jtjw;Ff; fUtpahfpaE}ypw;F Mtjhw; fhupathFngau;.

15. fUj;jhthFngau; - jpUts;Stu; gbj;jhd;

,q;Nf jpUts;Stu; vDk; fUj;jhtpd; ngau;> mtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l E}Yf;F Mtjhy;mJ fUj;jhthFngau;.

16. ctikahFngau; - fhis te;jhd;

,q;Nf fhis vd;Dk; ctikapd; ngau; mjid ctikahff; nfhz;l MltDf;FMjyhy; mJ ctikahFngau; Mapw;W.

184


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nghUshF ngau;

,lthF ngau;

fhythF ngau;

rpidahF ngau;

FzthF ngau;

njhopyhF ngau;

vz;zysit MFngau;

vOj;jysit MFngau;

Kfj;jysit MFngau;

ePl;lysit MFngau;

nrhy;yhF ngau;

jhdpahF ngau;

fUtpahF ngau;

fhupathF ngau;

fUj;jhthF ngau;

ctikahF ngau;

nrhy;

ngau;r;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy; cupr;nrhy;

1.

mWtifg;ngau;

nghUl;ngau; ,lg;ngau; fhyg;ngau; rpidg;ngau; Fzg;ngau; njhopw;ngau;

2.

%tplg;ngau;

jd;ikg;ngau; Kd;dpiyg;ngau; glu;f;ifg;ngau;

3.

,LFwpg;ngau; fhuzg;ngau; fhuz ,LFwpg;ngau;

4.

khw;Wg;ngau; Mf;fg;ngau; $l;Lg;ngau; njhopw;ngau; tpidahyizAk; ngau;

5

MFngau;

185


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.2.5 Ntw;Wik

4.2.5.1 Ntw;Wik vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;

ngau;r; nrhy;Yf;Fupa rpwg;Gg; gz;G Ntw;Wik Vw;gjhFk;. nrhw;fs; xd;NwhL

xd;W njhlu;e;J nghUs; czu;j;Jk;NghJ ngau;r;nrhw;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; jk;

,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghl;by; NtWgLfpd;wd. ,t;thW ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghL

NtWgLjy; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghL

NtWgLtij ngau;r;nrhy;ypd; cUt NtWghLfs; ntspg;gLj;jp epw;Fk;. ,t;thwhd

cUt NtWghLfis Ntw;Wik cUGfs; %yk; ,dq;fhzyhk;. ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghL

xt;nthd;Wk; gpujhdkhf xt;nthU nghUis czu;j;Jtjhf mikAk;. mt;thW

czu;j;jg;gLk; nghUs; Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

fkyd; vd;w ngau;r;nrhy; Ntw;Wik Vw;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ,yf;fz uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;

gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

1. fkyd; ghbdhd;.

,t;thW xt;nthU Ntw;Wikf;Fk; jdpj;jdp cUGk; nghUSk; cz;L.

thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; xt;nthU ngau;r;nrhy;Yk; ,j;jifa ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghLfSs;

xd;wpidg; GuptjdhNyjhd; thf;fpaj;jpd; nghUs; ,iaGgl;Lj; njspthfg;

Gyg;gLfpwJ.

gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz xt;nthU Ntw;Wikf;Fk; cupa cUG> nghUs;> nrhy;YUG

vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;LfpwJ.

Ntw ;Wik cUG

......

I

My;

F

,lkpUe;J

mJ

,y;

.........

2. ghyd; fkyidf; fz;lhd;

3. fkydhy; ,f;ftpij vOjg;gl;lJ.

4. fkyDf;Fg; guprpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

5. fkydplkpUe;J ghyd; NtWgl;ltd;.

6. fkydJ Xtpak; mofhdJ.

7. fkydpy; xU Fw;wKk; ,y;iy.

8. fkyNd> ,q;Nf th.

Ntw;Wik

1 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

2 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

3 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

4 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

5 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

6 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

7 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

8 Mk;

Ntw;Wik

Ntw;Wikg;

nghUs;

vOtha;

nrag;gL

nghUs;

fUj;jh

nfhil

xg;G

cilik

,lk;

tpsp

186


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

-----

nfhz

;L

cld;

Mf - cz

tpw;fhf

cioj;jhd;

nghUl;L - $ypapd;

nghU

l;L Ntiy

nra;jhd;.

epkpj;jk; - $ypapd;

nghU

l;L Ntiy

nra;jhd;.

epd;W

,Ue;J

epd;Wk;

,Ue;Jk;

fhl;bYk;

ghu;f;fpYk;

tpl

-------

-

-------

khy

jp kyu;fs; nfhz

;L khiy

njhLj;jhs;.

ghfDld; ahi

d nrd;wJ.

kiyapdpd;W ,wq;fpdhd;.

vs;spypUe;J vz;nz

a;

vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

tPl;bdpd;Wk; Gwg;gl;lhd

;.tPl;bypUe;Jk; Gwg;gl;lhd;.

mtidf;fhl;bYk; ,td; ey;yd;.

mtidg; ghu;f;fpYk; ,td; rpwpatd;.

fz

;zid tpl khy

d; cau;e;jtd;.

vOtha;

nrag;gLnghUs;

- Mf;fy;

- mopj;jy;

- miljy;

- ePj;jy;

- xj;jy;

- cilik

fUtp

fUj;jh

cldpfo;r;rp

nfhil

gif

el;G

jFjp

Kiw

Kjw; fhuz

k;

epkpj;j fhuzk

; ePq;fy;

xg;G

vy;iy

VJ

kfpod; te;jhd

;

tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd

;.

fz

;zhbia cilj;jhd;.

khiyapy; nfhO

k;ig mile;jhd

;.

jNghjdu;fs; ehl;ilj; Jwe;jhu;fs;.

mts; khid xj;jhs

;.

tjdp nry;tj;ij cilats;.

J}upifahy

; tiue;jhd

;cotdhy; tpistpf;fg;gl;lJ.

MrpupaNuhL khz

tu;fs; nrd;wdu;.

MrpupanuhL khz

tu;fs; nrd;wdu;.

twpatUf;F cz

T nfhL

j;jhd;.

nfsut

u;f;Fg; gif ghz;ltu;.

FkuDf;F ez;gd; ,d;gd;.

muru;f;FupaJ nrq;Nfhd;ik

esDf;F kidtp jkae;jp

jhy

pf;Fg; nghd

; cUf;fpdhd

;.

tpUe;Jf;F mioj;jhd;.

ghlrhiyapd; ePq;fpdhd

;.

Njdpd; ,dpa nrhy;.

,yq;ifapd; tlf;F fly;.

fy;tpapy; ngupad; fk;gd;.

cUG

nghUs;

cjhuz

k; nrhy;YUG cjhuz

k;

vOtha

; Ntw;

;Wik (1Mk;

Nt.)

nrag;gL

nghUs;

Ntw;Wik

(2Mk; Nt.)

fUtp

Ntw;Wik>

cldpfo;r;rp

Ntw;Wik

(3 Mk; Nt.)

nfhil

Ntw;Wik

(4 Mk; Nt.)

ePq;fy;

Ntw;Wik

(5 Mk; Nt.)

----

I My;

Md;

XL

XL

F ,d;

,y;

Ntw;Wik

187


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cUG

nghUs; cjhuz

k; nrhy;YUG cjhuz

k;

mJ

,y;

fz;

,lk;

..........

,lk;

jw;fpoik

gpwpjpd; fpoik

tpsp

jw;fpoik

cWg;G - kuj;jpdJ fpis

gz

;G - thd

pdJ ePyk;

njho

py; - Foe;ijapdJ eil

xd;wd; $l;lk; - ney;ypdJ Ftpay;

gytpd; $l;lk; - tPuu;fsJ tupir

xd;W jpupe;J xd;whjy; - vs;spdJ

vz;nza;

nghUs; - mUr;RddJ tpy;

,lk; - khztuJ

E}yfk;

fhy

k; - KUfdJ Ntdpy;

tpz

;zpy;cs;s el;rj;jpuq;fs;.

kuj;jpd;fz

; kyu;fs; epiwe;Js;sd.

jha

pdplk; Ngud

;G nfhz

;lts;.

ez

;gNd tUf. jk;gP th

md;dha

; ghuha

;.

gps;isfhs

; NfsPu;.

cila

,lk;

,dpaDila Xtpak;.

