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f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)

caphpay;;caphpay;;caphpay;;caphpay;;caphpay;;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

juk;juk;juk;juk;juk; 12 & 13

2012(2012 ,ypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;)(2012 ,ypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;)(2012 ,ypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;)(2012 ,ypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;)(2012 ,ypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;)

tpQ;Qhdj; JiwtpQ;Qhdj; JiwtpQ;Qhdj; JiwtpQ;Qhdj; JiwtpQ;Qhdj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

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caphpay; ;caphpay; ;caphpay; ;caphpay; ;caphpay; ;Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

juq;fs; 12 & 13 - 2012

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

mr;rply;:

ii

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gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu cau;ju caphpay; ghlj;jpl;lk; 2009 ,y; ghlrhiy

Kiwikapy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;L> mNj Mz;by; 12 Me; juj;Jf;fhfTk;> 2010

,y; 13 Me; juj;Jf;fhfTk; mg;ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F mikthd ,uz;L Mrpupau;

mwpTiug;G topfhl;bfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ghlrhiyfsJk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fsJk; Ntz;LNfhs;fspd; Ngupy; fy;tpg; nghJj;

juhjug; gj;jpu cau;ju caphpay;; ghlj;jpl;lk; 2012 Mk; Mz;by; kPs Nehf;fg;gl;L

kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;du; mg;ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F mikthf Mrpupau;

mwpTiug;G topfhl;bfspuz;Lk; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;L ,g;Gjpa E}y; jahupf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

khztuplj;Nj tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba Nju;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;Fupa

tpupthd jfty;fs;> ,e;E}ypy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jfty;fs;> caphpay;;

ghl fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;f;Fg;

ngupJk; JizahFk; vd;gJ vkJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

,e;j E}iyg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Mrpupau; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba %d;W

mk;rq;fs; cs;sd. Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b ghlj;jpl;lj;Jld; ed;F nghUe;jp

aike;jpUj;jy;> mJ fiyj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; jj;Jtj;ijAk; Nehf;ifAk; Kjd;ikahff;

nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;> 12 Me; 13 Me; juq;fspy; gps;isaplj;Nj vjpu;

ghu;f;fg;gLk; milT kl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;

MfpadNt mitahFk;. vdNt ,jid ed;F crhTjy; Mrpupaupd; Kf;fpakhd

xU gzpAk; nghWg;Gk; MFk;.

Nkw;gb %d;W mk;rq;fis cq;fsJ ftdj;Jf;F cl;gLj;Jtjw;fhf f.ngh.j.

cau;ju tFg;Gfspy; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;F Njitahd gapw;rpia toq;f

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ. njhlu;r;rpahf epfOk; ,g;gapw;rp

mku;Tfspy; Fwpj;j Mrpupau;fs; gq;Fgw;WtJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; nra;KiwfisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F

,g;gapw;rp ngupJk; Jizahf mikAk; vd;gNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. Fwpg;ghf>

ghlrhiykl;l kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfis khztdJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj;

Jizahff; nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jiy ghl tplaq;fSf;F

khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;J> khztuJ jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jy; vDk;

vjpu;ghu;g;igg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf ,t;nty;yhj; jiyaPLfSk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;

vd;gij fy;tp kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUkq;fspy;

KfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiu

,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ 2012 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; juq;fs;

12> 13 ,w;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia khztu;fSf;F xOq;FgLj;J

tjw;F cjTk;. jug;gl;l fhyj;jpDs; xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpDs;Sk; mlq;Fk;

tpla cs;slf;fj;ij g+u;j;jp nra;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ. ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;Lf;

fUtpfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk; fPOk; jug;gl;Ls;s

fw;wy;NgWfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. ghlj;jpy; njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngWtjw;fhf khztu;fis ,izaj;jsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd

Nkyjpf tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jTk; Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jw;Nghija etPd Afj;jpNy njhopy;El;gkhdJ ed;F tpUj;jpaile;J fy;tpia

NkYk; tsg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ. vdNt Mrpupauhdtu; jdJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

#oiy Nkyjpf njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp khztu;fSf;F xU J}z;liyAk;

Mu;tj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JkhW mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

ehd; ,r; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; ghl ty;Ydu;fSf;Fk; ntspaf

tsthsu;fSf;Fk; ,e;j topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpy; jkJ Neuj;ijg; ghuhky;

gq;Fgw;wpaikf;F ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

rpl;dp n[atu;j;jdrpl;dp n[atu;j;jdrpl;dp n[atu;j;jdrpl;dp n[atu;j;jdrpl;dp n[atu;j;jd

gpujpg;; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;.

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topfhl;ly; :topfhl;ly; :topfhl;ly; :topfhl;ly; :topfhl;ly; : Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhgzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Njrkhd;a fyhepjp I. vy;. fpzpNf Njrkhd;a fyhepjp I. vy;. fpzpNf Njrkhd;a fyhepjp I. vy;. fpzpNf Njrkhd;a fyhepjp I. vy;. fpzpNf Njrkhd;a fyhepjp I. vy;. fpzpNf

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

tpQ;Qhd njhopy; El;gg; gPlk;


gzpg;G :gzpg;G :gzpg;G :gzpg;G :gzpg;G : jpU. rp.vk;.Mu;. me;jdp - gzpg;ghsu;jpU. rp.vk;.Mu;. me;jdp - gzpg;ghsu;jpU. rp.vk;.Mu;. me;jdp - gzpg;ghsu;jpU. rp.vk;.Mu;. me;jdp - gzpg;ghsu;jpU. rp.vk;.Mu;. me;jdp - gzpg;ghsu;tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;:,izg;ghf;fk;: jpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;djpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;djpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;djpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;djpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;dcjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> nraw;wpl;lf; FOj; jiytu;

tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpf;Fkhd Jiw>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpU. tp. jw;gud;jpU. tp. jw;gud;jpU. tp. jw;gud;jpU. tp. jw;gud;jpU. tp. jw;gud; - nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup


Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

jpUkjp. v];.vk;.rp.N[. tpN[NrfujpUkjp. v];.vk;.rp.N[. tpN[NrfujpUkjp. v];.vk;.rp.N[. tpN[NrfujpUkjp. v];.vk;.rp.N[. tpN[NrfujpUkjp. v];.vk;.rp.N[. tpN[Nrfu- c. nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup


Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghlj;jpl;l kPsha;Tf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l kPsha;Tf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l kPsha;Tf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l kPsha;Tf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l kPsha;Tf; FO:

Nguhrpupau; vr;.[p. ee;jjhrNguhrpupau; vr;.[p. ee;jjhrNguhrpupau; vr;.[p. ee;jjhrNguhrpupau; vr;.[p. ee;jjhrNguhrpupau; vr;.[p. ee;jjhr - - - - - rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

jhtutpay; jpizf;fsk;- = [atu;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; lg;sptA;.b. uj;d#upaNguhrpupau; lg;sptA;.b. uj;d#upaNguhrpupau; lg;sptA;.b. uj;d#upaNguhrpupau; lg;sptA;.b. uj;d#upaNguhrpupau; lg;sptA;.b. uj;d#upa - rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

tpyq;fpay; Jiw- nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; [p.v];. tpjhdg;gj;jpuzNguhrpupau; [p.v];. tpjhdg;gj;jpuzNguhrpupau; [p.v];. tpjhdg;gj;jpuzNguhrpupau; [p.v];. tpjhdg;gj;jpuzNguhrpupau; [p.v];. tpjhdg;gj;jpuz----- rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

Ez;Zapupay; Jiw - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau;. vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau;. vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau;. vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau;. vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau;. vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;d ------rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

tpyq;fpay; Jiw - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

tsthsu;fs; :tsthsu;fs; :tsthsu;fs; :tsthsu;fs; :tsthsu;fs; :

jpUkjp. vr;.V.v];.N[. ngNuuhjpUkjp. vr;.V.v];.N[. ngNuuhjpUkjp. vr;.V.v];.N[. ngNuuhjpUkjp. vr;.V.v];.N[. ngNuuhjpUkjp. vr;.V.v];.N[. ngNuuh - Mrpupau;

rpupkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f kfspu; kfh tpj;jpahyak;>

nfhOk;G 07

jpUkjp. lgps;A. mNgehaf;f jpUkjp. lgps;A. mNgehaf;f jpUkjp. lgps;A. mNgehaf;f jpUkjp. lgps;A. mNgehaf;f jpUkjp. lgps;A. mNgehaf;f - Mrpupau;

b.v];. Nrehdhaf;f tpj;jpahyak; - nfhOk;G 07

jpUkjp. rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp. rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp. rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp. rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp. rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;l - Mrpupau;

jk;kp];]hu fy;Y}up - ehj;jhd;bah

jpUkjp. rp.Nf. cf;tj;jjpUkjp. rp.Nf. cf;tj;jjpUkjp. rp.Nf. cf;tj;jjpUkjp. rp.Nf. cf;tj;jjpUkjp. rp.Nf. cf;tj;j - Mrpupau;

b.v];. Nrehdhaf;f tpj;jpahyak; - nfhOk;G 07

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jpUkjp. v];.b.vd;. mNgNfhd; jpUkjp. v];.b.vd;. mNgNfhd; jpUkjp. v];.b.vd;. mNgNfhd; jpUkjp. v];.b.vd;. mNgNfhd; jpUkjp. v];.b.vd;. mNgNfhd; - Mrpupau;. me;jdp kfspu;

ghlrhiy - fz;b

jpUkjp. v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp. v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp. v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp. v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp. v];.b.gp. gz;lhu - Mrpupau;

ju;kuh[h fy;Y}up - fz;b

jpUkjp. vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp. vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp. vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp. vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp. vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;f - Mrupau;

FU/nrd; md;]; fy;Y}up - FUzhfy

jpUkjp. N[.V.N[. `dp -jpUkjp. N[.V.N[. `dp -jpUkjp. N[.V.N[. `dp -jpUkjp. N[.V.N[. `dp -jpUkjp. N[.V.N[. `dp - Mrpupau;

rh`puh fy;Y}up - fk;gis

jpUkjp. gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp. gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp. gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp. gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp. gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;f - Mrpupau;

ky;ypaNjt kfspu; ghlrhiy - FUzhfy

jpUkjp. rp.Mu;. la]jpUkjp. rp.Mu;. la]jpUkjp. rp.Mu;. la]jpUkjp. rp.Mu;. la]jpUkjp. rp.Mu;. la] ; - Mrpupau;

nrd;. Njhk]; fy;Y}up - fy;fp];i]

jpUkjp. gP. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau;jpUkjp. gP. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau;jpUkjp. gP. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau;jpUkjp. gP. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau;jpUkjp. gP. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau;

nfhOk;G ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - uj;kyhid

jpU. lgps;A. gjpuz -jpU. lgps;A. gjpuz -jpU. lgps;A. gjpuz -jpU. lgps;A. gjpuz -jpU. lgps;A. gjpuz - Mrpupau;

tp[pjh kj;jpa fy;Y}up - jpf;nty;iy

jpUkjp. b. [auj;d -jpUkjp. b. [auj;d -jpUkjp. b. [auj;d -jpUkjp. b. [auj;d -jpUkjp. b. [auj;d - Mrpupau;

kfspu; cau; ghlrhiy - fz;b

jpU. Mu;.vk;.v];. [atu;jd jpU. Mu;.vk;.v];. [atu;jd jpU. Mu;.vk;.v];. [atu;jd jpU. Mu;.vk;.v];. [atu;jd jpU. Mu;.vk;.v];. [atu;jd - Mrpupau;

Nwhay; kj;jpa fy;Y}up - ept; lt;d; - nghyd;dWit

jpUkjp.. Nf.V.vk;. nrdtpuj;djpUkjp.. Nf.V.vk;. nrdtpuj;djpUkjp.. Nf.V.vk;. nrdtpuj;djpUkjp.. Nf.V.vk;. nrdtpuj;djpUkjp.. Nf.V.vk;. nrdtpuj;d - Mrpupau;

gz;lhuehaf;f kfh tpj;jpahyak; - vfLntt - fy;fKt

fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; :fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; : jpUkjp. vg;. ep];kpah mkPu;njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tiy flg;gplktiy flg;gplktiy flg;gplktiy flg;gplktiy flg;gplk; : www.nie.lk

