jkpon; khopAk; ,yff; paKk; - e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk · jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; Mrpupau; topfhl;b...

jkpo;nkhopAk;

,yf;fpaKk;

Mrpupau;; topfhl;b

juk; 7 (2016Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

jkpo;nkhopAk;

,yf;fpaKk;

Mrpupau;; topfhl;b

juk; 7

(2016Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ)

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk; - 7

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.

ISBN

Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2016

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw>

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

mr;Rg; gjpg;G : murhq;f mr;rff; $l;Lj;jhgdk;.

ii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2016Mk;Mz;bypUe;J juk; 7> 11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e;Nehf;fj;ij milAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l NgWfisAk; Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhUnrad;Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gbjuq;fSf;fhf tpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.

,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd;NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhdxUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy;midj;Jg; ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.NkYk;> mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapy;mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; $wpaJ $wy;kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opepiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yTk; khztu;NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfisNkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau ; topfhl;bapw ; Gjpa tbtikg;GmwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk;cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk; tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fisAk;nghUj;jkhd tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fistpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;JntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tpKiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

iii

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ve;jnthU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epahakw;wtw;iwf; fise;J> ey;ytw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpGj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpahf miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjp kpf;fit vitNah mitAk; fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;Ffpd;w ghlj;jpl;lk;>topfhl;bfs;> trjp nra;Nthu; (Facilitator) Nghd;witnay;yhk; mt; tifapNyNafy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if G+Nfhs nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ; nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr;nra;J> jdJ fy;tpf; Nfhyj;ij cuthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;Fmika> vl;lhz;LfSf;F xU jlit fy;tp kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs;jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;j jd;ikia Njrpakl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ>mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F cupait md;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhf ghl tplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfismz;kpg;gjw;fhf> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wp mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk;mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjy;mspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> khztUk;ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghl E}Yf;Fj; JizahfmikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; my;yvd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs;gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy; kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa epiyg; guPl;rfu;fshy;vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wp ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy; trjp nra;J kjpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahdgz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b mikaNtz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

iv

MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ghl tpla MNyhridNguhrpupau;> fyhepjp t. kNf];tud;jiytu;> jkpo;j;Jiw> Nguhjidg;gy;fiyf;fofk;.Nguhrpupau;> fyhepjp f. tprhf&gd;jiytu;> jkpo;j;Jiw> aho;g;ghzg;gy;fiyf;fofk;.fyhepjp ukP]; mg;Jy;yh>jiytu;> nkhopfs; gPlk;> njd; fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;.jpUkjp. &gptyd;updh gpuhd;rp]jiytu;>jkpo;j;Jiw>fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.jpU. f. ,uFgud;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> njd;fpof;Fg;gy;fiyf;fofk;.fyhepjp. =. gpurhe;jd;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> =[atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.jpU.nydpd; kjpthdk;gpujpf; fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu;>fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;.nry;tp. t. tp[anyl;Rkpgzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

,izg;ghf;fk;jpU. K. jahepjp

rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tsg; gq;fspg;GjpU. K. jahepjprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw>fyhepjp. e. ,utPe;jpud;>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;jpU. e. mUshde;jk;

gpujpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;>tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> khj;jis.jpU. j. Atuh[d;cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;>kl;lf;fsg;G.[dhg;. K. j. K]hk;kpy;tpupTiuahsu;> kl;lf;fsg;G Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upjpU. gh. kfhypq;frptk;tpupTiuahsu;> Nfhg;gha;> Mrpupau; fyhrhiy> Nfhg;gha;.jpUkjp . ujp NjtRe;juk;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.jpUkjp. j. epiwkjpMrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;>tTdpah njw;F.jpUkjp. j. khzpf;fuhrhMrpupau;> nfh/tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}up> gk;gyg;gpl;b.

nkhopg; gjpg;G jpU. K. jahepjp rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw.

fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag;gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

ghlrhiyfspd; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;;> vDk; ghlk;thunkhd;Wf;F Ie;J ghlNtisfshf 06 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;;Ls;sd.f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; ,j; juq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fismbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gPl;il elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;nghUSzu;e;J thrpg;gjw;Fk;> vOj;Jg;gpio> nrhw;gpio> njhlu;g;gpio> thf;fpag;gpio>nghUl;gpio> kuGg;gpio ,d;wp vOjTk; NgrTk; nkhopiag; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

06 - 11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd;gb> jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;; ghlj;Jf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau;topfhl;bahdJ ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fisf;nfhz;like;Js;sJ. xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; cs;slq;Fk;tifapy;

ghlKd;dhaj;jk; jahu;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;ghLfs; jug;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw

Kd;Djhuzkhff; nfhz;L Vida ghlq;fSf;Fk;> khztu;fspd; tFg;giwr;

nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtifapy;; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid xOq;FgLj;jpf; fw;wy; -

fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bidr; rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;; vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;gvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ> ghlq;fSk; mg;ghlq;fisg;gapYtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. jkJ Mf;ftpay;jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp> tFg;giwj; Njitapd;gb ,r;nraw;ghLfis NkYk; tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;tNjhL> Gjpa nraw;ghLfisAk; Mrpupau;fs; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; vDk; ghlk; nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfisAk;mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Kd;nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUj;jkhfj; jpl;lkpl;L> re;ju;g;gq;fis khztu;fSf;Ftoq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fSila jpwid NkYk; tYg;gLj;j KbAk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; khztu; ikakhff; nfhz;L tFg;giwapy; ,lk;ngWtjdhy;>mjw;Nfw;g ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gbfw;ww; NgWfspy; Mrpupau;fs; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. Xu;myiff; fw;gpj;j gpd;du; vjidj; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> vjid kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;>mj;jifa NgWfis ve;jsTf;F mila Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; Mrpupau;fs; ftdk;nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> khztu;fspd; Fwpg;ghd nray; mtjhdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>mtu;fsJ nraw;ghL mstplg;gl Ntz;Lk;> mj;jifa nraw;ghL khztu;fspdhNyNkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhdjhFk;.

jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; vDk; ghlj;jpidr; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; fw;gpg;gjw;Fghlj; jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. khztu;fSila jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;af;$ba nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy;rhjdq;fis mtu;fsJ epiyf;Nfw;gj; jahupj;J tFg;giw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;ntw;wpaila Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.

jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; vDk; ghlj;jpidr; nrk;ikahff; fw;gpg;gjD}lhf>khwptUk; cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,sQ; re;jjpapdiu cUthf;f topfhl;LtNj,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. ,e;j topfhl;b njhlu;ghf cq;fsJMf;fG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis vkf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

vi

nghUslf;fk; gf;fk;

01. gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iii

02. gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv

03. fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v

05. Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa

mwpTWj;jy;fs; vi

06. Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; viii

07. mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ix

08. ghlj;jpl;lk; xi

09. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly; 1 - 93

vii

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ> jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;

jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis

epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;

fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf> epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;jpl;l

tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf;$ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa

fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G>

Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;

%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;

%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij

Vw;gLj;jYk;.

2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL> Njrpa

ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>

xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw

Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa

Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.

4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.

5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>

Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghjpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd;

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd

fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g> ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;

jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpu;ghuhjJkhd

epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>

ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba

kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003 jpnrk;gu;)

viii

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

1. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>

fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;

vOJjy;> gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg;

gupkhw;wk;.

vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F

Kiwahf msj;jy;.

rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;.

tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;

ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik : fzpdp mwpT - fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>

nrhe ;j tho ;t py ; jfty ; njhlu ;ghly ;

njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>

jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd

jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa

tpOkpaq;fs;.

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.

3. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL (r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;) njhlu;GWfpd;wd.

r%fr; #oy; : Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;

jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;

elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;>

cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiwAk;.

ix

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>

fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj

tho;T.

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;

mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>

nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;>

capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;

Ntiy nra ;tjw ;Fk ; tho ;tjw ;Fk ; fUtpfisAk ;

njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;

Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

- nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

- mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

- mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

- gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;

nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;

cs;thq;fYk;.

6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T

Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj

mDgtq;fs;.

7. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw

Clhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba

czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

x

ghlj;jpl;lk;

xi

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw;

nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;

Fv Nfl;lYk; Ngr;Rk;

xii

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghlNtis

1.0 gy;NtW Nehf;fq; fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;f Sf;Fk; Vw;g> tpidj; jpwDld; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj;; Jyq;Fthu;.

1.1 vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;Gf;Nfw;g> nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahf cr;rupg;ghu;.

• nra;As;

• ciueil - nrhw;fs; - nrhw;nwhlu;fs;; - thf;fpaq;fs;

• xyp NtWghl;Lr; nrhw;nwhFjpfis cr;rupg;ghu;. - y> o> s - z> e> d - u> w

• ‘eh’ nefpo;; gapw;rpfisr; nra;thu;.

• ‘eh’ gpwo;; gapw;rpfisr; nra;thu;.

• fpue;j vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

02

1.2

ghliy / nra;Aisg; nghUSzu;e;J

nrhy;Ythu; / XJthu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jk; Xir eaKk; nrhy; eaKk; nghUs; eaKk; nfhz;l

• nra;As;fs;

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;

• ghliy / nra;Ais kddk; nra;thu;.

• ghliy / nra;Ais XirNahL XJthu;.

• ghliy / nra;Ais cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld;


• ghliy / nra;Aisg; nghUs; tpsq;fp


04

1.3 Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iwr; nrk;ikahff; $Wthu;.

• nra;As;

• rpwpa fijfs;

• mwptpj;jy;fs;

• mwpTWj;jy;fs;

• Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;.

• rhuhk;rj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> JZf;Ffs;; Kjypa tw;iwf; $Wthu;.

02

1.4 nray; jpwDk; tpidj;jpwDk; cs;s Nfl;Nghuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

• nra;As;

• ciueil

• rpWtUf;fhd fijg; ghly;

• ehl;lhu; ghly;

• nrhw;nghopT

• Nfl;lypy; tpUg;Gld; <LgLthu;.

• mtjhdpj;Jf; Nfl;Lj; Jyq;Fthu;.

• juTfs;> jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iw kw;wtu;fSf;F tpsf;Fthu;.

04


2.0

re;ju;g;gj;jpw;;Fk;

#o;epiyf;Fk;

Vw;wtifapy;

ciuahLthu;.

2.1

jkJ

czu;TfSk;

vz;zq;fSk;

njspthfg;

Gyg;gLk;

tifapy;

ciuahLthu;.

• ciuahly;

• fye;Jiu

ahlYf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd

ciueilg;

gFjpfs;

• gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• mtw;wpD}Nl tUk; fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• tplaj;njspT ngWthu;.

• tplaq;fis tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fye;Jiuahlypd;NghJ Ngr;ir mtjhdpj;J>

Rakhfj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

• jkf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk; epahaq;fisAk;

vLj;Jf; $Wk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

07

3.0

gy;NtW

ghj;jpuq;fis

Vw;W> mtw;wpd;

,ay;GfisAk;

czu;r;rpfisAk;

ntspg;gLj;jpg;

NgRthu;.

3.1

ghj;jpuq;fspd;

,ay;GfSf;Nfw;g

ebj;Jg; NgRthu;.

• ehlfq;fs;

• rpWfijfs;

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;

• ghj;jpuq;fspd; czu;Tfis ntspf;nfhzUk;

tifapy;> ciuahLthu; / ebj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

- cr;rupg;Gj; njspT

- nghUj;jkhd njhdp

- Kfghtk;

- mq;f mirT

06

3.2

ghtid nra;J

NgRthu;.

• mwptpg;Gfs;

• tpsk;guq;fs;

• fijfs;

• Rarupijf;

fl;Liufs;

• gy;NtWgl;l ghj;jpuq;fshfg; ghtid nra;J

NgRthu;.

• xNurkaj;jpy; xUtNu gy;NtWgl;l

ghj;jpuq;fshfg; ghtid nra;J> mtw;wpd;

njhdp ntspg;glg; NgRthu;.

03

xiii


4.0

jkJ

vz;zq;fis>

Nfl;Nghu;

csq;

nfhs;sj;jf;f

tifapy;

vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

4.1

Mf;fj; jpwd;

ntspg;gLk; tpjj;

jpy; njspthfg;

NgRthu;.

• nra;As;fs;

• rpwpa fl;Liufs;

• KbTwhf;fijfs;

• mDgtf;

fl;Liufs;

• rk;gt tpgupg;G

• Mrpupau; fijapd; Muk;gj;ijf; $w>

khztu;fs; mjid njhlu;e;J $Wthu;.

• kdg;ghq;F khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $ba

tpjj;jpy; Gj;jhf;f G+u;tkhff; fijia

epiwTnra;thu;.

• Gjpa KbTfis mikj;Jf; fijfisf;

$Wthu;.

• jkJ nrhe;j mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf;

$Wthu;.

03

4.2

vLj;Jf; nfhz;l

tplaj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhf>

nghUl; nrwpNthL

Ngr;R

El;gq;fisf;

ifahz;L

NgRthu;.

• fl;Liufs;

• rpwpa Nkilg;

Ngr;Rfs;

• rpwpa fijfs;

• nghUj;jkhd jiyg;gpidj; njupTnra;thu;.

• jiyg;Gf;F Vw;w tifapy; NgRthu;.

• Ngr;Rg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;Jg; NgRthu;.

• rigia <u;f;Fk; tifapy; NgRthu;.

03

xiv

thrpg;G


5.0

Mf;fg+u;tkhd

nray; jpwd;

cila

thrfuhfr;

nraw;gLthh;.

5.1

tplaj;njspNthL

thrpg;Gg;

nghwpKiwfis

mDrupj;J

thrpg;ghu;.

• ftpijg; gFjp

• ciueilg; gFjp

- fijg; gFjp

- ehlfk;

• thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

- njspthf cr;rupj;jy;

- vOj;Jf;fspd; xyp Ngjq;fis ,dq;fz;L

thrpj;jy;

- njhdp Ngjq;fSld; thrpj;jy;

- cupa Ntfj;jpy;; thrpj;jy;

- vOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; nrhw;fSf;FKupa

mOj;jj;ijf; nfhLj;J thrpj;jy;

- nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jKwr; Nru;j;Jk; gpupj;Jk;

thrpj;jy;

- epWj;jf; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpj;jy;

• nksdkhf thrpj;J> fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

• fUj;J}d;wp thrpg;ghu;.

• nfhz;L $l;b thrpg;ghu;.

• re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

04

xv


6.0 fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czu;e;J thrpg;ghu;.

6.1 nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

• nra;As;fs;

• ciueilfs;

• gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis ,dq; fz;L thrpg;ghu;.

• thrpj;j gFjpiar; nrhe;j nkhop eilapy; vOJthu;.

• mUk;gjq;fspd; nghUis vOJthu;.

03

6.2 gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf; fhf thrpg;ghu;.

• nra;As;fs;

• ciueilfs;

• gy;NtW jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• eilKiwj; Njitf;Nfw;w Mf;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• Gjpa Mf;fq;fisg; gilf;f Kd;tUthu;.

• gilg;Gf;fspD}lhf ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;Gfisf; $Wthu;.

02

7.0 ,uridf; fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; thrpg;ghu;.

7.1 gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;J eag;ghu;.

• nra;As;fs;

• ciueilfs;

- fbjq;fs;

- mwptpj;jy;fs;

- mwpTWj;jy;fs;

• gilg;Gf;fspd; cs;slf;fj;ij tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

• eae;jtw;iw vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• gilg;Gf;fisg; gilf;f Kd;tUthu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

13

xvi

vOj;J


8.0 mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J> ,yf;fz tOtpd;wp> cupa epWj;jf; FwpfSld; Mf;fq;fisj; njspthf vOJthu;.

8.1 vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J> tOtpd;wp Neu;j;jp ahf vOJthu;.

• ghu;j;njOJjy; - nrhw;fs; - nrhw;nwhlu;fs; - thf;fpaq;fs; - ge;jpfs; - ghly;fs;

• cWg;gika vOJthu;. - jpirKfk; - tuptbtk; • vOj;Jf;fSf;fpilNaAk; nrhw;fSf;fpilNaAk; Vw;w ,ilntsptpl;L vOJthu;. • Neu;j;jpahf vOJthu;. • Vw;w Ntfj;Jld; vOJthu;. • epWj;jf; Fwpfs; ,l;L vOJthu;.

02

8.2 mtjhdpj;Jf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iw tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

• nrhy;tnjOJjy; - nrhw;fs; - nrhw;nwhlu;fs; - thf;fpaq;fs; - ge;jpfs;

• mtjhdkhff;; Nfl;L vOJthu;. - Vw;w Ntfk;; - tuptbtk; • xypNtWghLfis mDrupj;J vOJthu;. • gpioapd;wp vOJthu;. • epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhff; ifahz;L vOJthu;.

02

9.0 thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jtw;iwj; njspthf vOJthu;.

9.1 thrpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp vOJthu;.

• nra;As; • ciueil - ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;

• Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;ghu;. • gpujhd fUj;ij ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;. • Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis vOJthu;. • ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfisr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fp vOJthu;. • xU tplaj;jpid xOq;fhfTk; njspthfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; vOJthu;.

14

10.0 vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

10.1 tOf;fspd;wp thf;fpa mikjpNahL vOJthu;.

• ciueilfs; • gapw;rp - thf;fpak; mikj;jy;

• thf;fpa ,iaGld; vOJthu;. (vOtha;> gadpiy) • jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gd ,iaGgl thf;fpak; vOJthu;.

04

xvii


10.2 fUj;Jg; Gyg;gLkhW ge;jp vOJthu;.

• ciueilg; gFjp - ge;jp - fl;Liufs; - gj;jpupiffs;

• ge;jp mikf;Fk; Kiwapid mwpe;J vOJthu;. • jiyikg; nghUis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;. • Jizf; fUj;Jf;fis tpupj;J vOJthu;. • fUj;Jj; njhlu;Gld; vOJthu;. • thf;fpa ,iaGld; vOJthu;. • cupa xOq;F Kiwapy; vOJthu;.

02

11.0 gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fs; Clhf> gilg;ghf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fis Rakhf vOJthu;.

11.1 gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.

• ghly;fs; • ftpijfs; • ciueil • fijfs; • fl;Liufs; • cwTKiwf; fbjk; • miog;gpjo; • ciuahly;fs; • ehlfk;

• mDgtq;fs;> mtjhdpg;Gfs;> rpe;jidfis ntspg;gLj;jpg; gy;NtW Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;. • ju;f;fuPjpahd njhlu;Gld; ge;jpfis mikj;J fUj;Jf;fs; Gyg;gl vOJthu;. • njspthfTk; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; vOJthu;. • Mf;fq;fspd; tbtk;> mikg;G> jiyg;G vd;gd nghUj;jKw vOJthu;. • nghUj;jkhd nkhopeilapy;> kw;wtu;fSf;F tpsq;Fk; tifapy; vOJthu;.

04

11.2 eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;.

