ITM PPT-11.11

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� Automatic

� Speed

� Accuracy

� Diligence

� Versatility

� Power of Remembering

� No I.Q.

� No Feelings

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� Inputting: Process of entering data and instructionsinto a computer.

� Storing: Saving data and instructions to make them

readily available for initial or additional processing asand when required.

� Processing: Performing arithmetic and logicaloperations on data to convert them into usefulinformation.

� Outputting: Process of producing useful informationfor a user.

� Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which the above operations are performed.

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PROGRAM

AND DATA INPUT

UNIT

SECONDARY

STORAGE

PRIMARY

STORAGE

OUTPUT

UNITINFORMATION

CONTROL

UNIT

ARITHMETIC

LOGIC UNIT

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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� It accepts instructions and data from outside world.

� It converts these instructions and data in computer

acceptable form.

�

It supplies the converted instructions and data tocomputer system for further processing.

� It accepts the results produced by a computer in

coded form, not easily understood by us.� It converts these coded results to human acceptable

form.

� It supplies these converted results to outside world.

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It holds or stores:� Data and instructions for processing.

� Intermediate results of processing.

� Results for output.

Comprises of PRIMARY

o main memory

o volatile

and SECONDARY

o Auxiliary

o non-volatile

o cheaper

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It is the brain of computer and comprises of � CONTROL UNIT:

o It manages and co-ordinates the entire

computer system.

� ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT:

o It is the place where actual execution of

instructions takes place.

o All calculations and comparisons .

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� Hardware is the physical aspect of a computer.While computer software exists in the form of ideas and concepts, computer hardware existsin substance.

� By definition, the different parts of a computerthat can be touched constitute computerhardware. Computer hardware includescentral processing unit, motherboard,

microchips as well as computer peripheralslike input-output and storage devices that areadded to a host computer to enhance itsabilities.

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1. MONITOR2. MOTHER BOARD

3. CPU

4. RAM

5. EXPANSION CARDS

6. POWER SUPPLY

7. OPTICAL DISK DRIVE

8. HARD DISK DRIVE

9. KEYBOARD

10.MOUSE

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� Mother Board� (This is where most of the

electronics is located).

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� If we use the

analogy of a desk:

Then the work we

are doing on thedesk top would be

using the RAM and

the work we store in

the file drawers would be on the

HARD DRIVE.

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� Power Supply

� 250 ² 500Watts

� DONOTOPEN� (This is the power source

that makes everything go).

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� Floppy Drive ²

� 1.44 MB, 2.88MB� (This item is fast becoming

obsolete).

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Input devices can be classified in the

following categories:

a) Keyboard

b) Point and raw devices

c) Data scanning devices

d) Digitizere) Electronic cards based devices

f) Vision based devices

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Keyboard is the most commonly used input device today.They allow data entry into a computer system by pressing aset of keys.

TYPES OF KEYBOARD:1. Qwerty keyboard

2. Standard keyboard

3. Lap top size keyboard

4. Gaming keyboard

5. Wireless keyboard

6. Numeric keyboard7. Foldable keyboard

8. Illuminated keyboard

9. Erogonomic keyboard

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QWERTY KEYBOARD:

Invented by Christopher Sholes in 1872

Designed in era of mechanical typewriterThey have six alphabets (Q,W,E,R,T,Y) in the first row of the

keyboard

STANDARD KEYBOARD:

101 keys to 110 keys

Include alphabetic character, symbols, numbers etcSimilar to typewriter but contain additional keys

LAPTOP SIZE KEYBOARD:

It has reduced set of keys

GAMING KEYBOARD:Meet the needs of gamers with useful features

WIRELESS KEYBOARD:

It is wireless and uses infrared beams to transfer data to the

computer

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NUMERIC KEYBOARD:

It contains only numbers, mathematical symbols for addition, subtraction

Multiplication, division and function keys.

FOLDABLE KEYBOARD:

These are made of soft plastic which can be folded on itself.

