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Cs2258 DBMS LAB MANUAL CSE DEPARMENT JCET

CS2258

Database Management System

Lab Manual

(R-2009)

CS2258 Database Management Systems Lab

Lab Manual


LAB OBJECTIVE

Upon successful completion of this Lab the student will be able to: Creating database objects Modifying database objects Manipulating the data Retrieving the data from the database server Performing database operations in a procedural manner using pl/sql Performing database operations (create, update, modify, retrieve, etc.,) using front-end tools l Design and Develop applications like banking, reservation system, etc.,


Introduction SQL is structure query language. SQL contains different data types those are 1. char(size) 2. varchar(size) 3. varchar2(size) 4. date 5. number(p,s) //** P-PRECISION S-SCALE **// 6. number(size) 7. raw(size) 8. raw/long raw(size)

Different types of commands in SQL: A).DDL commands: - To create a database objects B).DML commands: - To manipulate data of a database objects C).DQL command: - To retrieve the data from a database. D).DCL/DTL commands: - To control the data of a database…


DDL commands:

AIM:

To create a DDL to perform creation of table, alter, modify and drop column.

CREATION OF TABLE:

SYNTAX:

create table<tablename>(c olumn1 datatype,column2 datatype...);

EXAMPLE:

SQL>create table std(sno number(5),sname varchar(20),age number(5),sdob date,sm1 number(4,2),sm2 number(4,2),sm3 number(4,4));

Table created.

SQL>insert into std values(101,’AAA’,16,’03-jul-88’,80,90,98);

1 row created.

SQL>insert into std values(102,’BBB’,18,’04-aug-89’,88,98,90);

1 row created.

OUTPUT:

Select * from std;

SNO SNAME AGE SDOB SM1 SM2 SM3 101 AAA 16 03-jul-88 80 90 98 102 BBB 18 04-aug-89 88 98 90

ALTER TABLE WITH ADD:

SQL>create table student(id number(5),name varchar(10),game varchar(20));

Table created.


SQL>insert into student values(1,’mercy’,’cricket’);

1 row created.

SYNTAX:

alter table<tablename>add(col1 datatype,col2 datatype..);

EXAMPLE:

SQL>alter table student add(age number(4));

SQL>insert into student values(2,’sharmi’,’tennis’,19);

OUTPUT:

ALTER: select * from student;

ID NAME GAME 1 Mercy Cricket

ADD: select * from student;

ID NAME GAME AGE 1 Mercy cricket 2 Sharmi Tennis 19

ALTER TABLE WITH MODIFY:

SYNTAX:

Alter table<tablename>modify(col1 datatype,col2 datatype..);

EXAMPLE:

SQL>alter table student modify(id number(6),game varchar(25));

OUTPUT:

MODIFY

desc student;


NAME NULL? TYPE Id Number(6) Name Varchar(20) Game Varchar(25) Age Number(4)

DROP:

SYNTAX: drop table<tablename>;

EXAMPLE:

SQL>drop table student;

SQL>Table dropped.

RESULT:

Thus the DDL commands have been executed successfully.

DDL COMMANDS (SOME MORE EXAMPLES)

1. The Create Table Command: - it defines each column of the table uniquely. Each column has minimum of three attributes, a name , data type and size.

Syntax: Create table <table name> (<col1> <datatype>(<size>),<col2> <datatype><size>)); Ex: create table emp(empno number(4) primary key, ename char(10)); 2. Modifying the structure of tables. a) Add new columns Syntax: Alter table <tablename> add(<new col><datatype(size),<new col>datatype(size)); Ex: alter table emp add(sal number(7,2)); 3. Dropping a column from a table. Syntax: Alter table <tablename> drop column <col>;


Ex: alter table emp drop column sal; 4. Modifying existing columns. Syntax: Alter table <tablename> modify(<col><newdatatype>(<newsize>)); Ex: alter table emp modify(ename varchar2(15)); 5. Renaming the tables Syntax: Rename <oldtable> to <new table>; Ex: rename emp to emp1; 6. truncating the tables. Syntax: Truncate table <tablename>; Ex: trunc table emp1; 7. Destroying tables. Syntax: Drop table <tablename>; Ex: drop table emp;

DML COMMANDS

AIM:

To create a view for the purpose of display in order to hide the data.

VIEW:

A view is a logical data table that allows us to view data from other tables and values.


SYNTAX:

Create [or replace] view viewname as query;

TABLE:

SQL>create table std(sno number(5),sname varchar(20),sm1 number(3),sm2 number(3),sm3 number(3));

SQL>insert into std values(&sno,’&sname’,&sm1,&sm2,&sm3);

SQL>create table sport(spoid number(5),game varchar(20));

SQL>insert into sport values(&spoid,’&game’);

OUTPUT: select * from std;

SNO SNAME SM1 SM2 SM3 1 Mercy 90 89 90 2 Sharmi 90 89 90 3 Priya 78 89 70 4 Amri 67 78 90 5 Divya 98 78 50

select * from sport;

SPOID GAME 1 Cricket 2 Basketball 4 Tennis

QUERIES:

SQL>select std.sno,std.sname,sport.game from std,sport where std.sno=sport.spoid;

OUTPUT:

SNO SNAME GAME 1 Mercy Cricket 2 Sharmi Basketball


4 Amri Tennis

SQL>create or replace view college as select std.sno,std.sname,sport.spoid,

sport.game from std,sport where std.sno=sport.spoid;

View created.