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kPs;Nehf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - 2012kPs;Nehf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - 2012kPs;Nehf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - 2012kPs;Nehf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - 2012kPs;Nehf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b - 2012

topfhl;ly;topfhl;ly;topfhl;ly;topfhl;ly;topfhl;ly; ::::: Nguhrpupau; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhuNguhrpupau; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhuNguhrpupau; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhuNguhrpupau; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhuNguhrpupau; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>


gzpg;Ggzpg;Ggzpg;Ggzpg;Ggzpg;G ::::: jpU. rpl;dp [atu;j;jdjpU. rpl;dp [atu;j;jdjpU. rpl;dp [atu;j;jdjpU. rpl;dp [atu;j;jdjpU. rpl;dp [atu;j;jd

cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>


,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk; : : : : : jpU.Mh;.v];.N[.gP.cLg;NghWtjpU.Mh;.v];.N[.gP.cLg;NghWtjpU.Mh;.v];.N[.gP.cLg;NghWtjpU.Mh;.v];.N[.gP.cLg;NghWtjpU.Mh;.v];.N[.gP.cLg;NghWt -rpNu\; tphpTiuahsh;

jpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;d jpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;d jpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;d jpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;d jpUkjp vr;.vk;. khghFzuj;d - tphpTiuahsh;

nry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[h nry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[h nry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[h nry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[h nry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[h - tphpTiuahsh;

ghl topfhl;ly;:ghl topfhl;ly;:ghl topfhl;ly;:ghl topfhl;ly;:ghl topfhl;ly;:

Nguhrpupau; lgps;A.b.uj;d#hpa Nguhrpupau; lgps;A.b.uj;d#hpa Nguhrpupau; lgps;A.b.uj;d#hpa Nguhrpupau; lgps;A.b.uj;d#hpa Nguhrpupau; lgps;A.b.uj;d#hpa - - - - - rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

tpyq;fpay; Jiw- nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; [p. v];. tpjhdgj;jpud Nguhrpupau; [p. v];. tpjhdgj;jpud Nguhrpupau; [p. v];. tpjhdgj;jpud Nguhrpupau; [p. v];. tpjhdgj;jpud Nguhrpupau; [p. v];. tpjhdgj;jpud - - - - - rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

Ez;Zapupay; Jiw - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau; vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau; vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau; vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;dNguhrpupau; vk;.N[.v];. tpN[uj;d - rpNu\;l Nguhrpupau;

tpyq;fpay; Jiw - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

tsthsu;fs;:tsthsu;fs;:tsthsu;fs;:tsthsu;fs;:tsthsu;fs;:

jpUkjp.rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp.rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp.rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp.rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;ljpUkjp.rp.tp. rpuhzp njnthl;l - Mrpupau; jk;kp];]hu fy;Y}up - ehj;jhd;bah

jpUkjp.v];.b.vd;.mNgNfhdjpUkjp.v];.b.vd;.mNgNfhdjpUkjp.v];.b.vd;.mNgNfhdjpUkjp.v];.b.vd;.mNgNfhdjpUkjp.v];.b.vd;.mNgNfhd ;; ;; ;- Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupau; me;jdp kfspu; ghlrhiy-fz;b

jpUkjp.v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp.v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp.v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp.v];.b.gp. gz;lhujpUkjp.v];.b.gp. gz;lhu - Mrpupau; ju;kuh[h fy;Y}up - fz;b

jpUkjp.vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp.vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp.vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp.vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;fjpUkjp.vk;.Mu;.gp.Mu;. g];ehaf;f - Mrpupau; nrd/ ;md;]; fy;Y}up - FUzhfy

jpUkjp.N[.V.N[. `dp jpUkjp.N[.V.N[. `dp jpUkjp.N[.V.N[. `dp jpUkjp.N[.V.N[. `dp jpUkjp.N[.V.N[. `dp ----- Mrpupau; rh`puh fy;Y}up - fk;gis

jpUkjp.gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp.gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp.gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp.gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;fjpUkjp.gp.vr;. eprhjp Fyjpyf;f-Mrpupau; Njtp ghypfh tpj;jpahyak;-nfhOk;G 8

jpUkjp.gp. fNzrjh];jpUkjp.gp. fNzrjh];jpUkjp.gp. fNzrjh];jpUkjp.gp. fNzrjh];jpUkjp.gp. fNzrjh]; - Mrpupau; - Mrpupau; - Mrpupau; - Mrpupau; - Mrpupau; nfhOk;G ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - uj;kyhid

jpU.th;zrpwp gjpuzjpU.th;zrpwp gjpuzjpU.th;zrpwp gjpuzjpU.th;zrpwp gjpuzjpU.th;zrpwp gjpuz - - - - - Mrpupau; tp[pjh kj;jpa fy;Y}up - jpf;nty;iy

jpU.gp.V.Nf. ngNuuhjpU.gp.V.Nf. ngNuuhjpU.gp.V.Nf. ngNuuhjpU.gp.V.Nf. ngNuuhjpU.gp.V.Nf. ngNuuh - - - - - Mrpupau; Njtp ghypfh tpj;jpahyak; - nfhOk;G - 8

jpUkjp. v];. NfhghyfpU\;zd; jpUkjp. v];. NfhghyfpU\;zd; jpUkjp. v];. NfhghyfpU\;zd; jpUkjp. v];. NfhghyfpU\;zd; jpUkjp. v];. NfhghyfpU\;zd;-----Mrpupau; nt];yp fy;Yhhp - nfhOk;G - 8

jpU. gp.V.vd;.rp.ghy#hpajpU. gp.V.vd;.rp.ghy#hpajpU. gp.V.vd;.rp.ghy#hpajpU. gp.V.vd;.rp.ghy#hpajpU. gp.V.vd;.rp.ghy#hpa - - - - - Mrpupau; Nffhiy ghypfh tpjpjahyak; - Nffhiy

nkhopngau;g;G :nkhopngau;g;G :nkhopngau;g;G :nkhopngau;g;G :nkhopngau;g;G : nry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[hnry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[hnry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[hnry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[hnry;tp Nkdfh jpUeluh[h

tphpTiuahsh;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kd;gf;f ml;il tbtikg;G: Kd;gf;f ml;il tbtikg;G: Kd;gf;f ml;il tbtikg;G: Kd;gf;f ml;il tbtikg;G: Kd;gf;f ml;il tbtikg;G: Mh;.Mh;. gj;jpuzMh;.Mh;. gj;jpuzMh;.Mh;. gj;jpuzMh;.Mh;. gj;jpuzMh;.Mh;. gj;jpuz

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk;: fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk;: fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk;: fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk;: fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk;: fkyNtzp fe;ijahfkyNtzp fe;ijahfkyNtzp fe;ijahfkyNtzp fe;ijahfkyNtzp fe;ijah

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

tiyg;gpd;dy;:tiyg;gpd;dy;:tiyg;gpd;dy;:tiyg;gpd;dy;:tiyg;gpd;dy;: www.nie.lk

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cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii

KfTiu iv

tsthsu; FO v-vi

kPs;Nehf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b vii

fw;ww; NgWfSk; cj;Njr fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwfSk;

myF 1 1-6

myF 2 7-33

myF 3 34-60

myF 4 61-67

myF 5 68-72

myF 6 73-87

myF 7 88-109

myF 8 110-119

myF 9 120-135

myF 10 136-180

myF 11 181-205

myF 12 206-239

myF 13 240-286

myF 14 287-304

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk; 305-313

gpd;dpizg;G 314- 345

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Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 1.1.0 1.1.0 1.1.0 1.1.0 1.1.0 ::::: capupay; mbg;gilapy; Njbaha;T elj;Jthu;.capupay; mbg;gilapy; Njbaha;T elj;Jthu;.capupay; mbg;gilapy; Njbaha;T elj;Jthu;.capupay; mbg;gilapy; Njbaha;T elj;Jthu;.capupay; mbg;gilapy; Njbaha;T elj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.1 ::::: kdpjd; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; miw$ty;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;jpcapupaypd; jd;ik> tpahgfk;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpa

tw;iw tpupTgLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis ::::: 01

fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; :::::khztu;

• capupaypd; jd;ik> tpahgfk;;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw tpgupf;ff; $batuhf

,Ug;gu;.

• capupaY}lhfj; jPu;T fhzj;jf;fjhd> kdpjd; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfs;>

miw$ty;fs; vd;gd gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlf; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghUj;jkhd %yq;fis toq;fy;/njuptpj;jy;.

• NtWgl;l tsq;fspypUe;J capupaY}lhfj; jPu;T fhzj;jf;f gpur;rpidfs;

gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk;gb khztiu mwpTWj;jy;.

• capupaY}lhfj; jPu;T fhzj;jf;f gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa mwpit tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf

FOf;fshfr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;gb khztUf;F MNyhrid toq;fy;

• nghUj;jkhd tupirf;fpukk;gb tpupTgLj;jy;

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• capupay; gy;tifikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.

3.5 gpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf cyfpy; capupdq;fs; tho;e;J tUfpd;wd.

cyfpy; Vwj;jho 30 kpy;ypad; jhtu> tpyq;F ,dq;fs; cs;sij khztu;

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. capUyFf;Fk; capuw;witf;Fk; ,ilNa rf;jp

tha;e;j ,aq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,ilj;njhlu;nghd;W epyTfpd;wJ.

• kdpj cliyAk; mjd; njhopw;ghLfisAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;

kdpj clypd; xOq;fikg;G> clypDs; njhFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk;>

fl;likg;Gf;Fk; mtw;wpd; njhopYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G vd;gtw;iw khztu;

kjpf;ff;$batuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,aw;if tsq;fs;> #oy; Mfpatw;wpd; Kfhikj;Jtk;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,aw;if tsq;fs; cs;sijAk; jw;Nghija rdj;njhif

tsu;r;rpapdhy; ,e;j tsq;fSf;F mr;RWj;jy; epiyik Vw;gl;lJ gw;wpAk;

khztUf;F tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tspkz;ly XNrhd;gil eypTwy;> mkpy kio> tspkz;ly CO2 nrwpT

mjpfupg;gjhNyw;gLk; G+Nfhs ntg;gKwy;> MWfSk; epyj;Jf;fbapYs;s ePUk;

khRWtjhy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; FbePUf;F Vw;glg;NghFk; jl;Lg;ghL vd;gd rpy

tpisTfshFk;.

myF 1 - capupay; mwpKfk;myF 1 - capupay; mwpKfk;myF 1 - capupay; mwpKfk;myF 1 - capupay; mwpKfk;myF 1 - capupay; mwpKfk;

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• ePbj;J epiyngWk; czT cw;gj;jp

jw;Nghija rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp tPjj;jpd;gb xt;nthU nrf;fDf;Fk; cyf

rdj;njhifapy; %d;WNgu; Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. 40 tUlq;fspDs; jw;NghJ

6 gpy;ypadhf cs;s rdj;njhif ,ul;bg;gile;JtpLnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

vdNt> kdpj ,dk; jg;gpg;gpiog;gjw;F ePbj;J epiyngWk; czT cw;gj;jp

mtrpakhfpd;wJ. cau; tpisr;riyj; jUk; jhtu> tpyq;F tu;f;fq;fspd;

cw;gj;jp> Nehnajpu;g;Gj; jd;ikAs;s Ngjq;fspd; tpUj;jp> mWtilapd; gpd;dhd

njhopDl;gj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd Kiwfspd; Njit vd;gd typAWj;jg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

• Neha;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;

tpQ;Qhdpfs;> Gw;WNeha;> AIDS> kNyupah> frk; Nghd;w Neha;fspd; jLg;GKiw

gw;wpa Ma;Tfspy; mgptpUj;jpailahj ehLfspy;

xU tUlj;jpy; 3 kpy;ypad; kf;fspd; ,wg;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. rpy ehLfspy;

kdpjdpy; ,wg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; Kd;dzpapYs;s Gw;WNeha; gw;wp ,d;dKk;

Kw;whf mwpag;gltpy;iy.

NkYk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Gjpa Neha;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. tpQ;Qhdpfs;

Neha;j;jLg;G> Fzkhf;Fk; eltbf;if> gupfhuk; vd;gd rk;ge;jkhfg; gzp

ahw;Wfpwhu;fs;.

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.2 ::::: capuq;fpfspd; jd;ikiaAk;> xOq;fikg;Gf; Nfhyq;fisAk; kPsNehf;Fthu;.



• capuq;fpfspd; tbtk;> gUkd;> cUtk;> guk;gy; vd;gtw;wpd; gue;j tPr;irg;

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlf;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpupTgLj;jf;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; xOq;fikg;gpd; Ml;rpepiu xOq;F kl;lq;fisf;

fl;bnaOg;gf;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• fykhdJ> capupd mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G> njhopw;ghl;L myF vd;gij

ep&gpf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• capuq;fpfspd; jd;ikiaf; fhl;l , fzzp top mspf;if(Power point presenta-

tion)> glq;fs;> khjpupfs; my;yJ NtW %yq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd glq;fs; my;yJ cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; khztu;fis

mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Ml;rpepiu xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fisf;

fl;bnaOg;gr; nra;jy;. (For; nraw;ghL tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.)

• capupd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G> njhopw;ghl;L myfhf fyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

Rl;bf;fhl;ly;.

• nghUj;jkhd tupirf;fpukj;jpd; gb tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• capuq;fpfs; gUkd;> tbtk;> cUtk;> guk;gy; vd;gtw;wpy; gue;j tPr;irf;

fhz;gpf;fpd;wd.