• tpsk;guk; • Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; • cwTKiwf; fbjk; • miog;gpjo; • nra;jpfs; • Nkilg;Ngr;R

• nghUj;jkhd mikg;NghL vOJthu;. • jiyg;Gf;F / Nfl;fg;gl;l tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf vOJthu;. • tpla cs;slf;fj;ijj; njspthfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; vOJthu;. • thrpg;NghUf;Fg; GupAk; nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;. • RUf;fkhf tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

09

xviii

nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp


12.0 nrhw; fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> nghUj;jkhd tifapy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

12.1 nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J> nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nra;As; • ciueil • fij • fl;Liu • ehlfk;

• nrhw;fis mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;. - xj;j nrhw;fs; - vjpu;r; nrhw;fs; - vjpu;g;ghw;; nrhw;fs; - xU nrhy; gy nghUs; - gy nghUs; xU nrhy; - kuGr; nrhw;fs; - fiyr; nrhw;fs;

06

12.2 nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; nghUisAk; tifiaAk; mwpe;J nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nra;As; • ftpij • ciueil • ehlfk;

• nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; ,ay;G> nghUs; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;. - kuGj; njhlu;fs; - ctiknjhlu; - cUtfj; njhlu; - ,ul;ilf;fpstp - ,iznkhop - mLf;Fj; njhlu; • nrhw;nwhlu;fisr; nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

15

13.0 nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;J> mjw;fika nkhopiar; nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.

13.1 vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G KiwiaAk; tifnjhif iaAk; mwpe;J> gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• nra;As; • ciueil • fij • fl;Liu • ehlfk;

• vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G Kiwia mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;. - Fwpy;> neby; - u> w> y> s> o> e> z> d • vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhifia mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jth;. - capnuOj;Jfs; - nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - capu; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - Ma;j vOj;Jf;fs; - Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; - fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs;

04

xix


13.2 nrhw;fspd; tif iaAk; ,ay;igAk; mwpe;J mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nra;As; • ciueil

• nrhw;fspd; tifiamwpe;Jnfhs;thu;. - ngau;r; nrhy; - tpidr; nrhy; - ,izg;gpilr; nrhy; - fiyr; nrhw;fs; f • nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jk; gpupj;Jk; vOJthu;.

13

13.3 nrhw;nwhlu;> thf;fpak; vd;gtw;wpd; tifiaAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;igAk; mwpe;J> gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nghUj;jkhd ciueilg; gFjpfs; • ciuahly;

• nrhw;nwhlu;> thf;fpaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; tifia mwpe;J $Wthu;. • thf;fpaq;fspd;; ,ay;ig mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthh;. • thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw vOJthu;. - vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; - jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; • Ntw;Wik cUG gad;gLk; tpjj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. • milnkhopfspd; gad;ghl;bidAk; rpwg;gpidAk; mwpe;J nfhs;thu;. • nrhw;fs; GzUk; tifapid mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

17

13.4 epWj;jf;Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nghUj;jkhd ciueilg; gFjpfs; • ciuahly;

• epWj;jf; Fwpfis mwpe;J $Wthu;. • epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;. - Kw;Wg;Gs;sp - fhw;Gs;sp - tpdhf;Fwp - tpag;Gf;Fwp - milg;Gf;Fwp - Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp

02

xx

1

,y Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtis gf;fk;

01 7.0 7.1 me;jNu fijfs; 03 02

02 8.0 8.1 ghu;j;njOJjy; 02 04

03 1.0 1.3 nra;As; - mW 02 06

04 13.0 13.4 epWj;jf; Fwpfs; 02 08

05 6.0 6.2 flik 02 11

06 1.0 1.1 nrhw;fs; - yfu> ofu> sfu> 02 13

zfu> efu> dfu> ufu> wfu> Mfpa

vOj;Jf;fshyhd nrhw;fs;

16 12.0 12.1 vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs; 02 34

kl;lk;

07 8.0 8.2 nrhy;tnjOJjy; 02 15

08 10.0 10.1 thf;fpak; mikj;jy; 04 17

09 7.0 7.1 fhl;L tpyq;Ffisf; fhg;Nghk; 03 19

10 10.0 10.2 ciueilg; gFjp

- ge;jpfs;

- fl;Liufs; 02 21

- gj;jpupiffs;

11 13.0 13.1 fl;Liu 04 23

12 1.0 1.2 INtk; 04 25

13 12.0 12.1 xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs; 02 27

14 9.0 9.1 fhe;jpabfs; fbjk; 05 29

15 11.0 11.2 cwTKiwf; fbjk; 04 32

Kjyhk; jtiz

2

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,uridf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;

thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;J eag;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : me;jNu fijfs;

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• “me;jNu fijfs ;” vd;Dk; ghlg;gug;ig thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;ghu;.

• mg;ghlg;gug;G Fwpg;gpLk; gpujhd fUj;ij vLj;Jf; $Wthu;;.

• ghlj;ij thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J> tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.

• ghlg;gug;ig xUtu; thrpf;f> fpufpj;J jkJ fUj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• jhk; fpufpj;J eae;j gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; $Wthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;

• “me;jNu fijfs ;” vd;Dk; ghlj;ij nksdkhf thrpj;jy;.

• FOKiwapy; thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

• fij $Wk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis gl;baw;gLj;j topfhl;ly;.

• ,J Nghd;w rpwpa fijfis vOj topfhl;ly;.

• nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; ( key words) , vz;zf;fUf;fs;

- “me;jNu” gw;wpa mwpKfk; .

- nrhy;yzp vOj;Jk; nrhy;Yk; gw;wp tUtJ.

- nrtpf;F ,dpikahdJk;> epidtpy; itj;jpUf;fTk; cjTtJ.

- Nkilg; Ngr;rpYk; ciueil tifapYk; rpNyil ifahSjy;.

nghUs; fz;lwpf

- gpQ;rpw; gOj;j gok;.

- Gypf;Fl;bf;Fs;s jpwik ngUk;Gypf;F ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLkh?

- khLkhjpup tha; jpwf;fhky; kpf mikjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

- %f;fWgly;

- Rl;bj;jdk;

- risj;jtuy;y

;

3

- ep&gpj;jy;

- mgpg;gpuhak;

- rgh\;

- JLf;Fs;s igad;

- FWk;Gj;jdk;

- jiyFdpe;J epw;wy;

- N[hypahf

- gNuhgfhu rpe;ij

- nkr;Rjy;

- F\p

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• mUk;gjq;fs; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;

• ghlg;gug;ig nksdkhf thrpg;ghu;.

• nghUs; nghjpe;j njhlu;fSf;F tpsf;fk; vOJthu;.

• ghlg;gug;ig thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.

• “me;jNu ;” vd;Dk; ghj;jpur; rpwg;igAk; mjd; Fzhk;rj;ijAk; $Wthu;.

4

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J> vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J

,yf;fz tOtpd;wp> cupa epWj;jf; FwpfSld; Mf;fq;fisj;

njspthf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 : vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J> tOtpd;wp Neu;j;jpahf

vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ghu;j;njOJjy;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• vOj;Jf;fis cWg;gika vOJthu;.

• jpirKfk; gw;wp mwpe;J> mjw;fika vOJthu;.

• vOj;Jf;fSf;fpilNaAk; nrhw;fSf;fpilNaAk; Vw;w ,ilntsptpl;L vOJthu;.

• mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;jij Neu;j;jpahf vOJthu;.

• vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J> Vw;w Ntfj;NjhL vOJthu;.

• cupa epWj;jf;Fwpfs; ,l;L> ge;jpnahd;iwg; ghu;j;njOJthu;.


• khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb> cWg;gika vOJk; Kiw gw;wp tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;.

• xt;nthU vOj;Jf;FKupa ‘jpirKfk;’ gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb vOjitj;jy;.

• nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilntsptpLk; Kiwgw;wp tpsf;fkspj;J> mjw;Nfw;g vOJtpj;jy;.

• ge;jpia Neu;j;jpahf vOJtJ gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb> Neu;j;jpahf vOjitj;jy;.

• ftpijia my;yJ> ghliy mjd; mikg;Gf;F Vw;g vOj Ntz;ba Kiwgw;wp

fye;Jiuahb topfhl;ly;.

• nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;


• vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwapyhd tuptbtk;

• jpirKfk; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

• epWj;jf;Fwpfs;

• nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> ge;jpfs;

5

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• jpirKfk; rhu;e;j vOj;Jf;fis vOjpa nrhy;yl;ilfs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;


• cWg;gika vOj Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g vOJthu;.

• jpirKfk; gw;wpa mwpT ngw;W> mjw;Nfw;gj; Jyq;Fthu;.

• ge;jpia Neu;j;jpahf vOJthu;.

• ghliy cWg;gika vOJthu;.

• ghu;j;njOjypy; <LgLk;NghJ> Vw;w Ntfj;NjhL Jyq;Fthu;.

njhy;fhg;gpaH G+HtPf jkpoH tho;e;j epyg;gug;ig FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; vd

ehd;F epyq;fshf tFj;J mq;F tho;e;j kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwia Muha;fpwhH.

epyj;ij mjd; kz;zpd; jd;ik> mq;F tho;e;J te;j kf;fs;> mtHfspd; ,ay;Gfs;>

njhopy;> czT> cil> fhjy;> tPuk;> nfhil Mfpa gz;GfSf;F mtHfs; mspj;jpUe;j

(Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> Mq;fhq;F njhy;fhg;gpaH Kjy;> fU, cup vd %d;whfg; gpupj;J

tpsf;Ffpd;whH.) ,tw;Ws; fU vd;w gpuptpy; Kjyplk; ngWtJ nja;tk;. ehd;F epyq;fSf;Fk;

cupa nja;tk; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpau; nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; Ie;jhtJ #j;jpuj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW

tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

“ khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyfKk;

NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyfKk;

Nte;jd; Nka jPk;Gdy; cyfKk;

tUzd; Nka ngUkzy; cyfKk;

Ky;iy FwpQ;rp kUjk; nea;jnydr;

nrhy;ypa Kiwahy; nrhy;yTk;gLNk”

,r; #j;jpuj;jpy; tUk; nja;tg; ngaHfs; Guhzq;fNshL njhlHGilad vdj;

njupatUfpwJ. Ntjq;fisj; njhlHe;J fw;W te;j up\pfs;> Ntjg; ghly;fspdJk;nghUs; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;J te;jhHfs;. mr; rpe;jidfspd; KbTfs; cgepljq;fshfg;gupzkpj;jd. mt; cgepljq;fs; nja;tk; my;yJ nka;g;nghUs; xd;Nw vd tw;GWj;jpf;$Wfpd;wd. gy nja;t tbtq;fSk; ,e;jg; gpugQ;rKk; khia vd;W mit $Wfpd;wd.,e;j mj;itj khHf;fk; rhjhuz kf;fshy; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.MfNt> Guhzfhy up\pfs; khiaia Vw;Wf;nfhz;L gy flTsHfisg; gilj;Jf;nfhz;ldH. kf;fSk; jq;fSf;F Vw;wtifapy; jq;fs; tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd%Hj;jp tbtq;fis tzq;fj; njhlq;fpdH. ,e;J MupaHfsp;d; ,g;Guhzf; fijfs;,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpad. jkpo; kf;fs; Kf;fpakhd NkNy $wpa ehd;F nja;tq;fis

jq;fs; tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhf tzq;fp te;jdH vdj; njupfpd;wJ.

fPo; tUk; ge;jpiag; ghu;j;njOJf

6

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g

tpidj;jpwDld; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iwr; nrk;ikahff; $Wthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : MW

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• nra;Ais cs;sgb thrpg;ghu;.

• nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bAk; thrpg;ghu;.

• nra;As;fspd; mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

• nra;As;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• nra;As;fspd; rhuhk;rj;ij vOJthu;.

• nra;Ais ,irAld; ghbkfpo;thu;.

• nra;Ais XireaKk; nrhy; eaKk; Gyg;gLk;tz;zk; XJthu;.


• ed;F ghlf;$batupd; cjtpngw;W ghlr;nra;jy; my;yJ> Mrpupau; ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.

• xypg;Ngioia xypf;fr; nra;J> ghlj;jpid Muk;gpj;jy;.

• nra;Aspd; fUj;ijf; fpufpj;Jf; $wr;nra;jy;.

• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $witj;jy;.

• mUQ;nrhw;fisf; nfhLj;J trdk; vOjr;nra;jy;.

• ,J Nghd;w nra;Ais vOj topfhl;Ljy;.


Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key Words) , vz;zf;fUf;fs;

• ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;gps;is gw;wpa mwpKfk;.

• ‘MW’ vd;w nra;As; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.

• mUk;gjq;fs;

miz - mizf;fl;L

rhbtuy; - NkhjptUjy;

fz;ziw - rpW miw / tl;lj;Jis

nghopy; - Nrhiy

Cw;W - eP&w;W

ed;nra; - ney;Yq; fUk;Gk; tpisAk; tay;

my;Yk; gfYk; - vg;nghOJk;

7

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• nra;As; ,lk;ngWk; xypg;Ngio

• mUQ;nrhw;fs;

• nrhy;yl;ilfs;


• tplaj;njspNthL nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;Jr; nra;Ais thrpg;ghu;.

• nra;Aisr; re;jpgpupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• nra;Aspd; nghUisf; $Wthu;.

• nra;Ais ,irAld; ghLthu;.

• nra;Aspd; rhuhk;rj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• Rakhfg; gilg;nghd;iw Mf;Fthu;;.

• jhk; eae;jit gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

gpd;dpizg;G

ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is

ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is 27.07.1876Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jtu;. ,tu; gf;jpg; ghly;fs;>

,yf;fpag; ghly;fs;> tuyhw;Wg; ghly;fs;> ,aw;ifg; ghly;fs;> r%ff; fijfs; vd;W gy

Jiwfspy; jpwikia ntspf;fhl;batu;. 1922Mk; Mz;L “kNdhd; kzpak; kWgpwg;G”

vd;w jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liuia vOjpatu;. Mrpa N[hjpiaj; jkpopy; vOjpatu;. jkpo;g;

Ngufuhjp cUthf;fj;jpw;F cjtpatu;. 24.12.1940Mk; Mz;L ftpkzp tpUJ ,tUf;F

toq;fg;gl;lJ. mf;Nlhgu; 2005,y; ,e;jpa muR mtUf;fhf Kj;jpiu ntspapl;Lr; rpwg;gpj;jJ.

,tu; kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs;top khd;kpak;> cku;fhahd; ghly;fs;> Njtpapd;

fPu;j;jidfs;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> ftpkzpapd; ciukzpfs; Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;.

,t;thW gy rhjidfs; gilj;j ftpkzp mtu;fs;> 26.09.1954Mk; Mz;L ,iwtdb

Nru ; e ; j h u ; . ;

8

Nju;r;rp 13.0 : nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;J> mjw;fika nkhopiar;

nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.4 : epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : epWj;jf; Fwpfs;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• epWj;jf; Fwpfis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• nghUs; ed;F Gyg;gLtjw;F epWj;jf; Fwpfs; cupathW gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gij

mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfisr; nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.


• epWj;jf; Fwpfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

• epWj;jf; FwpfSs;s xU ge;jpiaf; nfhLj;J> epWj;jf; Fwpfs; ,lg;gl;Ls;stw;iwg;

ghu;f;fr; nra;jy;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfsw;w ge;jpnahd;iw toq;fp> epWj;jf; Fwpfis ,lr;nra;J mtw;wpd;

gpuNahfj;jpid tpsf;Fjy;.


Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;

Kw;Wg;Gs;sp / Kbg;gpirf;Fwp / KOkhj;jpiu ( . )

• tpdhTk; nka;ghghLk; ,y;yhj Vida vy;yh thf;fpaq;fspd;

,WjpapYk; ,f;Fwp tUk;.

jkpo; xU nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ($w;W)

jkpo;nkhop tho;f. (tpaq;Nfhs;)

fz;zh ,q;Nf th. (Vty;)

9

• nrhw;fisf; FWf;fp vOJk; ,lq;fspy; tUk;.

fp.gp.1971

ed;.vOj;J.12

kh.ed;dd;

• fbj Kftupapd; ,WjpapYk;> jpfjpapd; ,WjpapYk; tUk;.

fiykfs; tPjp>

kl;lf;fsg;G.

12.06.2015.

tpdhf;Fwp / tpdhtpirf;Fwp ( ? )

• tpdhthf;fpaj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; tUk;.

cz;ik vJ?

• re;Njfj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ tUk;.

ed;D}Yk; Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisf; $wpajhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gu xU rhuhu;?

nka;g;ghl;Lf;Fwp / czu;r;rpf;Fwp.

• tpag;G> ,uf;fk;> Jd;gk;> mUtUg;G> ntWg;G vd;gd Nghd;w

czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ.

Mfh ! vd;d moF.

rP ! eP ntspNaW !

fhw;Gs;sp (>)

• xU njhluhf tUk; nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk; jdpj;jdpahfg;

gpupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.

- ,yq;if> ,e;jpah> Neghsk;> G+l;lhd;> ghfp];jhd;> tq;fhsNjrk;>

khiyjPT> Mg;fhdp];jhd; Mfpa ehLfs; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfNs.

- fhiyapy; Japy;tpl;nlOjy;> flTis kdk; cUfpj;njhopy;>

mtutu;f;Nfw;w clw;gapw;rpfis fhiyapNyNa nra;jy;> vd;gd Nghd;w

gof;fq;fs; xUtupd; tho;tpy; ntw;wpf;F cWJizahf miktd.

• thf;fpaj;jpy; vOtha; ePz;lnjhluhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJk; vOthia mLj;J

,f;FwpaPL tUk;.

- moFk; ,sikAk; mwpTk; epiwe;j ,uhkd;> tpy;tpj;ijiaAk;

jpwikahff; fw;whd;.

• thf;fpaj;jpy; nghUs; kaf;fj;ij ePf;fTk; ,f;FwpaPL gad;gLk;.

tpid> njupepiytpid vdTk; Fwpg;G tpid vdTk; ,Utifg;gLk;.

Mjyhy;> Mifahy;> MfNt> MapDk;> ,dp> vd;whYk;> vdNt> vd;gd Nghd;w

,izg;Gr; nrhw;fis mLj;JtUk;.

(Mjyhy;> Mifahy;> MfNt> MapDk;> ,dp> vd;whYk;> vdNt> vd;gd

Nghd;w ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fis mLj;JtUk;.)

ehd; Kd;Ndw tpUk;gpNdd;. mjw;fhf> fLikahf ciof;fj;

njhlq;fpNdd;.

10


njhlq;fpNdd;.Mjyhy;> Mifahy;> MfNt> MapDk;> ,dp> vd;whYk;> vdNt>

vd;gd Nghd;w ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fis mLj;JtUk;.


njhlq;fpNdd;.

,dp> ciuahliyj; njhlq;FNthk;.

Kftup vOJk;NghJ>

guPl;ir Mizahsu;>

guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;>

,RWgha.

milg;Gf;Fwp [ (.......) ]

xU tplaj;ij vOJk; NghJ rhd;whjhuk;> tiutpyf;fzk;> tpsf;fk;>

gpwnkhopr; nrhw;gpuNahfk; vd;gd gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ ,f;FwpaPL

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt (njhy;)

,izak; (Internet) ,d;W vy;NyhUf;Fk; fpilf;fj;jf;f Clfkhf

khwpAs;sJ.

Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp gw;wpf; fzf;Fg;gjpT (nrd;kjp epYit) vkJ

ehl;Lf;Fr; rhjfkhf mikAk;.

tPl;Lj;jsghlq;fs; ( fjpiu> Nkir> fl;by;) Vyj;jpy; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp

gpwUila $w;iw mg;gbNa vLj;jhSk;NghJ Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp ,lg;gLfpd;wJ.