OUTPUT:

select * from college;

SNO SNAME SPOID GAME 1 Mercy 1 Cricket 2 Sharmi 2 Basketball 4 Amri 4 Tennis

DROP VIEW:

To remove a view from the database, one has to use drop view.

drop view viewname;

drop view college;

view dropped;

SQL> select * from college;

Table or view does not exist.

RESULT:

Thus, the view has been created successfully.


DML commands (ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES):

1. Inserting Data into Tables: - once a table is created the most natural thing to do is load this table with data to be manipulated later.

Syntax: insert into <tablename> (<col1>,<col2>) values(<exp>,<exp>);

2. Delete operations.

a) Remove all rows Syntax: delete from <tablename>;

b) Removal of a specified row/s

Syntax: delete from <tablename> where <condition>;

3. Updating the contents of a table.

a) Updating all rows Syntax: Update <tablename> set <col>=<exp>,<col>=<exp>;

b) Updating selected records. Syntax: Update <tablename> set <col>=<exp>,<col>=<exp>

where <condition>; 4. Types of data constrains.

a) Not null constraint at column level. Syntax: <col><datatype>(size)not null

b) unique constraint Syntax: Unique constraint at column level. <col><datatype>(size)unique;


c) unique constraint at table level: Syntax: Create table tablename(col=format,col=format,unique(<col1>,<col2>);

d) Primary key constraint at column level Syntax: <col><datatype>(size)primary key;

e) Primary key constraint at table level. Syntax: Create table tablename(col=format,col=format Primary key(col1>,<col2>);

f) Foreign key constraint at column level. Syntax: <col><datatype>(size>) references <tablename>[<col>];

g) Foreign key constraint at table level

Syntax: foreign key(<col>[,<col>])references <tablename>[(<col>,<col>)

h) Check constraint check constraint constraint at column level. Syntax: <col><datatype>(size) check(<logical expression>)

i) Check constraint constraint at table level. Syntax: check(<logical expression>)


DCL commands Oracle provides extensive feature in order to safeguard information stored in its tables from unauthoraised viewing and damage. The rights that allow the user of some or all oracle resources on the server are called privileges. a) Grant privileges using the GRANT statement The grant statement provides various types of access to database objects such as tables, views and sequences and so on. Syntax: GRANT <object privileges> ON <objectname> TO<username> [WITH GRANT OPTION]; b) Revoke permissions using the REVOKE statement: The REVOKE statement is used to deny the Grant given on an object. Syntax: REVOKE<object privilege> ON FROM<user name>; Result: Thus the DCL commands have been successfully executed and the results are verified.


SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS

AIM:

To create a single row functions.

QUERY:

CHARACTER FUNCTIONS:

ASCII: It returns ascii decimal equivalent to a character.

SYNTAX:

ascii (string)

Ex: SQL>select ascii(‘A’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

ASCII(‘A’) 65

INSTR:

It will return first position of the character x in the string.

SYNTAX:

i) instr(string/column name,x)

Ex: SQL>select instr(‘sample’,’a’) as position from dual;

OUTPUT:

POSITION 2

select instr(<colname>,’chr’) as position from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select instr(name,’e’) as position from student;


OUTPUT:

POSITION 2

LENGTH:

It will return the length of a given string.

SYNTAX:

i) length(string)

Ex: SQL>select length(‘INDIA’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

LENGTH(‘INDIA’) 5

ii) Select length(fieldvalue) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select length(name) from std1;

OUTPUT:

LENGTH(NAME) 3 4 6

LPAD:

It pads the leading space to the left side of the column and fill with given character to the total width of n.

SYNTAX:

i) lpad(char1,n,[,char2])


Ex: SQL>select lpad(‘abc’,10,’*’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

LPAD(‘ABC’) *******ABC

ii) select lpad(char1,n,[,char2]) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select lpad(deptname,10,’*’) fromn dept;

OUTPUT:

LPAD(DEPTNAME,10,’*’) *****sales ***account

****manager

CONCAT:

It concatenates the two strings x1 and x2.

SYNTAX:

i) concat(x1,x2)

Ex: SQL>select concat(‘good’,’evening’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

CONCAT(‘GOOD’,’EVENING’) Goodevening

ii) select concat(field1,field2) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select concat(deptno,deptname) from dept;

OUTPUT:


CONCAT(DEPTNO,DEPTNAME) 101sales

102account 103manager

CHR:

It returns the character corresponding to the value x.

SYNTAX:

i) chr(x)

Ex: SQL>select chr(‘97’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

CHR(‘97’) a

SQL> select chr(field) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select chr(deptno) from dept;

OUTPUT:

CHR(DEPTNO) e f g

RPAD:

It pads the leading space to the right side of the column and fills with blank space to the width of n.


SYNTAX:

i) rpad(char1,n,[,char2])

Ex: SQL>select rpad(‘abc’,10,’*’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

RPAD(‘ABC’) abc*******

ii) select rpad(colname,n,[,char2]) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select rpad(deptname,10,’*’) from dept;

OUTPUT:

RPAD(DEPTN AME,10,’*’) Sales***** Account***

Manager****

LTRIM:

It removes the leading occurrences of that character from the string from left side position.

SYNTAX:

i) ltrim(string[,char(s)])

Ex: SQL>select ltrim(‘abc’,’a’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

LTRIM(‘ABC’,’A’) bc


ii) select ltrim(colname,[,char(s)]) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select ltrim(deptname,’a’) from dept;

OUTPUT:

LTRIM(DEPTNAME,’A’) Sales ccount Manager

RTRIM:

It removes the leading occurrences of the character from the string from right side position.