,dpatDila Gj;jfk;.

FkuDila ghly;.

mg;ght

plk; gzk; ,Uf;fpwJ

cilik

Ntw;Wik

(6 Mk; Nt.)

,l

Ntw;Wik

(7Mk; Nt)

tpsp

Ntw;Wik

(8Mk; Nt)

188


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Ntw;Wikia ,f;fhy nkhopapayhsu; gpd;tUkhW ghFgLj;Jtu;.

Ntw;Wik cjhuzk;

01. vOtha; khyh ghbdhs;

02. nrag;gLnghUs; jha; khyhitj; Njbdhs;

03. fUtp thshy; ntl;bdhs;

04. cldpiy khyh (jhAld;) nrd;whs;

khyh (jhNahL) nrd;whs;

khyh (jhnahL) nrd;whs;

05. miljy; mtd; fz;bf;Fr; nrd;whd;

06. Gwg;ghL mtd; nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;bf;Fr; nrd;whd;.

07. xg;Gik fhf;ifapy; fUikahdJ ehtw;gok;

08. cilik vdJ Gj;jfk;

vd;Dila tPL

09. ,lk; $l;by; thOk; gwit

10. tpsp kfNd> ,q;F th.


1. gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fspYs;s cUGfis ,dq;fz;L mit vj;jidahk;

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vd vOJf. mit czu;j;Jk; nghUisAk; vOJf.

i. rpw;gp cspahy; nrJf;fpdhd;.

ii. Kdptu;fs; ,t;Tyf tho;itj; Jwe;jhu;fs;.

iii. fz;zpd; ,ik Jbj;jJ.

iv. khztUf;F Ntz;baJ ey;nyhOf;fk;.

v. kfNs> ed;wha; tho;.

vi. Cupd; tlf;Nf G+q;fh cs;sJ.

vii. gujDld; rj;JUf;fd; nrd;whd;.

2. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpid vLj;Jf;$wp mt;Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nghUis

cjhuzk; je;J tpsf;Ff.

3. 5Mk; Ntw;WikAUgpd; nghUs; vd;d? ePq;fy; nghUspYk;> vy;iyg;

nghUspYk; vit nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;? cjhuzk; $Wf.

4. 6Mk; Ntw;WikapDila cUGfs; ahit? ,t;Ntw;Wikapd; nghUs;

vd;d? jw;fpoikg; nghUs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? cjhuzk; jUf.

189


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.2.5.2 ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngWjy; ;

(m) rpy ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngw;Nw tUk;.

i. ‘k;’ vd;Dk; nka;ia ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l ngau;fs; Ntw;WikAUG Vw;Fk;NghJ

‘mj;J’ vd;Dk; rhupia ngw;WtUk;.

cjhuzk; : (Fsk; + I) = Fsk; + mj;J + I = Fsj;ij vdTk;

Fsj;jhy;> Fsj;Jf;F vdTk; tUk;.

Mdhy; %tplg; nghJg; ngauhd vy;yhk; vd;gJ khj;jpuk; ‘mw;W’ rhupia ngw;W

,Wjpapy; Kw;Wk;ikAk; ngw;WtUk;.

cjhuzk; : (vy;yhk; + I) = vy;yhk; + mw;W + I + ck; vy;yhtw;iwAk;.

ii. I <w;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngau;fSk; tpdhg; ngau;fSk; gz;Gg; ngau;fSk; mw;W

rhupia ngw;WtUk;.

Mdhy; 4 Mk; Ntw;Wik F cUGk; 7 Mk; Ntw;Wikapd; ‘fz;’ cUGk; ngWk;NghJ

mw;W rhupiaAld; ‘,d;’ rhupiaAk; ngw;W tUk;.

mit + F mit + mw;W + ,d; + F = mtw;wpw;F

mit + fz; mit + mw;W + ,d; + fz; = mtw;wpd;fz;

iii. mfu <w;W m/wpizg; ngau;fs; ‘mw;W’ rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

cjhuzk;: gy + mw;W + I = gytw;iw

MapDk; 4 Mk; Ntw;WikAUGk; 7 Mk; Ntw;Wikapd; ‘fz;’ cUGk; ngWk;NghJ

‘mw;Wr;’ rhupiaNahL ,d; rhupiaAk; ngw;W tUk;.

cjhuzk;: (gy + F) gy + mw;W + ,d; + F = gytw;wpw;F

(gy + fz;) gy + mw;W + ,d; + fz; = gytw;wpd; fz;

vdTk; tUk;.

iv. y;> s;> u;> z;> d; vd;gtw;iw <whff; nfhz;l ngau;fNshL 4Mk; Ntw;Wik

cUG NrUk;NghJ cfur; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

cjhuzk;: (gy; + F) gy; + c + F = gy;Yf;F

(ths;+ F) ths;; + c + F = thSf;F

(Cu; + F) Cu; + c + F = CUf;F

(tpz;+ F) tpz; + c + F = tpz;Zf;F

(khd;+ F) khd; + c + F = khDf;F

v. 7 Mk; Ntw;Wik ‘fz;’ cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ ngau;fs; ‘,d;’ rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

cjhuzk; : thd; + fz; = thd; + ,d; + fz; = thdpd;fz;

fly; + fz; = fly; + ,d; + fz; = flypd;fz;

mJ> ,J> cJ vd tUk; Rl;Lg; ngau;fSk; vJ vDk; tpdhg; ngaUk; 3 Mk;> 4

Mk;> 6 Mk; Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; 7 Mk; Ntw;Wikapd; fz; cUGk; Vw;Fk;NghJ

md; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

cjhuzk; : mJ + My; = mJ + md; + My; = mjdhy;

mJ + F = mJ + md; + F = mjw;F

mJ + mJ = mJ + md; + mJ = mjdJ

mJ + fz; = mJ + md; + fz; = mjd;fz;

vJ + My; = vJ + md; + My; = vjdhy;

190


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

(M) rpy ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tuyhk;.

mr;rhupiafs; xypeaq; fUjp tUtjhy; ePf;fg;glf;$bait.

i. 5 Mk; Ntw;Wik jtpu;e;j Vida Ntw;Wik cUGfs; NrUk;NghJ ngUk;ghYk;

‘,d;’ rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tUk;.

cjhuzk; : gwitia - gwitapid

fy;yhy; - fy;ypdhy;

Gy;Yf;F - Gy;ypDf;F

rpytw;wJ - rpytw;wpdJFsj;jpy; - Fsj;jpdpy;

ii. mJ> ,J> cJ vd tUk; Rl;Lg;ngau;fSk; vJ vDk; tpdhg;ngaUk; 2 Mk;>

5 Mk; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk;NghJ ‘md;” rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tuyhk;.

mij - mjid

,jpy; - ,jdpy; (5Mk; Ntw;Wik)

vjpy; - vjdpy; (5Mk; Ntw;Wik)

iii. M (gR)> kh (tpyq;F) Nfh (,iwtd;) vDk; ngau;fs; 4 Mk; Ntw;Wik jtpu;e;j

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; NrUk;NghJ ‘d;’ rhupiaNaDk; ‘,d;’ rhupiaNaDk; ngw;Wk;

ngwhkYk; tUk;.

Mit – Mid – Mdpid

khit – khid – khdpid

Nfhit – Nfhid – Nfhdpid

4 Mk; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk;NghJ cfur; rhupia ngWk;. ‘,d;’ rhupiaNahL

cfur; rhupia ngWjYKz;L.

MTf;F – MtpDf;F

khTf;F – khtpDf;F

NfhTf;F – NfhtpDf;F

kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fs;.

1. mit> ,it> vit vDk; ngau;r;nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ milAk;

khw;wj;ij tpsf;Ff.

2. ‘k;’ vd;Dk; nka;ia ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l ngau;fs; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ

milAk; khw;wj;ij tpgupf;Ff.

3. ‘,d;’ rhupia ngw;W Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;W tUk; Ie;J ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

4. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; jw;fhyj;jpy; czu;j;jg;gLk; Kiwapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

je;J tpsf;Ff.