“GJikg;gpj;jid ePf;fptpl;Lj; jkpo; rpWfij tuyhw;iwg;

ghu;f;fKbahJ vd;W Nguhrpupau; fh.rptj;jk;gp $Wthu;.

“VWNghy; el” vd;gJ rhd;Nwhu; $w;W.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• epWj;jf; Fwpfsw;w ge;jp

• epWj;jf; Fwpfs; cs;s ge;jp

• bikd;jhs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• epWj;jf; Fwpfspd; gad;ghl;il mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nghUis ed;F Gyg;gLtjw;F epWj;jf; Fwpfs; cupathW gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd

mwpe;J Jyq;Fthu;.

• epWj;jf; Fwpfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jp> jkJ Mf;fq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

11

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czu;e;J thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : flik

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• flik vDk; ghlg;gug;igf; fUj;J}d;wp nksdkhf thrpg;ghu;.

• mg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; gpujhd fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L

vOJthu;.

• kdpjDf;Fs;s xNu jiyaha flik> gpwu; eyk; NgZjNy vd;gjw;F Mjhuq;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

• flik vd;Dk; ghlg;gug;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkf;Fs; fye;Jiuahb>

gl;baw;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• NkYk; gy tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; ifahz;L jkJ Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

• ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gidj; jpwd;fis ,dq;fz;L> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.


• tpOkpak; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbg; ghlj;jpid Muk;gpj;jy;.

• ghlg;gug;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaq;fis cs;thq;Fk; tifapy; tpdhf;Nfl;L khztu;fisr;

nraw;gl itj;jy;.

• gy;NtW jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk; tpjkhf nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• flik> Raeyk;> gpwu; eyk;NgZjy; vd;gd gw;wp> fl;Liu Mrpupau; $Wk; fUj;ij

thrpj;Jf; $wr;nra;jy;.

• Gjpa Mf;fq;fisg; gilf;f topfhl;Ljy;.


12


• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; fhz;f.

- mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL

- flik czu;r;rp

- Raeyk; / gpwu; eyk;NgZjy;

- ju;kk;

- flik

- ehzak;

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd gonkhop;fs;.

- Cuhu;gps;isia Cl;b tsu;j;jhy;

- jd; gps;is jhNd tsUk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghl E}y;

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l ml;ilfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• ghlg;gug;ig nksdkhf thrpg;ghu;.

• jhk; fpufpj;jtw;iwf; FOr;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• ghlg;gug;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• fw;gidj; jpwd;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• ,JNghd;w NtW Mf;fq;fis vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.

13

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; re;jug;;gq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g tpidj;

jpwDld; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;Gf;Nfw;g> nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahf

cr;rupg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : yfu> ofu> sfu> zfu> efu> dfu> ufu>

wfu> Mfpa vOj;Jf;fshyhd nrhw;fs;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• yfu> ofu> sfu> dfu> efu> zfu> ufu> wfu Mfpa vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gplq;fisAk;

xypg;gplq;fisAk; mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• mwpe;jtw;iwf; fpufpj;J mt;ntOj;Jf;fisr; nrk;ikahf cr;rupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• mt;ntOj;Jf;fis cs;slf;fpa nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahff; $Wthu;.


• vOj;jpd; xyp NtWghl;bw;Nfw;g> vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupf;fr; nra;jy;.

• ,t;ntOj;Jf;fis cupathW cr;rupj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w kw;Wk; ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l

nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahfr; nrhy;ypf;fhl;Lfpd;w xypehlhit xypf;ftpl;Lr; nrtpkLf;fr;

nra;jy;.

• Mrpupau;> vOj;Jf;fisr; nrk;ikahf cr;rupf;f> mijr; nrtpkLj;J cupa vOj;ijj;

njupT nra;AkhW khztu;fl;Fr; nrhy;Yjy;.

• nrhy;yl;ilfisf; nfhLj;J> nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahf $wr; nra;jy;.

• vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gplq;fisAk; xypg;gplq;fisAk; mwpe;J $Wjy;.


Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; ( key words) > vz;zf;fUf;fs;

• fyp> fop> fsp

• tz;L> xd;W> ge;J

• fzk;> jdk;> eyk;

• tuk;> mwk;

• khu;G> ntw;G

• Jd;gk;> ,d;gk;

• ,yq;if> ,sik> tho;f;if

nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; xyp NtWghl;il ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jjy;.• yfuk;> ofuk;> sfuk; Kjyhd vOj;Jf;fspd; NtWghLfis mwpe;J

nrhw;fis cr;rupj;jy;.

• yfuk;> Edp eh Edp mz;zj;ijg; nghUe;j cr;rhpf;fg;gLtij mwpe;J

cr;rhpj;jy;.

• ofuk;> sfuk; Mfpa nka;naOj;Jf;fs; Edp eh Nky;Nehf;fp tise;J eL

mz;zj;ij njhLkhW cr;rhpj;jy;.

14

• ‘s’> vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;F gjpyhf ‘o’ vd;w vOj;J ,lk;ngWk; NghJ

nghUs; NtWgLtij mwpe;J vOJjy;.

cjhuzk;; - msp> Ms;> Nfhis> jhs; gyp> ths;>

mop> Mo;> Nfhio> jho;> gop> tho;

• yfuj;Jf;F gjpyhf sfuk; ,lk; ngWk; NghJ nghUs; NtWgLtij

mwpe;J vOJjy;.

cjhuzk; - xyp> fyk;> fyg;G> jyk;> tyk;>

xsp> fsk;> fsg;G> jsk;> tsk;

• yfuj;Jf;F gjpyhf ofuk; ,lk; ngWk; NghJ nghUs; NtWgLtij

mwpe;J $Wjy;.

cjhuzk; - fyp> fpyp> gyk;> fisg;G>

fop> fpop> gok;> fo;g;G (Nrhk;gy;)

• zfu> efu> dfu xyp NtWghLfis mwpe;J nraw;gLthu;.

• efuk;> Edp eh Nkw; gy;ypd; cl;Gwj;ijg; nghUe;j cr;rhpf;fg;gLk;

vd;gij mwpthH.

• efuk;> jfuj;Jf;F Kd;G tUk; NghJ kl;Lk; Edp eh gy;NyhL

nghUe;j cr;rhpf;fg;gLtij mwpthH.

• c + k; - re;ij> ge;J> njhe;jp> ,e;j

• zfuk;> Edp eh Nky; Nehf;fp tise;J e; mz;zj;ij njhl

cr;rhpf;fg;gLk; vd;gij mwpthH.

• dfuk;> Edp eh Edp mz;zj;ijg; nghUe;j cr;rhpf;fg;gLtij

mwpe;J cr;rhpg;ghH.

• zfuj;Jf;F gjpyhf dfuk; ,lk;ngWk; NghJ nghUs; NtWgLtij

mwpe;J vOJthH

c + k; - md;dk;> vd;> fhd;> jd;> kd;>

mz;zk;> vz;> fhz;> jz;> kz;

• ufuk;> wfuk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Edp eh> Edp mz;zj;ijg; nghUe;j

cr;rhpf;fg; gl;lhYk; ,t;tpU vOj;Jf;fSk; cr;rhpg;G Kiwapy;

NtWgLtij mwpe;J ciug;gH.

• ufuj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf wfuk; ,lk;ngWk; NghJ nghUs; NtWgLtij

mwpe;J vOJthH.

• c + k; - muk;> mhp> miu> fiu> rpiu> ghp> kuk;

mwk;> mwp> miw> fiw> rpiw> gwp> kwk;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• cupa vOj;jl;ilfs;

• nghUj;jkhd nrhy;yl;ilfs;


• vOj;Jf;fspd; xyp NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L> mjw;Nfw;g vOj;Jf;fis cr;rupg;ghu;.

• ,t;ntOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahfr; nrhy;ypf;fhl;Lthu;.

• ,t;ntOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jpj; njhFg;ghu;.

15

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : mtjhdkhff; fpufpj;J vOj;Jg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J>

,yf;fz tOtpd;wp> cupa epWj;jf;; FwpfSld; Mf;fq;fisj;

njspthf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2 : mtjhdpj;Jf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;jtw;iw tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : nrhy;tnjOJjy;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• nrhy;tnjOJjypd;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;

%yk; tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• nrhw;fSf;fpilNa ,ilntsptpl;L vOJthu;.

• vOj;Jg; gpioapd;wp thf;fpaq;fis vOJthu;.

• FwpaPLfisf; ifahz;L xU ge;jpahf vOJthu;.

• Mrpupau; $Wtij mtjhdkhfr; nrtpkLj;J vOJthu;.

• xyp Ngjq;fis mtjhdpj;J vOj;Jg; gpiofspd;wp vOJthu;.

• jhk; vOjpaij kPsTk; thrpj;Jj; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;thu;.

• ,yf;fzg; gpiofspd;wp> vOj;Jg; gpiofspd;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;sjh vd kPsr; rupnra;J

vOJthu;.


• nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;L khztUf;F Kd;itj;jy;.

• nrhy;tnjOJjYf;Fupa ge;jpiar; nrhw;fs; nrhw;fshf Vw;w njhdpNgjq;fSld;

cr;rupj;Jf; $Wjy;.

• Mrpupau; $Wtdtw;iwr; nrk;ikahff; fpufpj;Jg; gpiofspd;wp vOj topfhl;ly;.

• xU jlit $wp vOjr; nra;jy;, kPz;Lk; tpiuTgLj;jpf; $wp> khztu; jhk; vOjpaij

jpUj;jk; nra;aTk; topfhl;ly;.

• Nghjpa mtfhrk; nfhLj;J mtutu; vOjpaij kPsTk; jpUj;jk; nra;a topfhl;ly;.



• nrhy;tnjOJjy; nfhLg;gjw;fhd nghUj;jkhd ge;jpfs;

• epWj;jf; FwpaPLfisf; fhl;Lk; ml;ilfs;.

16

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• nghUj;jkhd ge;jpfs;

• gj;jpupiffs;

• vOJjhs;

• vOJfUtp


• nrhy;tnjOJjypd;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• nrhw;gpiofspd;wpAk; nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; ,lk;tpl;Lk; vOjNtz;ba Kiw gw;wpAk;

mwpe;J> mjw;Nfw;g vOJthu;.

• jhk; vOjpaij> Vw;w FwpaPLfs; ,l;L> jpUj;jk; nra;J gpioawg; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.

gpd;dpizg;G

jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; <oj;jpNy gy E}w;whz;Lfspy; guk;giu guk;giuahf tho;e;J te;j

gFjpfSs; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrKk; xd;whFk;. kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s ehl;Lf; $j;Jf;fs;

tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb vd ,Utifg;gLj;jpf; $wg;gLk;. ,yq;ifapy; gapyg;gLk; kuGtop

ehlfq;fSs;> Guhjd rk;gpujhaq;fSld; newp gpwohJ Nghw;wg;gl;L tUgit

kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s kuGtop ehlfq;fNs. ,tw;iw ehl;Lf; $j;J vd;gu;. ehl;Lf; $j;J

vDk; nrhw;nwhlupy; tUk; $j;J vDk; nrhy; fij jOtptUk; Ml;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ.

‘ehl;L’ vDk; nrhy; fpuhkj;ijf; Fwpg;gJ. mJNt Guhjdj;ij vLj;Jzu;j;Jtjhf

cs;sJ. kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;Lf; $j;Jf;fs; kuGj; njhlu;r;rpia ed;F VLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

‘ehl;Lf; $j;J’ vd ,op nkhopapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L te;j fiy ,d;W kf;fs; fiynad

kf;fs; kdjpdpy; cau;e;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa kf;fs; fiy GdUj;jhuzk;> r%f

tho;Tk;> tho;T newpAk; khWfpw NghJ Njhd;WtjhFk;. $j;J vd;gJ MlYk; ,irAk;

Nru;e;jJ. ,J kf;fs; epiyapy; itj;J gapyg;gLk; xU fiy. ,f; $j;J G+u;tPf r%f

mikg;G khWq; fhyj;J nghOJ Nghf;Ff;Fupa rhjdkhf khWk; vd;fpwh; Nguhrpupau;

fh.rptj;jk;gp mtu;fs;.

fyhrhu xw;WikapidAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; fhl;Lk; fhyhrhuf; $WfSs; xd;W <oj;Jj;

jopoupilNa fhzg;gLk; $j;J kughFk;. ,J epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk; xU fiyahFk;

vd Nguhrpupau; R.tpj;jpahde;jd; mtu;fSk;>$j;jpd; tsu;r;rpapYs;s Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

ahTk; ehl;Lf; $j;Jf;fs; vd ,d;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ehlfq;fspNy ed;F kpspu;fpd;wd

vdg; Nguhrpupau; fh.rptj;jk;gp mtu;fSk; $Wfpwhu;. Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU mtu;fs;

Fwpg;gpLkplj;J> fuzq;fspd; mbg;gilahf ehlfk; cUthfpaJ vdTk;> kdpjupilNa

,ay;ghf xd;iwg; gpujp nra;Ak; gz;G ,Ug;gjdhy; mtd; kdpj eltbf;iffisAk;

nja;t eltbf;iffisAk; gpujp nra;a Kw;gLifapy; ehlfk; cUthfpaJ vdTk;>

,iwtNd ehlfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhd; vdTk;> eldj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ehlfk; cUthfpaJ

vdTk;> ehlfj; Njhw;wk; gw;wpg; gy;NtW nfhs;iffs; ,d;W epyTfpd;wd vd;whu;.

nrhy;tnjOjf.

17

Nju;r;rp 10.0 : vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.1 : tOf;fspd;wp thf;fpa mikjpNahL vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : thf;fpak; mikj;jy;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• thf;fpaq;fis tOf;fspd;wp vOjNtz;ba tpjk; gw;wp mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g vOJthu;.

• thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L mjidg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• thf;fpaq;fspy; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gd ,iaGw mika

Ntz;baij> cjhuzj;Jld; vOJthu;.

• milnkhopfisg; nghUj;jKwf; ifahz;L> vOjNtz;ba Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

• vOtha;> gadpiy ,iaGngwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngw;Wg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.


• nghUj;jkhd ghl mwpKfj;ij Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkply;.

• gy;NtW thf;fpa mikg;gpy; mike;j thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

mtu;fis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• me;j thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; thf;fpa cWg;Gfis ml;ltizg;gLj;jr; nra;jy;.

• thf;fpaq;fspy; fUj;Jf;fs; vOfpd;w ,lk; vOthahfTk; fUj;J Kbfpd;w ,lk;

gadpiyahfTk; miktij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.

• thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fSf;Fj; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gdtw;iw

ml;ltizg;gLj;jp vOJjy;.

• Nkyjpf thf;fpaq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;J> FOepiyapy; Jyq;fp thf;fpa

cWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.



jpiz - cau;jpiz> m/wpiz

vz; - xUik> gd;ik

ghy; - Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;

,lk; - jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if

fhyk; - ,we;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk;

18

thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fs;

vOtha; : fUj;J xd;W vOfpd;w ,lk; my;yJ> NgRgtd; fUj;ij

vLf;fpd;w ,lk;.

nrag;gLnghUs; : tpidapd; gaidf; $WtJ.

gadpiy : thf;fpak; xd;wpdJ fUj;J Kw;Wg;ngw;W epw;gJ.

cjhuzk; : Xa;;T Neuq;fspy; Rthkp tpGyhee;j mbfs; ,yf;fz>

,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;whu;.

vOtha; - Rthkp tpGyhee;j mbfs;. ,J fUj;J vOk; ,lkhFk;.

gadpiy - fw;whu; - ,q;F fUj;J KbAk; ,lk; gadpiy.

nrag;gLnghUs; - Rthkp tpGyhee;ju; vjidf; fw;whu; - ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fis.

MfNt> ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;gJ nrag;gLnghUshFk;.

• milnkhopfs; - thf;fpa cWg;Gfs; xt;nthd;wpidAk; tpsf;fpAk; tpupj;Jk;

tUtjhFk;.

thf;fpak;

- khL Ntypahy; gha;e;jJ

milnkhop

nts;is khL fk;gp Ntypahy; Ntfkhfg; gha;e;jJ vd milnkhopAld; ,e;j

thf;fpak; mikAk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

• thf;fpaq;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;

• bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fisf; fz;lwpe;J ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

• thf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; milnkhopfisf; fz;lwpe;J vOJthu;.

• thf;fpaq;fisf; nfhLf;Fkplj;J> mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;>

fhyk; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L> ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

19

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,uridf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; thrpg;ghu;.


tpla cs;slf;fk; : fhl;L tpyq;Ffisf; fhg;Nghk;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• fhl;L tpyq;Ffisg; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs; vd;gdtw;iw tifg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• tpyq;Ffshy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf; $Wthu;.

• fhl;L tpyq;;Ffs; mUfptUtJ gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• tpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ij vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fhLfshy; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisg; gw;wpg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.


• tpyq;Ffisg; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb ghlj;jpid Muk;gpj;jy;.

• khztu;fisg; ghlj;ij thrpf;fr; nra;J topg;gLj;jy;.

• tpyq;Ffshy; kdpjDf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;; gad;fisf; $Wjy;.

• fhLfshy; kdpjDf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf; $Wjy;.

• fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjdhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfisg; gw;wp> khztu; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itf;f ,lkspj;jy;.

• fhLfisAk; tpyq;FfisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; $Wjy;.



• fhl;L tpyq;F gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

• fhl;L tpyq;FfSk; fhlopg;Gk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.

• tpyq;FfSld; njhlu;Gila ctikfs;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• gwitfs;> tpyq;Ffs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiz

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

20


• kpUfq;fs;> gwitfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• fhLfshy; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fisf; $Wthu;.

• fhl;L tpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpa Rtnuhl;b jahupg;ghu;.

• fhl;L tpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; jiyg;gpy; Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

• tpyq;Ffs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; NgRthu;.

gpd;dpizg;G

1. xl;lfg; gwit vd;W neUg;Gf; Nfhop miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jg; gwitAk;

xl;lfj;ijg;Nghy jz;zPu; Fbf;fhkNy ePz;l fhyk; thof;$baJ.

2. fhfk; kzpf;F 45 iky;fs; Ntfj;jpy; gwf;Fk;.

3. xU rhjhuz gR mjd; tho;f;ifapy; ,uz;L ,yl;rk; Ftis ghy; nfhLf;Fk;.

4. nlhy;gpd;fs; xU fz;iz kl;Lk; %bf;nfhz;L J}q;Fk;.

5. kdpjDf;F mLj;jgbahfr; rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwDs;s gpuhzp rpk;gd;]pf; Fuq;F.

6. gpwe;j ahidf;Fl;b MW khjq;fs; tiu jha;g;ghiy kl;LNk Fbf;fpwJ.

7. ahidf;F ehd;F gw;fNs cz;L.

8. epy cUz;ilapd; fLk; ciwgdp cs;s ,lj;jpy; thOtJ gdpf;fub(JUtf; fub)

21

Nju;r;rp 10.0 : vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> tOtpd;wp vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.2 : fUj;Jg; Gyg;gLkhW ge;jp vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ciueilg; gFjp

- ge;jpfs;

- fl;Liufs;

- gj;jpupiffs;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ge;jpnahd;W mika Ntz;ba Kiw gw;wpj; jhk; mwpe;jtw;iwf; $Wthu;.