• gUkd; - Bacteria 0.25µ - 2µ ,ypUe;J ,uhl;rj nul;T+l; kuk;(Sequoia)100m tiu

• tbtk; - mq;fpfs; tbtj;jpy; gy;tifikf;Fupad.

• cUtk; - fykw;w> jdpf;fy> gy;fy vdg; ngUkstpy; NtWgLk;.

• guk;gy; - fhw;Wf;FupaJ> jiutho;T> ePu;tho;T> kutho;T (cjhuzq;fis

toq;fTk;.)

• mq;fpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

(1) xOq;Fk; xOq;fikg;Gk;

mq;fpfspy; mtw;wpd; %yf;$w;W kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J capu;f;Nfhsk; tiu

mtw;wpd; capupay; njhopw;ghLfis tpidj;jpwDld; elhj;j xU xOq;Fk;

xOq;fikg;Gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

(2) mDNrgk;

mq;fpfspy; eilngWk; midj;J ,urhadr; nraw;ghLfSk; mDNrgk;

MFk;. cl;Nrg mtNrgj; jhf;fq;fs; ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

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(3) tsu;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk;

vy;yh mq;fpfSk; mtw;wpd; tho;it xU fyj;jpNyNa Muk;gpf;fpd;wd.

capupfSf;F kl;LNk rpwg;gpay;ghf mike;j tsu;r;rpapd;NghJ cyu; epiwapy;

kPshj mjpfupg;G Vw;gLk;.

mq;fpapd; tho;fhyj;jpy; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf njhlUk; nrad;KiwfNs

tsu;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk; MFk;. Xuq;fpapd; tho;f;if fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk;

kPsKbahj khw;wq;fs; tpUj;jp MFk;.

(4) cWj;Jzu;r;rpAk; ,iaghf;fKk;

mf> Gwr; #oypypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; J}z;lYf;F J}z;lw;Ngiwf;

fhl;lf;$ba jpwd; cWj;Jzu;r;rp MFk;.

cWj;Jzu;r;rp> ,iaghf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthy; mq;fpfspy; mirT

Vw;gLk;. tpyq;Ffspy; euk;G> jir> td;$L kw;Wk; mfQ;Ruf;Fk; njhFjp

Mfpa njhFjpfspd; xd;wpize;j gpuaj;jdj;jpd; tpisthy; mirT Vw;gLk;.

(5) ,irthf;fk;

Fwpg;gpl;l #oypy; mq;fpfspd; epyTif> ,dg;ngUf;fk; Nghd;w tho;f;ifj;

Njitfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf tpNrlkhaike;j fl;likg;G> clw;nwhopypay;

my;yJ elj;ijfs; ,irthf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: tws; epyj; jhtuq;fspy; Fopfspyike;j ,iytha;> rpy fz;ly;

jhtuq;fspy; rPtr Kisj;jy;> c\;zkhd fhyepiyapy; mjpf tpau;it

cw;gj;jp> ngha;f;Nfhyk; G+zy;> nkd;ikahd kz;zpy; GijahJ jLf;fr;

rha;thd ghjq;fs; xl;lfj;jpy; fhzg;gly;.

(6) ,dg;ngUf;fk;

,dq;fspd; epyTifiaj; njhlur; nra;tjw;fhf Gjpa vr;rj;ijj; Njhw;W

tpf;Fk; jifik.

(7) ghuk;gupaKk; $u;g;Gk;

capUs;stw;wpy; xU re;jjpapypUe;J kw;iwa re;jjpf;Ff; flj;jg;glf;$ba

guk;giuayFfs; cs;sd. ,it mq;fpapd; rpwg;ghd clw;nwhopypay;>

cUttpay; elj;ij ,ay;Gfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.

,dq;fspNyw;gLk; ghuk;gupa khwy;fshy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mq;fpfspy; khw;wk;

Vw;gly; $u;g;G vdg;gLk;.

• gy capuw;w nghUl;fspy; Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;Ws; xd;W my;yJ rpy ,ay;Gfs;

fhzg;glyhk;. Mdhy; vy;yh ,ay;GfSk; fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy.

cjhuzk;: gspq;F tsUk;> miy ,lk;ngaUk; Mdhy; capUs;sd kl;LNk

Nkw;$wpa vy;yh ,ay;GfisAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; my;yJ tho;f;if tl;lj;jpd;

VjhtJ xU epiyapyhtJ ntspf;fhl;Lk;.

• Ml;rpepiu xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fs;

mq;fpfs; %yf;$wpypUe;J capu;f;Nfhs kl;lk; tiu xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk; fl;likg;Gk; njhopw;ghLk; NtWgl;lJ. Mdhy; fl;likg;G

njhopYld; ,iaghf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

• Ml;rp epiu xOq;fikg;G kl;lj;jpy; fyk;> mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G>

njhopw;ghl;lyfhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1.3 ::::: tpQ;Qhd Kiwapd; %yk; capupay; gpur;rpidfisj;jPu;g;ghu;.



• tpQ;Qhd Kiwapd; gbfis ,dq;fhz vspa gupNrhjidnahd;iwg; gFg;gha;T

nra;af;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfhz tpQ;Qhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jf;$batuhf

,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:

gpd;tUk; gpur;rpidia tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;.

• xU khztd; jdJ nfhg;gpapy; Ngdhthy; vOj Muk;gpj;jNghJ tupfs;

Gyg;glhikia ftdpj;jhd;.

• khztdpd; J}z;lw;Ngiwf; fye;Jiuahb> gpur;rpidiag; gFj;jhuha;T nra;J>

fUJNfhis Kd;itj;jy;.

• gpd;tUk; mwpTWj;jy;fis khztu;fisj; Njbaha;tpy; xOq;fhd gbKiwfs;

gpd;gw;wg;gLnkd khztu;fs; tpopg;Gzu;T+l;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J ehshe;j

tho;tpNyw;gLk; VjhtnjhU epfo;thfNth my;yJ capupay; gpur;rpidahfNth

,Uf;fyhk;.,t;thW xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Ma;Tf;Nfhyk; tpQ;Qhd Kiw MFk;.

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• tpQ;QhdKiw gpd;tUk; gbfisf; nfhz;lJ.

• Kiwahd mtjhdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpur;rpidfis

,dq;fhzy;.

• tpdhf;fis vOg;gp mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;fy;.

• NjitNaw;gbd;> fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gupNrhjidfSld; fUJNfhs;fisg;

gupNrhjpj;jy;.

• vjpu;T$wy;fis Kd;itj;J> gupNrhjidfs; %yk; mtw;iwr; Nrhjpj;jy;.

• rhd;Wfs;/mtjhdq;fis Mjhukhff;nfhz;L vjph;T$wy;fis cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

• mwpag;gLk; Gjpa tplaq;fshy; khw;wpaikf;fg;glf;$ba nfhs;ifia

cUthf;fy;.

• nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L tpQ;Qhd Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

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Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 2.1.0 2.1.0 2.1.0 2.1.0 2.1.0 ::::: capupd; ,urhad mbg;gilia EZfpaha;thu;.capupd; ,urhad mbg;gilia EZfpaha;thu;.capupd; ,urhad mbg;gilia EZfpaha;thu;.capupd; ,urhad mbg;gilia EZfpaha;thu;.capupd; ,urhad mbg;gilia EZfpaha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.1 ::::: capUlypd; %yf Mf;ff;$Wfisj; Njbaha;tu;.



• mq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLk; %yfq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;jf; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• kh %yfk;> Rtl;L %yfk; vd;gdtw;iw NtWgLj;jf; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• kh%yfq;fs;;> Rtl;L %yfq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; njhopy;fisf; $wf;$batuhf

,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffspd; %yf Mf;ff;$Wfs; gw;wpa nghUj;jkhd tptuzk;

(mr;Rg;gjpT/,yj;jpudpay;) khztUf;F toq;fg;gly;.

• tiuglk;/tiuG/ml;ltiz %yk; mq;fpfspYs;s %yfq;fspd; msit xg;gPl;L

uPjpapy; fhl;Lk;gb mwpTiu toq;fy;.

• xt;nthU %yfj;jpdJk; njhopiy tiuglk;/ml;ltiz %yk; fhl;l

mDkjpj;jy;.

• Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;fisj; jahu;gLj;jy;

• ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sgb capupd; ,urhad mbg;gilia

tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpd; %yf Mf;ff;$Wfs;

• ,aw;ifahff;fhzg;gLk; 92 %yfq;fspy; Vwj;jho 20 %yfq;fs; capu;g;gjhu;j;jq;

fis Mf;Ffpd;wd.

• fhgd;> Ijurd;> xl;rprd;> iejurd;> ngh];gu];> fe;jfk; vd;gd kpff; $Ljyhff;

fhzg;gLk; 6 %yfq;fs; MFk;.

• mq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLk; %yfq;fspd; jpUj;jkhd msT NtWglyhk;. rpy

%yfq;fs; mj;jpahtrpakhd %yfq;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit

kh%yfq;fs,; Rtl;L%yfq;fs; vd mq;fpfspy; mtw;wpd; epyTiff;Nfw;g

tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• kh%yfq;fs;

mq;fpapd; cyh;epiwapy; 0.01% my;yJ mjw;F Nky; fhzg;gLk;. C, H, O,

N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg vd;gd vy;yh mq;fpfspYk; kh%yfq;fshff; fhzg;gLk;.rpy

mq;fpfspy; cjhuzk;., kdpjdpy; Na, Fe, Cl vd;git kh%yfq;fshFk;.

• Rtl;L %yfq;fs;

mq;fpapd; cyh;epiwapy; 0.01% I tplf;Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzk;.,B,

Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Al, Cl, Si, V, Cr, I ,Fe,Co Nghd;wd.

• kh%yfq;fs;, Rtl;L%yfq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; njhopy;fs;

myF 2 - capupd; ,urhad fy mbg;gilmyF 2 - capupd; ,urhad fy mbg;gilmyF 2 - capupd; ,urhad fy mbg;gilmyF 2 - capupd; ,urhad fy mbg;gilmyF 2 - capupd; ,urhad fy mbg;gil

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.2 ::::: capupd; epyTiff;F ePupd; ngsjpf> ,urhad,ay;Gfis EZfpaha;tu;.



• capu; tho;f;iff;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;ff; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• capu; tho;f;iff;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkhf ,Uf;Fk; ePupd; ngsjpf> ,urhad

,ay;Gfis tpgupg;gu;.

• ePupd; ngsjpf> ,urhad ,ay;Gfis mJ capUs;s njhFjpapy; Mw;Wk;

njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;jf; $bajhf ,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• ePupd; ngsjpf> ,urhad ,ay;Gfis mJ capUs;s njhFjpapy; Mw;Wk;

njhopYld; njhlu;GgLj;JtJ rk;ge;jkhd (mr;Rg;gjpT> ,yj;jpudpay;)

tptuzq;fis khztUf;F toq;fy;.

• ~capu;tho;Tf;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;| vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu tiuAk;gb

khztUf;F mwpTiu toq;fy;.

• fl;Liuapy; mlq;fNtz;ba Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;.

• tFg;giwapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztiuj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd tupirf;fpukg;gb tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• capu; tho;Tf;F ePupd;; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

• capu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; $ba mstpyhd mNrjdr; Nru;it ePu;

MFk;.

• mq;fpfspy; ePupd; gpujhd njhopy;fs;

1. KjYUtpd; cs;slf;fk;

2. fiug;ghd;

3. jhf;fp

4. tpiwg;Gj;jd;ikia/tPf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;

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• ePhpd; NtW njhopy;fs;.

,ay;G ,ay;G ,ay;G ,ay;G ,ay;G njhopy; njhopy; njhopy; njhopy; njhopy; cjhuzk; cjhuzk; cjhuzk; cjhuzk; cjhuzk;

miw ntg;gepiyapy; jputk;

KidTj; jd;ik

,urhad ,ay;G

cau; xl;lw;gz;G>gpizT tpir

cau; Nkw;gug;gpOtpir

cau; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssT

cau; Mtpahjypd;kiw ntg;gk;

cau ; cUfy pd ;kiwntg;gk;

ciwAk;NghJ fdtsT k pifahfmjpfupj;jy;

xspia CLGftpLk;

KjYUtpd; Clfk;

rpwe;j fiug;ghd;

rpy capupurhadr; nrad;Kiwfspy; jhf;fp.

fyq;fspy; tPf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

mq;fpfspy; gjhu;j;jq;fs;cs ; nsLf ; f g ; g lYk ;nfhz;L nry;yYk;.

e P u ;tho ; G +r ; r pfSf ;Fthoplk;.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msthdntg;gk; cwpQ;rg;gl;lhNyh> ,of;fg;gl;lhNyh ePu;ntg;gkhw;wj;ij; jLf;Fk;.

cly; Nkw;gug;igf; Fspu;tpj;jy;.

ePu;epiyfs; ciwtjw;Ff;$Ljyhd ntg;gk; tpiuakhFk;.

ePu;epiy Kw;whfNt jpz;kkhf ciwe;J tplhJNkw;Gwkhfg; gdpf;fl;bAk;mbapy; ePUk; fhzg;gLk;.

xsp CL nry;yiy mDkjpf;Fk;.

ePu; KjYUtpd; gpujhd cs;slf;fk;.

fyj;jpYs;s mNdf gjhu;j;jq;fs;KjYU> fyr;rhW vd;gtw;wpy ;fiue;Js;sJ.