191


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.2.5.3 Ntw;Wik kaf;fk;

Ntw;Wik kaf;fk; ,Utifg;gLk;. mitahtd:i. cUG kaf;fk; ii. nghUs; kaf;fk;

cUG kaf;fk;xU Ntw;Wik cUG epw;gjw;Fupa ,lj;jpy; ,d;ndhU Ntw;Wik cUG epw;gJ cUGkaf;fk; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :i. fhyj;jpdhy; nra;j cjtp ii. njUthy; Nghdhd;

(fhyj;jpy; nra;j cjtp> njUtpy; Nghdhd; vd;Nw tuNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ ‘,y;’ cUGtuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; ‘My;’ cUG te;Js;sJ.)

nghUs; kaf;fk;xU Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa Ntw;Wikg; nghUisAk; mNjNtis ,d;ndhUNtw;Wikapd; nghUisAk; jUtJ> nghUs; kaf;fk; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :i. muprpiar; NrhW Mf;fpdhd;.

(,q;F ‘My;’ Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa fUtpg; nghUisAk; czu;j;jpf;nfhz;L> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa Mf;fw; nghUisAk; czu;j;JfpwJ.)

ii. J}zpw; rhu;e;jhd;(,q;F ‘,y;’ Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa ,lg;nghUisAk; czu;j;jpf;nfhz;L>,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa miljw; nghUisAk; czu;j;JfpwJ.)

iii. J}izr; rhu;e;jhd;(,q;F ‘I’ Ntw;Wik cUG jdf;Fupa miljw; nghUisAk; czu;j;jpf;nfhz;L Vohk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa ,lg;nghUisAk; czu;j;JfpwJ.)

4.3 tpidr;nrhy;

4.3.1 tpidr;nrhy; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;

tpidr;nrhy; vd;gJ nraiy czu;j;JtjhFk;. xU ngau;r;nrhy; vt;thWnghUis czu;j;Jfpd;wNjh> mt;thNw tpidr;nrhy; mg;nghUspd;Gilg;ngau;r;rpia - ,lefu;it - nraiy czu;j;JfpwJ. thf;fpa mikg;gpy;tpidr;nrhy;Yf;F Kf;fpa ,lKz;L. thf;fpak; czu;j;Jk; nghUs; Kf;fpakhft pidr ; nrhy ;y pdhNyNa czu ;j ;jg ;gLf pwJ. t pidr ;nrhw ;fs ;ngau;r;nrhw;fisg;Nghy ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;gjpy;iy. tpidr;nrhw;fspd;Kf;fpa ,ay;G fhyj;ij czu;j;JtjhFk;.

I. Kw;Wtpid / tpidKw;W

gFjp> ,ilepiy> tpFjp Mfpa cWg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;ljha; xU fUj;ij Kbf;Fk;

nrhy;yha; miktJ Kw;Wtpid MFk;.

II. vr;rtpid

rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gFjpAld; vr;r tpFjp Nru;e;Jk; vr;rtpid mikAk;. vdNt

,t;ntr;rq;fs; ghiy czu;j;Jtjpy;iy. ,r;nrhw;fs; tpidKw;Wf;fs; Nghyj;

jdpj;jpaq;fhky; NtnwhU ngau;r;nrhy;YlNdh tpidr;nrhy;YlNdh Nru;e;J nghUs;

jUfpd;wd.

192


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

te;jhd; - cau;jpiz Mz;ghy;

te;jhs; - cau;jpiz ngz;ghy;

te;jhu; - cau;jpiz gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W

te;jJ - cau;jpiz xd;wd;ghy;

te;jd - m/wpiz gytpd;ghy;

te;j

te;J

vr;rq;fs; vtw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbfpd;wdNth mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.mitahtd:

1. nganur;rk; 2. tpidnar;rk;

1. nganur;rk;ngau;r;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L Kbfpd;w vr;rk; nganur;rk; MFk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L:(gbj;j ~m| tpFjp) gbj;j khztd;

gbj;j ghlk;

(Fbj;j ~ck;| tpFjp) Fbf;Fk; Foe;ijFbf;Fk; ghy;

2. tpidnar;rk;tpidr;nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L Kbfpd;w vr;rk; tpidnar;rk; MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :rpupj;J - kfpo;e;jhd;

- tho;Nthk; ‘c’ tpFjp

Xb - tpOe;jhd;- Kbe;jJ ‘,’ tpFjp

Ngha; - cwq;fpdu;- jpUk;gpdhd; ‘a;’ tpFjp

Nghf - epidj;jhd;- Nahrpf;fpwhd;; ‘m’ tpFjp

je;jhy; - nfhLg;Ngd;- tUNtd; ‘My;’ tpFjp


I. m.gpd;tUk; nra;Aspy; jbj;j vOj;jpYs;s vr;rq;fs; nganur;rq;fsh>

tpidnar;rq;fsh vd ,dq;fhzr; nra;f. M. mt;ntr;rq;fspd; tpFjpfs; vitnad vLj;Jf; $wr; nra;f.

ciuj;j $dpia cte;jdd;. capu; cwj; jOtp>epiuj;j kh kzp MuKk; epjpaKk; ePl;b>,iuj;j Ntiy #o; cyfk; vd; kfw;F <e;jha;>jiuf;F ehafd; jha; ,dp eP vdj; jzpah.

vr;rk;

193


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

II. m. gpd;tUk; ciug;gFjpfis thrpj;J mjpNy jbj;j vOj;jpYs;s

vr;rq;fs; nganur;rq;fsh> tpidnar;rq;fsh vd ,dq;fhzr; nra;f.

M. mt;ntr;rq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpFjpfs; vitnad vLj;Jf; $wr;nra;f.

1. Kd;Nd fhl;ba E}y;fistpl Nky;tUk; kUj;Jt E}y;fSk; fpwPd;

,lhf;Fj;juhYk; mtu; khztuhYk; nkhopngau;j;J ntspaplg;gl;ld.

2. ahk; gz;L kzy; epiwe;j njUtpy; rpw;wpy; Gide;Jk; rpW Nrhwl;Lk;

tpisahLq;fhy;> mtw;iwf; fhyhy; rpijj;Jk;> ahq; $e;jypw; Gide;j

ge;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;NlhbAk; kdk; Nehtj;jf;f mstpwe;j FWk;Gfisr;

nra;Ak; me;jr; rpWtdhfpa gl;bia eP mwpthad;Nw.

3. Nghfr; nrhd;dtidg; ghu;j;jhd;.

194


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.3.2 njupepiytpidAk; Fwpg;GtpidAk;

tpidr;nrhy;ypy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; cWg;G xd;W ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fkhdhy; mJ

ntspg;gilahfNt fhyk; fhl;Lk;. mt;thW ntspg;gilahff; fhyk; fhl;Lk; tpidfs;

njupepiy tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.

tpidr;nrhy;ypy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; cWg;G xd;W ,lk;ngwhjpUg;gpd; mJ thf;fpaj;jpy;

,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;ijg; nghWj;Nj fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. mt;thW ntspg;gilahff;

fhyj;ijf; fhl;lhJ Fwpg;ghff; fhl;LtJ Fwpg;Gtpid vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

1. Fkud; goj;ij cz;lhd;.

cz;lhd; : cz; + l; + Md; (l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy)

2. khyjp iftpidg; nghUs;fisr; nra;fpd;whs;.

nra;fpd;whs; : nra; + fpd;W + Ms; (fpd;W - epfo; fhy ,ilepiy)

3. eprhk; fijg;Gj;jfq;fis <Lghl;Lld; gbg;ghd;.

gbg;ghd; : gb + g; + Md; (g; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy)

4. mtd; rikay; Ntiyapy; rku;j;jd;. (Fwpg;G tpid)

5. fk;gd; fy;tpapw; ngupad;. (Fwpg;G tpid)

njupepiy tpidfs; ,ilepiyfshy; kl;Lkd;wpr; rpyNtisfspy; gFjp ,ul;bj;Jk;

rpyNtisfspy; tpFjpfisf; nfhz;Lk; fhyj;ij czu;j;Jk;.

rku;j;jd;> ngupad; vd te;Js;s tpidr; nrhw;fs;> njupepiytpidfs; Nghy

ntspg;gilahff; fhyj;ijf; fhl;lhky;> fhyj;ij ca;j;J czu itf;fpd;wd.

