Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21...

7

Transcript of Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21...

Page 1: Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21 Novsustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents...u" " "!"#$%&’a)’bcd’5.8’e$125f’1f1-&71’".’-3&’2+%48" 9:cgh" •

!"

"

!"!#$%%&'#()*'+,#"&%-.*/.01'#!)./%23)-!#

!"##$%&'(')*&'#*++$,*+'

!"#$%&'()*+,-('&#+&.%*'()$&'-&/%0%$-,1%*'&1)*2&,%-,$%&#*&(3()$&)*/&3(4)*&)(%)+&/-&*-'&")0%&)..%++&'-&

)55-(/)4$%6&+)5%&)*/&.$%)*&'()*+,-('7&8()*+,-('&+%(0#.%+&)*/&#*5()+'(3.'3(%&9#$$&4%&(%:3#(%/&'-&%*)4$%&'"%&

1-4#$#'2&-5&,%-,$%&)*/&;--/+&*%%/%/&5-(&#*.$3+#0%&%.-*-1#.&)*/&+-.#)$&/%0%$-,1%*'&)*/&#1,(-0%/&:3)$#'2&-5&

$#5%7&8()*+,-('&#+&.%*'()$&#*&+"#5'#*;&'-&+3+')#*)4$%&$-9&.)(4-*&+-.#%'#%+&43'&*%%/+&'-&4%&/%.-3,$%/&5(-1&

#1,).'+&$#<%&)#(&,-$$3'#-*6&.-*;%+'#-*6&(-)/&'()55#.&#*=3(#%+&)*/&.$#1)'%&.")*;%7&&>%2&+3+')#*)4#$#'2&#++3%+&)(%?&