(fyj;jpy; jput Clfj;jpNyNamDNrgj; jhf;fq;fs; eil ngWk;)xspj;njhFg;G6CO

2 + 6H

2O C

6H

12O

6 +6O

2

ePu;g;gFg;Gj; jhf;fk;khg;nghUs; + ePu; Nkhy;w;NwhR

fytpupT> G+z;Lj;jhtuq;fspy; nghwpKiw Mjhuk;> tPf;f mirTfs;>fhtw;fhyj;jpy; mirT> G+f;fs;kyu;jy;.rhw;Nww;wKk; nfhz;L nry;yYk;>kz;zPu;f; fiurypypUe;J ePUk;fdpAg;GfSk; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gly;.

ePu;r;rWf;fp

#oy; ntg;gf; FUjpAs;s tpyq;Ffspy ; r pw pa t Pr ;r pDs; cly;ntg;gepiyiag; NgZk;.

tpau;j;jy;> MtpAapu;g;G

ePu;epiyfspYk; fyj;jpd; cs;Sk;ePu; ,yFtpy; ciwe;JtplhJ.

gdpf;fhyq;fspy; ePu;tho; mq;fpfs;jg;gpg;gpiof;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

ePu;epiyfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Moj;jpw;F my;fh> ePu;tho; jhtuq;fs;vd;gd tsUk;.

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1.3 ::::: mq;fpfspd; gpujhd Nrjdr; Nru;itfspd; ,urhadj;jd;ikiaAk; njhopy;fisAk; gupNrhjpg;gu;.



• mq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLk; ehd;F gpujhd Nrjdr; Nru;itfspd; mbg;gil ,urhadj;

jd;ikia tpgupf;ff; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• ehd;F gpujhd tiff;Fupa Nrjdr; Nru;itfspd; njhopy;fis tptupf;ff;

$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• jho;j;Jk; nty;yk;> jho;j;jh nty;yk;> khg;nghUs;> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L vd;gtw;iw

,dq;fhzf;$ba Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfis elhj;jf; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• jho;j;Jk; nty;yk;> jho;j;jh nty;yk;> khg;nghUs;> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L vd;gtw;

wpw;fhd Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfisr; nra;J fhl;;ly;.

• ngauplg;glhj gpd;tUk; fiury;fis khztUf;F toq;Fjy;.

(khg;nghUs;> Rf;FNuhR> FSf;NfhR> Kl;il nts;isf; fU> Njq;fhnaz;nza;

Nghd;w)

• Nru;itfis ,dq;fz;L> nra;Kiwiag; gjpT nra;Ak;gb mwpTWj;jy;.

• nghUj;jkhd (mr;Rg;gjpT/,yj;jpudpay;) tptuzq;fis toq;fy;.

• mq;fpfspYs;s fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L> epA+f;fpspf;fkpyk; vd;gd

gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; njhopy; gw;wpAk; mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;Fk;gb khztiu

mwpTWj;jy;.

• Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s ghl cs;slf;fj;ij tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• mq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLk; ehd;F gpujhd Nrjdr; Nru;itfspdJk; mbg;gil

,urhadj; jd;ikiaAk; njhopiyAk; tpgupj;jy;.

• mq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Nrjdr; Nru;itfshtd:

• fhNghitjNuw;W

• ,ypg;gpl;L

• Gujk;

• epA+f;fpspf;fkpyk;

• capu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fspy; fhNghitjNuw;W> ,ypg;gpl;L> Gujk;> epA+f;fpspf;fkpyq;fs;

vd;gd fhzg;gLtjhy; mit gpujhd capupay; %yf;$Wfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;w

njd tpsf;Fjy;.

• Gujk;> epA+f;fpspf;fkpyk;> rpy fhNghitjNuw;Wfs; Nghd;w ngupa %yf;$Wfs;

(%yf;$w;W epiw 104 - 1010) kh%yf;$Wfshff; fUjg;gLnkd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• fhNghitjNuw;W

• G+kpapy; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLk; Nrjdr; Nru;it.

• md;whl tho;tpy; ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; nty;yq;fs;> kh vd;gd ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;

fshFk;.

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• gpujhd %yf Mf;ff;$W C, H, O

• nghJr; #j;jpuk;

• ePupy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;w H:O = 2:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; fhgdpd; IjNuw;whd

fhNghitjNuw;Wk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• fhNghitjNuw;wpd; gpujhd %d;W tFg;Gfshtd@ xU rf;fiul;> ,U rf;fiul;L>

gy;rf;fiul;L.

• xU rf;fiul;L

• caphpaYf;Fupa njhopw;ghLfisAk;; mbg;gil ,urhad ,ay;GfisAk;

tpsf;fy;.

• C mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g xU rf;fiul;Lfisg; ngauply;.

Triose (3C) cjhuzk;: fpspruy;bifl;

Tetrose (4C) cjhuzk;: vhpj;JNuh]; - ,aw;ifapy; mupjhdJ

Pentose (5C) cjhuzk;: iwNgh];> wpgpANyh];

Hexose (6C) cjhuzk;: FSf;Nfh];> gpuf;;Nlh];> fyf;Nlh];

• vy;yh xUrf;fiul;LfSk; jho;j;Jk; nty;yq;fs;

• ,U rf;fiul;Lfs;

• fpisf;Nfhirbf; gpizg;G vd;why; vd;d vd;gijAk; vt;thW ,U

xUrf;fiul;L %yf;$Wfs;> ,Urf;fiul;ilj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd

vd;gijAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

2C6H

12O

6C

12H

22O

11 + H

2O

• Nkhy;w;NwhR> ,yf;NlhR vd;gd jho;j;Jk; nty;yq;fs;. Rf;FNuhR xU

jho;j;jh nty;yk;.

• gy;rf;fiul;Lfs;

• vt;thW gy;gFjpaf; fl;likg;G ngwg;gLnkd;gij tpsf;fy;.1-4

fpisf;Nfhrpbf; gpizg;G, 1-6 fpisf;Nfhrpbf; gpizg;G. Neupa rq;fpyp>

fpis nfhz;l rq;fpypf; fl;likg;G. khg;nghUs;> fpisf;Nfh[d;>

nrYNyh]; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;Gk; njhopw;ghLfSk;.

khg;nghUspd; kPJ mikNyrpd; jhf;fk;. ,d;ndhU gy;rf;fiul;bw;fhd

cjhuzkhf ,D}ypd;

Kf;fpa gy;rf;fiul;Lfspd; ngWjpfshd miunrYNyh];> ngf;bd;> ifw;wpd;.

• fhNghitjNuw;Wfspd; njhopy;fs;

• fyj;njhopw;ghLfspy; xUrf;fiul;L> ,Urf;fiul;L> gy;rf;fiul;L

vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; njhopy;fisAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,ypg;gpl;Lfs;

• ePupy; fiuahj> gy;ypdj;Jtf; $l;lq;fisf; nfhz;l Nru;itfs;.

• gpujhd %yf Mf;ff;$W C, H, O rpy rkaq;fspy; P/ N > fhNghitjNuw;iw

tplf; Fiwthd xl;rprd;.

• nfhOg;gkpyq;fspd; fl;likg;G - epuk;gpa> epuk;ghj nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;

cjhuzj;Jld;.

• vz;nza;fisAk; nfhOg;GfisAk; NtWgLj;jy;. vz;nza;> nfhOg;G

vd;gtw;wpd; %fpspriul; fl;likg;G.

• NtW tifahd ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis toq;fy;. cjhuzk;:

nkOF> ngh];Nghypg;gpl;L> ];uPNuhapl;Lfs;> Nju;gPd;fs;.

• ,ypg;gpl;Lfspd; gpujhd caphpay; njhopw;ghLfis tpsf;Fjy;.

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• Gujk;

• cau; %yf;$w;Wepiw nfhz;l> mkpNdhtkpyq;fspd; gy;gFjpaNk Gujk;

vdf; Fwpg;gply;. C, H, O, N If; nfhz;bUg;gJld; rpy rkaq;fspy; S

IAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• mkpNdhtkpyk; vd;Dk; xUghj;jhyhdJ Gujk;. clypy; gy;NtW tifahd

mkpNdhtkpyq;fs; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; Vwj;jho 20 ntt;NtW

mkpNdhtkpyq;fshy; Gujk; Mf;fg;gl;bUf;Fnkd;gijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

ngg;iul; gpizg;G vd;why; vd;d vd;gijAk; mJ vt;thW Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gL

nkd;gijAk; tpsf;Fjy;. gy;ngg;iul; fl;likg;G.

• Gujj;jpd; rpf;fyhd fl;likg;G 4 epiyfspy; tpgupf;fg;glyhk;.

• Kjyhd - mkpNdhtkpyq;fspd; Nehpa njhlu; tupir.

• Jizahd - kbg;gile;j jfL my;yJ RUspf; fl;likg;G.

• Gilahd - gy;ngg;iul;L rq;fpypfs; tistjhYk;> kbtjhYk;

Nfhstbtk; ngwg;gly;. ntt;NtW tifahd gpizg;Gfs;

Gilahd fl;likg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

• Gilr;rpiwf; fl;likg;G - 2 my;yJ Nkw;gl;l gy;ngg;iul; rq;fpypfs;

jpus;tjdhy; ngwg;gLk; rpf;fyhd Nfhstbtf; fl;likg;G

• Gujq;fspd; mikg;gopT> Gujj;jpd; nraw;ghl;by; mikg;goptpd; tpisT.

• mq;fpfspYk; fyj;jpYk; Gujq;fspd; gq;F. ntt;NtW tifahd

njhopy;fis tpsf;Fjy;. (fl;likg;Gf;Fupa> Cf;fpf;Fhpa> nfhz;Lnry;yy;>

Nrkpg;G> RUq;fj;jf;f> ghJfhg;Gf;Fupa> XNkhd;> er;R)

• epA+f;fpspf;fkpyq;fs;

• gpd;tUtd rk;ge;jkhd RUf;fkhd tpsf;fk;.

• cau;%yf;$w;W epiw nfhz;l gy;gFjpak; C, H, O, N, P vd;gtw;iwf;

nfhz;lJ.

• ,uz;L tif - DNA, RNA

• Mf;f myFfs; epA+f;fpspNahiul;Lfs;> epA+f;fpspNahiul;bd;; Mf;ff;$Wfs;.

• iejurd; %yq;fspd; tiffs; - gpA+wpd;> gpupkpBd;> DNA, RNA vd;gtw;wp

Ys;s epA+f;fpspNahiul;Lfspd; nty;yk;> iejurd; %yq;fspd; NtWghLfs;.

• gy; epA+f;fpspNahiul;L fl;likg;G. DNA ,d; ,ul;ilr; RUspf; fl;likg;ig

G+uzkhf tpsf;Fjy;.

• DNA ,d; jw;gfu;g;G.

• DNA ,d; ,ay;G khw;wKk; DNA ,d; kPz;Lk; ,ay;G epiyAk;.

• RNA, DNA vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;.

3 tifahd RNA (m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA)

• DNA, RNA vd;gtw;wpd; njhopy;fs;.

• epA+f;fpspf;fkpyq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ jtpu;e;j NtW epA+f;fpspNahiul;LfSk;

(ATP,NAD, NADP)mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk;.

• ghpNrhjid ,y. 2

khg;nghUs;> jho;j;Jk; nty;yk;;> jho;j;jh nty;yk;> Gujk;> nfhOg;G> vz;nza;

vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd vspa Ma;T $lr;Nrhjidfs;

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Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 2.2.0 2.2.0 2.2.0 2.2.0 2.2.0 ::::: mq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F fyq;fSk; ,ioaq;mq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F fyq;fSk; ,ioaq;mq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F fyq;fSk; ,ioaq;mq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F fyq;fSk; ,ioaq;mq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;F fyq;fSk; ,ioaq;

fSk; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjd;gijr;fSk; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjd;gijr;fSk; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjd;gijr;fSk; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjd;gijr;fSk; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjd;gijr;

Nrhjpj;jwpe;J nfhs;Sthu;.Nrhjpj;jwpe;J nfhs;Sthu;.Nrhjpj;jwpe;J nfhs;Sthu;.Nrhjpj;jwpe;J nfhs;Sthu;.Nrhjpj;jwpe;J nfhs;Sthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.1 ::::: fyq;fs;> fy xOq;fikg;G Mfpad gw;wpa mwptpd;tpupiff;F EZf;Ff;fhl;bfspd; gq;fspg;G gw;wp tpahf;fp

ahdk; nra;tu;.