Kd;G rku;j;jdha; ,Ue;jhd;.

,g;NghJ rku;j;jdha; ,Uf;fpd;whd;.

,dp rku;j;jdha; ,Ug;ghd;.

vdf; Fwpg;ghff; fhyj;ij czu;j;jp epw;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,it Fwpg;Gtpid

Kw;Wf;fshFk;.

Fwpg;Gtpidfs; ngUk;ghYk; ngaubfisf; nfhz;L Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpyNtisfspy;

Rl;L> tpdh Kjypa ,ilr;nrhy;ybahfTk; gpwf;fpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

1. mNahj;jpia Mz;l ,uhkd; Fbkf;fSf;F ,dpad;.

2. tpkyhTf;F fkyh cwtpds;.

3. ,uhkd;> fpU\;zd; Mfpa ,UtUk; fupau;.

4. fLF rpwpjhdhYk; fhuk; ngupJ.

5. kugpyf;fpaq;fs; thrpg;gjw;Fr; rpwe;jd.

6. Fsj;jpy; ePe;Jk; md;dq;fs; mofhdit.

(,q;F Fwpg;G tpid ngaubahfg; gpwe;jJ.)

1. md;dk; ghiy ePupypUe;J gpupj;J cz;zf;$baJ. ed; khzhf;fu; epiyAk;

mj;jd;ikaJ. (m – Rl;L ,ilr;nrhy;)

2. gztPf;fj;jpdhy; cau;tu;f;fj;jpdupd; nghUshjhu epiy ghjpg;Gw;wjhapd; Vio

vspatu;fspd; epiy vj;jd;ikaJ. (v – tpdh ,ilr;nrhy;)

njupepiytpidKw;Wf;fspy; ghy; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; ,Ug;gJNghyNt Fwpg;Gtpid

Kw;Wf;fspYk; ghy; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

195


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fg; nghJthd Fwpg;G tpidfSk; jkpopy;

gapd;W tUfpd;wd.

NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L vd;Dk; %d;W tpidf;Fwpg;GKw;Wr; nrhw;fSk; ,Ujpiz

Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fk; nghJthfp tUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

mtd; ehd; eP

mts; ahd; ePu; / ePq;fs;mtu;fs; ehk; / ehq;fs;mJ ahk;

mit

(a hu; vd ;gJ ‘Mu;’ vd tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk;.)

Kw;W> vr;rk; vd;w ghFghL njupepiytpid> Fwpg;Gtpid vd;w ,uz;L

tiffSf;Fk; cz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Kw;W vr;rk;

njupepiy tpid ghu;j;Njd; ghu;j;j> ghu;f;fpd;w> ghu;f;Fk;

ghu;j;J> ghu;f;f> ghu;j;jhy;

XLfpd;wd Xba> XLfpd;w> XLk;

Xb> Xl> Xbdhy;

Fwpg;G tpid fupad; fupa

jPJ (jPaJ) jPa

jw;fhy tof;fpy; Fwpg;Gtpidfs; mUfpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jw;fhyj;jpy; ~my;y| vd;gJk; ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplq;fSf;Fg; nghJthd Fwpg;G

tpidKw;whfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L:

ehd; mtDf;Fg; giftd; my;y.

ehk; mtUf;Fg; giftu;fs; my;y.

eP mtUf;Fg; giftd; my;y.

ePq;fs; mtUf;Fg; giftu;fs; my;y.

mtd; ekf;F vjpup my;y.

mts; ekf;F vjpup my;y.

mtu;fs; ekf;Fg; giftu;fs; my;y.

mJ rupay;y.

mit rupay;y.

NtW

,y;iy

cz;L

ahu;

196


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.3.3. cld;ghl;L tpidAk; vjpu;kiw tpidAk;

tpid (nray;) epfo;tpid czu;j;Jk; tpidfs; cld;ghl;L tpidfs; vdTk;> tpid

(nray;) epfohikia czu;j;Jk; tpidfs; vjpu;kiw tpidfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

vy;yh tpidfSNk cld;ghlhfTk; mikAk;. vjpu;kiwahfTk; mikAk;. cld;ghl;L

tpidNahL vjpu;kiwAzu;j;Jk; my;> ,y;> M Mfpa vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; Nru>

vjpu;kiwtpid cz;lhfpwJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :-

jw;fhy tof;F

1. jw;fhy nkhoptof;fpy; my;> ,y; vd;Wk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; mUfpf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ‘M’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy ngUtof;fpy; cs;sJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :-

te;jhu; - thuhu;

je;jhd; - juhd;

Nghthd; - Nghfhd;

rpupg;ghd; - rpupahd;

2. ‘,y;iy’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw Kw;W Nru;e;J vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :-

gbj;jdu;

gbf;fpd;wdu;

grpf;fpwJ - grpf;ftpy;iy

ele;jJ - elf;ftpy;iy

XbaJ

Xbdu;

- gbf;ftpy;iy

vjpu ;kiw

cz;zw;f - cz; + my; + f

nra;aw;f - nra; + my; + f

ghu;j;jpyd; - ghu; + j; + j; + ,y; + md;

(,q;F ‘j;’ vDk; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyAld;

,y; vd;w vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy Nru;e;J

te;Js;sJ.)

gpupe;jpyd; - gpup + j;(e;) + j; + ,y; + md;

(,q;F ‘j;’ vDk; ,we;jfhy

,ilepiyAld; ,y; vd;w vjpu;kiw

,ilepiy Nru;e;J te;Js;sJ.)

cld;ghL

cz;f - cz; + f

nra;f - nra; + f

ghu;j;jhd; - ghu; + j; + j; + Md;

gpupe;jhd; - gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Md;

- Xltpy;iy

197


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

3. ‘khl;L’ vd;Dk; Jiztpid Nru;j;J vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nty;Ythd; - nty;ykhl;lhd;

NghNtd; - Nghfkhl;Nld;

nra;tha; - nra;akhl;lha;

4. Vty; tpidfspy; xUikapy; ‘M’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyAld; Vfhug;

gpd;ndhl;L Nru;e;J vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : eP ftpijia thrp - cld;ghL

eP jtwhdtw;iw thrpahNj - vjpu;kiw

eP ey;y tplaq;fisg; ghu; - cld;ghL

eP jPa tplaq;fisg; ghuhNj - vjpu;kiw

5. Vty; tpidfspy; gd;ikapy; ‘M’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyAld; gy;NtW

tpfhuq;fSld; vjpu;kiwfs; Mf;fg;gLtJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ,Uq;fs; - ,Uf;fhjPu;

- ,uhjPu;

- ,Uf;fhjPu;fs;

- ,uhjPu;fs;

gbAq;fs; - gbahjPu;

- gbf;fhjPu;

- gbahjPu;fs;

- gbf;fhjPu;fs;

6. Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs; tpidfSld; ‘Ntz;lhk;’ vd;fpd;w vjpu;kiwj; Jiztpid

Nrue;J vjpu;kiw tpidfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gb

gbAq;fs; gbf;fNtz;lhk;

gbf;fTk;

epy;

epy;Yq;fs;

epw;f

epw;fTk;

7. jw;fhy tof;fpYk; vr;rq;fs; cld;ghlhfTk; vjpu;kiwahfTk; ,lk;ngWtJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

#upad; vOe;j nghOJ ,Us; fiue;jJ.epyh vohj Ntisapy; ,Us; ftpAk;.

mts; gzj;ij vlhJ Nghdhs;.mts; gzj;ijf; nfhLf;fhkw; Nghdhs;.