SYNTAX:

i) rtrim(string,[,char(s)])

Ex: SQL>select rtrim(‘abc’,’a’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

RTRIM(‘ABC’,’A’) ab

ii) select rtrim(fieldname,[,char(s)]) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select rtrim (deptname,’t’) from dept;

OUTPUT:

RTRIM(DEPTNAME,’T’) Sales Accoun Manager

REPLACE:

It replaces the character c2 with a given string c3 and returns the character c1.

SYNTAX:


i) replace(<c1>,<c2>[<c3>])

Ex: SQL>select replace(‘Madurai’,’Ma’,’ij’) from dual;

OUTPUT:

REPLACE(‘MADURAI’) ijdurai

ii) select replace(fieldname,<c1>,<c2>) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select replace(deptname,’a’,’c’) from dept;

OUTPUT:

REPLACE(DEPTNAME,’A’,’C’) Scles ccount Mcncger

SUBSTRING:

It returns the substring from string z, the length equal to y starting at position x.

SYNTAX:

i) substr(z,x[,y])

Ex: SQL>select substr(‘Madurai’,2,4) from dual;

OUTPUT:

SUBSTR(MADURAI) adur

ii) select substr(colname,x,y) from <tablename>;


Ex: SQL>select substr(deptname,3,2) from dept;

OUTPUT:

SUBSTR(DEPTNAME) le co na

NUMERIC FUNCTIONS:

ABS:

It returns the absolute value.

SYNTAX:

abs(x)

Ex: SQL>select abs(-8) from dual;

OUTPUT:

ABS(-8) 8

select abs(colname) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select abs(deptno) “absolute” from dept;

OUTPUT: ABS(DEPTNO) 101 102 103

SIN:

It returns the sine value.

SYNTAX:

sin(x)


Ex: SQL>select sin(45) from dual;

OUTPUT:

SIN(45) .850903525

select sin(colname) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select sin(deptno) from dept;

OUTPUT:

SIN(DEPTNO) .452025787 .994826791 .622988631

COS:

It returns the cosine value.

SYNTAX:

cos(x)

Ex: SQL>select cos(60) from dual;

OUTPUT:

COS(60) -.95241298

select cos(colname) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select cos(deptno) from dept;

OUTPUT:


COS(DEPTNO) .89200487 .101585704 -.78223089

MOD:

It returns mod value of a division operator.

SYNTAX:

mod(x,y)

Ex: SQL>select mod(10,3) as first,mod(3,4) as second from dual;

OUTPUT:

MOD(10,3): FIRST SECOND 2 3

select mod(colname,y) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select mod(deptno,2) from dept;

OUTPUT:

MOD 1 0 1

POWER:

It returns a number raised to an arbitrary power.

SYNTAX:

power(x,y)

Ex: SQL>select power(3,5)”power” from dual;

OUTPUT:


POWER(3,5) 243

select power(colname,y) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select power(deptno,2)”power” from dept;

OUTPUT:

POWER 10201 10404 10609

EXP:

Returns the base of natural logarithm raised to a power.

SYNTAX:

exp(x)

Ex: SQL>select exp(5) from dual;

OUTPUT:

EXP(5) 148.413159

select exp(colname) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select exp(deptno) from dept;

OUTPUT:

EXP(DEPTNO)


7.3071E+43 1.9863E+44 5.3992E+44

SQRT:

It returns the square root of the given value.

SYNTAX:

sqrt(x)

Ex: select sqrt(8) as square_root from dual;

OUTPUT:

square_root 8

select sqrt(colname) as square_root from <tablename>;

Ex: select sqrt(deptno) as square_root from dept;

OUTPUT:

SQUARE_ROOT(DEPTNO) 10.0498756 10.0995049 10.1488916

TRUNC:

It truncates the given value by the width of n.

SYNTAX:


trunc(x,n)

Ex: SQL>select trunc(23.4567,3),trunc(35.678),trunc(78.453) from dual;

OUTPUT:

TRUNC(23.4567) TRUNC(35.678) TRUNC(78.453) 23.456 35 70

select trunc(colname,x) from <tablename>;

Ex: SQL>select trunc(deptno,3) from dept;

OUTPUT:

TRUNC(DEPTNO,3) 101 102 103

RESULT:

Thus, the single row functions have been executed successfully.

PL/SQL

1. CHECK THE GIVEN NO IS PRIME OR NOT

Aim: To check whether the given no is prime or not using PL/SQL


PROGRAM:

set serveroutput on;

declare

n number(10);

i number(10);

m number(10);

f number(10):=0;

begin

n:=&n;

m:=n;

for i in 2..m/2

loop

if(n mod i=0)then

f:=f+1;

end if;

end loop;

if(f=0) then

dbms_output.put_line('the given number is prime');

else

dbms_output.put_line('the given number is not

prime');

end if;


end;

OUTPUT:

Enter value for n: 5

The given number is prime

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

RESULT:

Thus the PL/SQL program has been executed successfully.