@3()$&)*/&3(4)*&'()*+,-('6&)#(&:3)$#'26&(-)/&+)5%'26&)*/&%*%(;2&)*/&.$#1)'%7&

• A(4)*&'()*+,-('&+2+'%1+&.)*&4%&#1,(-0%/&'"(-3;"&'"%&/%0%$-,1%*'&-5&9%$$B/%+#;*%/&1)++&'()*+#'&

+2+'%1+&$#*<%/&9#'"&+)5%&)*/&)''().'#0%&5).#$#'#%+&5-(&.2.$#*;&)*/&9)$<#*;7&C*&DEF&')(;%'&+"-3$/&4%&'-&/-34$%&

'"%&*314%(&-5&,%-,$%&9#'"&)..%++&'-&)55-(/)4$%6&:3)$#'2&1)++&'()*+#'7&&

• @3()$&'()*+,-('&+%(0#.%+&)(%&.(#'#.)$$2&#1,-(')*'&'-&/%0%$-,1%*'&)*/&);(#.3$'3(%7&G)$0#*;&'"%&*314%(&-5&

,%-,$%&9#'"-3'&(-)/+&-(&)/%:3)'%&'()*+,-('&+%(0#.%+&")+&4%%*&,(-,-+%/&)+&)&')(;%'7&C&')(;%'&)$+-&*%%/+&'-&

4%&/%0%$-,%/&5-(&)$$B9%)'"%(&(-)/+&'-&+%(0%&'"%&(3()$&,-,3$)'#-*7&

• A(4)*&)#(&,-$$3'#-*&#+&)&1)=-(&'"(%)'&'-&;$-4)$&"31)*&"%)$'"6&%+,%.#)$$2&+1)$$&,)('#.3$)'%+7&8"%&'()*+,-('&

+%.'-(&.)*&$%)/&#*&#1,$%1%*'#*;&)*&DEF&')(;%'&'-&4(#*;&'"%&)#(&:3)$#'2&-5&H7I&4#$$#-*&,%-,$%&9#'"#*&!GJ&

;3#/%$#*%&$#1#'+6&9"#."&.)*&4%&)."#%0%/&9#'"&%K#+'#*;&'%."*-$-;#%+&)*/&,-$#.#%+7&

• @-)/&D)5%'2&#+&/%'%(#-()'#*;&)*/&")+&4%.-1%&-*%&-5&'"%&1)#*&<#$$%(+&-5&,%/%+'(#)*+6&&2-3*;&)*/&

03$*%()4$%&,%-,$%7&L)*2&.#'#%+&)*/&.-3*'(#%+&")0%&+"-9*&'")'&)."#%0#*;&)*&DEF&')(;%'&-5&")$0#*;&(-)/&

5)')$#'#%+&9-($/9#/%&#+&)."#%0)4$%7&

• C*/&'()*+,-('&,$)2+&)*&#1,-(')*'&(-$%&#*&3+#*;&%*%(;2&1-(%&%55#.#%*'$2&)*/&(%/3.#*;&;(%%*"-3+%&;)+&

%1#++#-*+7&8"%&DEF+&+"-3$/&#*.$3/%&)&')(;%'&'-&/-34$%&'"%&%55#.#%*.2&-5&'"%&;$-4)$&0%"#.$%&5$%%'7&

8"%+%&')(;%'+&.)*&4%&)."#%0%/&3+#*;&%K#+'#*;&.-+'&%55%.'#0%&,-$#.#%+&)*/&'%."*-$-;#%+&B&1)*2&.#'#%+&)*/&

.-3*'(#%+&")0%&)$(%)/2&)."#%0%/&'"%17&8"%2&*%%/&'-&4%&+.)$%/&3,&'"(-3;"&#*.$3+#-*&-5&'()*+,-('&')(;%'+&#*&

'"%&DEF+7"

-./%01"2/30.'

#$%&'()$*"+&,)-,.'".,.$/)&.0".,.$/"1%/0"23.*3.$"+*"+'"*3$)453"2%-6+&50"7/7-+&50"4'+&5"(48-+7"*$%&'()$*0"

1$+,+&5"%"7%$0")$"*3$)453"%+$"%&1"'.%"*$%,.-9"#$%&'()$*"+'"7.&*$%-"+&"5))1'":),.:.&*"%&1"7$47+%-";)$"

1.,.-)(:.&*"%&1".7)&):+7"5$)2*39"<*"($),+1.'"%77.''"*)"2)$60".147%*+)&0"3.%-*3"'.$,+7.'0"%&1")*3.$"(48-+7"

'.$,+7.'9"<*"%-')"($),+1.'"%77.''"*)":%$6.*'"%&1"'4((-/"73%+&'9"<&*.$&%*+)&%-"*$%&'()$*");"5))1'"8.*2..&"

7)4&*$+.'"+'"+:()$*%&*";)$"1.,.-)(:.&*"%&1"-%76");"+&;$%'*$47*4$."7%&"+&7$.%'."7)'*'"%&1".=*.$&%-+*+.'9&&

"

>4$$.&*"*$.&1'"%$."'*+--"*))";)74'.1")&"+&1+,+14%-"7%$"4'.0".=7-41."-%$5."5$)4('"+&"($),+1+&5"%;;)$1%8-."

?4%-+*/":)8+-+*/0"%$.";)''+-";4.-'"+&*.&'+,.0"%&1"3%,.":%&/"&.5%*+,.".;;.7*'"'473"%'"$)%1"*$%;;+7"+&@4$+.'"%&1"

7-+:%*."73%&5.9"A+)BCD"$.7)5&+'.1"E4'*%+&%8-."#$%&'()$*"%'"%&"+:()$*%&*"%$.%";)$";)--)2F4("%&1"

+&*.$&%*+)&%-"'4(()$*"*)"1.,.-)(+&5"7)4&*$+.'9"#3."G+53FH.,.-"I%&.-");"J:+&.&*"I.$')&'")&"*3."()'*FCD!K"

L.,.-)(:.&*"M5.&1%"+&7-41.1"*$%&'()$*"+&"*2)"5)%-'"%'')7+%*.1"2+*3".&.$5/"%&1".:(-)/:.&*9"E.,.$%-"

>)&'4-*%*+)&'"3%,."8..&"4&1.$*%6.&")&"E4'*%+&%8-."#$%&'()$*"2+*3":%&/"'4(()$*+&5"*3."+1.%");"N.?4+*%8-."

%77.''"*)"5))1'"%&1"'.$,+7.'"*3$)453"7-.%&0"'%;.0"%;;)$1%8-.0"$.-+%8-."*$%&'()$*"%&1"-%&1"4'."(-%&&+&59O"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

!

!"#$!"$%#&'%()!*+,,-./!"$(0!1"*"2!'3!%-4%#('.$5!67!/#$!8$,(./0$&/!-9!:%-&-0'%!(&5!*-%'()!;99('.3!(&5!/#$!<&'/$5!

=(/'-&3!8$>$)-,0$&/!?.-@.(00$A!!"#$!,.$,(.(/'-&!-9!/#'3!'33+$3!6.'$9!#(3!6$$&!)$5!67!<=:?B!C'/#!%-&/.'6+/'-&3!9.-0!

:D:B!:*D;?B!E;FB!GE?B!(&5!GHFA!