8. ,d;W gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; vjpu;kiwj; njupepiy tpidnar;rq;fs;gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : rpupahky; - rpup + (a;) + M + ky;

rpupahJ - rpup + (a;) + M + J

rpupf;fhky; - rpup + (f;) + M + ky;

rpupf;fhJ - rpup + (f;) + M + J

epw;f Ntz;lhk;

198


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.3.4. nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wpatpidAk;

nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;whtpidAk;

jkpopYs;s vy;yh tpidfSk; nrag;gLnghUSld; ,aq;Ftjpy;iy. rpy

thf;fpaq;fspy; tUk; tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUs; cilait. rpy nrag;gLnghUs;

,y;yhjit.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

njhFjp I

khztu;fs; ghlk; gbf;fpd;wdu;. (gb)

cotd; taiy cOjhd;. (cO)

khzt kd;wj;jpdu; ehlfk; ebj;jdu;. (eb)

fpsp goj;ij cz;lJ. (cz;)

njhFjp II

fkyh fij gbf;fpd;whs;. (gb)

tre;jd; epyj;ij cOjhd;. (cO)

rpWtu; jhk; fw;w fijia ebj;jdu;. (eb)

Viof;fpotp goQ;NrhW cz;lhs;. (cz;)

njhFjp III

khztu;fs; ftdkhfg; gbj;jdu;. (gb)

tre;jd; khLfs; nfhz;L cOjhd;. (cO)

khztu;fs; rpwg;ghf ebj;jdu;. (eb)

Foe;ij Ritj;J cz;lJ. (cz;)

%d;W njhFjpfspYk; gb> cO> eb> cz; vd;Dk; tpidfisf; nfhz;l

thf;fpaq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

%d;whtJ njhFjpapy; nrag;gLnghUs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. MapDk;

mt;thf;fpaq;fspy; nrag;gLnghUs;fs; kiwe;J epw;fpd;wd.

,jdhy; nrag;gLnghUs;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;whYk; ,lk;ngwhtpl;lhYk;gb> cO> eb> cz; vd;Dk; tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUs; nfhz;l tpidfs;MFk;. ,it nrag;gLnghUs; Fd;wh tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.vy;yh tpidfSk; nrag;gLnghUSld; ,aq;Ftjpy;iy.

njhFjp IV

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

kujd; Xl;lg;ge;jaj;jpy; gy khztu;fs; Xbdhu;fs;. (XL)

vl;lhk; tFg;G khztu;fs; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhr; nrd;wdu;. (nry;)

tFg;G khztu;fs; midtUk; nfhy; vd;W rpupj;jdu;. (rpup)

rq;fPjf; fr;Nrup Nfl;gjw;F vy;NyhUk; te;jdu;. (th)

Fwpj;j Neuj;jpw;Fr; r%fkspg;gjw;fhf tpiuthf ele;jdu;. (el)

njhFjp IV ,y; jug;gl;l thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;gLnghUs;fis mthtp epw;gd

my;y. ,t;tpidfs; nrag;gLnghUs;fs; Fd;wpa tpidfs; vdg;gLk;.

199


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.3.5 jd;tpidAk; gpwtpidAk;

tpidabahy; czu;j;jg;gLk; nraiyj; jhNd nra;tJ jd;tpid vdg;gLk;. xU

tpidapd; gad; gpwiu my;yJ gpwpnjhd;iwr; NrUkhapd; mJ gpwtpid vdg;gLk;.

mjhtJ tpid epfo;j;Jgtd; jhNd mt;tpidapd; gaid milahky; gpwpnjhUtu;

my;yJ gpwpnjhd;W mg;gaid miljy; gpwtpid vdg;gLk;.

I. tp> gp vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;W tUk; tpidfs; gpwtpidfshFnkd ,yf;fz

E}y;fs; $Wk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

1. ehd; fk;guhkhazk; gbj;Njd;. (gb) - jd;tpid

khztu;fSf;F ghlk; gbg;gpj;Njd;. (gbg;gp) - gpwtpid

2. fbdkhd fzf;if ,yFthfr; nra;jha;. (nra;) - jd;tpid

khztu;fisf; nfhz;L xg;gilfisr; nra;tpAq;fs; (nra;tp) – gpwtpid

3. mts; fhyhy; ele;jhs;. (el) - jd;tpid

gps;isia nky;y nky;y elg;gpj;jdu;. (elg;gp) - gpwtpid

II. rpyNtisfspy; tp> gp Mfpa ,uz;L tpFjpfSk; Nru;e;J gpwtpidfshf

miktJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

vy;yh clw;gapw;rpfisAk; nra;tpg;gp vd;W Mrpupau; tFg;Gj;jiytdplk;

$wpdhu;. (nra;tpg;gp) - gpwtpid

III. rpy ,lq;fspy; tpidabfspYs;s <w;Wapu; nka;naOj;jpYs;s nka; ,ul;bg;gjd;%yk; jd;tpidfs; gpwtpidfshfpd;wd.

1. fkyh eldk; Mbdhs;. (ML) - jd;tpidfkyh gk;guk; Ml;bdhs;. (Ml;L) - gpwtpid

2. epyj;jpy; ePu; CwpaJ. (CW)kuj;Jf;F ePiu Cw;wpdhd;. (Cw;W)

3. kioapd;wpg; gapu; tbaJ. (thL) - jd;tpidntl;fKk; Jf;fKk; tpkyhit thl;bd. (thl;L) - gpwtpid

4. gps;isg;ghrj;jpdhy; jha; cUfpdhs;. (cUF) - jd;tpidgl;liwapy; njhopyhsp ,Uk;ig cUf;fpdhd;. (cUf;F) - gpwtpid

IV. tpidabfspy; cs;s nky;nyhw;W (nky;ypd nka;fs;) ty;nyhw;whfp (ty;ypdnka;fs;) gpwtpidfshtJk; cz;L.

1. jd; jtiw czu;e;J mtd; kdk; tUe;jpdhd;. (tUe;J) - jd;tpidru;thjpfhup Fbkf;fis tUj;jpdhd;. (tUj;J) - gpwtpid

2. mtu;fs; te;jTlNdNa tPL jpUk;gpdhu;fs;. (jpUk;G) - jd;tpidnfhs;isau; topNghf;fu;fis jpir jpUg;gpdhu;fs;. (jpUg;G) - gpwtpid

3. Nkirapd; ePsj;jpw;F gyifapd; ePsk; nghUe;jpaJ. (nghUe;J) - jd;tpidgps;is tpisahl;Lj; Jz;lq;fisr; rupahfg; nghUj;jpaJ.(nghUj;J) - gpwtpid

200


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

V. F> R> L> J> G> W vd;gd rpy jd;tpidabfSld; NrUk;NghJ gpwtpidfs;

Mfpd;wd.

1. ,uhkNdhL rPij fhl;Lf;Fg; Nghdhs;. (Ngh) - jd;tpid

ifNfap ,uhk ,yl;Rkziu fhl;Lf;Fg; Nghf;fpdhs;. (Nghf;F) - gpwtpid

2. tha;f;fhypy; jz;zPu; Ntfkhfg; gha;fpwJ. (gha;) - jd;tpid

thba gapu;fSf;F Njhl;lf;fhud; ePu; gha;r;rpdhd;. (gha;r;R) - gpwtpid

3. flw;fiuapy; cuy; cUSfpwJ. (cUs;) - jd;tpid

tPjp mikg;Nghu; cUisia cUl;bdu;. (cUl;L) - gpwtpid

4. Gj;jhil mzpe;jgps;is CQ;rypy; ,Ue;jJ. (,U) - jd;tpid

Neha;tha;g;gl;bUe;j jhia Fkzd; fl;bypy; ,Uj;jpdhd;.