2.CHECK PALINDROME OF A GIVEN NUMBER


Aim: To check whether the given no is palindrome or not using PL/SQL

PROGRAM:


declare

n number(10);

m number(10);

s number(10);

r number(10);

begin

n:=&n;

m:=n;

s:=0;

while(n>0)

loop

r:=n mod 10;

s:=(s*10)+r;

n:=floor(n/10);

end loop;

if(m=s) then

dbms_output.put_line('The given number is a

palindrome');


else

dbms_output.put_line('The given number is not a

palindrome');

end if;

end;

OUTPUT:


The given number is a palindrome


RESULT:



3 NO_DATA_FOUND EXCEPTION

Aim: To check ascertain NO_DATA_FOUND exception using PL/SQL

TABLE:

SQL>create table emp5(empno number(3),ename varchar(10),deptno number(3));

Table created.

SQL>insert into emp5 values(&empno,'&ename',&deptno);

SQL>select * from emp5;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO 101 aaa 1 102 bbb 2

PROGRAM:


declare

veno emp5.empno%type:=&empno;

vename emp5.ename%type:='&ename';

vdeptno emp5.deptno%type;

begin


select empno,ename,deptno into veno,vename,vdeptno from

emp5 where empno=veno and ename=vename;

dbms_output.put_line('deptno is '||vdeptno);

exception

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line('no records found');

end;

OUTPUT:

Enter value for eno: 101

Enter value for ename: aaa

deptno is1


Enter value for eno: 103

Enter value for ename: sss

no records found


RESULT:



4. DIVIDE BY ZERO EXCEPTION

Aim: To ascertain divide by zero exception using PL/SQL

PROGRAM:


declare

a number(3);

begin

a:=&a;

a:=a/0;

exception

when zero_divide then

dbms_output.put_line('divide by zero error');

end;

OUTPUT:

Enter value for a: 5

divide by zero error


RESULT:



5. TOO_MANY_ROWS EXCEPTION

Aim: To ascertain TOO_MANY_ROWS exception using PL/SQL

TABLE:

SQL>create table emp5(empno number(3),ename varchar(10),deptno number(3));

Table created.

SQL>insert into emp5 values(&empno,'&ename',&deptno);


EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO 101 aaa 1 102 bbb 2

PROGRAM:


declare

veno emp5.empno%type:=&empno;

vename emp5.ename%type:='&ename';

vdeptno emp5.deptno%type;

begin

select empno,ename,deptno into veno,vename,vdeptno from emp5 where empno=veno and ename=vename;

dbms_output.put_line('deptno is '||vdeptno);

select empno,ename,deptno into veno,vename,vdeptno from

emp5 where deptno=4;

dbms_output.put_line('eno is ' ||veno);


dbms_output.put_line('ename is ' ||vename);

exception

when too_many_rows then

dbms_output.put_line('too many rows in dept 4');

when others then

dbms_output.put_line('error');

end;

OUTPUT:

Enter value for empno:101

Enter value for ename:aaa

deptno is 1

eno is 101

ename is aaa


Enter value for empno:101

Enter value for ename:priya

error


RESULT:



7. USER DEFINED EXCEPTION

Aim: To ascertain user defined exception using PL/SQL

TABLE:

SQL> create table emp7(empno number(4),ename varchar(15),job varchar(20),sal number(6),deptno number(3),comm number(5));

Table created.

SQL>insert into emp7(empno, ename, job, sal, deptno) values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&sal,&deptno);


EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO COMM 101 Vijay Manager 9500 1 102 Nitin Account 5000 2 103 Jansi Technician 10000 3

PROGRAM:


declare

vsal emp7.sal%type:=4000;

vcomm emp7.comm%type:=2000;

invalid_commission exception;

begin

if vcomm<vsal then

insert into emp7 values(110,'ajitha','manager',4000,6,100);

else

raise invalid_commission;

end if;


exception

when invalid_commission then

dbms_output.put_line('commission value is invalid');

end;

OUTPUT:

Enter value for sal: 1500

Enter value for comm: 500


select * from emp7;

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO COMM 101 Vijay Manager 9500 1 102 Nitin Account 5000 2 103 Jansi Technician 10000 3 110 Ajitha Manager 4000 6 100

Enter value for sal: 2000

Enter value for comm: 3000

commission value is invalid


select * from emp7;

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO COMM 101 Vijay Manager 9500 1 102 Nitin Account 5000 2 103 Jansi Technician 10000 3 110 Ajitha Manager 4000 6 100

RESULT: Thus the PL/SQL program has been executed successfully.


CURSORS

To execute the following programs using cursors

1.CALCULATING INTEREST FOR FIXED DEPOSIT AMOUNT USING CURSORS

Aim: To Calculate Interest for Fixed Deposit Amount Using Cursors

TABLE:

SQL>create table fixed(accno number(5),years number(4),amount number(6),interest number(3));

Table created.

SQL>insert into fixed(accno,years,amount) values(&accno,&years,&amount);

SQL> select * from fixed;

ACCNO YEARS AMOUNT INTEREST 101 3 1000 102 2 500 103 6 5000

PROGRAM:


declare

cursor cur is select * from fixed;

begin

for i in cur

loop

if i.years<=2 then

update fixed set interest=i.amount*0.09*(1/12)


where accno=i.accno;

elsif i.years>=2 and i.years<=5 then

update fixed set interest=i.amount*0.11*(1/12)

where accno=i.accno;

else

update fixed set interest=i.amount*0.15*(1/12) where

accno=i.accno;

end if;

end loop;

end;

OUTPUT:


SQL> select * from fixed;

ACCNO YEARS AMOUNT INTEREST 101 3 1000 9 102 2 500 4 103 6 5000 62

RESULT:



2. CALCULATING ELECTRICITY BILL USING CURSORS

Aim: To Calculate Electricity Bill Using Cursors

TABLE:

SQL>create table eb_cal(ebno number(5),name varchar(15),units number(4),charges number(3));

Table created.