• xspEZf;Ff; fhl;bia rupahfg; gad;gLj;jf; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapdJk; xspEZf;Ff; fhl;bapdJk; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfis

xg;gplf; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• fyf;nfhs;ifia tpsf;ff; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• ,A+fupNahl;lh> GNuhfupNahl;lh vd;gtw;wpw;Fupa fy xOq;fikg;Gfis

,dq;fhz ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b tiuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$batuhf

,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• ntq;fha Nkw;NwhYupf; fyq;fisAk;> FsePh; khjphp> itf;Nfhy; Cwy;

vd;gtw;iw EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J> tiutjw;F khztUf;F

re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy;.

• nghUj;jkhd %yq;fspypUe;J (mr;Rg;gjpT> ,yj;jpudpay;) ngw;w ,yj;jpud;

EZf;Ff;fhl;b tiuaq;fis mtjhdpg;gjpy; khztiu

,A+fupNahl;lhtpw;Fupa> GNuhfupNahl;lhtpw;Fupa fy xOq;fikg;ig ,dq;fhzr;

nra;jy;.

• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;Fk;gb mwpTiu toq;fy;.

• fyf;nfhs;if> xspEZf;Ff;fhl;bapdJk; ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapdJk;

rhu;ghd mD$yq;fSk; gpujp $yq;fSk;> Ma;T$l EZf;Ff;fhl;biaf;

ifahsYk; guhkupj;jYk;. GNuhfupNahl;lh> ,A+fupNahl;lh fy xOq;fikg;G

fis xg;gply;.

• ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; nghUj;jkhff; ifahsy;.

• xsp, ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bfspd; cUg;ngUf;fKk; gphptYTk;.

• xsp, ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bfis xg;gply;.

• xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;b

• vspa > $l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bfis NtWgLj;Jjy;.

• $l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; gFjpfisAk;> mbg;gil ,ay;GfisAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

ghu;itj;Jz;L> nghUs;tpy;iy> mtw;wpd; cUg;ngUf;Fk; tY> cUg;ngUf;fk;>

gpuptY (,UGs;spfis xd;wpypUe;J xd;W NtWgLj;jp mwpaf;$bajhf

,Uf;Fk; Mff;Fiwe;j J}uk; - gpuptY)

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• ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b

• cUg;ngUf;fKk; gpuptYTk;.

• Transmission, Scanning tif

• fyf;nfhs;if

• rfy mq;fpfSk; fyq;fshy; Mdit. rpy jdpf;fyj;jhyhdit. rpy gy;

fyj;jhy; Mdit.

• caphpfspd; Ml;rpepiu xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fs;> njhlu;ghd mwpit kPl;Lf.

~capu;| vd miof;fg;gLtdtw;wpy; mbg;gil myfhf fyk; fhzg;gLk;.

,J xU fy mq;fpahfNth (cjhuzk;: kJtk;> chlamydomonas) my;yJ

gy;fyk; nfhz;l jhtuk; my;yJ tpyq;fhff; fhzg;gLk;. fyk;> capupd;

fl;likg;Gf;FupaJk; njhopw;ghl;Lf;FupaJkhd mbg;gil myfhFk;.

• xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fspy; fyj;jpw;Fupa epiy rfy capu;g;gz;GfisAk;

ntspg;gLj;JtjhFk;. xU fy mq;fpfspNyh my;yJ gy;fyj; jhtuk; my;yJ

tpyq;FfspNyh xU fyk; vd;w kl;lj;jpw;Ff; fPohd ve;j xU epiyAk;

capUs;sjhff; fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.

• Robert Hooke (1663)> jpz;kj;jd;ikahd jf;if ePupy; kpjg;gjw;fhd fhuzj;ij

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> nky;ypa ntl;LKfq;fis vLj;J> EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd;

fPo; mtjhdpj;jNghJ> ~Jisfs;| fhzg;gl;ld. ~Jisfis| tpgupg;gjw;fhf

mit ~fyk;| vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ.

• Anton Van Leuwenhook (1650)> Robert Hooke ,dJ fhyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. Euglena,

Bacteria Nghd;w jdpf;fy mq;fpfis Kjd; Kjypy; gjpTnra;J tpgupj;jtu;.

• Matthias Schleiden (1831)> jhtutpayhsu; jhtu ,ioaq;fisf; fw;W> rfy

jhtuq;fSk; fyq;fshyhdit vd;w KbTf;F te;jhu;.

• Theodore Schwann (1839)> tpyq;fpayhsu; Schleiden cld; Nru;e;J tpyq;fpioaq;

fSk; $l fyq;fshyhdit vd;w KbTf;F te;jhu;fs;.

• Virchow(1855) vy;yhf; fyq;fSk; Vw;fdNt fhzg;gl;l fyq;fspypUe;J

fyg;gphptpdhy; cUthfpd vd;w KbTf;F te;jhh;.

• Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow vd;gtu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fyf;nfhs;if.

• vy;yh mq;fpfSk; xd;W my;yJ gy fyq;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;lit.

• mq;fpfspd; fl;likg;Gf;FupaJk;> njhopw;ghl;Lf;FupaJkhd mbg;gil myF

fykhFk;.

• rfy fyq;fSk; Vw;fdNt fhzg;gl;l fyq;fspy; ,Ue;Nj cUthfpd;wd.

• fyq;fspd; xOq;fikg;G

• ,uz;L tifahd fy xOq;fikg;G

GNuhfupNahl;lh> ,A+fupNahl;lh

• gNuhfupNahl;lh fyk; - ,A+fupNahl;lh fyj;jpw;fpilNaAs;s NtWghL.

• Becteria, Archaebacteria GNuhfupNahl;lh fyj;jpw;FupaJ. Vdia midj;J

mq;fpfSk; ,A+fupNahl;lhtpw;FupaJ.

• GNuhfupNahl;lhf;fyk;> ,A+fupNahl;lhf; fyj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; gUkdpy;

rpwpad. jpl;lkhd fU ,y;iy. nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk; ,y;iy.

70s iwNghNrhk; cz;L. nkd;rt;thy; #og;glhj> Ez;Gd;Foha;fsw;w>

vspa rTf;FKis cz;L. mfKjYUr;rpWtiy> fytd;$L vd;gd ,y;iy.

Bacteria ,y; fyr;Rtu; ngg;upNlhfpisf;fd; nfhz;lJ. Archaebacteria ,d;

fyr;Rtu; gy;rf;fiul;ilAk; Gujj;ijAk; nfhz;lJ.

• glq;fs;;;> ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b tiuaq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; %yfq;fs;

vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ntt;Ntwhd fy xOq;fikg;Gfisg; glk; %yk;

tpsf;Fjy;.

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• ghpNrhjid ,y. 1

xspEZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk; gnhUl;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;F

EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jYk;

• ghpNrhjid ,y. 2

fy cs;slf;fq;fspd; fl ;likg;ig tpsq;fpf ;nfhs;s ,yj;jpud;

Ez;tiuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.2 ::::: cg fy myFfspd; fl;ikg;igAk; njhopy;fisAk;gFj;jhuha;tu;.



• jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspd; ,ilNaAs;s fl;likg;G NtWghLfis

xg;gplf;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• fyf;$WfisAk; fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf ,yj;jpud;

EZf;Ff;fhl;b tiuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

• fyj;jpd; fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fisAk;> cgfyf; $WfspdJk; fl;likg;G> njhopy;

vd;gtw;iw tpgupf;ff; $batuhf ,Ug;gu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• tpyq;F> jhtuf; fyq;fspd; glq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;Ljy;.

• ,U fyq;fspdJk; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis $Wk;gb khztuplk; Nfl;ly;.

• khztu;fisg; gpd;tUk; FOr;nraw;ghl;by; gr;iraTUkzp> nfhy;fpAly;> Ez;Gd;Foha;> ,iyNrhNrhk;.

• KjYUnkd;rt;T> Ez;Zly;fs;> Gd;ntw;wplk;> fyr;re;jpg;Gfs;> Fopa td;$L

• fyr;Rtu;> mOj;jkw;w mfKjYUr; rpWtiy> mOj;jkhd mfKjYUr;

rpWtiy> fU> ,iwNghNrhk;, rTf;FKis> gprph;.

• EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpfs;> ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b tiuaq;fs;> glq;fs;

vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;J ckJ FOTf;F jug;gl;l Gd;dq;fq;fis ,dq;

fhZq;fs;.

• ckf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s %yq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> njhopy;fisf; fz;lwpAq;fs;.

• jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Gd;dq;fq;fs;> cgfyf; $Wfs;

vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;Jq;fs;.

• KO tFg;GNk FO Kd;itg;Gf;fhfj; jahuhFq;fs;.

• midj;Jg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fis tpgupj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspd; ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b tiuaq;fisg; gad;

gLj;Jjy;.

• fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fspdJk; cg fyf;$WfspdJk; fl;likg;Gk; njhopYk;.

• fyr;Rtu;

• jhtuf;fyk; xd;wpdJ Gw vy;iy. tpyq;Ff;fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

• nrYNyhR> ngf;bd; vd;gtw;whyhdJ. miunrYNyhR> ypf;dpd;> Rgupd;

vd;gdTk; fhzg;glyhk;.

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• Kjy;> Jizr;Rtu;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. eLnkd;wl;L> Kjw; fyr;

Rtu;> Jizf; fyr;Rtu; vd;gtw;wpd; ,urhadf; $Wfis tpsf;Ff.

• fyr;RtupYs;s FopfspD}lhf maw;fyq;fspd; FopaTU KjYU ,izg;ghy;

,izf;fg;gLk;.

• fyr;Rtupd; njhopy;fs;

• KjYU nkd;rt;T

• KjYUtpd; Gw vy;iy.

• KjYU nkd;rt;tpdJ gha;kr; rpj;jpu khjpupAUitg; glk; tiue;J tpsf;Fjy;.

,ypg;gpl;lhyhd ,Ugil> NtWgl;l Gujq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

,aq;ff;$ba ,ypg;gpl;Lfs; ghapj;jd;ikiaAk;> Guj %yf;$Wfs; rpj;jpuf;

fl;likg;igAk; nfhLf;Fk;.

• fyj;jpYs;s Vida nkd;rt;TfSk; mNj fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• KjYUnkd;rt;tpd; njhopy;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

• fyj;jpd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fhpa vy;iy.

• ePu;> mad;fs;. rpy Nrjd %yf;$Wfis CL nry;y mDkjpf;Fk;.

• fopTg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gliyr; rPuhf;Fk;.

• fyj;jpDs; gpurhuzr; rkepiyiag; NgZk;.

• thq;fpapD}lhfj; jfty;fisg; ngw;W fyq;fSf;fpilNaahd

nraw;ghLfis ,iaghf;f rkpf;iQfisf; flj;Jk;.

• fU

• fyj;jpd; ghuk;gupaj; jfty;fisr; Nrkpf;Fk;.

• ngUk;ghyhd fyq;fs; xU fUf;nfhz;lit. rpy gy;fUf;nfhz;lit

(cjhuzk;: G+Q;rzq;fs;)

• fUtpd; fl;likg;ig tpgupj;jy;.

,ul;il nkd;rt;Tg; Nghu;it> fUr;rhW> fUtpdpwg;nghUs;> fU Ez;Lis>

Gd;fU vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• fUtpd; njhopy;fis tpsf;Fjy;

• fyj;njhopw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

• fyg;gpuptpy; Gjpa fUf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;fhf DNAIj; njhFj;jy;.

• Gujj;njhFg;Gf;F Ntz;ba RNA> iwNghNrhk;fisj; njhFj;jy;.

• iwNghNrhk;

• r-RNA, Gujk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l rpwpa> ngupa cg myFfisf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

• t-RNA ,d; cjtpAld; m-RNA ,dhy; NfhNlhdhf;fgl;l Gujq;fspd; njhFg;G.

• mfKjYUr;rpWtiy

• ER ,d; cs;splj;ij irw;Nwhnrhy;ypypUe;J gpupf;Fk; jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l

my;yJ FohAUthd igahyhf;fg;gl;l cl;Gw nkd;rt;Tfspd; tiyaikg;G.

Gwj;NjAs;s fUnkd;rt;tpd; njhlh;r;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

• ,uz;L tifahd ER. mOj;jkhd ER> mOj;jkw;w ERwww.

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• mOj;jkw;w ER

• Nkw;gug;gpy; iwNghNrhk; nfhz;l jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l igfisf; nfhz;lJ.

• iwNghNrhkhy; Gujk; njhFf;fg;gl;lL ER ,d; cs;splj;jpDs; nry;Yk;.

• nkd;rt;tpd; ngh];Nghypg;gpl;L> nkd;rt;tpd; fpisf;Nfhypg;gpl;L vd;gtw;iwj;

njhFf;Fk;.

• fyj;jpDs; nehjpaq;fs;> NtW Gujq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; flj;Jk;. nfhz;L

nry;yYf;fhf nrYj;jy; Glfq;fis cw;gj;jpahf;Fk;.