(,Uj;J) – gpwtpid

5. mjpfhiy Ie;J kzpf;F mtd; epj;jpiu tpl;nlOe;jhd;. (vO) - jd;tpid

ghupa rj;jk; midtiuAk; vOg;gpaJ. (vOg;G) - gpwtpid

6. khztu;fs; nkhopia Mu;tkhfg; gapd;wdu;. (gapy;) - jd;tpid

nrayku;tpd;NghJ tsthsu;fs; rpwg;ghfg; gapw;wpdu;. (gapw;W) - gpwtpid

VI. rpy njhopw;nganur;rq;fSk; Ml;L> Cl;L vd;Dk; gpd;ndhl;Lf;fisg; ngw;W

gpwtpidfshtJKz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

rpup rpupg;G rpupg;G+l;L - (gpwtpid)

Fsp Fspg;G Fspg;ghl;L - (gpwtpid)

VII. VyNt gpwtpidg; gFjpfshf cs;sit rpyNtisfspy; ‘tp;’ tpFjpngw;Wk;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

ML Ml;L Ml;Ltp

Njhd;W Njhw;W Njhw;Wtp

VIII. jw;fhy tof;fpy; nra;> gz;Z> it Kjypad Nru;e;J jd;tpidfs;

gpwtpidfshfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

ghL ghlr;nra; nra;; ghlr; nra;

cz; cz;zg;gz;Z gz;Z cz;zg;gz;Z

gb gbf;fit it gbf;fit

201


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.3.6 nra;tpidAk; nra;ghl;LtpidAk;

nra;tpid

vOtha; Ntw;WikahfTs;s ngau;r;nrhy; xU thf;fpaj;jpd; tpidr; nrhy;Yf;Fupa

fUj;jhthf mikAkplj;J mt;thf;fpaj;jpd; tpid nra;tpid vdg;gLk;. ,J

jdpthf;fpaq;fSf;Nf rhyg; nghUe;JtjhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

1. vd; md;idapd; Kfj;jpy; Jd;gKk; ,d;gKk; xUq;F Njhd;wpd.2. tpQ;Qhd rh];jpuq;fisj; jkpopy; vOJk; gzpapy; kprdupkhUk; ,r;

nrkpdupapy; fw;Wj; Nju;e;j khztUk; ,wq;fpdu;.3. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaAk; jkpo;f;fy;tpiaAk; ,f;fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; cau;e;j

Kiwapy; khztUf;Ff; fw;gpj;Jte;jdu;.4. ahd; nky;y nky;yj; jz;zPu; thu;f;fj; njhlq;fpNdd;.5. fpwpd; ,lhf;Fj;ju; kl;Lk; ,e;E}y;fis nkhopngau;f;Fk; Ntiyapy;

<lgl;lhnud vz;Zjy;$lhJ.

,it Nghd;w thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fs; nra;tpid thf;fpaq;fs; vd

,dq;fhz;gjw;F ifahsf;$ba topKiwfs; tUkhW:

(m) thf;fpaq;fis thrpj;J mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w tpidKw;Wf;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.

KjyhtJ thf;fpak; - Njhd;wpd

,uz;lhtJ thf;fpak; - ,wq;fpdu;

%d;whtJ thf;fpak; - fw;gpj;Jte;jdu;

ehd;fhtJ thf;fpak; - thu;f;fj; njhlq;fpNdd;

Ie;jhtJ thf;fpak; - vz;Zjy;$lhJ.

(M) tpidKw;Wf;fisr; rupahf ,dq;fz;ljd; gpd;du; mt;tpidfSf;Fk;

vOtha;f;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G vj;jifaJ vdf; fz;lwpf. (thf;fpaj;jpd;

tpidKw;wpdhy; czu;j;jg;gLk; nray; mt;thf;fpa vOthahy; czu;j;jg;gl;lJ

vd;gijg; ghu;j;jy;.)

tpidKw;wpd; nraiy epfo;j;jpatu; vOtha;f; fUj;jhthapd; mt;thf;fpak;

nra;tpid thf;fpak; vd;w KbTf;F khztu;fs; tUtjw;F topelj;Jjy;.

(,t;topKiwfis khztu; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J Nkw;nfhs;s Mtd nra;f.)

nrag;ghl;Ltpid

xU thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; vOthAk; mt;thf;fpaj;jpd; tpidKw;why; czu;j;jg;gLk;

nraypd; fUj;jhTk; NtWNtwhf mikapd; mt;tpid nrag;ghl;L tpidahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

1. Kjd;Kjy; jkpo;nkhopapy; tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwapy; E}y; aho;g;ghzj;jpNyNavOjg;gl;lJ.

2. ,g;GJr; nrhw;fs; ahTk; cLf;Fwpapdhy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

3. Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjpnahd;W aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s ehtyu; mr;rpae;jpu

rhiyapy; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. mUk;Geif> nkhl;Leif> NghJeif> G+eif vd;W gy eiffs; me;j

eifAl; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

5. $l;lj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J te;j kjahid Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifapyPLgl;l

tptrhapfshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lJ.

202


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

nra;tpid thf;fpaq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F (m> M) Fwpg;gplg;gl;l topKiwfs;

nrag;ghl;Ltpid thf;fpaq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

tpidKw;wpd; nraiy epfo;j;jpatu; NtwhfTk; vOtha; NtwhfTk; mikAkhapd;

mt;thf;fpak; nrag;ghl;Ltpid thf;fpak; vd;w KbTf;F khztu; tUtjw;F

topelj;Jf.

(,t;topKiwfis khztu; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J Nkw;nfhs;s Mtd nra;f.)

4.3.7 Vty;tpidAk; tpaq;Nfhs;tpidAk;

Vty; tpid

Kd;dpiyapYs;Nshiu xU nraiyr; nra;AkhW VTtjw;F (cld;ghlhfNthvjpu;kiwahfNth) gad;gLk; tpid Vty; tpidahFk;. ,t; Vty; tpidKw;WVty; xUik> Vtw;gd;ik vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

Vty; tpidfs; ,ilepiyfspd;wpj; jhNk vjpu;fhyk; fhl;LtdthFk;.

,it cld;ghl;Lg; nghUspYk; vjpu;kiwg;; nghUspYk; tUk;.

I. cld;ghl;L Vty; xUik

1. Ma;> ,> my;> Vy;> My; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ngw;W Kd;dpiy cld;ghl;LVty; xUik tpidKw;W mikAnkdg; goe;jkpo; ,yf;fzfhuu; $Wtu;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

i. cz;zha;ii. cz;Zjpiii. cz;zy;iv. cz;Nzy;v. kwhy; (kWf;fhNj)

(,it goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fpy; fhzg;gLtd.)

2. tpidabfs; ngUk;ghYk; Vty; xUik tpidfshf tUtJ ,d;iwankhoptof;fhfTs;sJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : th> ,U> el> Ngh> elj;J> cUl;L> Gul;L>iftpL> vLj;Jf;nfhs;> nra;Jfhl;L Kjypad.

II. vjpu;kiw Vty; xUik

tpidabfSld; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyiaAk; ‘V’ fhu tpFjpiaAk; ngw;WtUk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nra;ahNjepy;yhNjNghfhNjiftplhNj

III. cld;ghl;L Vtw;gd;ik

tpidabfSld; <u;> ck;> kpd; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; Nru;e;J Vtw;gd;ik tpidfs;Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : cz;zPu;cz;Zk;cz;kpd;

203


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jw;fhyj;jpy; Vtw;gd;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

elTq;fs;> epy;Yq;fs;> thUq;fs;> elj;Jq;fs;.

,it jd;ikia czu;j ;JtJ kl;Lkd;wp kupahijia czu;j ;jTk;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

IV. vjpu;kiw Vtw;gd;ik

tpidabfSld; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyAk; / <u; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg;gd;ik tpFjpAk;‘fs;’ tpFjpAk; ngw;W ,t;tpidKw;Wf;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

nra;ahjPu;fs;

NghfhjPu;fs;

xlhjPu;fs;

tpaq;Nfhs; tpid

tpaq;Nfhs; vd;gJ kupahijiaf; nfhs;Sjy; (tpak; - kupahij)

f> ,a> ,au;> m> my; vd;Dk; tpFjpfis ,Wjpapy; cila tpidr;nrhw;fs;tpaq;Nfhs; tpid Kw;Wf;fshk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

nty;f - ‘f’ tpFjpthopa - ‘,a’ tpFjpthopau; - ‘,au;’ tpFjptu - ‘m’ tpFjpXk;gy;> vdy; - ‘my;’ tpFjp

tpaq;Nfhs; tpidfs; ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplaq;fSf;Fk; nghJthfpa Vty;

tpidfSkhFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

Ik;ghy; - mtd; tsu;f> mts; tsu;f> mtu;fs; tsu;f>

mJ tsu;f> mit tsu;f.

%tplk; - ehd; nry;f> eP nry;f> mtu;fs; nry;f.

,Uvz; - eP ghLf> ePq;fs; ghLf.

,Ujpiz - mtd; Ms;f> mit Ms;f.

tpaq;Nfhs; tpid gpd;tUk; nghUs;fspy; czu;j;jg;gLk;.

tho;j;Jjy; nghUs; : tho;f> tsu;f> Xq;Ff.

itjy; nghUs; : tPo;f> mopf> njhiyf.(ntWg;ig> vjpu;g;ig> Nfhgj;ijj; njuptpj;jy;.)

tpjpj;jy; nghUs; : nra;f> jUf> vOJf.