SQL>insert into eb_cal(ebno,name,units)values(&ebno,'&name',&units);

SQL> select * from eb_cal;

EBNO NAME UNITS CHARGES 1 aaa 150 2 bbb 80 3 ccc 300

PROGRAM:


declare

cursor cur is select * from eb_cal;

begin

for i in cur

loop

if i.units<=100 then

update eb_cal set charges=i.units*1 where

ebno=i.ebno;


elsif i.units>100 and i.units<=200 then


ebno=i.ebno;

else


ebno=i.ebno;

end if;

end loop;

end;

OUTPUT:


SQL> select * from eb_cal;

EBNO NAME UNITS CHARGES 1 aaa 150 450 2 bbb 80 80 3 ccc 300 600

RESULT:



STUDENT MARKLIST USING CURSOR

Aim: To Prepare Students Mark List Using Cursors

TABLE:

SQL>create table stu11(regno number(6) primary key, mark1 number(3),mark2 number(3),mark3 number(3),mark4 number(3),mark5 number(3),tot number(3),avg number(3,2));

Table created.

SQL>insert into stu11(regno,mark1,mark2,mark3,mark4,mark5) values(&regno,&mark1,&mark2,&mark3,&mark4,&mark5);

PROGRAM:


declare

cursor c is select * from stu11;

x stu11.regno%type;

a stu11.mark1%type;

b stu11.mark2%type;

f stu11.mark3%type;

d stu11.mark4%type;

e stu11.mark5%type;

t stu11.tot%type;

v stu11.avg%type;

begin


open c;

loop

fetch c into x,a,b,f,d,e,t,v;

exit when c% notfound;

dbms_output.put_line('Rollno:'||x);

dbms_output.put_line('mark1:'||a);

dbms_output.put_line('mark2:'||b);

dbms_output.put_line('mark3:'||f);

dbms_output.put_line('mark4:'||d);

dbms_output.put_line('mark5:'||e);

dbms_output.put_line('update the tot');

dbms_output.put_line('update the avg');

update stu11 set

tot=(mark1+mark2+mark3+mark4+mark5)where regno=x;

update stu11 set avg=(tot/5) where regno=x;

end loop;

close c;

end;

OUTPUT:

roll: 101

m1: 50


m2: 60

m3: 70

m4: 80

m5: 90

update the tot

update the avg

roll: 102

m1: 30

m2: 40

m3: 50

m4: 60

m5: 70

update the tot

update the avg

roll: 103

m1: 45

m2: 55

m3: 65

m4: 75

m5: 85

update the tot

update the avg


roll: 104

m1: 55

m2: 65

m3: 75

m4: 85

m5: 95

update the tot

update the avg


SQL> select * from stu11;

ROLL M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 TOT AVG 101 50 60 70 80 90 350 70 102 30 40 50 60 70 250 50 103 45 55 65 75 85 325 65 104 55 65 75 85 95 375 75

RESULT:



COPYING A TABLE USING CURSORS

Aim: Copying of tables using Cursors

TABLE:

SQL>create table stu11(regno number(6) primary key, mark1 number(3),mark2 number(3),mark3 number(3),mark4 number(3),mark5 number(3),tot number(3),avg number(3,2));

Table created.

SQL>insert into stu11(regno,mark1,mark2,mark3,mark4,mark5) values(&regno,&mark1,&mark2,&mark3,&mark4,&mark5);

SQL> select * from stu11;


SQL>create table st11(regno number(6) primary key, mark1 number(3),mark2 number(3),mark3 number(3),mark4 number(3),mark5 number(3),tot number(3),avg number(3,2));

Table created.

PROGRAM:


declare

cursor cur is select * from stu11;

begin

for i in cur


loop

insert into st11 values(i.regno,i.mark1,i.mark2,i.mark3,i.mark4,i.mark5,

i.tot,i.avg);

end loop;

end;

OUTPUT:


SQL> select* from st11;


RESULT:



Functions

AIM: To create a program to prepare reports for an application using functions. Algorithm:

1. Define a function along with the arguments with its appropriate data types.

2. Select command, re level, max level from the table and copy the same values to the new variables which have been declared.

3. Add qty hand and re level is less than max level and if again max value to arguments.

4. If it is not less, add the values of qty hand and re level and assign into arguments.

5. Close the cursor and stop the execution.

6. Close the if condition.

7. Stop the execution.

Queries: * Class work Practice.


BANKING APPLICATION USING PROCEDURES

Aim: To Perform Banking Operations Using Procedures

TABLE:

SQL>create table acc(ac_no number(5), name varchar(20), balance number(6));

Table created.

SQL>insert into acc values(&ac_no,'&name',&balance);

SQL> select * from acc;

AC_NO NAME BALANCE 101 aaa 10000 102 bbb 6000 103 ccc 15000 104 ddd 5500

PROCEDURE DEFINITION:


create or replace procedure withdraww (ac_no1 in number, amount1 in number) is

begin

update acc set balance=balance - amount1 where

ac_no=ac_no1;

end;

create or replace procedure depositt (ac_no1 in number, amount1 in number) is

begin

update acc set balance=balance + amount1 where


ac_no=ac_no1;

end;

PROGRAM:


declare

choice number;

ac_no1 number(5);

amount number(5);

begin

ac_no1:= &ac_no1;

choice:= &choice;

amount:= &amount;

if choice=1 then

depositt(ac_no1,amount);

else

withdraww(ac_no1,amount);

end if;

end;

OUTPUT:

Enter value for ac_no1: 103


Enter value for choice: 1

Enter value for amount: 2000


Enter value for ac_no1: 103


Enter value for amount: 1000


SQL> select * from acc;

AC_NO NAME BALANCE 101 aaa 10000 102 bbb 6000 103 ccc 16000 104 ddd 5500

RESULT:

Thus the procedure has been created successfully.