• ge;jp xd;iw vOJtjw;FKd; Fwpg;Gfisj; jahupg;ghu;.

• jiyg;G xd;wpd;fPo; mika Ntz;ba tplaq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• ge;jpapy; Kjy; thf;fpaj;ijf; nfhLj;J jiyg;ig tpsf;Ftjhf mikg;ghu;.

• ge;jp vOJtjw;fhd jiyikf; fUj;ijj; jpl;lkpLthu;.

• jiyikf; fUj;ij mbnahw;Wtjhf Jizf;fUj;Jf;fs; mika Ntz;baij

tpupj;J vOJthu;.

• thf;fpa ,iaGngw> ge;jp xd;iw vOJthu;.

• fUj;Jj; njhlu;Gilajhf thf;fpaq;fis xd;wpizj;J ge;jpahf vOJthu;.

• ge;jp miktjw;fhd cupa xOq;F Kiwiaf; ifahz;L vOJthu;.


• ge;jp xd;iw thrpj;Jf; fhl;b> fye;Jiuahbg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• ge;jp xd;wpid vOJk;NghJ njspthd fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd

khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Fjy;.

• ge;jpnahd;W kpf tpupthdjhfNth> kpff; FWfpajhfNth mikaf;$lhnjd tpsf;Fjy;.

• khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOtf;Fk; xt;nthU jiyg;Gf;

nfhLj;J vOJtpj;jy;.

• mtu;fs; vOjpa ge;jpia tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;J> mg;ge;jp mikg;Gg; gw;wp

fye;Jiuahb Nkyjpf tpsf;fkspj;jy;.


22


• ge;jp mikf;Fk; Kiwiaj; jiyg;G xd;Wld; Mjhuq;fhl;b tpsf;Fjy;.

• jiyikf; fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; NtWgLj;jp vOJjy;.

• fUj;Jj; njhlu;Gld; cupa xOq;F Kiwapy; ge;jp vOJjy;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ge;jpfs; rpytw;iw xl;ba bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;


• nfhLj;j jiyg;gpy; FOthf ,aq;fp ge;jp vOJthu;.

• ge;jp mikf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• thf;fpa ,iagpidf; ifahz;L ge;jp vOJthu;.

23



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.1 : vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G KiwiaAk; tif njhifiaAk;

mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : fl;Liu

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• yfu> ofu> sfu> zfu> efu> dfu> ufu> wfu> vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;G Kiwiar;

rupahf mwpe;J> mt;ntOj;Jf;fisr; nrk;ikahf cr;rupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• ,t;ntOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahfr; nrhy;ypf; fhl;Lthu;.

• ,r;nrhw;fis itj;Jg; nghUs; Gyg;gLkhW thf;fpaq;fs; vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

• Fwpy;> neby; NtWghLfis mwpe;J nrhw;fisAk; thf;fpaq;fisAk; mikg;ghu;.

• capnuOj;Jf;fs;> nka;naOj;Jf;fs; capu;nka;naOj;Jf;fs;> Ma;j vOj;J>

Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gpuNahfk; gw;wpj; njspthff; $wpf;fhl;Lthu;.

• fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ ,j;jifa nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahff; ifahSthu;.


• vOj;jl;ilfs;> nrhy;yl;ilfis cUthf;fp mtw;iw khztu;fis thrpf;fr;nra;jy;.

• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fs; Clhf vOj;Jf;fis> nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

• rpWrpW thf;fpaq;fs; vOj topfhl;Ljy;.

• capu;> nka;> capu;nka;> Ma;jk;> Rl;L> fpue;j vOj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhz vOj;jl;ilfisj;

jahupj;J fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• vOj;Jf;fspd; njhiffis ,dq;fhZk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLj;jy;.



capu; vOj;Jf;fs; - 12

nka; vOj;Jf;fs; - 18

capu; nka; vOj;Jf;fs; - 12 x 18 = 216

Ma;j vOj;J - 01

........ 247 ........

24

• capu; vOj;Jf;fis Fwpy;> neby; vd tFf;fyhk;.

- Fwpy; - m> ,> c> v> x

- neby; - M> <> C> V> X> I> Xs

nka; vOj;Jf;fspd; cr;rupg;G Kiwisj; njspthf ntbg;nghyp> %f;nfhyp vd

tifg;gLj;jp xypj;Jf;fhl;ly;.

cjhuzk; :- ty;ypdk; - f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w; - ntbg;nghypfs; my;yJ

jil xypfs;.

nky;ypdk; - q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d; - %f;nfhypfs;

,ilapdk; - a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;

fpue;j vOj;Jf;fs; - [> ]> \> ` (tlnkhopf; fyg;gpdhy;

jkpopy; GFe;j vOj;Jf;fs;)

=> ~ - (jw;fhyj; jkpopy; mupjhf tof;fpy;

cs;s vOj;J)

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• vOj;jl;ilfs;

• nrayl;ilfs;

• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs;


• vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;gplq;fisr; rupahff; $Wthu;.

• vOj;Jf;fisr; rupahf cr;rupg;ghu;.

• xypg;gpy; kaf;fk; nfhz;l nrhw;fis mtw;wpd; nghUs;gl thf;fpaq;fspy;; mikj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

• Fwpy;> neby; vOj;Jf;fis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

• vOj;Jf;fspd; tifiaAk; njhifiaAk; $wpf;fhl;Lthu;.

25



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : ghliy / nra;Aisg; nghUSzu;e;J nrhy;Ythu; / XJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : INtk;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• nra;Ais cs;sgb thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• nra;Aisr; re;jp gpupj;J> nghUs; jUk; tpjj;jpy; XJthu;.

• nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOJthu;.

• nra;Ais XirNahL XJthu;.

• cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld;> nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; fUj;Jf;fs; kdj;jpy; gjpAk; tz;zk;

nrhy;Ythu;.

• nra;Aisf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;Jj; njhFj;J vOJthu;.

• rpWkpapd; Mw;wypid vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; mzpfis tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

• khztu;fs; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J> ghlw;gug;gpd; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.


• nra;Ais nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOj topfhl;ly;.

• nra;As; $Wk; nghopg;ig vOJk; tpjk; gw;wp> Nghjpa tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;.

• khztiug; ghlr;nra;J> Vidatiu Nfl;Lf; fpufpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• nrhy;eak; nghUs;eakpf;f nra;As;fisj; Njbg;ngw topfhl;ly;.



• mofRe;ju Njrpfu; gw;wpa Njly;.

• nkhopngau;g;Gg; ghly; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs;.

• mUk;gj tpsf;fk;

fhz;Bgk; - mUr;Rddpd; tpy;

Nfhjz;lk; - ,uhkdpd; tpy;

fl;lofp - Nguofp

mKjk; - mkpu;jk;

fiz - mk;G

26

ghq;fp - Njhop

ez;Zjy; - te;J NrUjy;

Gq;ftu; - rpwe;jtu;

etpd;wha; - nrhd;dha;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• nra;As; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;

• ,irNahL ghlg;gl;l xypg;Ngio

• ghlE}y;

• fhfpjhjpfs;


• nra;Aisg; gjk; gpupj;J XJthu;.

• nra;Aspd; nghUis vOJthu;.

• nra;Ais cr;rupg;Gj; njspNthL> nghUs; GupAk;tz;zk; ghLthu;.

• nra;Aisf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.

• Rakhfg; gilg;nghd;iw Mf;fpf;fhl;Lthu;.

• nra;As; jUk; tpOkpag; nghUisj; njhFj;J vOJthu;.

27

Nju;r;rp 12.0 : nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> nghUj;jkhd tifapy;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1 : nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J nrk;ikahfg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;> vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisAk; vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

• nrhw;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J> nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nrhw;fisr; nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; toptiffis mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.


• xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fspdJk; vjpu;f;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fspdJk; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Fjy;.

• xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhy;nyd;why; vd;d? vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhy;nyd;why; vd;d? vd;gij

tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,Utifr; nrhw;fspd; nghUisAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• xNu fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisAk; vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L> ml;ltizg;

gLj;j cjTjy;.

• nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij ngUf;fpf;nfhs;s cjTjy;.


28

• xU nrhy;Yf;F vjpuhd nghUisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nrhy;iy vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

vdyhk;.

cjhuzk; - mfk;; - Gwk;

mfo;jy; - J}u;j;jy;

,ufrpak;; - gufrpak;

,wg;G - gpwg;G

cjak; - kiwT

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs; vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJjhs;fs;


• nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• nrhw;fspid ,dq;fz;L ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

• nrhw;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; Mf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpAld; jkJ Mf;fq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

• xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisAk; vjpu;f; fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisAk; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy;

nghUj;jkhff; ifahs;thu;.


• xU nrhy; epd;W nghUs; jUk; ,lj;jpy; me;jr; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf ,d;ndhU

nrhy;yike;J mNj nghUisj; jUkhapd; mr;nrhy; xj;j fUj;Jr; nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk; : moy; - neUg;G

mltp - fhL

mfpyk; - Qhyk;> g+kp

Mjtd; - #upad;> mUf;fd;> gupjp

Mop - fly;

vopy; - moF> ,sik

tpy; - mk;nga;tjw;Fupa fUtp

29

Nju;r;rp 9.0 : thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jtw;iwj; njspthf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 : thrpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : fhe;jpabfs; fbjk;

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• fbj mikg;gpid mwpe;J mJ gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• fbj mikg;gpyhd ghlj;jpy; fhe;jpabfs; ‘`fPk; m[;ky;fhd;’ vd;gtUf;F jd;

rpiwtho;T mDgtj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;tpjk; gw;wp tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;;.

• mf;fbjj;jpy; jdJ kdk; ftu;e;j my;yJ> kdjpNy jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa gFjpia

vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• ,J NghyNt jdJ mDgtj;ijf; fbj mikg;gpy; vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.

• ghlg;gug;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis filg;gpbf;f Kd;tUthu;.


• cwTKiwf; fbjk; mikAk; tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• fbjk; xd;W mikAk; tpjk; gw;wpf; nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; rhjd%lhf tpsf;Fjy;.

• tFg;gpNy khztu; xUtiuf; nfhz;L ghlj;ij cuj;J thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> ntt;NtW jiyg;Gfisf; nfhLj;Jf; fbjk;

vOjr;nra;jy;.

• khztu; vOjpa fbjj;ij thrpf;fr;nra;J> fye;Jiuahb> Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;ij

toq;fy;.



• fbjk; xd;W vOjg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk;.

• mjd; mikg;G.

• fbjk; vOJgtiu Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; $Wk; ghq;F.

• khjpupf; fbjk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• bikd;jhs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

30


• fbjk; vOjg;gLtjd; Nehf;fk; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• fbjnkhd;wpy; mika Ntz;ba cWg;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

• fbjk; vOJgtu;> jdJ vz;zq;fisr; Rygkhf ntspg;gLj;j> fbj mikg;G cjTtijj;

jkJ mDgtq;fspypUe;J $Wthu;.

• fbjk; xd;wpid vOjpr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

K. kjpaofd;>

,y : 32>

Nf.Nf efu;>

kJiu>

jkpo;ehL>

,e;jpah.

12.06.2015.

md;Gs;s kfSf;F vOjpf;nfhs;tJ>

gbg;gjw;fhf ,d;W ePq;fs; aho;g;ghzk; nrd;wpUf;fpd;wPu;fs;. ehDk; Ntiyf;fhf ,e;jpa

nrd;wpUf;fpd;Nwd;. cdJ gbg;gpy;jhd; mg;ghtpDila ciog;Gj; jq;fpAs;sJ.

gbg;gjdhy;jhd; xU kdpjd; jiy epkpu;e;J epw;f KbAk; vd;gjid ehd; cq;fsplk; gy

jlitfs; $wp ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;. ,d;W vkJ ehl;by; fy;tpiag; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;

jpwe;J tplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;jr; #oiyg; gad;gLj;jp fw;gjpy; Kd;dpiyapy; jpfo

Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; tPl;by; %j;j gps;is ed;whfg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;wtu;fSf;F

topfhl;bahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rthy;fis vjpu;nfhz;L ntw;wpngw Ntz;Lk;. fw;gjpy;

gpd;dpw;ff; $lhJ. cjtp nra;a Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy; kw;wtu;fSf;F cjt Kd;tuNtz;Lk;.

Njhy;tpiaf; fz;L Jtz;Ltplf; $lhJ. Njhy;tpjhd; xUtUf;F ntw;wpg;gbahf mikAk;

vd;gjid kdjpNy nfhz;L nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nfhgk; tUk;Nghnjy;yhk; rfpj;Jf;

nfhz;L tho Ntz;Lk;. mJ cq;fis tho;f;ifapd; cr;rj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;WtpLk;.

vg;NghJk; J}u Nehf;NfhL nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nraw;gLk;NghJ gy NrhjidfSk;

NtjidfSk; tUtjw;F tha;g;Gz;L mtw;iwnay;yhk; ngWj;Jf; nfhz;L Neupa topapy;

gadpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Neu;ikf;F Mz;ltd; vd;Wk; Jizahf ,Ug;ghu;. Kaw;rpiaf;

iftpl Ntz;lhk;.

vd;nwd;Wk; cq;fs; mg;gh>

................................................(K.kjpaofd;)

khjpupf; fbjk;

31

gpd;dpizg;G - 1

(02.10.1869 – 30.01.1948)

,aw;ngau; : Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi)

gpwe;j ,lk; : ,e;jpahtpy; F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; cs;s Nghu;ge;ju;.

khfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; mwtopg; Nghuhl;lk; rj;jpahf;fpufk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. mJ ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;F toptFj;jJ.

fhe;jpf;F kfhj;kh vd;Dk; gl;lk; mspj;jtu; ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;.

rj;jpaNrhjid vd;w Rarupij E}iy F[uhj;nkhopapy; khfhj;kh fhe;jp

vOjpdhu;. ,e;E}y; jkpopYk; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,sikapy; fhe;jp (1876)

njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; fhe;jp (1906)

32

Nju;r;rp 11.0 : gilg;Gfis thrpj;J mDgtq;fs; Clhf> gilg;ghf;f

El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.2 : eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : cwTKiwf; fbjk;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• fbjj;jpd; cWg;Gf;fs; gw;wp njspTgLj;Jthu;;.

• cwTKiwf; fbjj;jpd; jdpj;Jt mk;rj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapy; fbjnkhd;iw

vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.

• gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhff; fbjq;fis vOJthu;.

• tof;fj;jpypUe;J tpNrbj;J ntspg;gLk; tplaj;jpidf; fbjkhf vOJthu;;.


• cwTKiwf; fbjk;> miog;gpjo;fs;> gj;jpupifr; nra;jpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• FOf;fshf khjpup tsq;fisg; ghu;j;J fpufpj;j gpd;du;> Rakhf fbjk; xd;iw vOjp

Kd;itj;jy;.

• Fwpj;j Neuj;jpDs; fbjnkhd;wpid vOj topg;gLj;jy;.


Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; ( key words), vz;zf;fUf;fs;

fbj tiffs;.

1. cwT Kiwf; fbjk;.

2. njhopy; Kiwf; fbjk;.

fbjj;jpd; gad;ghLfs;.

- cwT epiyfs; tYg;gLjy;.

- fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F cjTjy;.

- Mf;fj;jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

- Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.

33

fbj cWg;Gf;fs;

cwTKiwf; fbjk;

I. mDg;Ggtupd; KO KftupAk;> jpfjpAk; (tyJgf;f Nky; %iyapy;)

24> gpujhd tPjp>

nfhOk;G - 03.

12.06.2016.

II. tpspg;G 1. md;Gs;s mk;kh> 2. mUik ez;gh>

III. nra;jp (m) eyk; tprhupj;jy;

(M) cs;slf;fr; nra;jp

IV. Kbg;G

vOJgtUf;Fk; ngWgtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

cjhuzk; : cq;fs; md;G kfd;

mUik ez;gd;

V. xg;gk;ifnaOj;Jf;Fg; gpd; epWj;jw;Fwp vJTk; vOjg;gLtjpy;iy.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• cwKiwf; fbj khjpupfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• miog;gpjo;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• gj;jpupifr; nra;jpj; JZf;Ffs;

• ghlE}y;


• cwTKiwf; fbjj;jpy; md;G> gz;G> njspthd tplantspg;ghL> Kbg;G vd;gd

mikAkhW vOJk; jpwid ntspgLj;Jthu;.

• fbjj;jpy; nra;jpnahd;iwj; njspthf vOJk; jpwid ntspgLj;Jthu;.

34

Nju;r;rp 12.0 : nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jpnra;J> nghUj;jkhd tifapy;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1 : nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J> nrk;ikahfg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : vjpu;g;ghw;; nrhw;fs;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J Jyq;Fthu;.

• vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L> ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fis mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• vjpu;;g;ghw; nrhw;fspy; jhk;ngw;w nkhopj;jpwd;fisj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


• Vw;nfdNt mwpe;Jnfhz;l vjpu;;g;ghw; nrhw;fisf; $wp> fye;Jiuahb> ghlg;gpuNtrk;

nra;jy;.

• vjpu;g;ghw; fUj;Jj; jUk; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

• vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> vjpu;;g;ghw; nrhw;fisj; Njbj; njhFf;fr; nra;jy;.

• vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fspd; nghUis tpsf;fp> Mf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;j topnra;jy;.


Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; ( key words), vz;zf;fUf;fs;

• Mz;ghYf;Fupa ngz;ghw; nrhw;fs; my;yJ> ngz;ghYf;Fupa Mz;ghw; nrhw;fs;

vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;.

mbahd; - mbahs;

mg;gd; - mk;ik

murd; - murp

mofd; - mofp

Mrpupad; - Mrpupia

35

ML - kf^c

,ilad; - ,ilr;rp

,e;jpud; - ,e;jpuhzp

,y;yhd; - ,y;yhs;

cj;jkd; - cj;jkp

cotd; - coj;jp

Cikad; - Cikr;rp

Iad; - Iia

xUtd; - xUj;jp

flh - kwp

fLtd; - ke;jp

fzf;fd; - fzf;fr;rp

fztd; - kidtp

fiy - gpiz

fspW - gpb

fhtw;fhud; - fhtw;fhup

fhis - gR

fpotd; - fpotp

Fzthd; - Fztjp

FU - FUj;jpdp

rptd; - rpit

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fslq;fpa ml;ltiz

• Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy; mlq;fpa fl;Liu / nra;As;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• vjpu;g;ghw; fUj;ijj; jUk; nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L Jyq;Fthu;.