ILLUMIATED KEYBOARD:

These keyboard are backlit so that the keys are made more visible

ERGONOMIC KEYBOARD:

It is more comfortable than the basic keyboard because it facilitates a

More suitable position for hand users

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Foldable keyboard Numeric keyboard Laptop sized

Qwerty

ergonomic

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a) ENTER KEY

b) BACKSPACE KEY

c) SHIFT KEY

d) CAPS LOCKe) TAB KEY

f) ESCAPE KEY

g) CONTROL KEY

h) ALTERNATE KEYS

i) INSERT KEYS j) DELETE KEY

k) FUNCTION KEYS

l) CURSOR KEYS(ARROW KEYS)

m) NUM LOCK

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� F1: Help

� CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu

� ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs

� ALT+F4: Quit program

� SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently

� Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer(without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)

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� CTRL+C: Copy

� CTRL+X: Cut

� CTRL+ CTRL V: Paste

� CTRL+Z: Undo

� CTRL+B: Bold

� CTRL+U: Underline

� CTRL+I: Italic

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� F1: Starts Windows Help

� F10: Activates menu bar options

� SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item(this is the same as right-clicking an object

� CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keysto select an item)

� CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to

select the taskbar, or press SHIFT+F10

for a contextmenu)

� CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager

� ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box

� SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while youinsert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature

� ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu(from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize,minimize, maximize, or close the window)

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� ALT+F4: Closes the current window

� CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple DocumentInterface (MDI) window

� ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the sameprogram (for example, when the Notepad Find dialogbox is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between

theF

ind dialog box and the main Notepad window) F2:Rename object

� F2: rename the files

� F3: Find all files

� CTRL+X: Cut

�

CTRL+C: Copy� CTRL+V: Paste

� SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, withoutmoving the item to the Recycle Bin

� ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object

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� To copy a file� Press and hold down the CTRL key while you

drag the file to another folder.

� To create a shortcut

� Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you

drag a file to the desktop or a folder.

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� F4: Selects the Go To ADifferent Folder box and

moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbaris active in Windows Explorer)

� F5: Refreshes the current window.

� F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer

� CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (inWindows 95 Windows Explorer only)

� CTRL+Z: Undo the last command

� CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window

� BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder� SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the

current folder plus all parent folders

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� Windows Logo:Start menu

� Windows Logo+R:Run dialog box

� Windows Logo+M: Minimize all� SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all

� Windows Logo+F1: Help

� Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer

� Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders

� Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows anddisplays the desktop

� CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer

� CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, tothe Quick Launch toolbar, to the system tray (use RIGHT

ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on theQuick Launch toolbar and the system tray)

� Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons

� Windows Logo+Break:System Properties dialog box.

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� We are actually using GUI(Graphical User Interface),which

provides a screen with graphic icons or menus allows a user to

make rapid selections.

� GUI requires an input device that can be used to point to and

select a an icon.

� A pointing device is any human interface device that allows a

user to input spatial data to a computer .

Types of pointing devices :

Mouse Trackball

Touchpad Joystick

Touchscreen

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� A mouse is an input device which allows

the user to control a cursor to

manipulate data without complicated

commands.

� It was invented by Douglas Englebart in1963.

� It was originally referred to as an X-Y

Position Indicator for a Display System.

� The mouse's motion typically translates

into the motion of a cursor on a display,

which allows for fine control of a

graphical user interface.

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� Mechanical mouse

�

Opto-Mechanical mouse� Optical

� 3D Mouse

� Tactile Mouse

� Inertial and Gyroscopic Mouse� Cordless or Wireless

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� Mechanical: It has a rubber or metal ball on its underside andit can roll in every direction. There are sensors within the mouse,detect the direction ball and moves the pointer on the screen inthe same direction.

� Optomechanical: This is the same as the mechanical mouse

except that it uses optical sensors to the motion of the ball. Mousepad is necessary.

� Optical: This type uses a laser for detecting the mouse'smovement. The optical mouse responds more quickly andprecisely than the mechanical and optomechanical mice.

An optical mouse uses a light-emitting diode and photodiodes todetect movement relative to the underlying surface, rather thaninternal moving parts as does a mechanical mouse.

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� 3D Mouse:

� The 3D Ring Mouse wireless mouse was worn on a ring around afinger, which enabled the thumb to access three buttons. Themouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station .