PAYROLL APPLICATION USING PROCEDURES

Aim: To carryout payroll application using procedures

TABLE:

SQL> create table pay(eno number(10),ename varchar(10),hra number(10),da number(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into pay values(&eno,'&ename',&hra,&da);

SQL> select * from pay;

ENO ENAME HRA DA 1 Kalidass 1200 1000 2 Ravi 2000 1000 3 David 5000 500 4 Dravid 10000 2000 5 Dass 30000 5000

SQL> alter table pay add netamt number(10);

Table altered.


ENO ENAME HRA DA NETAMT 1 Kalidass 1200 1000 2 Ravi 2000 1000 3 David 5000 500 4 Dravid 10000 2000 5 Dass 30000 5000

PROCEDURE DEFINITION:



create or replace procedure net(eno1 in number) is

begin

update pay set netamt=hra + da where eno=eno1;

end;

PROGRAM:

declare

choice number;

eno1 number(5);

begin

eno1:= &eno1;

choice:= &choice;

if choice=1 then

net(eno1);

else

dbms_output.put_line('PLEASE ENTER CHOICE=1');

end if;

end;


OUTPUT:

Enter value for eno1: 1




ENO ENAME HRA DA NETAMT 1 Kalidass 1200 1000 2200 2 Ravi 2000 1000 3 David 5000 500 4 Dravid 10000 2000 5 Dass 30000 5000

RESULT:

Thus the procedure has been created successfully.


CHECK WHETHER A NUMBER IS ARMSTRONG OR NOT USING FUNCTIONS

Aim: To Check whether a number is Armstrong or not using functions

FUNCTION BODY:


create or replace function armstrong(n number) return number is

r number(10);

a number(10);

b number(10);

c number(10);

begin

b:=0;

c:=n;

while(c>0)

loop

r:=c mod 10;

b:=b+(r*r*r);

c:=floor(c/10);

end loop;

return b;

end armstrong;

PROGRAM:


declare

n number(10);

m number(10);

o number(10);

begin

n:=&n;

o:=n;

m:=armstrong(n);

if(m=o) then

dbms_output.put_line('Given no is armstrong number');

else

dbms_output.put_line('Given no is not an armstrong

number');

end if;

end;

OUTPUT:


Given no is Armstrong number


RESULT:

Thus the function has been created successfully.


DATABASE CONNECTIVITY

AIM:

To write an algorithm to perform database connectivity using MS Access.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1:

Open VB 6.0.

Step 2:

Open a form in Visual Basic. Go to Addins - Visual Data manager- New Database-> Microsoft Access->version 7.0 mdb

Step 3:

Give the name for database and right click it and give-> New Table.

Provide a name for the table.

Click Add fields-> and add the required fields with appropriate data types..

Goto record source tab. And choose the 2-adCmdTable option. Select the table.

Step 5:

Place a Data Control and set the properties like data source and recordset

Design the form with controls and set the properties


DATABASE CONNECTION

Coding :

Dim dbstu As Database

Dim rsstu As Recordset

Private Sub Command1 ADD_Click()

Add = "insert into sm values('" & Text1 & "'," & Val(Text2) & "," & Val(Text3) & "," & Val(Text4) & "," & Val(Text5) & "," & Val(Text6) & "," & Val(Text7) & "," & Val(Text8) & ",'" & Text9 & "')"

dbstu.execute Add

MsgBox "record is added sucessfully"

Text1.Text = " "

Text2.Text = " "

Text3.Text = ""

Text4.Text = " "

Text5.Text = " "

Text6.Text = " "

Text7.Text = " "

Text8.Text = " "

Text9.Text = " "

Text1.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub Command2FIND_Click()

stname = InputBox("enter student name...:", " input requiered")

Set rsstu = dbstu.OpenRecordset(" select * from sm where sname = '" & stname & "' ")


If rsstu.EOF = True Then

MsgBox "no record found"

Else

Text1 = rsstu(0)

Text2 = rsstu(1)

Text3 = rsstu(2)

Text4 = rsstu(3)

Text5 = rsstu(4)

Text6 = rsstu(5)

Text7 = rsstu(6)

Text8 = rsstu(7)

End If

If Not rsstu Is Nothing Then

Set rsstu = Nothing

Else

rsstu.Close

End If

End Sub

Private Sub Command3CLEAR_Click()

Text1.Text = " "

Text2.Text = " "

Text3.Text = " "


Text4.Text = " "

Text5.Text = " "

Text6.Text = " "

Text7.Text = " "

Text8.Text = " "

Text9.Text = " "

Text1.SetFocus

End Sub

Private Sub Command4UPDATE_Click()

Set rsstu = dbstu.open.Recordset(" select * fromsm where sno = " & Text2 & " ")

If rsstu.recordcount = 0 Then

MsgBox "no record found"

Else

rsstu.edit 'active edit mode'

rsstu(0) = Text1

rsstu(1) = Val(Text2.Text)






rsstu(7) = Val(Text3.Text) + Val(Text4.Text) + Val(Text5.Text) + Val(Text6.Text) + Val(Text7.Text)


rsstu(8) = Text9

rsstu.Update

End If

End Sub

Private Sub Command5EXIT_Click()