• mOj;jkw;w ER

• iwNghNrhikf; nfhz;buhj FohAUthd igfspd; tiyaikg;G.

• nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l nehjpaq;fs; cz;L.

• ,ypg;gpl;L> ];nuNuhapl;L> fhNghitjNuw;W vd;gtw;wpd; njhFg;G.

• fyj;jpDs; nfhz;L nry;yy;. ,jw;fhf nrYj;jy; Glfq;fisj; Njhw;W

tpf;Fk;.

• er;RePf;fy;

• Ca++ ,d; Nrkpg;G.

• nfhy;fpr;rpf;fy;

• xd;wd; Nknyhd;W mLf;fg;gl;l jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l Glfq;fs; my;yJ

nfhy;fpAly;fs;.

• cs;> ntsp Nkw;gug;Gfs; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;.

• nfhy;fpr;rpf;fypd; fl;likg;ig glk; tiue;J tpsf;fy;.

• nfhy;fpr;rpf;fypd; njhopy;fs;.

• mfKjYUr;rpWtiyahy; njhFf;fg;gl;l Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L>

ER ,ypYs;s fhy;tha; my;yJ Glfq;fspDhlhf nfhy;fpr;rpf;fypDs;

flj;jg;gLk; .

• ,ypg;gpl;L> Gujk; vd;gd gy;rf;fiul;Lld; ,ize;J KiwNa

fpisf;Nfh,ypg;gpl;L> fpisf;NfhGujk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhy;fpr;rpf;fypDs;

(njhl;bapDs;) Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

• NjitahdNghJ fpisf;NfhGujk;> fpisf;Nfh,ypg;gpl;L vd;gtw;iwf;

nfhz;l Glfq;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L fyj;jpd; NtW ,lq;fSf;F ,lk;ngaUk;

• ,iyNrhNrhk; cw;gj;jp.

• ,iyNrhNrhk;.

• nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l rkpghl;Lr; nraw;ghl;by; gq;Fgw;Wk;; Glfq;fs;.

• fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L> epA+f;fpspf;fkpyk; vd;gtw;iw tpiutpy;

cilf;ff;$ba jhf;fq;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; ePu;g;gFg;G nehjpaq;fisf;

nfhz;lJ.

• jpd;Fopar; nray; %yk; cs;nsLf;fg;gl;l czTj; Jzpf;iffisr;

rkpghlilar; nra;jy;.

• njhopw;glKbahj Gd;dq;fq;fisr; rkpghlilar; nra;jy;.

• Gwf;Fopakhjy;; nrayhy; kPjpg;gjhu;j;jq;fis fyj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;Wk;.

• jw;gFg;G %yk; fy ,wg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.

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19

• Ez;Zly;fs; (Ngnuhl;rpNrhk;> fpisnahf;rpNrhk;)

• xl;rpNaw;Wk; nehjpaq;fisf; nfhz;l nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Glfk;.

• ,U nghJthd tiffs;

• fpisnahf;rpNrhk; - jhtuf;fyq;fspy; cz;L.

• Ngnuhl;rpNrhk; - jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy; cz;L.

• fpisnahf;rpNrhkpy; cs;s nehjpaq;fs; nfhOg;ig fhNghitjNuw;whf

khw;Wk;.

• Ngnuhl;rpNrhkpYs;s nehjpaq;fs; H2O

2 ,d; cilg;Gj; jhf;fj;ij

Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

• Ngnuhl;rpNrhkpd; njhopy;fs;

• guNthl;irl;bd; er;R ePf;fk;.

• jhtuq;fspy; xspr;Rthrk;.

• ,iokzp

• ,Unkd;rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk;> cs;nkd;rt;T cr;rpfisf;

nfhz;lJ.

• ,Unkd;rt;Tfs;> cr;rp> DNA, ,iwNghNrhk; nfhz;l jhak; vd;gtw;iwf;

nfhz;l ,iokzpapd; Ez;fl;likg;ig glk; %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,iokzpapd; njhopy;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

• jhak; fpnug;]pd; tl;lj;jhf;fq;fSf;fhd nehjpaq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

cr;rp> ,yj;jpud; ,lkhw;Wk; rq;fpyp> xl;rpNaw;wg; ngh];gupNyw;wk; vd;g

tw;Wld; njhlu;ghdJ.

• xl;rpridg; gad;gLj;jp> jho;j;jg;gl;l Jiznehjpak; xl;rpNaw;wg;gLk;

NghJ ATP njhFf;fg;gLk;.

• gr;iraTUkzp

• jhtuf;fyq;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; ,U nkd;rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;l

Gd;dq;fk;.

• ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b tiuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ntspnkd;rt;T>

cs;nkd;rt;T> ijyf;Nfhapl;Lfs;> kzpAU> iwNghNrhk; nfhz;l gQ;riz

iwNghNrhk;> DNA, khg;nghUs; kzpfs; vd;gd nfhz;l gr;iraT

Ukzpapd; nkhj;jf; fl;likg;ig tpsf;fy;.

• xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;l ijyf;Nfhapl;Lfs;.

• gr;iraTUkzpapd; njhopy; - xspj;njhFg;G.

• Fopatd;$L

• Ez;Gd;Foha;fs;> Guj ,io vd;gtw;why; Mf;fg;gl;l> FopaTUTf;F

cWjp toq;Fk; fl;likg;G. NjitNaw;gLk;NghJ cilf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;glf;$ba fl;likg;G.

• 3 tifahd ,iofspd; fl;likg;ig tpsf;fy;.

Ez;Gd; Foha;> mf;bd; ,io> ,ilepiy ,io

• Fopatd;$l;bd; njhopy;fs;

• FopaTUTf;F cWjpiaf; nfhLf;Fk;.

• fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fSf;F Mjhuj;ij toq;Fk;.

• NjitNaw;gLk;NghJ epw%u;j;jq;fs;> Gd;dq;fq;fis ,lk;ngaur;

nra;jy;> FopaTUNthl;lk;.

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20

• gprpu;> rTf;FKis

• (9 + 2) fl;likg;G nfhz;l Ez;Gd; Foha;fshyhdit. KjYUnkd;rt;

thy; #og;gl;lJ. mbr;rpWkzpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,yj;jpud; Ez;tiuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> fl;likg;ig glk; tiue;J

tpsf;fy;.

• gprpu;> rTf;FKisapd; njhopy;fs;.

,lg;ngau;r;rp> fyNkw;gug;gpy; gjhu;j;jf; flj;jy;.

• Gd;ikaj;jp

tpyq;Ff; fyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;Gd;Foha;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l> xU Nrhb

cUisAUthd fl;likg;G.

fyg;gpuptpd;NghJ cLTU> fjpu;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

• Gd;ntw;wplk;

• jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;> ,Otpirapuridahy; #og;gl;l> jputj;jhy;

epug;gg;gl;l ngupa fl;likg;G.

• nty;yk;> mad;fs;> epwg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;w gjhu;j;jq;fisAk; ePiuAk;

Nrfupf;Fk;.

• fyj;jpd; ePu;r;rkepiyiag; NgZk;.

• fyj;jpw;F tpiwg;Gj;jd;ikiaAk; cWjpiaAk; nfhLf;Fk;;.

• rhw;W epwg;nghUl;fspdhy; rpy jhtuq;fspy; epwj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk;.

• fyj;njhopw;gHLfSf;F Ntz;ba fiuaf;$ba gjhu;j;jq;fisr; Nrkpf;Fk;.

• fyr;re;jpg;Gfs;

• maw;fyq;fspd; FopaTU ,izf;fg;gLk; ,lj;jpYs;s fl;likg;G.

• jhtuf;fyj;jpy; KjYU ,izg;G.

• tpyq;Ff;fyj;jpy; %d;W tiffs;.

• neUf;fkhd re;jp

mLj;Js;s fyq;fspd; KjYUnkd;rt;it neUf;fkhf ,izf;Fk;.

cjhuzk: FlypYs;s Nkyzpf;fyq;fs; - fyj;jpilntspfspD}lhd

frpitj; jLf;Fk;.

• jhq;Fk; re;jp

mLj;Js;s fyq;fspd; Fopatd;$l;Lld; nghwpKiw uPjpapy; ,izf;

fg;gl;L typikahd gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.

cjhuzk;: NjhypYs;s Nkyzp ,ioak;.

• njhlu;GgLj;Jk; re;jp

Neubahd njhlu;Gfs; %yk; maypYs;s fyq;fspd; ,ilNa rkpf;iQ

fs;> gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; gupkhw;wj;ij mDkjpf;Fk;.

cjhuzk;: ,jaj;jir

• ghpNrhjid ,y. 3:

fy cs;slf;fq;fspd; fl;likg;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s ,yj;jpyud;

Ez;tiuaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.3 ::::: jhtu ,ioaq;fspd; fl;likg;ig mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;.



• ~,ioak;| vd;w vz;zf;fUit tpgupf;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• jhtu ,ioaq;fspd; gpujhd tiffisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

• jhtu ,ioaq;fspd; gpujhd tiffspd; ,ay;Gfisj; njhFf;ff;$batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

• jhtu ,ioaq;fspd; fl;likg;G ,ay;Gfis mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSld;

njhlu;GgLj;jf;$bajhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• xspEZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; ,ioa tiffis ,dq;fhz jhtu ,ioaq;fspd;

,ay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• jhtu ,ioaq;fspd; tiffis xg;gplf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• jhtu clypYs;s ,ioaq;fisf; fhl;l glq;fs;> fzzp top mspf;if(Power

point), tOf;fpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;.

• xt;nthU tifahd jhtu ,ioaj;jpdJk; miktplk;> gpujhd ,ay;Gfs;>

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; njhopy;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;ngLf;Fk;gb khztiuf;

Nfl;ly;.

• EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo;> jhtu ,ioa tifia mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztUf;F

re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fy;.

• mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy; Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itg;gjw;F

mtu;fisj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;.

• fUj;jpnyLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fisf; nfhz;L tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• gy;fy mq;fpfspy;> fyq;fs;, ,ioaq;fs;> mq;fq;fs;> mq;fj;njhFjpfshf

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

• ,ioak; vd;gJ Fwpj;j njhopy; my;yJ njhopy;fis Mw;Wtjw;fhfr;

rpwj;jyile;j> xNu cw;gj;jpiaAila> ngsjpfuPjpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;l fyq;fspd;

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• jhtu ,ioa tif - mtw;wpd; fl;likg;G> njhopy;

• ,uz;L tiffs;.

• vspa ,ioak; - gpujhdkhf xU tiff;Fupa fyq;f;s.

• rpf;fyhd ,ioak; - xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tiff;Fupa fyq;fs;.

• jhtuj;jpd; vspa ,ioaq;fs; %d;whfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.

1. Gilf;fytpioak;

2. xl;Lf;fytpioak;

3. ty;YUf;fytpioak;

• vspa jhtu ,ioaj;jpd; fl;likg;G> njhopy;> miktplk;.

• jpupgile;j Gilf;fytpioak;> mjd; guk;gy;> njhopy;fs;.

• rpf;fyhd jhtu ,ioaq;fs; ,uz;L tif.

1. fho; 2. cupak;

• rpf;fyhd ,ioaj;jpd; fl;likg;G> njhopy;> guk;gy;


gy;NtW tifahd jhtu ,ioaq;fis EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J

mtw;iw ,dq;fhzy;.

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2.4 ::::: tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspd; fl;likg;ig mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSld; njhlu;GgLj;Jtu;.



• tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspd; gpujhd tiffis gl;baw;gLj;jf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspd; fl;likg;G ,ay;Gfis mtw;wpd; njhopYld;

njhlu;GgLj;jf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspd; gpujhd tiffspd; ,ay;Gfisj; njhFf;ff;$batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

• xspEZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspd; gpujhd tiffis ,dq;fhz

mtw;wpd;; ,ay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• tpyq;F ,ioaj;jpd; tiffis xg;gplf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

cj;Njrf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiw:cj;Njrf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiw:cj;Njrf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiw:cj;Njrf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiw:cj;Njrf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiw:• ,ioaf;fl;likg;igf; fhl;Ltjw;F jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fp> glq;fs;, ,aq;F

rydg;glq;fs;,tupg;glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;.

• gFjpfis ,dq;fhz khztiu mDkjpj;jy;.

• fl;likg;Gld; njhopiyj; njhlu;GgLj;jf; $ba jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

gb khztiuf; Nfl;ly;.

• mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F mtu;fis

cw;rhf%l;ly;.

• Kf;fpa tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspd; gpujhd tiffSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfSk;.

• ,ioaq;fspd; fl;likg;G - njhopy; ,ilj;njhlh;G

• ,ioaq;fis EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; mtjhdpj;jYk; ,dq;fhzYk;

• tpyq;F ,ioaq;fspd; tif> mtw;wpd; fl;likg;G> njhopy;

• mbg;gilapy; tpyq;F ,ioak; 4 tifg;gLk;.