A recent 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. it can determineits orientation and direction of movement, can also detect itsspatial position by comparing the distance and position of the

lights from the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera .

� Tactil e Mouse:

� The "tactile mouse", contained a small actuator that made themouse vibrate. Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces, suchas giving feedback when crossing a window boundary. To surf by touch requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness;this ability was realized with the tactile mice

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� Iner

tial and

Gyrosc

opic

Mouse:Called "air mice" since they do not require a surface tooperate, inertial mouse use a tuning fork or otheraccelerometer to detect rotary movement for every axissupported . The user requires only small wrist rotations tomove the cursor . They have a switch to deactivate themovement circuitry between use.

Such mice consume less power than optically based mice,and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight andincreased ease-of-use .

� C or d l ess or W irel ess:

A wireless mouse made for notebook computersCordless or wireless mice transmit data via infrared radiationor radio (including Bluetooth). The receiver is connected tothe computer through a serial or USB port.

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� A ball inside the mouse touches the desktop and rolls when the mousemoves.

� Two rollers inside the mouse touch the ball. One is oriented to detectmotion in X direction, and the other is oriented 90 degrees to the first todetect motion in Y direction. When the ball rotates, these rollers rotate aswell.

� The rollers are connected to a shaft, and the shaft spins a disk with holesin it. When a roller rolls, its shaft and disk spin.

�

On either side of the disk there is an infrared LED and an infraredsensor. The holes in the disk break the beam of light coming from theLED so that the infrared sensor sees pulses of light.

� An on-board processor chip reads the pulses from the infrared sensorsand turns them into binary data that the computer can understand. Thechip sends the binary data to the computer through the mouse's cord.

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� Also known as a glide-point ortrack-pad, a touchpad is an inputdevice found on the portablecomputers that allows you to movethe mouse cursor.

� A touchpad is operated by usingyour finger and dragging it acrossa flat surface; as you move yourfinger on the surface, the mousecursor will move in that samedirection, and

� Like most computer mice, thetouchpad also has two buttonsbelow the touch surface thatenables you to click like a standardmouse.

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� Trackball is a pointing devicesimilar to a roller-ball mouse.

� The onscreen pointer is movedby the trackball with a thumb orfinger.

To move the graphics cursor onthe screen the ball is rolled withhand.

� A trackball requires less space,less arm and wrist motion that aregular mouse takes.

� Trackball is a device of choice inCAD/CAM.

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� They demand high quality of input

documents because of direct data entry

from source documents. Documents thatare typed poorly , have strikeovers, or have

erasures are normally rejected.

� Form design and ink specification usually

becomes more critical with the use of these

devices than when keyboard devices are

used to key in data from forms.

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� The input documents may be typed text,

pictures, graphics, or even handwrittenmaterial.

�

The stored images can be even be alteredand manipulated in interesting ways, if the

computer has image-processing software.

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HAND-HELD SCANNER:-

A hand- held scanner has a set of

light emitting diodes encased in a

small case that can be held in hand

conveniently. To scan a document ,

the scanner is dragged slowly over it

from its one end to the other end with

its light on. The scanner has to be

dragged very steadily and carefully.

Hand-held scanners are used only in

cases where high accuracy is notneeded. They are also used when the

volume of documents to be scanned

is low. They are much cheaper than

flatbed scanners.

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� It is a type of scanning device which isequipped with character recognitionsoftware that converts the bitmap images of characters to equivalent ASCII codes.

� The scanner first creates the bitmap image of

the document and then the OCR softwaretranslates the array of grid points into ASCIItext that the computer can interpret asletters, numbers, and special characters.

� These software are designed to recognizetexts written using standard type fonts calledOCR fonts. Two such fonts standard fonts are

OCR-A (American standard) and OCR-B(European standard)

� If the document contains italics or bold faceletters, or fonts other than that for which theOCR software has been designed , the OCRsoftware will not work effectively.

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� The actual technique used by anOMR

device for recognition of marks involves

focusing a light on the page beingscanned and detecting the reflected

light pattern from the marks.

� Pencil marks made with a soft lead

pencil (high graphite content) reflect the

light enabling the reader to determine

which responses are marked.

