

The main differentiation among theseclassifications is their area of coverage.

LAN, MAN and WAN compared

Classification of network



Overview



A network which consists of less than 500interconnected devices across severalbuildings, is still recognized as a LAN.



• Easy to share devices(printers, scanners, external drives)

• Easy to share data(homework, pictures)

• Cost of LAN Setup is low.



• ower - a good LAN is required to be on allthe times.

•

Security - each computer and device becomeanother point of entry for undesirables.

• if all computers running at once, can reducespeed for each.

• Area covered is limited



A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a high-speed network that connects local areanetworks in a metropolitan area

Example such as a city or town and handlesthe bulk of communications activity

across that region.



• Efficiency and shared access.

• All the computer-owning residents

of the area have equal ability to goon line.



• It can be costly(hardware, software, support, etc.)

• Security problems

• As the network consists of manycomputers over the span of a city, theconnection can lag orbecome quite slow.



A wide area network WAN) is a network thatcovers a large geographic area (such as a city,country, or the world) using a communications

channel that combines many types of mediasuch as telephone lines, cables, and radiowaves thereby increasing cost.

It spans a larger area than a single city.

The internet is world’s largest WAN.



• Increased efficiency

• Ease of communication

• Lowered costs.



• Security problems

• Training costs

• Maintenance problems. Largeenterprises will dedicate personnel tomaintaining their WAN.



CostNetwork

SizeSpeed

Number ofcomputer

Low Small Fastest Smallest

High Larger Slower Large

Higher Largest Slowest Largest

LAN

MAN

WAN



Mobile communication is needed. Communication must take place in a terrain

that makes wired communication difficult orimpossible.

A communication system must be deployedquickly.

Communication facilities must be installed at

low initial cost. The same information must be broadcast to

many locations.



Network which has interconnections betweennodes without using wires/physicalconnection.

It uses radio waves as its carrier.

Types of Wireless Networks : Wireless LAN

Wireless MAN

Wireless WAN



Links two or more devices over a shortdistance

Uses a wireless distribution method

Providing a connection through an accesspoint for Internet Access



Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless network that connects several

wireless LANs.



Covers large geographical areas

Circuits provided by a common carrier

Consists of interconnected switching nodes

Traditional WANs provide modest capacity◦ 64000 bps common

◦ Business subscribers using T-1 service – 1.544 Mbps

common

Higher-speed Wireless WANs use satellite , and10s of Mbps common



Tushar Kumar SinghRoll no. 9

Group No. 2



The architecture of a network describes itslogical or conceptual arrangement in terms ofhow information is distributed across thenetwork

The topology of a network describes thephysical arrangement and configurationpertaining to actual connections and linksbetween the nodes



Network architecture describes how nodesinteract with each other for processing anddata.

Network architectures can be described asfollows :

Network

Architecture

Client-Server

Architecture

Two Tier

Architecture

Three Tier

Architecture

Multi Tier

Architecture

Peer-to-Peer

Architecture

P2P Networks



The client directly interacts with the DataServer

Application/Processing logic is manifested inthe client and hence it’s called a “Fat Client”



There is an additional application serverwhich hosts the application/processing logic

The client is free of processing logic andhence it’s called a “thin client”



It’s simply an extension of the 3-tierarchitecture

The functionality of application and dataservers is divided across multiple servers



Client-ServerArchitecture

Peer-to-PeerArchitecture

Processing power anddata are centralized

More secured as dataresides in centralizedservers

Scalability is limited asone server can serve

finite number ofrequests

E.g Email, CorporateApplications

Processing power anddata are distributed

Security is an issue asdata travels acrossmultiple nodes

As every client can

serve as a server aswell, scalability is notan issue

E.g BitTorrent



The topology of a network is a physicaldescription of how various nodes are linkedto each other

Various topologies exist but the main ones

are as follows

Bus Ring Star

Mesh Tree



Every system is linked to a central backboneconnection called the Bus

Any packet of information is transmitted across theentire bus. The intended recipient receives the

packet and others ignore it Maintenance is easy but a single breakage in the

backbone disrupts the whole network



Every node in the system is connected to two nodes Every data packet passes through the entire

network and the intended recipient accepts thepacket; others simply ignore it

A single breakage in the network renders the entirenetwork non-functional



Every node is connected to a central hub Every data packet in the network passes through

the central hub which relays the packet to theintended recipient

A single breakage in the system affects only onenode but a fault in the hub disrupts the entirenetwork



A mesh provides for multiple connections betweentwo nodes

A completely connected mesh provides n(n-1)/2connections between 2 nodes of the network