1. Nkyzp ,ioak; 2. njhLg;gpioak;

3. jirapioak; 4. euk;gpioak;

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• Nkyzp ,ioak;

• Nkyzp ,ioaj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,uz;L nghJthd Nkyzp tiffs; cs;sd.

1. vspa 2. gilnfhz;l

• fytbtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,it NkYk; 3 cg gpupTfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gLk;.

1. nrjpy; nfhz;l 3. fdtbt 3 fk;g

• nrjpy;nfhz;l> fdtbt> fk;g Nkyzpfspd; fl;likg;G> njhopy;> guk;gy;

vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fy;.

• gilnfhz;l Nkyzpapd; fl;likg;G> rpwg;gpay;G vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fp>

gilnfhz;l Nkyzpapd; ntt;NtW tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; guk;giyAk;

tpsf;fy;.

• njhLg;gpioak;

• njhLg;gpioaj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;.

• ,uz;L gpujhd tFg;Gf;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.

1. cz;ikj; njhLg;gpioak;

2. tpNrl njhLg;gpioak;

• cz;ikj;njhLg;gpioak; 2 tif

1. jsu;thd njhLg;gpioak; 2. mlu; njhLg;gpioak;

• jsu;thd njhLg;gpioaj;jpdJk;> mlu; njhLg;gpioaj;jpdJk; fl;likg;G>

njhopy;> guk;gy; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.

• tpNrl njhLg;gpioak; %d;whfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.

1. frpapioak; 2. vd;G 3. FUjp

• frpaioak;> vd;G> FUjp vd;gtw;wpd; fl;likg;G> njhopy;> guk;gy;

vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.

• jirapioak;

• jirapioaj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;.

• 3 tiffs; cs;sd.

1. kokog;ghd jir 2. td;$l;Lj;jir 3. ,jaj;jir

• kokog;ghd jir> td;$l;Lj;jir> ,jaj;jirapd; fl;likg;G> njhopy;>

guk;gy; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fy;.

• euk;gpioak;

• euk;gpioaj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;ig tpsf;Fjy;.

• %d;W tifahd euk;Gf;fyq;fs;

1. Gyd; euk;Gf;fyk; 2. ,af;f euk;Gf;fyk; 3.,ilj;JhJ euk;Gf;fyk;.

• ,af;feuk;Gf;fyj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp Xh; euk;Gf;fyj;jpd; njhopiy

tpsf;Ff;Fjy;.


gy;NtW tifahd tpyq;F ,ioaq;fis xspEZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; mtjhdpj;J

mtw;iw ,dq;fhzy;.

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Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 2.3.0 2.3.0 2.3.0 2.3.0 2.3.0 ::::: fyg;gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.fyg;gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.fyg;gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.fyg;gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.fyg;gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3.1 ::::: fyg;gpupTr; nrad;Kiwiag; gFj;jha;tu;.


fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;fw;ww; NgWfs; :::::

khztu;

• fytl;lj;jpd; ehd;F mtj;ijfisAk; tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• xt;nthU mtj;ijapYk; eilngWk; gpujhd epfo;Tfis tpsf;ff;$batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

• epw%u;j;jq;fspd; elj;ijf;Nfw;g ,ioAUg;gpuptpy; eilngWk; ehd;F

mtj;ijfisAk; tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• xLf;fw;gpupT> ,ioAUg;gpupT vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gplf;$batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

• EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; ,ioAUg;gpuptpdJk; xLf;fw;gpuptpdJk; ntt;NtW

epiyfis ,dq;fhz jahupf;fg;gl;l tOf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jf;$batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:

• fytl;lj;jpd; gbfisf; fhl;l (mr;Rg;gjpT> ,yj;jpudpay;) NtWgl;l %yq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;.

• ,ioAUg;gpuptpd; ntt;NtW gbfis ,dq;fhz xspEZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo;

ntq;fha Ntu;> jz;LEdp vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpg;gjw;F khztiu mDkjpj;jy;.

• ,ioAUg;gpupT> xLf;fw;gpupT vd;gtw;wpd;NghJ epw%u;j;jq;fspd; elj;ijiaf;

fw;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fzdp topf; fw;gpj;jy; my;yJ ,yf;fpa %ytsq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;.

• mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztiuj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;.

• Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fis tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::

• fytl;lk;

• xU fyg;gpuptpd; Muk;gj;jpw;Fk; kw;iwa fyg;gpuptpd; Muk;gj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;

fyj;jpy; eilngWk; epfo;Tfs;.

• epfu tpisT - xU fyk; ,uz;L fyq;fshFk;.

• ,A+fupNahw;whf;Fupa fytl;lk;.

• mtj;ijfis tpsf;fy;. G1, S, G

2, M (,ioAUg;gpupT)> C (FopaTUg; gpupT)

- xt;nthU mtj;ijapYk; eilngWk; epfo;Tfs;. G1 + S + G

2 vd;gd

,ilatj;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

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• ,ioAUg;gpupT,ioAUg;gpupT,ioAUg;gpupT,ioAUg;gpupT,ioAUg;gpupT

• fytl;lj;jpd; S mtj;ijapy; DNA njhFg;G eilngWk;. epw%u;j;jq;fs;

miuepwTUf;fshfg; gpupe;J ikag;ghj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

• ,ioAUg;gpupty; 4 mtj;ijfs; - Kd;dtj;ij> mDmtj;ij>

Nkd;Kfmtj;ij> ,ioAUg;gpuptpd;NghJ cLTU> fjpu;fs;

vd;gtw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

• jhtuf; fyq;fspy; Gd;ikaj;jp ,y;yhjNghJk; fjpu;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.

• KidTfSf;Fg; gpupe;J nry;y Kd;G ikag;ghj;jpd; ,U gf;fj;jpYk;

cs;s Kinetochores ,y; fjpu;ehu;fs; ,izf;fg;gLk;.

• FopaTUg;gpuptpd; NghJ jhtuf;fyq;fspy; fyj;jl;Lk; tpyq;Ff;fyj;jpy; gpsT

rhYk; cUthFk;.

• ,ioAUg;gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fy;.

• xLf;fw; gpupTxLf;fw; gpupTxLf;fw; gpupTxLf;fw; gpupTxLf;fw; gpupT

• xLf;fw;gpupT xd;iwnahd;W njhlUk; ,uz;L fUg;gpupTfisf; nfhz;lij

tpsf;fy;. KjyhtJ xLq;fy; gpupthfTk;> ,uz;lhtJ ,ioAUg;gpupit

xj;jjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

• xLf;fw;gpupT 8 mtj;ijfshfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;.

xLf;fw;gpupT 1> xLf;fw;gpupT 11 vd;gd Kd;dtj;ij> mDmtj;ij> Nkd;Kf

mtj;ij> Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; eilngWtJkhd mtj;ijahFk;.

• midj;J 8 mtj;ijfspYk; eilngWk; epfo;Tfis tpsf;fTk;.

• mikg;nghj;j epw%u;j;jk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fp> Kd;dtj;ij 1

,y; vt;thW Nrhbahf;fg;gLfpd;wnjd tpsf;fy;.

• Synaptonemal rpf;fy; cUthtijAk; miuepwTUf;fspd; Jz;lq;fs; gupkhw;wg;

gLtijAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• xLf;fw;gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fy;.

• ghpNrhjid ,y 6:

EZf;Ff;fhl;b tOf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,ioAUg;gphpT> xLf;fw;gphpT

vd;gtw;wpd; ntt;NtW epiyfis ,dk; fhzy;www.

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Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 2.4.0 2.4.0 2.4.0 2.4.0 2.4.0 ::::: mq;fpfspd; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwfspd; rf;jpj;mq;fpfspd; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwfspd; rf;jpj;mq;fpfspd; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwfspd; rf;jpj;mq;fpfspd; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwfspd; rf;jpj;mq;fpfspd; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwfspd; rf;jpj;

njhlu;Gfis EZfpaha;thu;.njhlu;Gfis EZfpaha;thu;.njhlu;Gfis EZfpaha;thu;.njhlu;Gfis EZfpaha;thu;.njhlu;Gfis EZfpaha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.1 ::::: mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwfspd; rf;jpj; njhlu;Gfisg;gFj;jhuha;tu;.



• capu;j;njhFjpfSf;F rf;jpapd; Njitiaf; Fwpg;gplf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• cl;Nrg> mtNrgj; jhf;fq;fis cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Fthu;.

• rf;jpf; fhtpahf ATP ,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; fl;likg;igAk; tpsf;ff;$batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

• rf;jp rk;ge;jg;gLk; fyr;nraw;ghLfis gl;baw;gLj;jf; $batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• fyj;jpd; rf;jpj; njhlu;Gfs; rk;ge;jkhd nghUj;jkhd tsq;fis (mr;Rg;gjpT>

,yj;jpudpay;) khztUf;F toq;fy;.

• Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fisg; ngw;W> nghopg;ghf;fk; vOj khztUf;F cjty;.

• mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;fis cw;rhfg;

gLj;jy;.

• Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• capu;j;njhFjpf;F rf;jpapd; Njitia tpsf;Fjy;.rfy capu;j;njhopw;ghLfisAk;

ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; (nghwpKiw> ,urhad> nfhz;Lnry;yy;> xspA+l;ly;)

Ngz njhlu;r;rpahd rf;jp tpepNahfk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

• mDNrgk; - xU fyj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd ,urhadj;

jhf;fq;fs;.

cl;Nrg> mtNrg nrad;Kiwfisg; nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fy;.

• capu;j;njhFjpf;F rf;jpapd; Njitia typAWj;jy;. mfntg;gj;jhf;fk; (rf;jpia

cs;nsLf;Fk; jhf;fk;)> Gwntg;gj;jhf;fk; (rf;jpia ntsptpLk; jhf;fk;.)

fyq;fs; cl;Nrgj; jhf;fj;jpd; rf;jpia mtNrgj; jhf;fq;fis elhj;Jtjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.)

• ATP jhf;fq;fspilNa rf;jpf; fhtp %yf;$Wfshfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

ATP ,d; fl;likg;G vt;thW rf;jpf; fhtpahfj; njhopw;glitf;fpd;wnjd;gij

tpsf;Ff.

• ATP ,d; ePu;g;gFg;G ADP cld; 30.6kJ/mol rf;jpia tpLtpf;Fk;.

• ATP mirAk; jfTilaJld; tpiuthfr; rf;jpia ntsptpl;L tpiuthf kPsj;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;glf;$baJ.www.

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.2 ::::: mDNrgj; jhf;fq;fisr; rPuhf;Ftjpy; nehjpaq;fspd;gq;fspg;ig EZfp Ma;tu;.



• nehjpaq;fspd; nghJ ,ay;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; gq;fspg;igAk; tpsf;ff; $batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

• nehjpaq;fspd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfis tpgupf;ff; $batuhf tpsq;Fthu;.

• nehjpaj; njhopw;ghLfspw;F Jizf; fhuzpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• nghUj;jkhd glq;fspd; cjtpAld; nehjpaj;njhopw;ghl;Lg; nghwpKiwia

tpgupf;ff; $batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• pH, ntg;gepiy> fPo;g;gil nrwpT> nehjpar;nrwpT> epNuhjpfs; vd;gd vt;thW

nehjpaj; njhopw;ghl;L tPjj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;ff; $batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

• khg;nghUs; - mikNyR njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;jp nehjpaj; jhf;f tPjj;jpy;

ntg;gepiyapd; ghjpg;ig mwpa Ma;T$lr; Nrhjid elhj;jf; $batuhf

,Ug;ghu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• nehjpaj;jpd; gq;fspg;igf;fhl;l vspa Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfis elhj;jy;.

• nehjpaj; njhopw;ghl;ilg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis jPu;khdpf;fj; Njitahd

nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> mr;R> ,yj;jpudpay; %yhjhuq;fs; vd;gtw;iw

toq;Fjy;.

• khztu; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F mwpTWj;jy;.

• cs;slf;fj;jpw;Nfw;wthW tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• nehjpaq;fspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfs;> Gujf; fl;likg;G> jdpj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw

tpgupj;jy;.• nehjpak; Fwpg;gpl;l jhf;fj;jpd; Vtw; rf;jpiaf; Fiwf;ff;$banjd;gij tpgupj;jy;.• glq;fspd; cjtpAld; njhjpaj;jhf;fg; nghwpKiwia tpsf;Fjy;.

1. G+l;L jpwg;Gg; nghwpKiw 2. J}z;lg;gl;l nghUe;Jifg; nghwpKiw• rpy nehjpaq;fs;> Gujky;yhj $Wfshd Jizf;fhuzpfis jkJ tpidj;jpw

dhd nraw;ghl;Lf;F Ntz;b epw;gd vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.• %d;W tifahd Jizf;fhuzpfs; cs;sd.