Ntz;Ljy; nghUs; : mUs;f> fiyf> nghopf.

204


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vjpu;kiw tpaq;Nfhs; tpid

gFjpf;Fk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; ‘my;’ vd;Dk; vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy

ngw;WtUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vjpu;kiw tpaq;Nfhs; nghUs; czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

kwtw;f – kw + my; + fcz;zw;f – cz; + my; + f

jw;fhy tof;F

1. ,a> ,au;> m> my; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ,d;iwa tof;fpy; ,y;iy. ‘f’ tpFjpkl;LNk ngUtof;fhf cs;sJ.

2. ,d;W ‘ml;Lk;’ vd;gJk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpid tpFjpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

kio nghopal;Lk;mwpahik ,Us; mfyl;Lk;itafk; nropf;fl;Lk;mepahaf;fhuu; xopal;Lk;

3. ,f;fhyj;jpy; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfs; ghy; ,lq;fSs; xd;wpw;F cupadthf

mikjYKz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

elf;ff;fltd;

elf;ff;flts;

elf;ff;fltu;

elg;ghdhf.

elg;ghshf.

elg;ghuhf.

elg;gjhf.

elg;gdthf.

tho;j;Jjy;> itjy;> Ntz;ly;> tpjpj;jy;

Mfpa ehd;F nghUspy; tUk;.

xUik> gd;ik NtWghlw;wJ.

,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; %tplk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;

nghJthf tUk;.

Vty; nghUspy; kl;Lk; tUk;

xUik gd;ik NtWghLilaJ

Kd;dpiyapy; kl;Lk; tUk;

Vty; tpidf;Fk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghL

Vty;tpid tpaq;Nfhs;tpid

4.3.8 jdptpidAk; $l;LtpidAk;

jdptpid

mbr; nrhy; xd;wpidg; gFjpahff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLk; tpid jdptpid (my;yJ

Kjy; tpid vdg;gLk;.)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

jdptpidabfs; : th> ,U> el> vOJ Kjypad.

te;jhd;

,Ug;ghd;

ele;jd

vOJths;

205


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jdpg;ngaubfs; : fij> Nfhgk;> rpj;jpuk;> gak; Kjypad.

fijj;jhd;

Nfhgpg;ghd;

rpj;jpupj;jhs;

gae;jdu;

jdp ,ilabfs; : Nghy;> kw;W Kjypad.

Nghd;whd;

kw;wJ

jdp cupabfs; : rhy;> khz; Kjypad.

rhYk;

khz;lJ

$l;Ltpid

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l mbr;nrhw;fs; Nru;e;J mikf;fg;gLk; tpid $l;Ltpid

vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fz;Lgpb (fhz; + gpb)

ntl;fg;gL (ntl;fk; + gL)

,uz;L mbfSk; gpize;J epw;gjhy; cr;rupg;gpYk; nghUspYk; $l;Ltpid

xUikj;jd;ik ngWfpwJ.

ngUk;ghyhd nkhoptof;fpid Nehf;fpdhy; $l;Ltpidfs; tpid topf;$l;Ltpid>

ngau; topf;$l;Ltpid vd ,uz;lhf tFf;fyhk;. Kjypy; epw;Fk; mb

tpidabahAk; mijj; njhlu;e;J Vida mb ,lk;ngWk; ,lj;J mJ

tpidtopf;$l;Ltpid vdg;gLk;.

Kjypy; epw;Fk; mb ngaubahAk; mijj; njhlu;e;J Vida mb ,lk; ngWkplj;J

ngau;topf; $l;Ltpid vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

gw;witj;jhd;

tug;gz;zpdhd; tpidtopf;$l;Ltpid

cz;zr;nra;jdu;

Nfhgg;gl;ldu;

mr;RWj;jpdhd; ngau;topf;$l;Ltpid

Nghupl;lhd;

$l;LtpidKw;wpd; Mf;fk;

1. nra;J vd;Dk; tpid vr;rKk; tpidAk; Nru;e;J Mf;fg;gLjy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

kfpo;e;jpUe;jhs; - kfpo;e;J + ,U (,U - Jiztpid)Ngha;tpl;ldu; - Ngha; + tpL (tpL - Jiztpid)te;jpUe;jhd; - te;J + ,U (,U - Jiztpid)

206


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2. ‘nra’ / nra;a vd;Dk; vr;rj;Jld; tpid Nru;e;J Mf;fg;gLjy;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

nra;ag;ghu;j;Njd; - nra;a + ghu; (ghu; - Jiztpid)$wg;NghfpNwd; - $w + Ngh (Ngh - Jiztpid)tug;gz;zpdhu; - tu + gz;Z (gz;Z - Jiztpid)

3. jw;fhy tof;fpy; rpyNtisfspy; Kjy; tpidAld; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpidfSk;Nru;e;J $l;Ltpidfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ghu; + nfhs; + ,U

(nfhs;> ,U vd;gd Jiztpidfs;)cz;zg;gz;zptpl;lhd; - cz; + gz;Z + tpL

(gz;Z + tpL vd;gd Jiztpidfs;)

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd - gad; + gL + gL(gL + gL vd;gd Jiztpid)

4. ngaUk; tpidAk; Nru;e;J Mf;fg;gLjy;.vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

,d;Gw;whd; - ,d;gk; + cW (cW - Jiztpid)fhag;gl;lhd; - fhak; + gL (gL - Jiztpid)Nfs;tpAw;whd; - Nfs;tp + cW (cW - Jiztpid)

vjpu;kiw tpidnar;rq;fSlDk; tpidabfs; Nru;e;J epge;jidg; nghUspy;

$l;Ltpidfs; Mf;fg;gLtJz;L.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

nra;ahtpl;lhy; (nra;ah + tpL)gbf;fhtpl;lhy; (gbf;fh + tpL)elf;fhtpl;lhy; (elf;fh + tpL)fhzhtpl;lhy; (fhzh + tpL)fw;fhtpl;lhy; (fw;fh + tpL) tpL - Jiztpid

5. ,ilabAld; tpidfs; Nru;e;Jk; $l;L tpidfs; Mf;fg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

Nkw;nfhz;lhu; - Nky; + nfhs; (nfhs; - Jiztpid)

fPo;g;gbe;jdu; - fPo; + gb (gb - Jiztpid)

Kd;Ndwpdhd; - Kd; + VW (VW - Jiztpid)

207


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Fwpg;G :

1. jdptpid> $l;Ltpid vd;gd ,uz;Lk; tpFjp> ,ilepiy Kjyhd

xl ;Lf ;fisg ; ngw ;W t pidKw ;WfshfTk ; vr ;rq ;fshfTk ;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; tpsf;Ff.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

jdptpid $l;Ltpid

gbj;jhd; J}q;fptpl;lhd;

gbj;jdu; Nfs;tpAw;w

gbj;j Kd;Ndwpa

gbj;J

2. $l;Ltpidfspy; ngau;> tpid> ,il vd;gd Kjypy; epw;Fk; mbfshfTk;

Nru;e;J tUk; tpidfs; jkf;Fupa nghUis ,oe;J tpidahf;fj;jpw;F

Jizahf mikAk; tpidfs; Jiztpidfs; vd;gij khztu;f;F

njspTgLj;Jf.

3. vr;rj;njhlu;fSf;Fk; $l;LtpidfSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s NtWghl;il

khztu;f;Fj; njspTgLj;Jf.

vr;rj;njhlu;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; vr;rq;fSf;Fk; Kbf;Fk; nrhw;fSf;Fk;

NtWNtW nghUs; cz;L. Mdhy; $l;Ltpidfspy; Kjy; mbAk;

JiztpidAk; Nru;e;J xU nrhy;yha; epd;W xNu nghUisj; jUfpd;wd.

vr;rj;njhlu; - gbj;JKbj;jhd; (,q;F gbj;jy;> Kbj;jy; Mfpa

,U NtW nray;fs; epfo;e;Js;sd.)