• vjpu;;g;ghw; fUj;ijj; jUk; nrhw;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jKwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• vjpu;g;ghw; nrhw;fspD}lhf nkhopj;jpwidj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; nrk;ikahf

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

36

,y. Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtis gf;fk;

kl;lk;

01 9.0 9.1 ciueil> nra;As; 04 37

02 3.0 3.2 nre;jkpo; Nghw;wpa Nrud; 03 38

03 12.0 12.1 xU nghUs; gy nrhy;

gy nghUs; xU nrhy; 02 40

04 7.0 7.1 nra;As;fs; 03 42

05 4.0 4.1 ngd;rpypd; fij 03 44

06 11.0 11.1 fij vOJjy; 04 46

07 12.0 12.2 kuGj; njhlu;fs; 03 48

08 2.0 2.1 capu;fhf;fg; gapu;fhg;Nghk; 04 50

09 6.0 6.1 <rd; ctf;Fk; ,d;kyu; 03 52

10 12.0 12.2 ctikj; njhlu;fs; 04 55

11 3.0 3.1 flYk; fpzWk; 02 57

12 11.0 11.2 tpsk;guk;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; 05 59

13 12.0 12.2 ,ul;il nkhop> ,iznkhop 04 61

14 7.0 7.1 fUq;fhw; FwpQ;rp 04 63

15 13.0 13.3 thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw vOJjy;. 05 65

,uz;lhk; jtiz

37



tpla cs;slf;fk; : ciueil> nra;As;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• nfhLf;fg;gLk; ciueil my;yJ> nra;As; xd;wpidf; Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;J

Kf;fpakhdtw;iw vOJthu;;.

• mg;gFjpia khztu; xUtu; thrpf;f> VidNahu; Fwpg;ngLg;ghu;.

• nrtpkLj;Jf; fpufpj;j tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;ghf vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;Gfisr; RUf;fkhf vOjp Mjhuk; fhl;Lthu;.


• gj;jpupif my;yJ NtW Gj;jfq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;w tplaq;fis khztu;fSf;F

fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• khztu;fs; Fwpg;ngLj;j tplaq;fis kw;wtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.

• Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fzhk;rk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• nfhLj;j jiyg;gpy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;ba tplaq;fis xOq;fhfTk; njspthfTk;

Neu;j;jpahfTk; vOj topfhl;ly;.



• gj;jpupifapy; te;j fl;Liufs; nra;As;fs; Nghd;witfs;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• nra;As; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;

• ghlE}y;


• Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu nra;As; cs;slf;fj;ijg; ge;jpahf vOJthu;.

• gpujhd fUj;ijAk; Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis NtWgLj;jp vOJthu;.

• ghj;jpu ,ay;gpid my;yJ Fzhk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

• nfhLf;fg;gl;l tplaj;jpid xOq;fhfTk; njspthfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; vOJthu;.

38

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W> mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;

czu;r;rpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : ghtid nra;J NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : nre;jkpo; Nghw;wpa Nrud;

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ‘nre;jkpo; Nghw;wpa Nrud;’ vd;Dk; fl;Liuapd; cs;slf;fj;ij thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;

$Wthu;.

• fl;Liuapd; gpujhd fUj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• Jizf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

• fl;Liuapy; fhZk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• jhKk; ,t;thwhd fl;Liufis vOJthu;.

• fl;Liuapd; Fwpj;j gFjpapid ehlfkhf;fp ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.


• khztu;fisf; fUj;J}d;wp nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• FOKiwapy; thrpf;f itj;J> jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

• fl;Liu Mrpupaupd;; Nehf;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• fl;Liuapy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; $w> khztUf;F ,lkspj;jy;.



• fl;Liu Mrpupau;> tpj;Jthd; jpU. j. fp. Fg;Gr;rhkp Mo;thu; mtu;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.

• ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;dd;> gzf;fhuiutpl mwpTiuahsiu tpUk;Gk; kd;dd;;

Gytu;fis ed;F Mjupg;gtd;.

• ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;ddpd; mur rigf;F> ghz;b ehl;Lg; Gytu;

‘NkhrpfPudhu;’ tUif

• ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiwahu;> NkhrpfPudhupd; el;G gw;wpa tpsf;fk;:

- KuR fl;bypy; NkhrpfPudhu; gLj;Jwq;fy;

- ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;dDf;F Vw;gl;l Nfhgk;

- Gytu; vd;gij mwpe;J Nfhgk; jzpjy;

39

- Gytu; gLj;Jwq;f rhkuk; tPry;; Gytu; jpLfpl;L vOjy;

- jhd; gLj;Jwq;fpaJ KuR fl;by; vd;gij czu;e;J> kdk; tUe;Jjy;

- kd;dd; Gytiuf; fl;bj; jOty;

- kd;ddpd; ,dpa nraiyg; Nghw;wy;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• bikd;jhs;

• vOJjhs;> vOJfUtpfs;

• fzpdp> Nke;jiy vwpap (OHP)


• fl;Liuapd; cs;slf;fj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• fl;Liuapd; gpujhd fUj;J> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fis vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

• fl;Liuapy; fhZk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis vOJthu;.

• ,J Nghd;w fl;Liu xd;iw vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

• glj;jpYs;s nghUj;jkhd gFjpiag; ghtid nra;J Ngrpf;fhl;Lthu;.

40


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1 : nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUisAk; mwpe;J> nrk;ikahfg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : xU nghUs; gy nrhy;

gy nghUs; xU nrhy;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• gy nghUs; jUk; xU nrhy;iy ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• ,dq;fz;l nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; gpuNahfpj;J jkJ Mf;fq;fspid vOJthu;.

• nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> Mf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


• xU nghUs; gy nrhy; ml;iliaAk; gynghUs; xU nrhy; ml;iliaAk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

fye;Jiuahly;.

• xUtu; xU nghUisj; jUk; nrhy;iyf; $w> VidNahu; mjw;Fupa xU nrhy;iyf;

fz;lwpe;J $witj;jy;.

• mt;thNw> khztu; xUtu;; xU nrhy;iyf; $w> kw;w khztu;fs; mjw;Fupa gy

nghUisf; $wr; nra;jy;.

• tFg;giwapy; ,t;thW $wpa nrhw;fisg; gapw;rpf; nfhg;gpapy; vOj itj;jy;.

• jhd; Kd;G ghlE}ypy; fw;w ghlq;fspypUe;J ,t;thwhd nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L

vOjr; nra;jy;.



• xU nghUs; gynrhy;

xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs; toq;fp tUkhapd;> mit xU nghUs; gynrhy;

vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: jikad; - mz;zd;> %j;Njhd;> Kd;Ndhd;> Kd;dtd;>

Njhop - rpNefpjp> ghq;fp> rfp

kpFjp - rhy> cW> jt> edp> $u;> fop

mk;G - mj;jpuk;> fiz> ruk;> ghzk;> thsp

41

Mrpupad; - Mrhd;> cghj;jpahad;> Futd;> Njrpfd;

Mguzk; - mzp> Muk;> ,io> fyd;> eif> gzp> G+z;

Muk;gk; - Mjp> njhlf;fk;> Kjy;

Mw;wy; - cuk;> rf;jp> typik

• gy nghUSf;F xU nrhy;

xU nrhy;yhdJ gy nghUs; Fwpj;J toq;fp tUkhapd;> mJ gy nghUs; Fwpj;j

xU nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

E}y; - ijay; E}y;> Gj;jfk;> rh];jpuk;> g+Z}y;

kiw - Ntjk;> ke;jpuk;> fiw> kw> xopj;jy;

mj;jp - xU kuk;> fly;> ahid> nfhiy> jpg;gyp

mf;fpuk; - Fjpiu> fOij> mk;G> epiyapd;ik

miz - tuk;G> nra; fiu> nkj;ij> kl;L

mzq;F - moF> nja;tg; ngz;> mr;rk;

mzp - myq;fhuk;> xOq;F> Mguzk;> gil> tFg;G

mfk; - ,lk;> kid> kdk;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• xU nrhy; gy nghUs;, gy nghUs; xU nrhy; ml;ltiz

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs;


• nrhw;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• nrhw;fspd; nghUis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• ,dq;fz;l nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

• nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; vOJthu;.

• nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> Mf;fq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

42

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,urizf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; thrpg;ghu;.


tpla cs;slf;fk; : rpNyil

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• nra;As;fisf; fUj;J}d;wp nksdkhf thrpg;ghu;.

• nra;Aspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gpujhd fUj;ij Kd;itg;ghu;;.

• khztu;fs; FOf;fshf ,aq;fp> jhk; eae;jtw;iw vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

• ,it Nghd;w ftpijiaj; jhKk; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.


• khztu;fis nksdkhf thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• khztu;fs; thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;jij Kd;itf;fr; nra;jy;.

• ghlyhrpupauJ Nehf;fk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• ghlypy; rpNyil mzp ,lk;ngw;W eak; gag;gijg; gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.



• rpNyil nrhy;yzpfspy; xd;W.

• xU nrhy; my;yJ njhlu; gy nghUs; jUk;gb miktJ rpNyil vdg;gLk;.

• nrtpf;F ,dpikahdJk;> epidtpy; itj;jpUf;fTk; cjTtJ.

• Nkilg; Ngr;rpYk;> ciueil tifapYk; rpNyil ifahSjy;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• rpNyil mzpfs; ,lk;ngWk; njhlu;fs; vOjpa bikd;jhs;.

• vOJ fUtpfs;

• vOJ jhs;fs;

fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:

• ghliyr; nrk;ikahf thrpg;ghu;.

• ghliy Xireaj;Jld;> jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ghLthu;.

• ghliy cWg;gika vOJthu;.

• ghliy thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;J> tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.

43

rpNyil

fhsNkfg; Gytupd; ghlnyhd;W jug;gLfpd;wJ.

ntq;fhak; Rf;fhdhy; nte;jaj;jhy; Mtnjd;d

,q;fhu; Rku;e;jpUg;ghu; ,r;ruf;if

kq;fhj> rPufj;ij je;jPNuy; Ntz;Nld; ngUq;fhak;

Ntufj;Jr; nrl;bahNu!

,e;jg; ghliy Neubahfg; nghUs; nfhz;lhy; xU gy ruf;Ff; filf;fhud; Ntufk;

vdg;gLk; jpUNtufj;ijr; Nru;e;j nrl;bahiug; ghu;j;Jr; nrhy;tJ Nghy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Ntufr; nrl;bahNu!

rkpghbd;ikiag; Nghf;f ntq;fhak;> nte;jak;> ngUq;fhak; Kjypaitfis ,l;Lf;

Fok;G jahupg;ghu;fs;. ,jpy; thq;fp te;j ntq;fhakhdJ Rf;ifg; Nghd;W cyu;e;J

Ngha; tpLkhapd;> nte;jak; ,Ue;Jk; ve;jg; gaDkpy;iy. vdNt me;jr; ruf;Fg; nghUl;fs;

,Ug;gjpy; ve;jg; gaDk; ,y;iy. ,itfspy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; gaid rPufj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk;

,urk; %yk; ngwyhk;. NkYk; rPufKk; nfl;Lg; Nghfhj nghUshfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

vdNt r Pufj ;ij vdf;Fj; je ;jhy; ngUq;fhak; vdf;Fj; Njitapy ;iy.

Ntufj;Jr; nrl;bahNu vd;gJ> jpUNtufj;jpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ngUkhNd! ntq;fhak; vd;gjpy;

fhankd;gJ clk;G> vdNt> ntq;fhak; vd;gJ ntWikahd clk;G. Rf;fhdhy;> mjhtJ

Rf;ifg;Nghy thb tjq;fpg; Nghdhy; nte;jaj;jhy; Mtnjd;d? nte;j + mak; vd;gJ

capu; jupg;gjw;fhf cz;zg;gLk; mar; nre;J}uk; vd;w nghUspy; tuyhk; vdf;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> clk;G nfl;Lg;Nghdhy; capiuj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; me;j

maw; nre;J}uj;jhy; vd;d gad;? ,q;fhu; Rke;jpUg;ghu; ,r;ruf;if> mjhtJ> mjd; gpwF

ahu; ,e;j cliyr; Rke;J nfhz;bUf;f tpUk;Gthu;fs;. rPufj;ijj; je;jPNu vd;gjpy;

rPu; + mfk; mjhtJ> rpwe;j kdij my;yJ> rpwe;j tPl;il my;yJ> tPLNgw;iwj;

jUtPNuahdhy;> Ntz;Nld; ngUq;fhak;. ngUq;fhak; vd;gJ ngupa + fhak;. mjhtJ

ngupa clk;G. vdNt> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpwe;J tpidapdhy; mtjpg;gLk; ,e;jg; ngupa

clk;igf; Nfl;fkhl;Nld;. vd;w ,d;ndhU nghUisAk; nfhz;L rpNyilahf

,g;ghly; mikfpd;wJ.

gpd;zpidg;G

44

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : jkJ vz;zq;fisf; Nfl;Nghu; csq;nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy;

vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; njspthfg; NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ngd;rpypd; fij

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• fl;Liuia thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• ngd;rpy; nra;Ak; tpjk; gw;wp tpgupj;Jf; fl;lq;fl;lkhff; $Wthu;.

• ngd;rpy; nra;aj; Njitahd %yg;nghUs;fs; gw;wpg; gl;baw;gLj;jp tpgupj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• Rarupijahf Mrpupau; Muk;gj;ijf; $w> khztu;fs; mjidj; njhlu;e;J

$wp Kbg;ghu;.

• FOf;fshf khztu;fisr; nraw;gl itj;J Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; ghl

cs;slf;fj;ijf; $Wthu; / vOJthu;.

• thrpj;j tplak; njhlu;ghd rk;gt tpgupg;ig ntspg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• ghlg;gug;gpy; ,lk; ngw;w Kf;fpa juTfis xd;wpj;J Ngrpf;fhl;Lthu;.


• fl;Liuia khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpf;f topfhl;Ljy;.

• FOf;fshf khztu;fisr; nraw;glr;nra;J> fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlr; nra;jy;.

• xUtUld; xUtu; ciuahb> jhk; fpufpj;j tplaq;fisj; njhFj;J vOjr;nra;jy;.

• xt;nthU FOtpdUk; jhk; njhFj;J vOjpaij Kd;itf;f topfhl;Ljy;.

• ngd;rpy; nra;aj; Njitahd %yg; nghUl;fs; xt;nthd;wpidg; gw;wpAk; Njitahd

Nkyjpf tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

• gy;NtWgl;l tpdhf;fis xt;nthU FOtpdUf;Fk; toq;fp> tpil vOjr;nra;J

fye;Jiuahl topfhl;Ljy;.

• khztu;fsplk; vOkhwhfr; rpwpa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L> mtw;Wf;F tpil $wr; nra;jy;


45


• fl;Liu Mrpupau; Nehf;Fg; gw;wpa tpguk;.

• igd; kuk;

• fupak;

• epyf;fup

• fspkz;

• H, B vDk; vOj;Jf;fs; ngd;rpypy; vOjg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk;.

• gir

• mYkpdpak;

• njhopw;rhiy ciy

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• fl;Liu njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp vOJthu;.

• gpujhd nrhw;fs; mit gw;wpa ifahs;if gw;wp cjhuzk; fhl;Lthu;.

• ngd;rpy; xd;W cUg;ngWk; Kiwia Rarupijahff; $Wthu; / vOJthu;.

46

Nju;r;rp 11.0 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fs; Clhf> gilg;ghf;f

El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.1 : gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : fij vOJjy;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• fij xd;wpid vOJtJ gw;wpa mbg;gil tpjpfisf; tpsf;Fthu;.

• fijnahd;W rpwe;j mwpt+l;liy toq;Ftjhf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjid cjhuzk;

%yk; tpsf;Fthu;.

• jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp tpsf;fk; $Wthu;.

• jdJ kdj;jpid ntFthfg; ghjpj;j tplak; xd;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fij

vOJthu;.

• vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; $ba fijnahd;wpd; Muk;gj;ij vOJthu;.

• njspthfTk; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; Neu;;j;jpahfTk; fijia vOjp Kbg;ghu;.

• nghUj;jkhd nkhopeiliaf; ifahz;L> kw;wtu;fSf;F ,yFtpw; GupAk; tz;zk;

vOJthu;.

• mtjhdpg;Gfs;> rpe;jidfs; Gyg;gLk; tz;zk; fijia vOJthu;.

• jhk; vOJk; Mf;fq;fspd; tbtk;> mikg;G> jiyg;G vd;gd nghUj;jKw mikAk;

tz;zk; fijia vOJthu;.


• fij xd;wpid thrpj;Jf;fhl;bg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• fij xd;wpid my;yJ> ciuahly; xd;wpid vOJk; Kiwapid khztUld;

fye;Jiuahbf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy;.

• jdJ mDgtq;fis vt;tpjk; ifahz;L fij vOJjy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; fye;Jiuahly;.

• fijapd; Muk;gk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpidf; nfhLg;gjhf mika Ntz;baij typAWj;jy;.

• fijapd; jiyg;G vjpu;ghu;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjhf fijf;fUit cs;slf;fkhff;

nfhs;tjhf mika Ntz;baij vLj;J tpsf;Fjy;.


47


• fijf;fUit tsu;j;Jr; nry;yy;.

• fijf;fUit tsu;j;Jr; nry;tjw;F ghj;jpuq;fs; cjTtij cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Fjy;.

• fijNahl;lj;ij tsu;f;f jiyg;G vt;tpjk; cjTfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.

• ghj;jpu mwpKfk;> nkhopeil %yk; fij ntw;wpngWtijf; fye;Jiuahb

tpsf;Fjy;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• fijfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• jiyg;gpd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bid vOJthu;.

• nfhLf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis cs;slf;fpajhff; fij xd;wpid vOJthu;.

• fijf;fUitg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jiyg;gpid vOJthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd nkhopeilapy; kw;wtu; ,yFtpy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vOJthu;.

• ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fztpay;G gw;wp tpgupj;J vOJthu;.

48


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.2 : nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; nghUisAk; tifiaAk; mwpe;J

nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : kuGj;njhlu;fs;

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• kuGj;njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; jUthu;.

• kuGj;njhlu; Fwpf;Fk; Fwpg;Gg; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ghlE}ypypUe;J Nju;e;njLf;Fk; xU ghlj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kuGj;njhliu ,dq;fz;L

$Wthu;.

• kuGj; njhlu;fisf; ifahz;L thf;fpak; vOJthu;.

• kuGr; nrhw;nwhlu;fisf; ifahs;tjd; %yk; jkJ nkhopahw;wiy tsk;gLj;jyhk;

vd;W fUjp> jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; mtw;iwf; ifahSthu;.


• kuGj;njhlu;fs; ,lk;ngWk; ge;jp xd;wpid khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa ge;jpapy; ,lk;ngWk; kuGr;nrhw;nwhlu;fisAk; mit Fwpf;Fk;

Fwpg;Gg; nghUisAk; gw;wpAk; khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;.

• kuGj;njhlu;fisf; ifahz;L trdk; mikj;jy;.

• jhk; $wte;j fUj;ij mOj;jkhfTk;> RUf;fkhfTk;> RitahfTk; $Wtjw;F kuGr;

nrhw;nwhlu;fs; cjTtij mwpe;J tpsf;Fjy;.



• kuGj;njhlu;

nrhw;fs; jkf;Fupa Neu;g;nghUis czu;j;jhky;> Fwpg;ghd NtW xU nghUis

czu;j;jp tUtJ.