Unload Me

End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()

Set dbstu = opendatabase("d:\mca\smark.mdb")

Set rsstu = dbstu.OpenRecordset("select * from sm ")

Text8.Enabled = False

Text9.Enabled = False

End Sub

Private Sub Text7_LostFocus()

Text8.Text = Val(Text3.Text) + Val(Text4.Text) + Val(Text5.Text) + Val(Text6.Text) + Val(Text7.Text)

If Val(Text3.Text) >= 50 And Val(Text4.Text) >= 50 And Val(Text5.Text) >= 50 And Val(Text6.Text) >= 50 And Val(Text7.Text) >= 50 Then

Text9.Text = "pass"

Else

Text9.Text = "fail"

End If

End Sub


FORM WINDOW :

DATABASE CONNECTION :


ADD THE RECORD :

FIND THE RECORD


CLEAR THE RECORD:


UPDATE THE RECORD:


EXIT THE FORM :

Result: Thus the database connectivity using VB/MS Access in successfully executed and verified


MENUS AND CREATION OF MENUS

AIM:

To write an algorithm for adding menus or creation of menus.

ALGORITHM:

Adding a file menu and edit menu

Click the menu editor button on the toolbar or right click on the form a pop up menu appears from that choose menu editor.

The menu editor appears, now you’ll add to the program a file menu that includes new, open, save, close and exit.

Click the caption text box, type &File, press tab, type mnufile and then click the next button.

4. Type &new, press tab, type mnunewitem and then click the next button.

5 Similarly add the other three sub menus of the menu File.

6. Follow the step 3 and 4 to add edit menu that includes cut, copy and paste.

Adding a Common Dialog Control to the Toolbox

1. On the project menu, click the components command and then click the control tab.

2. Scroll down the list of controls until u see the Microsoft common dialog control 6.0. and Microsoft Rich Textbox control 6.0


3. Click the check box next to the control name and then click ok.

4. Now common dialog control appears in your tool box.

PROGRAM:

Dim UnsavedChanges As Boolean

Private Sub mnunew_Click()

rt1.Text = " "

End Sub

Private Sub mnuopen_Click()

Dim filter As String

On Error GoTo errortrap

filter = "all files(*.*) | *.*"

cd1.filter = filter

cd1.Action = 1

rt1.LoadFile (cd1.FileName)

Exit Sub

errortrap:

MsgBox "dialog box is canceled"

Exit Sub

End Sub

Private Sub mnusave_Click()

Dim name As String


cd1.ShowSave

name = cd1.FileName

rt1.SaveFile name, 1

End Sub

Private Sub mnucut_Click()

Clipboard.SetText rt1.SelRTF

rt1.SelRTF = ""

End Sub

Private Sub mnucopy_Click()

Clipboard.SetText rt1.SelRTF

End Sub

Private Sub mnupaste_Click()

rt1.SelRTF = Clipboard.GetText

End Sub

Private Sub rt1_Change()

UnsavedChanges = True

End Sub


Private Sub mnucloseitem_Click()

Dim Prompt As String

Dim reply As Integer

cd1.CancelError = True

If UnsavedChanges = True Then

Prompt = "would u like to save change?"

reply = MsgBox(Prompt, vbYesNo)

If reply = vbYes Then

cd1.ShowSave

rt1.SaveFile cd1.FileName, rtfRTF

End If

End If

rt1.Text = " "

UnsavedChanges = False

End Sub

Private Sub mnuexit_Click()

End

End Sub

Result: Thus the menu has been created , executed and verified


REPORTS GENERATION

AIM:

To write an algorithm to generate reports.

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a table in oracle. 2. Open Microsoft Visual Basic. 3. Choose Project->Components->Designer tab->Tick Data Environment and Data Report

Checkbox and click ok. 4. Go to Project Menu -> Add Data Environment 5. It will display a page, from that right click Connection Object and choose its properties. 6. It will open data link properties from that choose appropriate provider and Test the connection. 7. Now right click the Connection and choose Add Command. 8. Right click the Command Object and choose properties. 9. In General tab it will ask for source of data 10. Select a database object as Table 11. Choose object name (ex: 098001.employee) 12. Project->Add Data Report 13. Drag the command over the form and data report. 14. In the Data Report Properties change the Data Source Property - Data Environment1 and

Data Member Property - Command1. 15. Go to Project -> Project Properties and set Startup object as data Report 16. Run the program.

RESULT:

Thus the program has been executed successfully.


Private Sub datareport_Click() DataReport1.Show End Sub


MENU USING VISUAL BASIC

Aim: To create a menu using VB

Working with Menus in VB6

EXAMPLE

The File menu, shown below, will have the following level-two items below it: New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, and Exit. Note that separator bars appear above the Save, Print, and Exit items.

The Help menu contains just one level-two item below it, About.

To build a menu for use with your VB program, you use the Menu Editor, which appears as an icon in the toolbar of the VB IDE. It is the circled item in the screen shot below:


Alternatively, you can invoke the Menu Editor from the Tools menu item as shown below:

To build the menu described above, perform the following steps.

1. Start a new VB project and invoke the Menu Editor using either method shown above (click the Menu Editor toolbar icon or select the Menu Editor option from the Tools menu). The Menu Editor screen appears, as shown below:

2. For "Caption", type &File (by placing the ampersand to the left of the "F", we establish "F" as an access key for the File item it enables the user to drop down the File menu by keying "Alt+F" on the keyboard in addition to clicking the "File" item with the mouse).