1. Jiz nehjpak; 2. rq;fypjf; $l;lk; 3. mNrjd mad;fs;. • njhopw;ghL• Nkw;$wg;gl;l %d;W tifahd Jizf;fhuzpfisAk; nghUj;jkhd

cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Fjy;.

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• nehjpaj; njhopw;ghl;L tPjj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis tpgupj;jy;.PH, ntg;gepiy> fPo;g;gil nrwpT> nehjpar;nrwpT> epNuhjp cjhuzk;: ghucNyhfq;fs; Ag+, Hg++, Cd++

• nehjpaj; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fhl;lTk;> nehjpaj; jhf;ftPjj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;.(khg;nghUs; - mikNyR) Ma;T$lg; gupNrhjidfis elhj;jy;.


nehjpaj; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; nehjpaj; jhf;ftPjj;ijj; Jzptjw;Fkhd

Ma;T$lg; ghpNrhjidfs; (khg;nghUs; - mikNyR)

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.3Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.3 ::::: rf;jp gjpf;Fk; xU nrad;Kiwahf xspj;njhFg;igguPl;rpg;gu;.



• xspj;njhFg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• xspj;njhFg;gpd; xspj;jhf;fj;ij tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• xspj;njhFg;gpd; ,Ul;jhf;fj;ij tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• xspj;njhFg;gpy; C4 ghijia tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• xspj;njhFg;igg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis mwpe;Jnfhs;sg; gupNrhjidfis

elhj;Jthu;.

• vy;iyg;gLj;Jk; fhuzp gw;wpa jj;Jtj;ij tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• ntsptplg;gLk; xl;rprdpd; msitf;nfhz;L xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;ij mwptjw;fhd

fhuzpfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd gupNrhjidfis elhj;jf;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• xspj;njhFg;G gw;wpa mr;R> ,yj;jpudpay; %yhjhuq;fis khztUf;F toq;fy;.

• Kf;fpa tplaq;fis mtw;wpypUe;J ngw;W nghopg;ghf;fk; nra;a vOj khztUf;F

cjTjy;.

• khztu; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f ijupa%l;Ljy;

• Kf;fpa tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• xspj;njhFg;gpd; cyfshtpa Kf;fpaj;JtKk; capupay; uPjpapyhd

Kf;fpaj;JtKk;.

• fhgd;> rf;jp gjpf;Fk; nghwpKiwAld; njhlu;GgLj;jp xspj;njhFg;Gr;

nrad;Kiwia jhf;fpfs;> tpisTfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tiuaWj;jy;.

• xspj;njhFg;G eilngWk; ,lkhf gr;iraTUkzp - mjd; Ez;fl;likg;G>

ijyf;Nfhapl;Lfs;> kzpAU> gQ;riz.

• xspr;rf;jpapd; cwpQ;rYld; njhlu;Gila epwg;nghUl;fs;> epwg;nghUl;fspd;

cwpQ;ry; epwkhiyia> xspj;njhFg;gpd; jhf;f epwkhiyAld; xg;gply;.

• xspj;njhFg;G nrad;Kiwapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fy;.

• xspj;jhf;fk;

• ijyf;Nfhapl;L nkd;rt;tpy; eilngWk; gpd;tUk; jhf;fq;fis tpgupj;jy;.

• xspj;njhFjp I, II, czu;nfhk;Gr;rpf;fy;> epwg;nghUs; %yf;$Wfs; mUl;lg;

gly;> epwg;nghUs; %yf;$Wfs; ,ilNa rf;jp ,lkhw;wk;> jhf;fika %yf;

$Wfs;> ,yj;jpud; nfhz;L nry;yy;> ePupd; xspg;gFg;G> tl;ltLf;fw;w> tl;l

tLf;fhd xspngh];giuNyw;wk;> NADPH, ATP vd;gt;wwpd; njhFg;G.

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• ,Ul;jhf;fk;,Ul;jhf;fk;,Ul;jhf;fk;,Ul;jhf;fk;,Ul;jhf;fk;

gQ;rizapy; eilngWk; gpd;tUk; jhf;fq;fis tpsf;fy;

• 3 gbfspyhyhd fy;tpd; tl;lj;jhf;fq;fs;.

• fhnghl;rpNyw;wk;> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L gjpj;jy; - RuBP, CO2 thq;fpahf>

RuBP fhnghl;rpNyR nehjpak;> PGA ,d; cUthf;fk;.

• PGA jho;j;jg;gly; - xspj;jhf;fj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ATP, NADPH My;

eilngWk;. PGAL Njhd;Wk;. cUthf;fg;gl;l PGAL ,d; xU gFjp Nrjd

czTj; njhFg;gpy; gad;gLk;.

• RuBP ,d; Gj;Japu;g;G - cUthf;fg;gl;l PGAL ,d; xU gFjp RuBP Ij;

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ATP gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• xspr;Rthrk;xspr;Rthrk;xspr;Rthrk;xspr;Rthrk;xspr;Rthrk;

• RuBP, xl;rprDld; Nru;e;J 1 PGA(3C) IAk; ngh];Ngh fpisf;Nfhypf;fkpyj;

ijAk; (2C) Njhw;Wtpj;jy;. ,jdhy; xspj;njhFg;G tpidj;jpwd; FiwAk;.

• xspj;njhFg;gpd; xspj;njhFg;gpd; xspj;njhFg;gpd; xspj;njhFg;gpd; xspj;njhFg;gpd; C4ghijghijghijghijghij

• CO2 gjpj;jypy; C

4 nghwpKiwia tpsf;Ff.

,J ,U NtWgl;l fytifspy; ,uz;L gbfspy; eilngWfpd;wJ. ,iyeL

tpioaf; fyq;fSk; fl;Lkly; fyq;fSk; PEP kpf;f tpidj;jpwdhd CO2

thq;fpahf njhopw;gl;L xl;rNyh mrw;Nww;W> kNyw;W vd;gtw;iwj; Njhw;W

tpf;Fk;. KjYU ,izg;gpD}lhff; flj;jg;gly;. fl;Lkly; fyq;fspy; CO2

ntsptplg;gly;> ig&Ntw;W cUthf;fg;glYk; ,iyeLtpioaffyq;fis

miljYk; cau; CO2nrwpT cs;s NghJ fl;Lkly; fyq;fspy; fy;tpd;

tl;lk;.

• C4

xspj;njhFg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fy;.

• C3 xspj;njhFg;igAk; C

4 xspj;njhFg;igAk; NtWgLj;jpawpjy;.

• xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfisAk; vy;iyg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpj;

jj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Fjy;.

• CO2nrwpT> xsp> ePu;> ntg;gepiy vd;gd xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;jpd; Nky; Vw;gLj;Jk;

tpisT vd;gtw;Wf;fhd gupNrhjidfs;.

• ghpNrhjidfs ,y. 8 kw;Wk; ,y. 9

• ntsptplg;gLk; O2msitf; nfhz;L xspj;njhFg;G tPjj;ijj; Jzpjy;@

• xspj;njhFg;gpw;fhd ,irthf;fj;ijf; nfhz;l ,iy xd;wpd;

FWf;Fntl;LKfj;ij xspEZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; mtjhdpj;jy;

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Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.4Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.4.4 ::::: rf;jpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xU nrad;Kiwahff; fyr;Rthrj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwptu;.



• fyr;Rthrj;ij midj;J fyj;njhopw;ghLfSf;F rf;jpia tpepNahfpf;Fk;

nrad;Kiwahff; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• fhw;Wr; Rthrj;jpd; %d;W gbfspYk; eilngWk; gpujhd epfo;Tfs;> ,Wjp

tpisnghUs;> eilngWk; ,lk; vd;gtw;iw tpgupf;ff;$batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

• fhw;wpd;wpa Rthrj;jpd; gpujhd epfo;Tfs;> ,WjptpisnghUs;> eilngWk;

,lk; vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.

• fyr;Rthrj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gl;baw;gLj;jf; $batuhf ,Ug;ghu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• Rthrk; rk;ge;jkhd (mr;R> ,yj;jpudpay;) nghUj;jkhd %yhjhuq;fis

khztUf;F toq;fy;.

• Kf;fpa tplaq;fis mtw;wpypUe;J ngw;W nghopg;ghf;fk; nra;a vOj khztUf;F

cjTjy;.

• mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztiu cw;rhfg;gLj;jy;.

• Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp tpupTgLj;jy;.

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs; :::::• fyr;Rthrj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

• fhw;W> fhw;wpd;wpa Rthrk;.

• FSf;Nfhrpd; fhw;Wr; Rthrk;.

• fpisf;Nfhg;gFg;G - FSf;Nfh]; cilf;fg;gl;L ,U%yf;$W ig&Ntw;W

ngwg;gly;. FopaTUtpy; eilngWk;. fPo;g;gil ngh];gupNyw;wk; vd;why;

vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fp> NADH, ATP vd;gd vt;thW Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLnkd;gij

Ak; tpsf;fy;.

• ig&Ntw;W mrw;iwy; Co-A Mf khwy;. ,iokzpapd; jhaj;jpy; eilngWk;.

CO2 ntspNaWk;.

• fpnug;]pd; tl;lk; - mirw;wy; Co-A xl;rpNaw;wg;gl;L CO2 Mf khw;wg;gLk;

tl;lj;jhf;fq;fs;. ,iokzpapd; jhaj;jpy; eilngWk;.

• fpisf;Nfhg;gFg;G> ig&Ntw;W xl;rpNaw;wk;> fpnug;]pd; tl;lk; vd;gtw;wpy;

vt;thW jho;j;jg;gl;l Jiz nehjpaq;fSk; (NADH, FADH2)> ATP ck;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd tpsf;Fjy;.

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• ,yj;jpud; ,lkhw;Wk; rq;fpyp> xl;rpNaw;wg; ngh];gupNyw;wk;> ,iokzpapd;

cs;nkd;rt;tpy; jho;j;jg;gl;l Jiznehjpaq;fs; xl;rpNaw;wg;gly;.

• FSf;Nfhrpd; fhw;Wr; Rthrj;jpy; rf;jp gpwg;gpf;Fk; tpidj;jpwidf; fzpj;jy;.

• fhw;wpd;wpa Rthrk;

• vjNdhy; nehjpj;jy;> ,yf;wpf;fkpy nehjpj;jy; vd;gtw;iwAk; mtw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; tpgupj;jy;.

• fhw;wpd;wpa Rthrj;jpd; rf;jp gpwg;gpf;Fk; tpidj;jpwd;.

• Rthrpj;jypy; FSf;Nfh]; jtpu;e;j Vida fPo;g;gilfspd; gad;ghL - ,ypg;gpl;L>

Gujk Nghd;wit.

• mkpNdhtkpyj; njhFg;Gf;F mDNrg ,ilepiyfspd; ikakhf fpnug;]pd;

tl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

• Rthr

34

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp 3.1.0 3.1.0 3.1.0 3.1.0 3.1.0 ::::: mq;fpfspd; gy;tifikiaj; Njbaha;thu;.mq;fpfspd; gy;tifikiaj; Njbaha;thu;.mq;fpfspd; gy;tifikiaj; Njbaha;thu;.mq;fpfspd; gy;tifikiaj; Njbaha;thu;.mq;fpfspd; gy;tifikiaj; Njbaha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1.1Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1.1 ::::: tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; ghFghl;L kl;lq;fiscUthf;Ftu;.



• mq;fpfisg; ghFgLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• ghFghl;bd; %yKk; ngauPl;LKiw %yKk; mq;fpfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• ,Unrhw;ngauPl;L Kiw %yk; mq;fpfisg; ngaupLthu;.

• ,aw;if> nraw;ifg; ghFghl;L Kiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,Ufpisr; rhtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp mq;fpfisg; ghFgLj;Jthu;.

• ghFghl;Lj; njhFjpfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• mq;fpfspd; ghFghl;by;; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghFghl;L kl;lq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

• ituRf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp mq;fpfis %d;W Ngupuhr;rpaq;fshfTk; mtw;iw

,uhr;rpakhfTk; ghFgLj;Jthu;.

cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:• mq;fpfspd; fw;wYf;F Kiwahd ghFghl;bd; ed;ikfs;| vd;w jiyg;gpy;

rpe;jidiaf; fpsUk; mku;it elhj;Jjy;.

• mq;fpfspd; gy;tifikapy; mr;Rg;gjpT> ,yj;jpudpay; %yq;fis toq;fp>

mtw;iwg; ghFgLj;Jtjw;F gpukhzq;fisj; jahupf;Fk;gb khztiuf; Nfl;ly;.

• mq;fpfspd; ghFghl;bd; Kd;ida epiyiaAk; jw;Nghija epiyiaAk;

fhl;LKfkhff; fye;Jiuahliyf; nfhz;Lnry;yy;.

• jw;Nghija capupay; ghFghl;il tpsf;FKfkhf tiuglk;> ml;ltizfisj;

jahupf;Fk;gb mwpTWj;jy;.

• jFe;j xOq;F Kiwg;;gb tpupTgLj;jy;

topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl;ly;fs;topfhl

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