Page 2: Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21 Novsustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents...u" " "!"#$%&’a)’bcd’5.8’e$125f’1f1-&71’".’-3&’2+%48" 9:cgh" •

C"

"

"

"

!"#$%&'()'*%+,+%-"+.'+/'0+$.-%"&1'2"-3',+4"0"&1'-+'&.0+$%5#&'

.+.67+-+%"1&8'-%5.1,+%-'9:;<'(=>?@'

4$)3.,'!/02)'

P$..&3)4'."5%'".:+''+)&'";$):"*3."*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"%$."5$)2+&5";%'*.$"*3%&"%&/")*3.$"'.7*)$"%&1"%$."

.'*+:%*.1"*)"+&7$.%'.";$):")&."?4%$*.$"*)1%/"*)")&.F*3+$1");"%--".&.$5/"$.-%*.1">Q!".:+''+)&'"8/"CDKD"R<JM"

CD!CS9"M*"*3."'%:."*+:.0"),.$"!9C":+--+)&"(.)(-."2.$."6+--.1")&"$)%1'"+&"CD!D"RTGQ"CD!US"%&1"':%--"

(%$*+74-%*.")4*1))$"%+$"()--4*+)&"+'".'*+:%*.1"*)"$.'4-*"+&":)$."*3%&"U9C":+--+)&"($.:%*4$."1.%*3'"%&&4%--/"

RH+:0"CD!CS9"V%&/"7+*+.'"+&"%--"$.5+)&'");"*3."2)$-1"3%,."7):."*)"%"7):(-.*."5$+1-)76"14."*)"7)&5.'*+)&0"

3%,+&5":%@)$"+:(%7*'")&".7)&):+7"1.,.-)(:.&*9"W)&.*3.-.''"%"5$)2+&5"&4:8.$");"7)4&*$+.'"%&1"7+*+.'"

'(.%$3.%1"+&&),%*+,."')-4*+)&'"%&1"'3)27%'."3)2"*$%&'()$*"7%&"8.":)$."'4'*%+&%8-.9"

"

I%$%5$%(3"!UU");"*3."X)3%&&.'84$5"I-%&");"M7*+)&"7%--'";)$"*3."1.,.-)(:.&*");"N+3+')#*)4$%&'()*+,-('&

+2+'%1+6&#*.$3/#*;&%*%(;2&%55#.#%*'&13$'#B1-/)$&'()*+,-('&+2+'%1+6&*-')4$2&,34$#.&1)++&'()*+,-(')'#-*&

+2+'%1+6&.$%)*&53%$+&)*/&0%"#.$%+6&)+&9%$$&)+&#1,(-0%/&'()*+,-(')'#-*&+2+'%1+&#*&(3()$&)(%)+O9"<*"%-')"7%--'";)$"

'4(()$*"*)"1.,.-)(+&5"7)4&*$+.'"*)"%73+.,."*3+'9"G)2.,.$0"%'"*$%&'()$*"2%'"&)*"+&7-41.1"+&"*3."VLP'"%&1"

+*'"*%$5.*'0"),.$"*3."(%'*"1.7%1.'"*3."*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"3%'"&)*"8..&"5+,.&"*3."%**.&*+)&"+*"'3)4-1"%&1":%&/"

*$%&'()$*"$.-%*.1"($)8-.:'"3%,."+&7$.%'.19"#3."

1.,.-)(:.&*");"%"()'*"CD!K";$%:.2)$6"($),+1.'"%&"

)(()$*4&+*/"Y"%"-%'*"73%&7."*3%*"+'"F"*)"+&*.5$%*."

*$%&'()$*"%'"%"1$+,.$";)$"'4'*%+&%8-."-)2"7%$8)&"')7+.*+.'9"

"

E2+*73+&5"*)"%"'4'*%+&%8-."+&*.5$%*.1"*$%&'()$*"%(($)%73"

&..1'"'(.7+%-"%**.&*+)&"*)"$.-%*.1"%$.%'"'473"%'";+&%&7+&5"

%&1"+&;$%'*$47*4$.9"E)7+.*+.'"&..1"*)"$.1+$.7*"+&,.'*:.&*"

+&"+&;$%'*$47*4$."*3%*"'4(()$*'"'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*9"E)"

$%*3.$"*3%&"+&,.'*+&5"R)&-/S"+&"3+532%/'"F"+&7-41."