• kuGj;njhlu;> ,yf;fzj; njhlu; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

49

• kuGj; njhlu;fs; rpy

mbNfhYjy; - mj;jpthukply;> Maj;jQ; nra;jy;

mbAiw - ghjfhzpf;if

fz; fdYjy; - Nfhgj;jhy; fz;rptj;jy;

fz; rhj;Jjy; - md;NghL ghu;j;jy;

fz;L fhZjy; - vftdkha;g; ghu;j;jy;

fz; jpwj;jy;. - mwpT cz;lhjy;> mUs; cz;lhjy;

fz; %Ljy; - rhjy;

fiuj;Jf; Fbj;jy; - Kw;wf; fw;wwpjy;

fOj;jWj;jy; - ngUe; Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;Fjy;> jPiknra;jy;

fhijf; fbj;jy; - Nfhs; nrhy;Yjy;

fhyhWjy; - Xa;jpUj;jy;

fhY}d;Wjy; - epiyngWjy;

fhJ Fj;Jjy; - tQ;rpj;jy;

iftUjy; - Nju;r;rp ngWjy;

nrtp kLj;jy; - Mu;tj;NjhL Nfl;ly;

jiy fhl;Ljy; - gyUkwpa ntsptUjy;

Njhs; nfhLj;jy; - ,lupy; cjtp nra;jy;

ehf;F ePSjy; - mlf;fkpd;wpg; NgRjy;

gy;iyg; gpLq;Fjy; - rf;jpia thq;Fjy;

Kfj;jpybj;jy; - NeNu epe;jpj;jy;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• kuGj;njhlu; ,lk;ngWk; ge;jp

• bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;


• kuGj;njhlu;fSf;F Fwpg;Gg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

• kuGj;njhliuf; ifahz;L thf;fpaq;fis vOJthu;.

• kuGj;njhlu;fis ,dk; fz;L $Wthu;.

• kuGj;njhlu;fisj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; ifahs;thu;.

50

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; ciuahLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : jkJ czu;TfSk; vz;zq;fSk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLk;

tifapy; ciuahLthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : capu; fhf;fg; gapu; fhg;Nghk;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• epWj;jf;; Fwpfis mDrupj;J thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fl;Liug; gFjpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;ijj; njspTgLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• Nrhb Nru;e;J my;yJ> FOthf ,aq;fpf; fl;Liug;gFjpapd; fU> Jizf;fUf;fs;

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb mtw;iwg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; jUk; NtW Fws;fis Mjhuq;;fhl;b ciuahLthu;.

• Nrhk;giy cjwpj;js;sp Kaw;rpAld; nraw;gLNthk; vd;gjw;Fj; jkJ mDgtj;ijf;

fye;JiuahlY}lhf Kd;itg;ghu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis kdq;nfhz;L mtw;iwf; filg;gpbf;fNtz;Lnkdf; $Wthu;.


• jpUf;Fws; gw;wpAk; mjpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpAk; khztu;fSld;

fye;Jiuahbg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• kf;fs; Mjpfhyj;jpy; Kaw;rp nra;J tho;e;jijAk; ,d;iwa kf;fsJ tho;T

KiwapidAk; xg;gpl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

• ghlg;gug;ig nksdkhf thrpg;gjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;jy;.

• KOikahd cs;slf;f tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjkhf tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;lYk;

fye;Jiuahb mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisg; ngWjYk;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J mtu;fs; fpufpj;jtw;iw vOjr; nra;J> tpgupf;fr;

nra;jy;.

• fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpa czu;TfSf;F Vw;g> jhKk; Kaw;rp cilatuhf

thoNtz;Lnkd czu;e;J $w topg;gLj;jy;.


51


• Mjpfhy kf;fspdk; jkJ czTj; Njitiaj; jhNk epiwNtw;wpaikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;b> ,f;fhy kf;fspd; tho;Tld; xg;gply;.

• nrhy;yhl;rpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;.

- gr;irf; fha;fwpfs;

- ,q;nfhU tPl;bYk; mq;nfhU tPl;bYkh?

- tWikapw; nfhLik

- tiftifahd nfhbfs;

- ,uz;nlhU jpq;fs;

- gUtj;Jf;Nfw;w gapu;

- coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• jpUf;Fws;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• gy;NtWgl;l nrhy;yhl;rpfis ifahs;thu;.

• FwpaPLfis cupa Kiwapy; ifahz;L thf;fpak; vOJthu;.

• nrhw;fsQ;rpa tpUj;jpAld; Ngr;R xd;iw Kd;itg;ghu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

52

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : fpufpj;Jg; nghUs; czu;e;J thrpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jj; Jyq;Fthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : <rd; ctf;Fk; ,d;kyu;

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ‘<rd; ctf;Fk; ,d;kyu;’ vd;Dk; ghlw; gFjpiag; gjk; gpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bAk;

thrpg;ghu;.

• ghly;fspy; tUk; mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

• ghliy ,irAld; XJthu;.

• ghly; jUk; nghUisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

• ghlypy; jhk; eae;j gFjpiaf; $wp> mt;tpjk; eae;jjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; tpsf;fpf;

$Wthu;.

• ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk; mzpfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.

• cs;sf;fkyk;> $g;gpa iff;fhe;js;> ehl;ltpop nea;jy; vd;gd ,iwtdhy; tpUk;gg;gLk;

vd vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• Rthkp tpGyhee;ju; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tplaq;fisj; Njbj; njhFj;J vOJthu;.


• ghliy ,irNahL ghbf;fhl;b> khztiuf; Nfl;fr; nra;jy;.

• khztu; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa ghliy thrpf;f topfhl;Ljy;.

• khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fp> xt;nthU ghliyAk; ghbg; gapw;rpngw topfhl;Ljy;.

• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOjr; nra;jy;.

• mzpfisf; fz;lwpar; nra;J> tpsf;fpf; $wr;nra;jy;.

• khztu; eae;j gFjpiaf;; $wp> mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; tpsf;FkhW topg;gLj;jy;.

• ,t;thwhd nghUs; nfhz;l ftpijnahd;iw vOj (4 tupfspy;) topg;gLj;jy;.

• ghlypy; tUk; fUtpid vOjr; nra;jy;.

• khztu; ghliy ,uridNahL ghLjy;.

• ftpQuJ fw;gidj; jpwj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.


53


• mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd nghUis mfuhjpapd; JizNahL; fz;lwpjy;.

ts;sy; - tiuahJ nfhLg;Nghd;

fkyk; - jhkiu

cj;jkdhu; - flTs;> ew;FzKilatd;> cau;e;j FwpfSilatd;

fhg;G - nja;t tzf;fk;> ghJfhty;

khkyu; - ruf;nfhd;iw (ruQ; rukhfg; G+f;Fk; nfhd;iw kuk;)

fOePu; - nrq;Ftis> ePNyhw;gyk;> jPu;j;jePu;

fhe;js; - fhu;j;jpifg; G+

ghu; - G+kp> cyfk;

fw;gfk; - Ntz;baijnay;yhk; jUk; kuk; (,k; kuk; NjtNyhfj;jpy; cs;sJ)

ehl;lk; - Nehf;fk;> fz;ghu;it

• cUtf mzp;

cs;sf; fkyk; - cs;skhfpa fkyk; (jhkiu)

$g;gpa iff;fhe;js; - tzf;fk; nra;Ak; iffs;

ehl;l tpop (ehba tpop) - tpUk;gpg; ghu;f;Fk; gf;jpahd ghu;it

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;;

• ghly; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;

• ghly; cs;slq;fpa xypg;Ngio

• vOJfUtpfs;

• fhfpjhjpfs;

• gpd;dpizg;G - 1


• fPo;tUk; ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;ijf; $Wthu;.

“ghl;lspNru; nghw;nfhd;iwNah ghupypy;yhf; fw;gfNkh

thl;lKwhjtu;f;F tha;j;j kyu; vJNth?

ghl;lspNru; nfhd;iway;y ghupypy;yhg; G+Tk; my;y

ehl;ltpop nea;jy; mb ehafdhu; Ntz;LtJ”

• ftpQu;> flTs;kPJ nfhz;l gf;jpia tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk; cUtf mzpia tpsf;fp vOJthu;.

• ,g;ghly;fisg; gbj;J Kbj;jJk; jhk; ngw;w czu;tpid tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• ghliy ,irNahL ghLthu;.

• mg;ghlypy; jhk; eae;jtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

54

gpd;dpizg;G - 1

Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;

fpof;fpyq;ifapd; tpbnts;spahfj; Njhd;wpatu; Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;.

kPd;ghLk; Njd; ehnldg; Nghw;wg;gLk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fj; njd;fpof;fhf

Rkhu; 28 ikYf;fg;ghYs;s fhiujPtpy; ,tu; 27.03.1892 ,y; gpwe;jhu;.

je;ijahu; rhkpj;jk;gp> jhahu; fz;zk;ikahu;. ngw;Nwhu; ,tUf;F

itj;j ngau; kapy;thfdd; vd;gjhFk;. ,tu; JwT g+z;ljd; gpd;

(1923) ‘tpGyhee;j mbfs;’ vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

jkpofj;jpYk; <oj;jpYk; jiyrpwe;j Kj;jkpo; tpj;jfuha;j; jpfo;e;J>

jttho;T Nkw;nfhz;L jkpo; nkhopf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpatu; tpGyhee;j

mbfs;. ,tu; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; Mfpa Kj;jkpopYk; jkJ Mw;wiy

ntspg;gLj;jpatu;. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fSs; ‘aho;E}y;’ ,tUf;Fg;

ngUk; Gfior; Nru;j;jJ.

,yq;ifapYk; jkpo;ehl;bYs;s mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk;

Kjy; jkpo;g; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzp Gupe;j Rthkp tpGyhee;ju; ,yf;fpak;>

rkak;> jj;JtQhdk;> mwptpay;> ,ir Kjyhd gy JiwfspYk;

fw;Wj; Nju;e;jtu;. gd;nkhopg; GyikAk; cilatu;.

,tu;> etPd cyfpw;F Vw;w tifapYk; gy ghly;fisj; je;jtu;

vd;gjw;F> ‘<rd; ctf;Fk; ,d;kyu; %d;W’ vd;w ghly; rpwe;j

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. gy rhjid gilj;j Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; 19.07.1947

,y; ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.

55


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.



tpla cs;slf;fk; : ctikj; njhlu;fs;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ctikj; njhlu;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• ctikj; njhlu;fs; jUk; nghUl;rpwg;ig tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.

• ghlYf;Fk; ciuf;Fk; rpwg;Gg; nghUs; jUtjhf ctikj; njhlu;fs; miktij

vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.

• ctikj; njhlu;fisf; ifahz;L thf;fpak; vOJthu;.


• ctikj; njhlu;fs; ,lk;ngWk; ge;jp xd;wpid khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf;

fye;Jiuahly;.

• ctikj; njhlu;fis ,dq;fhl;lr; nra;J> mit jUk; nghUl;rpwg;Gg; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahb tpsf;Fjy;.

• ctikj; njhlu;fisf; ifahz;L thf;fpaq;fs; vOj topfhl;ly;.

• jhk; eae;jijf; $wr; nra;J> mjpy; ctikr; nrhw;nwhlu; jUk; rpwg;Gg; nghUs;

gw;wpAk; tpsf;fpf; $Wjy;.



• ctikj; njhlu;fs; ahTk;> ciuapYk; nra;AspYk; fUj;Jj; njspTgLj;jg; ngupJk;

cjTk;.

• njupe;j xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig epidTWj;jp> njupahj xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig

tpsf;FtJ ctikr; nrhw;nwhlu;fs;.

56

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ctikj; njhlu;fs; ,lk;ngWk; ge;jp

• ctikj; njhlu;fs; ,lk;ngWk; ml;ltiz

• bikd; jhs;fs;

• vOJ fUtpfs;


• nfhLj;j gFjpapy; ctikj; njhlu;;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• ctikj; njhlu;fs; ,lk;ngWk; gFjpapy; mit jUk; fUj;Jr; rpwg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

• ctikj; njhlu;fisf; ifahz;L thf;fpak; vOJthu;.

gpd;zpidg;G

ctkhdkhf kl;Lk; mike;Js;s njhlu;fs; ctikj; njhlu;fshFk;.

1. capUk; clYk; Nghy - gpupahj el;G

2. vLg;ghu; ifg;gps;is Nghy - Raepiyaw;w jd;ik

3. xU jha; tapw;Wg; gps;is Nghy - xw;Wik

4. XUapUk; <UlYk; Nghy - ,Utupd; xUikj; jd;ik

5. fpzW ntl;lg; g+jk; Gwg;gl;lJ Nghy - Vkhw;wk;

6. fPupAk; ghk;Gk; Nghy - jPuhg; gif

7. rpiyapy; vOj;Jg; Nghy - mopahik

8. Row; fhw;wpy; mfg;gl;l JUk;G Nghy - Jd;gg; Nghuhl;lk;

9. nrtpld; fhjpy; rq;F CjpaJ Nghy - gadpd;ik

10. jhuif eLNt jz;kjp Nghy - jiyikr; rpwg;G

nghUs; fz;lwpf

1 ghoile;j goq;Fl;br; Rtu; Nghy

2 gps;isahu; gpbf;fg; Ngha;f; Fuq;fha; Kbe;j fij Nghy

3 Gw;wpNy <ry; Gwg;gl;lJ Nghy

4 kiyAk; kiyAk; Nkhjpdhw; Nghy

5 Kaiy tpl;Lf; fhf;if gpd; NghdJ Nghy

6 tpsf;fpNy nkha;j;j tpl;by; Nghy

7 tPl;ilf; fl;bf; Fuq;iff; Fbitj;jJ Nghy

8 ntq;fyf; filapy; kj ahid GFe;jhw; Nghy

57

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W> mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;

czu;r;rpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;GfSf;Nfw;g ebj;Jg; NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : flYk; fpzWk;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• FOr; nraw;ghl;by; rpWfijapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• ghj;jpuk; xt;nthd;wpdJk; ciuahly; gFjpfis rpWfijypUe;J Nju;e;njLj;J vOJthu;.

• fhl;rpfshfg; gpupj;J ehlfg; gpujpnahd;iw ,r; rpWfijapypUe;J Gjpjhf Mf;Fthu;.

• ghj;jpuj;jpd; gz;G> czu;r;rp epiyf;F Vw;g ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.


• rk;gtq;fs; gilg;ghf;fkhf ntspg;gLk; tif Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

• kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tof;fpYs;s> tof;fpypUe;j ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLthu;.(gz;lhutd;dpad;> fl;lg;nghk;kd;> kJiutPud; Nghd;NwhuJ

fijg;ghly;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkpar; rk;gtq;fs; ehl;lhu; ghly;fshfpaik)

• rpWfij> ehlfk; tbtq;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;fq;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

• FOr; nraw;ghl;by; rpWfijia ehlfkhf;fpa gpujpfis xg;gha;e;J xt;nthd;wpYkhd

rpwg;gk;rq;fs;> FiwghLfs; gw;wpa tpku;rdf; fye;Jiuahliy xOq;fikj;jy;.

• ghj;jpuq;fshf khwp czu;T ntspg;ghl;il Fuy;tsk;> cly;nkhop vd;gtw;wpd;

thapyhf ntspf;nfhzu Vw;w jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.



• jhk;G+yk;

• cgfhup

• fiykfs;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

58


• ehl;lhu;ghly;fs;> rpWfij> ehlfk; Nghd;w fiy ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; gw;wp

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

• nry;tj;ij Raeyj; Njitf;Fg; gad;gLj;JNthu; Fwpj;Jk; nghJey Nehf;fpy; nrytpLgtu;

Fwpj;Jk; xsitahupd; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

• mwk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

59

Nju;r;rp 11.0 : gilg;Gf;fis thrpj;j mDgtq;fs; Clhf> gilg;ghf;f

El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mf;fq;fisr; Rakhf vOJthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.2 : eilKiwj; NjitfSf;fhf vOJthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : tpsk;guk;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• tpsk;guk; xd;iw Mf;Fk;NghJ> mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahb

vOJthu;.

• tpsk;guj;jpw;fhd nghUspdJ juk;> jFjp> tpiy vd;Dk; juTfisr; Nrfupj;Jj;

njhFg;ghu;.

• mtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsk;guj;ij ntspapLgtuJ ngau;> jpfjp vd;gdTk;

cs;slq;f Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;jpf; $wp mjidAk; ,izj;J vOJthu;.

• tpsk;guk; vOJgtuJ Nehf;fk; ngUk;ghYk; Gjpa nghUs; xd;wpdJ mwpKfk;> mjd;

ghtidr; rpwg;G vd;gdtw;iw gpurhuk; nra;tjhf miktij mbnahw;wp vOJthu;.

• ftu;r;rpfukhd jiyg;G> ftu;;r;rpfukhd nkhopeil> RUq;fr; nrhy;yp Gupa itf;Fk;

tpjk; vd;w gz;GfSld; tpsk;guj;ij vOJthu;.

• Kf;fpakhd nra;jp xd;iw> nghJkf;fSf;F Jz;Lg; gpuRukhf ntspapLtij kdjpNy

nfhz;L Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; xd;iw vOJthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G> tpspg;G Kjyhdtw;iw cs;slf;fpj; Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; xd;iw

vOJthu;.

• Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;ij ntspapLgtuJ ngau;> gjtp> Kftup> jpfjp vd;gd mika

vOJthu;.


• gy;NtW tpjkhd tpsk;guq;fs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw Kd;$l;bNa njhFf;fr;

nra;J> mt;tpjk; nfhz;L te;jdtw;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; ghl mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• tpsk;guk;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; vd;gdtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhd rhjdq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

60

• rpwe;j nrhy;yhl;rp mikAk; tz;zk; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOJjy;.

• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J tpsk;guk;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; vOJtpj;J> fhl;rpg;gLj;jp

Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;ij khztUld; fye;Jiuahly;.



• tpsk;guj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> mikg;G

• Jz;Lg;gpuRuj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> mikg;G

• nkhopeil - thrfiuf; ftUk; eil

• ftu;r;rpfukhf mikjy;

• RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itg;gjhf mikjy;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• gy;NtW tpjkhd tpsk;guq;fs;

• gy;NtW nra;jpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• khjpup tpsk;guk;

• Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;


• tpsk;guk;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; Mfpatw;wpd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; mikg;igAk; vOJthu;.

• tpw;gid cj;jpiaf; nfhz;L> gpurhuk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; tpsk;guk; vOJthu;.

• jhk; nrhy;y te;j nra;jp kf;fisr; nrd;wilAk;tz;zk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; vOJthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd glq;fSld; ftu;r;rpfukhd nkhopeiliaf; ifahz;L tpsk;guk;>

Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; vd;gtw;iw vOJthu;.

61


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.



tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,ul;ilnkhop> ,iznkhop

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ,ul;ilnkhop> ,iznkhop vd;gtw;wpd; ,ay;G nghUs; mwpe;J gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• Ngr;Rnkhopapy; kl;Lkd;wp vOj;J tof;fpYk; ,ul;ilnkhop> ,iznkhop rpwg;gplk;

ngWtij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; $Wthu;.

• nrhw;nwhlu;fisj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; nrk;ikahfg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.


• khztu;fs; Vw;fdNt mwpe;J itj;jpUf;Fk; ,ul;ilnkhop> ,iznkhop vd;git

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.

• khztu;fs; ,j;njhlu;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;J tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,j; njhlu;fisf; ifahz;L> thf;fpaq;fs; $wr; nra;jy;.

• ,ul;ilnkhop> ,iznkhop vd;gtw;iwj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; ifahs topfhl;ly;.



• ,irgw;wpAk; gz;Ggw;wpAk; Fwpg;Gg;gw;wpAk; mbr;nrhy; ,ul;bj;J KO cUtj;NjhL

epw;gJ ,ul;ilnkhopahFk;. gpupj;jhy; nghUs;juhJ.