Even in case of failure in a single path, multiplealternatives may be available for the node to stayconnected



The number of routes in a complete mesh growsexponentially with the number of nodes

Since such a gigantic number of paths may not beneeded, a reduced version of mesh is more

desirable in case of large number of nodes E.g Hypercube architecture



A network protocol is a standard according towhose specifications, nodes over a networkexchange data amongst themselves

A network protocol is a set of data formats andspecifications which form a standard for

communication over that network A network protocol ensures that different entities

over the network are able to communicate, hencemakes the system platform independent

Various network protocols exist for the Internet – TCP/IP stack, Bluetooth Protocols, RoutingProtocols, Telnet etc.



This is a standard network protocol whichdivides entire node to node communication inseven core layers

Each layer uses services of the layer beneath

and provides services to the layer above Each layer adds its own encapsulation to the

network packets OSI is simply an abstract model and various

networking protocols work together atvarious layers of OSI to achievecommunication



Specifies the physical aswell as electricalconfigurations of theconnection between thenodes

Is concerned about the

bits and signals that aretransmitted across thecommunication medium

Also specifies thecommunication medium

itself(ie coaxial, twistedpair etc.)

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical



Specifies the physical addressingwithin the network

Organizes bits into frames anddeals with transmission offrames

This layer is responsible forphysical addressing

The MAC sublayer ensures thatmultiple nodes communicate ona multiple access network byvirtue of their MAC addresses

The LLC sublayer makes surethat multiple Network layerprotocols are able to interactwith the underlying protocols

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical



This layer is responsible forlogical addressing Routers work at this layer

and transmit packets fromone network to the other

IPv4/IPv6 addressing isapplied to packets so that

they could travel acrossdifferent networks

This layer provides thequality of service(QoS)requested by the transportlayer

A lot of additional protocolswork at this layer

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical



Responsible for reliableand error freecommunication betweentwo nodes

Segmentation andreassembly of packets

takes place here TCP(Transmission ControlProtocol) and UDP(UserDatagram Protocol) workat this layer

Can keep track of

segments and canretransmit those which fail

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical



Responsible for initiation,continuity and terminationof sessions between twonodes

Is responsible fordetermining the type of

session operation(full-duplex,half-duplex orsimplex)

Also responsible forsession checkpointing andrestart operations

Provides session servicesto above applications

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical



Responsible for theplatform independence onthe Internet

Different node specificformats are translated intonetwork formats and

encapsulated as sessionlayer packets Provides independence

from data representation Is also known as the

Syntax Layer

E.g conversion from andto XML

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical



Caters to applicationcomponents which aredependent on network forinformation

Is the closest layer to theUser

Requirement ofcommunication resourcesis represented at this layer

Synchronization ofinformation betweenapplication and OSI is also

represented at this layer

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical



Thin Clients are those individual users who can dosimple tasks such as surfing on their devices.

Thin Clients can be Desktops, Laptops, Smartphones

and Tablets.



Internet- based computing in which largegroup of remote severs are networked so asto allow sharing of data processing tasks(Office 365), centralized data storage

(DropBox) and online access to computerservices or resources ( Amazon EC2).



Cloud computing gives the user flexibility tobe a Thin Client and access its variousservices as shown below.

Cloud services can be used by any thin client

which has a net connection and a webbrowser (Opera Mini, Chrome, Firefox) etc.



Cloud.txt



Used by end users Software delivery method that provides access to

software and it functions remotely as a Web-basedservice

Allows organizations to access businessfunctionality at a cost typically less than paying forlicensed applications



Used by developers Provides you computing platforms which

typically includes operating system,programming language execution

environment, database, web server etc. Eg: Google App Engine



Used by system administrators A model in which an organization outsources

the equipment used to support operations,including storage, hardware, servers and

networking components. Eg: Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and

Instagram



Cost Efficient Ease of Access

Backup and Recovery

Quick Deployment Automatic Software Integration



Enterprises used to spend about 32% of their IT budget onin-house hardware in 2011, but that is down to 24% in 2012

Gartner estimates that $326 million (Rs 1,760 crore) worthof cloud computing services were consumed in India,

including software and hardware

Less than one in ten enterprises have adopted cloudcomputing at present, but the market is expected to grow atan average of 50% every year till 2015

A research study conducted by Zinnov ManagementConsulting reveals that private cloud in India will help saveIndian companies up to 50% of their infrastructure costs andwill also create more than 1 lakh jobs by 2015

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