$l;Ltpid - J}q;fptpl;lhd; (,q;F J}q;Fjy; vd;w nray; xd;Nw

epfo;e;Js;sJ.)

208


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4.3.9. tpidr;nrhw;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

tpidr;nrhy;ypd; Kf;fpakhd gz;G fhyq;fhl;LjyhFk;. tpidnraiy czu;j;JtJ:nray; epfo;e;J Kbe;jjhf mikayhk;. epfo;e;J nfhz;L ,Ug;gjhf mikayhk;.epfotpUg;gjhfTk; mikayhk;.

epfo;e;J Kbe;jJ - ,we;jfhyk; - te;jhd;

epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ - epfo;fhyk; - tUfpwhd;

epfo ,Ug;gJ - vjpu;fhyk; - tUthd;

vdNt tpidfs; xt;nthd;Wk; VNjh xU fhyj;ij czu;j;JfpwJ.

tpidKw;Wf;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

tpidKw;Wf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; %d;Wtiffspy; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

1. ,ilepiyfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;.2. tpFjpfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;.3. gFjp ,ul;bj;Jf; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;.

1. ,ilepiyfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

jkpopYs;s ngUk;ghyhd tpidKw;Wf;fs; ,ilepiyfshNyNa fhyj;ij

czu;j;Jfpd;wd. ,ilepiyfs; tpidKw;Wf;fspy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; cWg;Gf;fshf

mike;J njupepiy tpidKw;Wf;fspy; fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs;

j;> l;> w;> ,d;> ,> d; vd;gd ,we;jfhyj;ij czu;j;Jtd.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

1. gbj;Njd; - gb + j; + j; + Vd; (j; - ,ilepiy)2. cz;lhd; - cz; + l; + Md; (l; - ,ilepiy)3. jpd;whd; - jpd; + w; + Md; (w; - ,ilepiy)4. ghbdhd; - ghL + ,d; + Ms; (,d; - ,ilepiy)5. NgrpaJ - NgR + , + m + J (, - ,ilepiy)6. Nghdhu; - Ngh + d; + Mu; (d; - ,ilepiy)

epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs;

Mepd;W> fpd;W> fpW vd;gd epfo;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jtd:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

elthepd;whd;- el + Mepd;W + Md; (Mepd;W - ,ilepiy)gha;fpd;whd; - gha; + fpd;W + Md; (fpd;W - ,ilepiy)elf;fpwhd; - el + fpW + Md; (fpW - ,ilepiy)

vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs;

g;> t; vd;gd vjpu;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jk; ,ilepiyfs;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

fhz;ghu; - fhz; + g; + Mu; (g; - ,ilepiy)

nry;thd; - nry; + t; + Md; (t; - ,ilepiy)

209


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

2. tpFjpfs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

njupepiytpidKw;Wfspy; rpyNtisfspy; ,ilepiyfspd;wp rpytpFjpfSk;

fhyq;fhl;Lk;.

nra;As;fspy; J> Jk;> W> Wk; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs; ,we;jfhyKk; vjpu;fhyKk;

fhl;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

nra;Ak; = nra; + ck;

$Lk; = $L + ck;

3. gFjp fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

rpyNtisfspy; gFjp ,ul;bj;J fhyq;fhl;LtJk; cz;L.

F> L> W vd;Dk; %d;W capu;nka;fis ,Wjpahff; nfhz;l <nuOj;Jg; gFjpfs;rpy ,ul;bj;J ,we;jfhyq;fhl;Lk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

GF Gf;F + Md; - Gf;fhd;eF ef;F + Md; - ef;fhd;njhL njhl;L + Md; - njhl;lhd;tpL tpl;L + Md; - tpl;lhd;ngW ngw;W + Md; - ngw;whd;cW cw;W + Md; - cw;whd;

jw;fhy tof;F

,d;iwa tpidr;nrhw;fs; Jiztpidfisg; ngw;W fPNo fhl;bathW fhyEl;gq;fis czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

,we;jfhyk;

1. jdp ,wg;G – eP vOjpdha;(rhjhuz tof;F)

2. ,wg;Gj; njhlu;r;rp – eP vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jha;3. ,wg;G epiwT – eP vOjpapUe;jha;

epfo;fhyk;

1. jdp epfo;T – eP vOJfpd;wha;2. epfo;Tj; njhlu;r;rp – eP vOjpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wha;3. epfo;T epiwT – eP vOjpapUf;fpd;wha;

vjpu ;fhyk;

1. jdp vjpu;T – eP vOJtha;(rhjhuz tof;F)

2. vjpu;T njhlu;r;rp – eP vOjpf;nfhz;bUg;gha;3. vjpu;T epiwT – eP vOjpapUg;gha;

210


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Fwpg;Gtpid fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

jw;fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;Gtpidfs; fhyq;fhl;Lk; tifapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;nghJthdit.

L> W vd;Dk; tpFjpfis <w;wpYila Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wf;fs; nra;As;tof;fpy;,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.nghUl;L - nghUSilaJmw;W - mj;jd;ikaJ,w;W - ,j;jd;ikaJvw;W - vj;jd;ikaJ

,itAk; ,we;jfhyj;ijNa czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

vr;rq;fs; fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

nganur;rk;

nganur;rk; ,ilepiyfs; %yKk; tpFjp %yKk; fhyj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.

gbj;j - ,we;jfhy nganur;rk; (j; - ,ilepiy)

gbf;fpd;w - epfo;fhy nganur;rk; (fpd;W - ,ilepiy)

tUk; - vjpu;fhy nganur;rk; (ck; - tpFjp)

tpidnar;rk;

,yf;fzfhuu; tpidnar;rq;fis %d;W tiffSs; mlf;fp tpsf;Ftu;.

1. c> ,> a; Kjypa tpFjpfisf; nfhz;l tpidnar;rq;fs; fhuzg;nghUspy;

te;J ,we;jfhyj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wd. (nra;J vd;Dk; tha;ghL)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gbj;J Kbj;jhd;

ghb kfpo;e;jhd;

Ngha; te;jhd;

2. ‘m’ vd;Dk; tpFjp nfhz;L KbAk; tpidnar;rq;fs; cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUspy;

te;J epfo;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jfpd;wd. (nra vd;Dk; tha;ghL)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : kio nga;a tay; epiwAk;

Mrpupau; tu khztu; vOe;jdu;

3. ‘,d;’>~My;| vd;Dk; tpFjpfSld; nfhz;L KbAk; tpidnar;rq;fs;> fhupag;

nghUspNyh epge;jidg; nghUspNyh te;J vjpu;fhyj;ij czu;j;Jtd.

(nra;jhy; vd;Dk; tha;ghL)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : kio nga;apd; epyk; eidAk; (fhupag;nghUs;)

Mrpupau; te;jhy; ghlk; elf;Fk; (epge;jid)

211


jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;


,yf;fzk;

,yf;fzr; RUf;fk; MWKfehtyu;

ed;D}y; fhz;bifAiu MWKfehtyu;

Nkyjpf thrpg ;G

,yf;fzj; njspT gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp

mbg;gilj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; f. nrhf;fypq;fk;

mbg;gilj; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; R. NtYg;gps;is

nkhopAk; jkpo; ,yf;fzKk; Nguhrpupau; vk;. v. E/khd;

m. rz;Kfjh]; kw;Wk; kNdhd;kzp rz;Kfjh];

jkpo;nkhop tuyhW lhf;lu; rp. rf;jpNty;

,f;fhy nkhopapay; Kj;Jr; rz;Kfd;

vz;zf;fU tpsf;fg; glk;

tpidr;nrhy;

njupepiytpid Fwpg;Gtpid

Kw;Wtpid vr;rtpid

Kw;Wtpid vr;rtpid

njupepiy Vty;tpid tpaq;Nfhs;

tpidKw;W

cld;ghL vjpu;kiw

jd;tpid gpwtpid

nra;tpid nrag;ghl;Ltpid

jpizghy;>

vz;> ,lk;

czu;j;Jtd

,Ujpiz

Ik;ghy;

%tplj;Jf;Fk;

nghJthdit

nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk;

cld;ghL vjpu;kiw cld;ghL vjpu;kiw

nrag;gLnghUs;

Fd;wpatpid

nrag;gLnghUs;

Fd;whtpid

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