• vJif> Nkhid vd;Dk; Xireak; gw;wpAk; vjpu;f;fUj;Jg; gw;wpAk; ,U nrhw;fs;

,ize;J nghUl;nrwpTiladtha; tUtJ ,iznkhop.

,ul;ilnkhop

frfr tpLtpL

FWFW nfhOnfhO

KZKZ ryry

flfl klkl

elel jljl

62

,iznkhop

- mUik ngUik

- mf;fk; gf;fk;

- me;jpAk; re;jpAk;

- <d ,uf;fk;

- cz;L cLj;J

- CZk; cwf;fKk;

- xspg;G Kiwg;G

- vYk;Ge; NjhYk;

- Vl;bf;Fg; Nghl;b

- fzf;F tof;F

- fz;zPUk; fk;giyAk;

- fhurhuk;

- Fiw Fw;wk;

- $bf; Fyhtp

- rhf;Fg; Nghf;F

- rPUk; rpwg;Gk;

- Rw;Wk; Kw;Wk;

- #JthJ

- nrhj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;

- jg;gpj;jtwp

- eilAil

- gl;lk; gjtp

- Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J

- tPujPuk;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ,ul;ilnkhopfs;> ,iznkhopfs; ,lk; ngWk; thf;fpaq;fs;.

• bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;


• ,ul;ilnkhop> ,iznkhopfs; vd;gtw;wpid ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• mit nghUl;rpwg;Gf;Fg; ngupJk; cjTtij vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,j;njhlu;fisf; ifahz;L> thf;fpak; vOJthu;.

63

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,uridf;fhfTk; Mf;fj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;

thrpg;ghu;.


tpla cs;slf;fk; : fUq;fhw; FwpQ;rp

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• “fUq;fhw; FwpQ;rp” vd;Dk; fl;Liuia nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; fpufpg;ghu;.

• ,g;ghlg; gFjpapy; eae;j gFjpiaAk; mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk; tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;;.

• juTfisr; Nru;j;J> ,J Nghd;w gilg;Gf;fisg; gilf;f Kd;tUthu;.

• ,g;ghlg;gug;gpNy ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.


• “fUq;fhw; FwpQ;rp” vd;Dk; ghlj;ij nksdkhf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf; $Wjy;.

• fl;LiuapdJ gpujhd fUit ,dq;fz;L $w topfhl;Ljy;.

• ,g;ghlg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis ,dq; fz;L $wr; nra;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.


• rq;ffhyj;jpy; vOe;j E}y;fs; mfk; vd;Dk; tPl;L tho;tpidAk;> Gwk; vd;Dk; Nghu;>

tPuk; gw;wpa tplaj;jpidAk; fUthff; nfhz;bUe;jd.

• ,e;E}y;fspy; tUk; FwpQ;rpg; G+> kiyg;gpuNjrk; mjhtJ> FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;F

cupaJ. mJ gd;dpuz;L Mz;LfSf;F xU KiwNa G+f;Fk;.

• Ie;J jpizfs; - FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;Dk;

epyg;gFg;GfSf;Nfw;g tho;Tf; Nfhyq;fs; tpsq;fg;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gly;.

• FWe;njhif - rq;ffhyj;J mfj;jpizf;Fupa E}y;. md;G tho;it (fhjiy)g;

Gyg;gLj;JtJ.

64

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;


• ghlg;gug;ig fpufpf;Fk; Kfkhf nksdkhf thrpg;ghu;.

• fpufpj;jtw;iw FOthf ,aq;fp> vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

• fl;Liuapd; Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fisAk;> Jizf;fUj;Jf;fisAk; gpupj;jwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ghlf; Nfs;tpfSf;F njspthfg; gjpy; vOJthu;.

65



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.3 : nrhw;nwhlu;fs; thf;fpak; vd;gtw;wpd; tifiaAk; mtw;wpd;

,ay;igAk; mwpe;J> gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw vOJjy;

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• thf;fpaq;fis njhlu;nkhopapypUe;J gpupj;J vOJthu;;.

• thf;fpaq;fis ,iaGw vOJthu;

• thf;fpa cWg;Gfshd vOtha;> nrag;gLnghUs;> gadpiy vd;gd ,iaGw vOJthu;.

• thf;fpaq;fis jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; ,iaGw vOJthu;.

• fUj;jike;j thf;fpaq;fis vOJthu;.


• G+uzkhd thf;fpaq;fis ml;ilapy; vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• FOf;fshf khjpup thf;fpaq;fis myrpa gpd;du; jhNk Rakhf vOjp Kd;itj;jy;.

• mjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L thf;fpa cWg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; jpiz> ghy;> vz;>

,lk;> fhyk; vd;gd ,iaGw mike;jpUg;gijAk; fye;Jiuahb tpsf;Fjy;.

• fUj;jike;j thf;fpaq;fis vOJtjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;ly;.



thf;fpa cWg;Gf;fs;

vOtha; - jk;gp ge;ij cUl;bdhd;; (jk;gp vOtha;)

nrag;gLnghUs; - jk;gp ge;ij mbj;jhd; (ge;J nrag;gLnghUs; I cUG

kiwe;J tUtJ)

gadpiy - jk;gp ge;ij vwpe;jhd; (vwpe;jhd; gadpiy)

jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gdtw;wpy; ,iaGngWk; thf;fpaq;fs;.

jpiz

cau;jpiz - kdpju;> Njtu;> eufu;

m/wpiz - kpUfk;> gwit> Kjypa capUs;s nghUl;fs;

epyk;> ePu; Kjypa nghUl;fs;

66

Ik;ghy;

Mz;ghy; - mtd; te;jhd; (cau; jpiz Mz;ghy;)

ngz;ghy; - mts; te;jhs; ( cau; jpizg; ngz;ghy;)

gyu; ghy; - mtu; te;jhu; (cau; jpizg; gyu;ghy;)

xd;wd; ghy; - mJ te;jJ (m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy;)

gytpd;ghy; - mit te;jd (m/wpidg; gytpd;ghy;)

%tplk;

jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if

ehd; te;Njd; - jd;ik xUik

ehk; te;Njhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik

eP te;jha; - Kd;dpiy xUik

ePq;fs; te;jPu;fs; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik

mtd; te;jhd; - glu;f;if xUik

mtu;fs; te;jhu;fs; - glu;f;ifg; gd;ik

vz;

xUik> gd;ik

rpj;jpuj;Nju; mire;J te;jJ - xUik

rpj;jpuj; Nju;fs; mire;J te;jd - gd;ik

fhyk;

,we;j fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk;> epfo;fhyk;

,we;jfhyk; - fkyh te;jhs;

epfo;fhyk; - fkyh tUths;

vjpu;fhyk; - fkyh tUfpwhs;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ,iaGngw;w thf;fpaq;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• ghlE}y;


• thf;fpaq;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• thf;fpa tiffis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• thf;fpa cWg;Gfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ,it Nghd;w thf;fpaq;fis vOJthu;.

67

,y Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtis gf;fk;

kl;lk;

01 2.0 2.1 gilg;gpd; ,ufrpak; 03 68

02 13.0 13.2 ngau;r;nrhy; 05 70

03 1.0 1.4 ngha; nrhy;yhNj 04 72

04 13.0 13.2 tpidr;nrhy; 05 74

05 5.0 5.1 tPo;e;j Mykuk; 02 76

06 4.0 4.2 jkpo; jl;lr;rpd; je;ij 03 77

07 13.0 13.3 Ntw;Wik 1Mk;> 2Mk;> 3Mk; 06 79

08 3.0 3.1 ehlfk; - gps;is mOj fz;zPu; 04 81

09 13.0 13.2 ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs; 03 83

10 5.0 5.1 ntz;zpyh 02 85

11 12.0 12.2 fiyr; nrhw;fs; 04 87

12 9.0 9.1 xOf;fKilik 05 89

13 13.0 13.3 Gzu;r;rp 06 92

%d;whk; jtiz

68

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; ciuahLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : jkJ czu;TfSk; vz;zq;fSk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLk;

tifapy; ciuahLthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : gilg;gpd; ,ufrpak;

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• gilg;gpd; ,ufrpak; vDk; fijia thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• fpufpj;j tplaq;fisf; FOthf ,Ue;J jkf;Fs; ciuahbf; $Wthu;.

• fijapd; ,ilapy; tUk; ciuahly; mikg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

• ifahsg;gl;Ls;s nkhopeil gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb> mjid Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;b vOJthu;.

• ,jD}lhf ntspg;gLk; tpOkpa fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• jiyg;Gf;Nfw;gr; Rakhfg; Ngr Kd;tUthu;.

• Nfl;gtu; kdj;jpid <u;f;Fk; tz;zk; NgRthu;.


• fij$Wk; Kiw> Ngr;R NgRk;NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba nghwpKiwfs; vd;gd

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb> ghlj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

• khztiu nksdkhf thrpj;Jf; Fwpg;Gf;fis vOj topelj;jy;.

• vOkhwhf khztu; thrpj;j tplak; gw;wpf; $wr; nra;jy;.

• KOikahd cs;slf;fk; Gyg;gLk; tifapy; fijiaf; $wr; nra;jy;.

• mf;fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaq;fisj; njhFj;Jg; Ngr itj;jy;.



• rpwpa fijfs; gw;wpa njspT

• ciuahly; %yk; nky;ypa nfhbapy; ngupa G+rzpf;fha; fha;j;jpUg;gJ> ngupa

Mykuj;jpy; kpfr; rpwpa gok; fha;j;jpUg;gJ gw;wpa gilg;gpd; Mr;rupak; gw;wpg;

Gyg;gLj;jpaik.

69

- %f;fhe; jz;L

- fl;Lr;NrhW

- ehop

- Xupg;ghd

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• rpwpa fijf;Nfw;w glnkhd;W

• fzpdp


• fijapy; tUk; tpOkpaf; fUj;ijj; njhFj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• ghlg;gug;gpd; %yk; tpUj;jp nra;j nkhopj;jpwidj; jkJ Ngr;rpy; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

• gilg;gpd; ,ufrpaj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; ntspg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.

• jiyg;Gld; njhlu;Gila Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.

• jkJ nkhopeilapy; ,e;j tplak; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

• mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd nghUis mfuhjpapd; Jiznfhz;L vOJjy;

- Ruf;FLf;if

- fl;iliar; rhj;Jjy;

- gilg;G ufrpak;

70



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.2 : nrhw;fspd; tifiaAk; ,ay;igAk; mwpe;J mtw;iwg;

gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ngau; ;r ;nrhy;

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ngau;r;nrhw;fSf;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• nrhw;fspd; tifia mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ngau;r;nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jp> mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• ngau;r;nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapw; gad;gLj;Jthu;.


• ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gw;wp mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• nrhw;fspd; tiffs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• Vw;nfdNt fw;w ngau;r;nrhw;fs; (MW)> %tplg; ngau;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• ngau;r;nrhw;fs; gw;wp vOkhwhff; Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;L> Qhgf%l;ly;.

- khw;Wg;ngau;

- njhifg;ngau;

- $l;Lg;ngau;

- njhopw;ngau;

- tpidahyizAk;ngau;

- Mf;fg;ngau;

• nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfis nraw;gLj;;jy;.


• khw;Wg; ngau;

xU ngau;r;nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf gad;gLj;jf; $ba ngau;r;nrhy; khw;Wg;ngau;

vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: eP> ehd;> mtd;

71

• $l;Lg;ngau;

cjhuzk; : thndhyp> kpd;rhuk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp

• njhopw;ngau;

cjhuzk; : XLjy;> elj;jy;> ghLjy;

• tpidahyizAk;ngau;

cjhuzk; : te;jtd;> te;jtid> Xbatd;

• Mf;fg;ngau;

cjhuzk; : Kjyhsp> mwptpay;> Gj;jprhyp

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• nrhy;yl;ilfs;

• Nke;jiy vwpap (OHP)

• fzdp

• bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• ngau;r;nrhw;fspd; tiffis tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;

• khw;Wg;ngau;> njhifg;ngau;> $l;Lg;ngau;> Mf;fg;ngau;> njhopw;ngau;

tpidahyizAk;ngau; Kjypatw;iw ,dq;fz;L vOJthu;.

• ,tw;iwj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• njhifg;ngau;

cjhuzk; : ,URlu; - #upau;> re;jpuu;

Kf;fdp - kh> gyh> thio

ehw;fzk; - capu;> ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;> ,ilapdk;

72



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : nray; jpwDk; tpidj;jpwDk; cs;s Nfl;Nghuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ngha; nrhy;yhNj

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fisr; nrk;ikahf thrpg;ghu;.

• ghly;ghlg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk; gw;wpj; jkf;Fs; fye;JiuahLthu;.

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; czu;T G+u;tkhd tpgupg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;ij vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• tpOkpaj;Jld; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fis ,irNahL ghLthu;.

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpOkpaq;fis vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; gpuNjr nkhoptof;Ffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; %yk;

Kd;itg;ghu;.

• mg;ghly;fspy; $wg;gLk; jpuz;l nghUisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; $Wthu;.

• gy;NtW ehl;lhu;ghly;fisj; njhFj;J mit $Wk; kdpj tho;Tf;Nfhyq;fs; gw;wpa

Ngr;R xd;wpid epfo;j;Jthu;.


• ngha; nrhy;yhNj vd;w ghlYf;F Vw;w glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• ehl;lhu;ghly; mlq;fpa xypg; Ngio.

• nfhLf;fg;gl;l ehl;lhu;ghly; ghlg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;ij khztUld; fye;Jiuahbg;

ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• ehl;lhu;ghliy mtjhdpj;Jf; Nfl;f> khztiu topg;gLj;jy;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.

• ehl;lhu;ghly; rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW juTfis> jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;f khztiu

Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

• Nfl;Lf; fpufpj;j ghliyj; jhKk; ghLjy;.


73


• ehl;lhu;ghly;fisg; ghbatu;fs; ghkuu;.

• Ntbf;if czu;Tfs;

• mUk;gjq;fSf;fhd nghUis mfuhjpapd; Jiznfhz;L vOJjy;

- tPl;bd; Kw;wk;

- tlf;fd; khL

- tha;kz;

- gfpb

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• glq;fs; xl;lg;gl;l bikd;jhs;

• ghliy ,irNahL ghba xypg;Ngio

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• ehl;lhu;ghliy xypf;fr;nra;J mij mtjhdpg;gjD}lhf> fUj;Jf;fis

ntspf;nfhzu;tu;.

• ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk; nkhopg; gpuNahfk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb> mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

• ,itNghd;w NtW ehl;lhu;ghly;fisj; Njbj; njhFg;ghu;.

• ehl;lhu;ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fisf; $Wthu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;ijf; $wpf;fhl;Lthu;.

74




gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : tpidr;nrhy;

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• tpidr;nrhw;fSf;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• tpidr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• tpidr; nrhw;fspd; ,ay;igf; $Wthu;.


• tpidr;nrhw;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ghl mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• tpidr;nrhw;fs; mlq;fpa nrhy;yl;iliaj; jahu; nra;jy;.

• tpidr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.

• tpidr;nrhy;ypd; Kf;fpa ,ay;ig tpsf;Fjy;.



• xU nraiyf; Fwpg;gJ tpidr;nrhy;

cjhuzk;: ele;jhs;

ghbdhs;

• tpidr; nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G fhyq;fhl;Ljy;

cjhuzk; : nfhLj;jhs; - ,we;j fhyk;

nfhLf;fpd;whs; - epfo; fhyk;

nfhLg;ghs; - vjpu; fhyk;

Xbdhd; - ,we;j fhyk;

XLfpwhd; - epfop fhyk;

XLthd; - vjpu;fhyk;

75

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• nrhy;yl;ilfs;

• bikd;jhs;fs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• tpidr;nrhw;fSf;fhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij vOJthu;.

• tpidr;nrhy;ypd; ,ay;Gfisf; $Wthu;.

• tpidr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L> jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

76

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : Mf;fG+u;tkhd nray; jpwd; cila thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : tplaj; njspNthL thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : tPo;e;j Mykuk;

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

•“tPo;e;j Mykuk;” vd;w Mf;fj;jpy; thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J thrpg;ghu;.

• fij czu;j;Jk; czu;T ntspg;ghl;ilj; njspTgLj;Jthu;;.

• ciuahly; gFjpfisg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• nksdkhf> fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;J cs;slf;f tplaj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.


• thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwf;F mikaf; FOepiyapy; gFjp gFjpahfr; rfghbfSld;

,ize;J thrpf;f ,lkspj;jy;.

• gilg;G ntspg;gLKiw> gFjpfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;G gbKiw tsu;r;rp vd;gtw;iwf;

FOf; fye;Jiuahly; thapyhf njspTgLj;Jjy;.

• jdpj;jdpahd nksd thrpg;gpw;F newpg;gLj;Jjy;.

• tpla cs;slf;fg; gug;Gf; Fwpj;J kPz;Lk; fye;Jiuahl topg;gLj;jy;.



• Nyhfy; • gz;L • ,yhfh

• cj;jpNah];ju; • mj;jp G+j;jJ • xLf;fj;Jld;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;


• thrpg;G nghwpKiwEl;gq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpj; Jyq;Fthu;.

• Mf;fk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tplag; gug;igj; njspthf;Fthu;.

• czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL> njhdpNtWghL> nfhz;L $l;b thrpf;Fk; jpwd;> mtrpag;gLk; ,lq;fspy;

gjk;gpupj;J thrpj;jy; vd;w Mw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

77

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : jkJ vz;zq;fisf; Nfl;Nghu; cs;sq; nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy;

vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : vLj;Jf;nfhz;l tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf> nghUl;nrwpNthL

Ngr;R El;gq;fisf; ifahz;L NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : jkpo;j; jl;lr;rpd; je;ij

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• Mq;fpyj; jl;lr;rpd; cgNahfk; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• jkpo;j; jl;lr;rpd; tUif gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• jkpo;j; jl;lr;rpd; je;ij gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• Fwpj;j jiyg;gpw; NgRthu;.


• Mf;fnkhd;wpd; gy;NtW gFjpfs; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sikiaf; FOf;fye;Jiuahlypy;

$wr; nra;jy;.

• jiyg;nghd;Wf;F mikthf Ngr;nrhd;iw jahu;gLj;Jjy;.

• tpla cs;slf;fk; tsu;j;njLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L> fUj;Jj; njspTld; ntspg;gLj;Jk;

Mw;wiy tsu;f;Fk; tifapyhd FOr; nraw;ghLfis xOq;fikj;jy;.


Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; ( key words) vz;zf;fUf;fs;

- jl;lr;R

- ae;jpuk;

- Fkh];jh

- RUf;nfOj;J

- Kjyhk; cyfAj;jk;

- xLf;fj;Jld;

78

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• Mq;fpyj; jl;lr;rp gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• jkpo;j; jl;lr;rp gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• jkpo;j; jl;lr;rpd; je;ij gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• jkpopy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;

• tpirg;gyifapd; cgNahfk; gw;wpa njsptpidg; ngWthu;.