For "Name", type mnuFile.

Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:

Click the Next button.

3. Click the "right-arrow" button (shown circled below). A ellipsis (...) will appear as the next item in the menu list, indicating that this item is a level-two item (below "File").

For "Caption", type &New; for "Name", type mnuNew, and for "Shortcut", select Ctrl+N. By specifying a shortcut, you allow the user to access the associated menu item by pressing that key combination.


So here, you are providing the user three ways of invoking the "New" function: (1) clicking File, then clicking New on the menu; (2) keying Alt+F,N (because we set up an access key for "N" by placing an ampersand to left of "N" in "New"); or (3) keying Ctrl+N. At this point, your Menu Editor screen should look like this:


4. For "Caption", type &Open; for "Name", type mnuOpen, and for "Shortcut", select Ctrl+O. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:



5. For "Caption", type - (a hyphen), and for "Name", type mnuFileBar1. A single hyphen as the Caption for a menu item tells VB to create a separator bar at that location. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:



6. For "Caption", type &Save; for "Name", type mnuSave, and for "Shortcut", select Ctrl+S. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:


7. For "Caption", type Save &As ..., and for "Name", type mnuSaveAs. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:



8. For "Caption", type -, and for "Name", type mnuFileBar2. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:



9. For "Caption", type &Print;for "Name", type mnuPrint; and for "Shortcut", select Ctrl+P. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:


10. For "Caption", type -; and for "Name", type mnuFileBar3. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:


11. For "Caption", type E&xit, and for "Name", type mnuExit. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:



12. Click the "left-arrow" button (shown circled below). The ellipsis (...) no longer appears, meaning we are back to the top-level items.

For "Caption", type &Help; and for "Name", type mnuHelp. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:



13. Click the "right-arrow" button to create a level-two item below "Help". For "Caption", type &About; and for "Name", type mnuAbout. Your Menu Editor screen should look like this:

14. At this point, we are done creating our menu entries, so click the OK button. That will dismiss the menu editor and return focus to the VB IDE.

15. Back in the VB IDE, your form will now have a menu, based on what you have set up in the Menu Editor. If you click on a top-level menu item (File for example), the level-two menu will drop down:


16. Click on the New menu item. The code window for the mnuFileNew_Click event opens, as shown below. Note: Click is the only event that a menu item can respond to.

In thePlace mnuFileNew_Click event, place the code you want to execute when the user clicks the New menu item. Since this is just a demo, we will place a simple MsgBox statement in the event procedure:

MsgBox "Code for 'New' goes here.", vbInformation, "Menu Demo"


17. Code similar MsgBox statements for the Open, Save, Save As, and Print menu items:

Private Sub mnuFileOpen_Click()

MsgBox "Code for 'Open' goes here.", vbInformation, "Menu Demo"

End Sub

Private Sub mnuFileSave_Click()

MsgBox "Code for 'Save' goes here.", vbInformation, "Menu Demo"

End Sub

Private Sub mnuFileSaveAs_Click()

MsgBox "Code for 'Save As' goes here.", vbInformation, "Menu Demo"

End Sub

Private Sub mnuFilePrint_Click()

MsgBox "Code for 'Print' goes here.", vbInformation, "Menu Demo"

End Sub

18. For the Exit menu item Click event, code the statement Unload Me.

Private Sub mnuFileExit_Click()

Unload Me

End Sub

19. For the About menu item Click event, code as shown below:

Private Sub mnuHelpAbout_Click()

MsgBox "Menu Demo" & vbCrLf _

& "Copyright " & Chr$(169) & " 2004 thevbprogrammer.com", , _


"About"

End Sub

20. Run the program. Note how the code executes when you click on the various menu items. Also test the use of the access keys (e.g., Alt+F, N) and shortcut keys (e.g., Ctrl-O).

21. Save the program and exit VB.

CODING Private Sub mnuABOUT_Click() MsgBox "this is file about option" Form7.Show End Sub Private Sub mnuEXIT_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub mnuNEW_Click() MsgBox "this is file new option" Form2.Show


End Sub Private Sub mnuOPEN_Click() MsgBox "this is file open option" Form3.Show End Sub Private Sub mnuPRINT_Click() MsgBox "this is file print option" Form6.Show End Sub Private Sub mnuSAVE_Click() MsgBox "this is file save option" Form4.Show End Sub Private Sub mnuSAVEAS_Click() MsgBox "this is file saveas option" Form5.Show End Sub SUB FORMS :

Private Sub Form2_Click() Form1.Show End Sub Private Sub Image1_Click() Form1.Show End Sub Private Sub Form3_Click() Form1.Show End Sub Private Sub Image1_Click() Form1.Show End Sub


Private Sub Form4_Click() Form1.Show End Sub Private Sub Form5_Click() Form1.Show End Sub Private Sub Form6_ Click () Form1.Show End Sub Private Sub Form7_Click() Form1.Show End Sub OUTPUT:

FORM WINDOW


NEW OPTION :

FORM 2:


CLICK .OPEN OPTION:

FORM 3 :


SAVE OPTION:

FORM4 WINDOW :


click SAVE AS OPTION:

FORM5:


click PRINT OPTION:

FORM 6:


s EXIT OPTION:


HELP MENU :

ABOUT OPTION : Form 7:


EXIT FORM :

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