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� A bar- code reader is a device used forreading (decoding) bar-coded data. It may be

a hand-held scanner, or embedded in astationary scanner. Its scans a bar-code imageand converts it into an alphanumeric valuethat is then fed to a computer connected to thebar-code reader.

� A bar-code reader uses laser-beam scanningtechnology.

� There are many types of bar-coding systems.

The most widely known one is the universalproduct code (UPC).

� Bar code readers are found commonly insupermarkets and department stores.

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� A special ink containing particles of iron oxide(that can be magnetized) is used for pre-

printing the characters on the cheque.� The MICR reader-sorter reads the pre-printed

data on the cheques, and sorts the cheques fordistribution to other banks or for furtherprocessing.

� The most commonly used character set byMICR devices is known as E13B font consistingof numerals 0 to 9 and four special characters.

� MICR technology speeds up data input . Thistechnology also ensures accuracy of dataentry.

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A digitizer is an input device used forconverting pictures, maps, anddrawings into digital form forstorage in computers. For example,the x and y coordinates of points in adrawing may be stored in digitalform.

Digitizer are commonly used in thearea of computer aided design byarchitects and engineers to designcars, buildings, medical devices,robots, etc. they are also used in thearea of geographical informationsystem for digitizing of mapsavailable in paper form.

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A digitizer consists of a digitizing tabletassociated with a stylus. A digitizing tabletis a flat surface which consists of hundredsof fine copper wires forming a grid. Thesecopper wires receive electronic pulses.The digitizing tablet is connected to thecomputer. The stylus which is like a pen ora lens-like cursor is connected to thetablet. On moving the stylus on the tablet,a cursor simultaneously moves on thescreen giving visual feedback to theoperator. This enables the operator to

draw sketches directly or to inputsketched drawings very easily.

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Electronic cards offer anothermeans of direct data entry intoa computer system. Electroniccards are small plastic cards

having encoded dataappropriate for the applicationfor which they are used. Anelectronic-card reader,normally connected to acomputer, is used to read the

data encoded on an electroniccard and transfer it to thecomputer for furtherprocessing.

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Electronic cards are often issued bybanks to their customers for use withautomated teller machine(ATMs). Anelectronic card for use in an ATM has

its customer·s account numberencoded on the card. An ATM has anelectronic card reader associated withit. When a customer inserts his/hercard in the ATM, the reader in themachine reads the data encoded onthe card and transmits it to the bank·s

computer activating the customer·saccount. This is how electronic cards

work.

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Speech recognition devices are inputdevices that allow a person to input datato a computer by speaking to it. Hence,they make computers much easier touse. However, as a data input device,currently speech recognition systems

have limited success.

The major difficulties are that peoplespeak with different accents andintonations, and the fact that themeaning of words can vary dependingon the context in which they are used.

Hence, this technique is having littleaccess in the present scenario andhence is used within a relatively smalldomain.

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In its infant stage too, speechrecognition systems are already usedfor a wide range of applications.Some on the may be enlisted as:

� For data input to a computer whenhis/her hands are busy. For example,doctors in an operation room canrequest information about a patient

while operating.

� For limited use of computers by

individuals with physical disabilities.� For data input by dictation of long

text or passage for later editing.

� For authentication of a user by acomputer system based on speechinput.

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A vision input system allows acomputer to accept input by seeingan object. Input data in this case isnormally an object·s shape andfeatures in the form of an image. A computer with a vision-input deviceconsists of a digital camera.

Vision-input devices are used mainlyin factories for designing industrialrobots used for quality control andassembly processes.

For example: a robot may be used toinspect the shapes of objects andseparate objects of different shapesin different bins.

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A computer with a vision-input device consists of adigital camera. Following steps are taken torecognize a given object:

1. The computer is focused on the input object totake its picture.

2. The camera creates an image of the object in thedigital form so that it can be stored andinterpreted by the computer.

3. The digitized image of the object is matchedagainst similarly formed pre-stored images in thecomputer·s image database.

4. Depending on whether a match is found or not,the system takes appropriate action.

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ITM PPT-11.11

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