79



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.3 : nrhw;nwhlu; thf;fpak; vd;gdtw;wpd; tifiaAk; mtw;wpd;

,ay;igAk; mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : 1Mk;> 2Mk;> 3Mk; Ntw;Wikfs;

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• Ntw;Wikia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• Ntw;Wik cUGfs; gad;gLk; tpjj;jpid mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gl;Lk; ntspg;glhkYk; epd;W> njhopw;gLtij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

• Ntw;Wikf;fhd cUGfisAk; nghUs;fisAk; vOJthu;.


• Ntw;Wik ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• cUG ,d;wp (Kjyhk; / vOtha;) Ntw;Wik njhopw;gLtij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.

• Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gl;Lk; ntspg;glhkYk; epd;W> njhopw;gLtij vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.

• thf;fpaj;jpd; ngau;;r;nrhw;fspd; ,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghl;il NtWgLj;JtJ Ntw;Wik

vd;gij cjhuzk; fhl;b tpsf;Fjy;.



1. Kjyhk; Ntw;Wik – vOtha; Ntw;Wik – cUgpy;iy

cjhuzk;

• cotd; ghLfpwhd;

• mtu; ahu;?

2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik – nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik – I cUG

cjhuzk;

• tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd; - Mf;fg;gLnghUs;

• Rtiu ,bj;jhd; - mopf;fg;gLnghUs;

80

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghl E}y;

• 1Mk;> 2mk;> 3Mk; Ntw;Wikfs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiz

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• Ntw;Wikia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• Ntw;Wik cUGfisAk; nghUs;fisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

• nghUj;jkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisj; je;J Ntw;Wik gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• Ntw;Wikfis ,dq;fz;L> mtw;iwj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; ifahs;thu;.

,yf;fzj; njhopw;ghL

• jhkiu kyu;e;jJ . Kjyhk; Ntw;Wik - vOtha;

• ehd; jhkiuiag; gwpj;Njd; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik - nrag;gL nghUs;

• jhkiug; g+tpdhy; mu;r;rpj;Njd; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - fUtpg; nghUs;

• khztuhy;; jhkiug; G+khiy fl;lg;gl;lJ

- %d;whk; Ntw;Wik - fUj;jhg;nghUs;

• ,yq;ifia mile;jhd; - milag;gLnghUs;

• kidiaj; Jwe;jhd; - Jwf;fg;gLnghUs;

• fhisia xj;jhd; - xf;fg;gLnghUs;

• nghUis cilahd; - cilikg;nghUs;

3. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik – cld; epfo;r;rp Ntw;Wik – My;> Md;> xL> XL MfpacUGfs;

cjhuzk;

• thshy; ntl;bdhd;

• mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk;

(,it fUtpg; nghUs; jUtd.)

• rpw;gpahy; rpiy nra;ag;gl;lJ

• kd;ddhy; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ

(,it fUj;jhg; nghUs; jUtd.)

• jhnahL NrAk; te;jhd;.;

• jhNahL NrAk; te;jhs;

(,it cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUs; jUtd.)

81

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;czu;r;rpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpg; NgRthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;GfSf;Nfw;g ebj;Jg; NgRthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : gps;is mOjfz;zPu;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fspd; cs;sj;J czu;Tfis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; ghtid

nra;J> cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; NgRthu;.

• czu;r;rp ntspg;ghLfSf;Nfw;g> njhdp NtWghl;il ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ML> vyp> tay;> Fsk;> jtis> nfhf;F> nfhj;jdhu;> kiy> miy vd;gd ghj;jpuq;fshfr;

rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapid tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• FO xUikg;ghl;Lzu;it ntspg;gLj;jp ,aq;Fthu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gbg;gpidfisAk; njhFj;Jg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; gpuNjr nkhopeil gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• ehlfg;gug;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpa czu;Tfs;> gbg;gpidfs; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.


• ehlff; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;Jiuahbg; ghl mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• fijahfr; RUf;fpf; $Wjy;.

• khztiuf; FO epiyapy; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.

• ghj;jpuNkw;W> Vw;w czu;r;rp epiyfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;tz;zk; ebj;jy;.

• xU FOtpdiu ebf;fr; nra;J> kw;wf; FOtpdUld; rup> gpio gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjy;.



• fLq;Nfhil gw;wpa tpgupg;G

• Ngr;R nkhopr; nrhw;fs;

- itr;r

- mr;rhg;gps;is

- Fbr;r

- Mf;fpidfs;

82

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• khztiu ebf;fr; nra;J> mjid xypg;gjpT nra;j xypg;Ngio

• bikd;jhs;


• ehlfj;ijg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;ghu;.

• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; Ngr;Rtof;Fr; nrhw;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• fLq;Nfhil fhuzkhf capupdq;fs; ahTk; my;yy; milAk; tpjj;jpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• ghlg;gug;gpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpak;> gbg;gpid gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbf; $Wthu;.

- nra;wJ

- monoz;L

- jhwpash

- Fbr;rpl;ld;

- vq;f Nghts;

- jz;zPu;

83




gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs;

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• nrhw;fspy;> ,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fs; ngWk; ,lj;ij Mjhuj;Jld; tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fis ,dk;fz;L vOJthu;;.

• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fisj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspNy gpuNahfpg;ghu;.


• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L> vOjpa thf;fpaq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf;

fye;Jiuahbg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• mtw;wpNy ,lk;ngWk; ,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fis ,dk;fhz topelj;jy;.

• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L rpWrpW thf;fpaq;fis vOJtpj;jy;.

• thf;fpaj;jpDs;Sk;> thf;fpaq;fSf;fpilapYk; tUk; ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs; gw;wp

tpsf;Fjy;.



• thf;fpaj;jpDs;Sk;> thf;fpaq;fSf;fpilapYk; tUk; ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fSf;F

cjhuzk;:

- #whtsp tPrpaJ; mjdhy; ghupa Nrjq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

#whtsp tPrpajdhy; ghupa Nrjq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.

- eP ,jidr; nra;aNtz;Lk;; my;yJ ehd; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

eP my;yJ ehd; ,jidr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

- fLF rpwpJ; MapDq; fhuk; ngupJ.

fLF rpwpjhapDk; fhuk; ngupJ.

84

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• trdk; vOjpa ml;ilfs;


• thf;fpaq;fspy;> ge;jpfspy; ,lk;ngWk; ,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L thf;fpaq;fs; vOJthu;.

• thf;fpaj;jpDs;Sk;> thf;fpaq;fSf;fpilapYk; ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L

vOJthu;.

85

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : Mf;fg+u;;tkhd nray;jpwd; cila thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : tplaj;njspNthL thrpg;Gg; nghwpKiwfis mDrupj;J

thrpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : ntz;zpyhNt

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• ghly;fisj; njspthfTk; re;jpgpupj;Jk; thrpg;ghu;.

• ghly;fisf; nfhz;L$l;b thrpg;ghu;.

• ghly;fspd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ghly;fis ,irAld; ghb kfpo;thu;.

• ghly;fspy; jdf;Fg; gpbj;j mbf;F eak; $Wthu;.

• ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gid Mw;wiy vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

• epyT gw;wpa jdJ vz;z Xl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ghliyr; Rakhf vOJthu;.


• NtnwhU ghliyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> fye;Jiuahbg; ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; jpl;lkply;.

• ghlyhrpupau; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspj;jy;.

• ghly;fis cupa Kiwapy; jpUj;jkhf thrpf;fr;nra;jy;.

• ghly;fisj; jdpahfTk; FOthfTk; ,irAld; ghlitj;jy;.

• ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gid Mw;wiy tpsf;fy;.

• nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jy;.


• ghliy vOjpatu; - vk;. Mjk;nyt;it

• ,tu; nghj;Jtpiyr; Nru;e;jtu;.

• mUk;gjq;fs;

kfpo - ,d;Gw

vopy; - moF

jz;kjp - Fspu;epyT

fhu;Nkfk; - kioKfpy;

kPd;fs; - el;rj;jpuk;

cUkhw;wk; - tsu;jy;> Nja;jy;

86

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• epyT gw;wpa NtW ftpijfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• mfuhjp


• tplaj; njspNthL ghliy thrpg;ghu;.

• ghlypd; nghUis mwpe;J $Wthu;.

• ghly;fis ,irAld; ghLthu;.

• ghly;fspy; jdf;Fg; gpbj;j gFjpf;F eak; vOjp thrpg;ghu;.

• ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gidj; jpwid tpgupg;ghu;.

87


gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.2 : nrhw;nwhlu;fspd; nghUisAk; tiffisAk; mwpe;J


tpla cs;slf;fk; : fiyr;nrhw;fs;

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• eilKiwapYs;s fiyr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• fiyr;nrhw;fisg; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkhff; ifahs;thu;.

• ,dq;fz;l fiyr;nrhw;fSf;F epfuhd Mq;fpynkhopr; nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• jdJ Mf;fq;fspy; fiyr;nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhf vOJthu;.


• khztNuhL fye;Jiuahb> nghUj;jkhd ghlg;gpuNtrj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;.

• fiyr;nrhw;fs; mlq;fpa rpwpa fijnahd;iw> my;yJ fl;Liu xd;wpid khztUf;Ff;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mjpy; fhzg;gLk; Mq;fpynkhopr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

• ,dq;fz;l nrhw;fisj; njhFj;njLj;Jf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.

• fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa nrhw;fs; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.

• fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

• nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPLfisj; jpl;lkpLjy;.


• Ntw;W nkhopfspy; mike;j mjpf nrhw;gpuNahfq;fSf;fhd jkpo;r; nrhw;fSk;

mt;tg;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mit fiyr; nrhw;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

,d;unew; (Inter net) - ,izak;

<nkapy; (E - Mail) - kpd;dQ;ry;

; - nfhk;gpA+l;lu; nrhg;ntau; (Computer software) - fzdp nkd;nghUs;

ntg;irw; (web site) - tiyj;jsk;

88

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• nrhy;yl;ilfs;

• vOJjhs;fs;

• vOJfUtpfs;

• Nke;jiy vwpap (OHP)


• fiyr;nrhw;fis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.

• jkpo;f; fiyr;nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUj;jkhd fiyr;nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• fiyr;nrhw;fisj; jkJ Mf;fq;fspy; nghUj;jKwg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

89



tpla cs;slf;fk; : xOf;fKilik

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• jpUf;Fws;> ePjpE}y;fspy; rpwg;gplk; ngWtij vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• jpUts;Stu; gw;wpAk; jpUf;Fws; gw;wpAk; Nkyjpf juTfisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

• Fws;fisr; re;jpgpupj;Jk; nfhz;L$l;bAk; thrpg;ghu;.

• cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; Fws;fis XJthu;.

• mUQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.

• Fws;fs; jUk; nghUisj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.

• xOf;fk; gw;wp ts;Stu; $wpadtw;iwf; fl;Liuahf vOJthu;.

• nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.

• ,g;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; tpOkpaq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.


• jpUts;StUila glj;ijf; fhl;b> ghl mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

• ePjpE}y;fSs;> jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp Nkyjpf tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jy;.

• rpwg;ghfg; ghlf;$ba khztu;fisf;nfhz;L ghNthjr; nra;jy;.

• cr;rupg;Gj;njspT> njhdpNtWghLfs; ,lk;ngw Fwis khztu; Xj topelj;jy;.

• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wjy;.

• nghopg;gpidf; $wp> mjid khztu; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOj topfhl;Ljy;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; fz;lwpe;J> vOj topelj;jy;.

• tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;J> tpilnaOjr; nra;jy;.

• Fws;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fl;Liu vOJtpj;jy;.



• jpUts;Stu; - glk;

• jpUts;Stu;> jpUf;Fws; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

90

• mUk;gjq;fs;

tpOg;gk; - ngUQ; rpwg;G

Xk;gg;gLk; - rpwe;jjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLk;

gupe;J - Jd;Gw;Wq;$l

NjupDk; - njupe;J nfhz;lhYk;

Fbik - ew;Fyj;jpid cilik

,Of;fk; - mt;nthOf;fj;jpdpd;Wk; jtWjy;

ghu;g;ghd; - Ntjj;ijg; gbg;gtd;

mOf;fhW - nghwhik

xy;fhu; - ePq;fkhl;lhu;

cuNthu; - kdgyk; cilNahu;

,Lk;ig - Jd;gk;

xy;yhNt - Kbahj xd;whFk;

tOf;fpAk; - kwe;NjDk;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlEhy;

• jpUts;Stu; glk;

• jpUf;Fws;

• Fws;fs; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;

• vOJfUtpfs;


• Fws;fs; jUk; nghUisr; RUf;fpf; $Wthu;.

• Fwspy; ,lk;ngWk; mUQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOJthu;.

• tpOkpaf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;J tpsf;Fthu;.

• Fwis cr;rupg;Gj; njspNthL vOJthu;.

• Vida Fws;fisAk; tpUk;gpf; fw;Fk; jpwd; ngWthu;.

91

gpd;dpizg;G

jpUts;Stu;

mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjpgftd; Kjw;Nw cyF vd;W njhlq;fp> <ubf; Fwspy;

cyfj; jj;Jtq;fs; midj;ijAk; jpUf;Fws; vd;Dk; cd;djg; gilg;gpy; kf;fSf;F

vLj;Jr; nrhd;dtu; jpUts;Stu;. ,tu; cyfshtpa jj;Jtq;fisf; nfhz;l jpUf;Fwisg;

gilj;J cyf ,yf;fpa muq;fpy; jkpo;nkhopf;nfd;W Xu; cau;e;j ,lj;ij epiyngwr;

nra;jtu;. ,tu; cyf kf;fshy;;;;;;;; nja;tg;Gytu;> ngha;apy; Gytu;> ehadhu;> Njtu;>

nre;ehg;Nghju;> ngUehtyu;> ngha;ahnkhopg; Gytu; vd;nwy;yhk; gy ngau;fspy;

miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;. mtu; vOjpa jpUf;Fws;> tho;tpaypd; vy;yh mq;fq;fisAk; ,dk;>

nkhop> ghypd Ngjq;fspd;wp fhyk; fle;Jk; nghUe;Jtd Nghy; $wpAs;sjhy;> jpUf;Fwisr;

rpwg;gpf;Fk;tpjkhf> cyfg; nghJkiw> Kg;ghy;> <ub E}y;> cj;juNtjk;> nja;tE}y;>

nghJkiw> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiwtho;j;J> jkpo;kiw> jpUts;Stk; Nghd;w

gy ngau;fshy; rpwg;gpj;J miof;fpd;wdu;.

jpUf;Fws;• mwj;Jg;ghy; - 38 mj;jpfhuq;fs;

• nghUl;ghy; - 70 mjpfhuq;fs;

• fhkj;Jg;ghy; (,d;gj;Jg;ghy;) - 25 mj;jpfhuq;fs;

133 mjpfhuq;fs; cs;s jpUf;Fws;> xU mj;jpfhuj;jpy gj;J <ub Fws;fs; vd

nkhj;jk; 1330 Fws;fisf; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.

jpUts;Stu; gpwg;Gg; gw;wpa rupahd fzpg;Gg; ngwg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; mtu;

nrd;idapYs;s kapyhg;G+upy; gpwe;jjhfTk;> kJiuapy; gpwe;jjhfTk;> Mjp - gftd;

vd;w ngw;NwhUf;Fg; gpwe;jjhfTk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; jpUf;Fws;

rq ; fkUt pafhy mw E}y ;fs py ; xd ;whf itf ;fg ; gl ; Ls ;sJ.

jpUts;Stu; Qhdntl;bahd;> gQ;ruj;dk; Mfpa kUj;Jt E}y;fis ,aw;wpajhfg;;

gyUk; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. jpUts;StUila 30 mbr; rpiy jkpo;ehl;bd; fd;dpahFkupj;

flypYs;s ghiwkPJ mike;Js;sJ. nrd;idapy; ts;Stu;Nfhl;lk; xd;W

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1330 Fws;fSk; ,q;F nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. yz;ldpYs;s; ];$y;

Xupaz;ly; kw;Wk; Mgpupf;fd; ];lB]; vd;Dk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; mtuJ

jpUTUtr;rpiyfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.

92

Nju;r;rp 13.0 : nkhopapd; ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;J> mjw;fika

nkhopiar; nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 13.3 : nrhw;nwhlu;> thf;fpak; vd;gdtw;wpd; tifiaAk;>

mtw;wpd; ,ay;igAk; mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk; : Gzu;r ;rp

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs;

• Gzu;r;rpia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• Gzu;r;rpahdJ ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp> tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp vd ,Utifg;gLk; vd;gij

vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rpia tpsf;fp cjhuzq;fs; $Wthu;.

• tpfhug; Gzu;r;rpahdJ Njhd;wy;> jpupjy;> nfLjy; vd %d;W tifahf mikAk;

vd;gijf; $Wthu;.

• tpfhug; Gzu;r;rpapd; xt;nthU tiff;Fk; cjhuzk; $Wthu;.


• epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; nfhz;l thf;fpaq;fis toq;fp Gzu;j;j topfhl;Ljy;.

• Gzu;j;jpa topfhl;lYld; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;.

• Gzu;j;Jk; NghJ ,ay;igAk; tpfhuj;ijAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rpiaj; njspthf tpsf;Fjy;.

• tpfhug; Gzu;r;rpapd; tiffSf;F cjhuzk; fhl;l topg;gLj;jy;.



- epiynkhop gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

- tUnkhop gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

- Gzu;r;rp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

- ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

- tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

(Njhd;wy;> jpupjy;> nfLjy;)

93

epiynkhopapd; <Wk; tUnkhopapd; KjYk; NrUtJ Gzu;r;rpahFk;. mg;Gzu;r;rp ,ay;Gg;

Gzu;r;rp> tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp

kio + ePu; = kioePu;

,jpy; kio> ePu; vd;w ,U nrhw;fs; xd;whfr; Nru;e;J xU nrhy;yhfpd;wJ. kio vDk;

nrhy; epiynkhop. mjd; <w;nwOj;J (o; + I = io) . mjid mLj;J tUk;

(e; + < = eP) ePu; vDk; nrhy; tUnkhop. ,e;j ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; ,ay;ghfg;

Gzu;tjdhy; ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp

epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; GzUk;NghJ khw;wk; Vw;gLkhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ tpfhug;

Gzu;r;rpahfpd;wJ. thio> gok; Mfpa ,U nrhw;fSk; GzUk;NghJ g; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

(thiog;gok;) ,jid tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp vd;gu;. tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp %d;Wtifg;gLk;.

1. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk;

jkpo; + ghlk; = jkpo;g; ghlk;

me;j + fhyk; = me;jf; fhyk;

2. nfLjy; tpfhuk;

kuk; + Ntu; = kuNtu;

kdk; + Ntjid = kdNtjid

3. jpupjy; tpfhuk;

kz; + Flk; = kl;Flk;

kuk; + fs; = kuq;fs;

fy; + rpiy = fw;rpiy

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

• ghlE}y;

• Gzu;r;rp tiffis tpsf;Fk; ml;ilfs;

• bikd;jhs;


• epiynkhop> tUnkhop gw;wpf; $Wthu;.

• Gzu;r;rpia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpf; $Wthu;.

• Gzu;r;rpia tifg;gLj;jp> xt;nthU tiff;Fk; cjhuzk; $Wthu;.

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Transcript of jkpon; khopAk; ,yff; paKk; - e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk · jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; Mrpupau; topfhl;b...