1.1+7%*.1"84'"-%&.'";)$"84'"$%(+1"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'0"%&1"

+&*.5$%*."'%;."2%-6+&5"%&1"7/7-+&5";%7+-+*+.'"23.&"84+-1+&5"

)$"4(5$%1+&5"4$8%&"$)%1'9"M&1"+&,.'*"+&"+&*.5$%*.1"5))1'"

*$%&'()$*"Y"-+&6+&5"-%&1"R+&7-41+&5"$%+-S"2+*3"'.%"*$%&'()$*9"#3."$.'+-+.&7.");"*$%&'()$*"+&;$%'*$47*4$."+'"%-')"

+:()$*%&*"+&"-+53*");"7-+:%*."73%&5."%1%(*%*+)&9"#$%&'()$*"+&;$%'*$47*4$."%&1"'/'*.:'"'3)4-1"8."%1%(*.1"*)"

.=*$.:."2.%*3.$"%&1"5-)8%-"'.%"-.,.-"$+'."Y".'(.7+%--/"%'"*$%&'()$*"+&;$%'*$47*4$."+&,.'*:.&*'"$.?4+$."%"

-)&5"*+:."3)$+Z)&9"I$)(.$"%1%(*%*+)&"+'"&)*")&-/"+:()$*%&*";)$"$.-+%8-."*$%&'()$*%*+)&");"(.)(-."84*"%-')";)$"

*3."5-)8%-"1.-+,.$/");"5))1'0"+&7-41+&5".&.$5/"%&1";))19"

56/30.+'7'8$)3.,'4%$.+60%/'!"+/$3.$9:*'

#3."4-*+:%*."*$%&'()$*"5)%-"+'"*)"5+,."7+*+Z.&'"%77.''"*)"5))1'"%&1"'.$,+7.'"23+-.":+&+:+Z+&5"&.5%*+,."

.=*.$&%-".;;.7*'"'473"%'"*$%;;+7"+&@4$+.'"%&1".:+''+)&'9"#3+'"7%&"8."$.%-+Z.1"*3$)453"%&"NM77.''FE3+;*F

<:($),.O"RME<S"%(($)%73["R+S"($),+1.".?4+*%8-."C..%++"*)"@)8'0"5))1'"%&1"'.$,+7.'"23+-.")0-#/#*;"

4&&.7.''%$/":)*)$+'.1"*$+('"8/"':%$*.$"(-%&&+&5\"R++S"D"#5'"*3."*$%&'()$*");"5))1'"%&1"(.$')&'"*)"*3.":)'*"

.;;+7+.&*":)1.0"%&1\"R+++S"M1,(-0%"*3.".;;+7+.&7/");"*$%&'()$*"8/"+:($),.1",.3+7-."%&1";4.-")(.$%*+)&'"%&1"

*.73&)-)5+.'9"]'+&5"%&1"ME<"%(($)%73"7%&":%6."*$%&'()$*"'4'*%+&%8-."+&"*3.";)--)2+&5"2%/'9"

• 8()*+,-('&#+&)&<%2&/(#0%(&5-(&,-0%('2&(%/3.'#-*&)*/&+-.#)$&#*.$3+#-*7&T.--F1.'+5&.1"*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"

($),+1.":)8+-+*/";)$"%--"5$)4('"+&"')7+.*/9"G)2.,.$0"+&":%&/"7)4&*$+.'"%;;)$1%8-.":%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'"1)"

&)*".=+'*0";)$7+&5"(.)(-."*)"(%/"%"$.-%*+,."-%$5."'3%$.");"*3.+$"+&7):.")&"*$%&'()$*")$"$.'*$+7*+&5"*3.+$"%77.''"

*)"2)$6(-%7.'0"'73))-"%&1";$+.&1'"%&1";%:+-/9"T.--"1.'+5&.1"0"+&*.$:)1%-"*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"%$.".''.&*+%-";)$"

*3."($),+'+)&");"5))1'"%&1"'.$,+7.'0"+&7-41+&5";))19"L)48-+&5"*3."&4:8.$");"(.)(-."2+*3"%77.''"*)":%''"

*$%&'+*")$"&)&F:)*)$+'.1"*$%&'()$*"2+*3+&"%&"%,.$%5."3%-;"3)4$"1%+-/"7)::4*."3%'"8..&"($)()'.19"E+:+-%$-/"

%77.''"*)"*$%&'()$*"8/"$)%1")$")*3.$":.%&'"+&"$4$%-"%$.%'"2+*3+&"%"3%-;"3)4$"2%-6"3%'"%-')"8..&"($)()'.19""

Page 3: Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21 Novsustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents...u" " "!"#$%&’a)’bcd’5.8’e$125f’1f1-&71’".’-3&’2+%48" 9:cgh" •

U"

"

"

!"#$%&'A)'BCD'5.8'E$125F'1F1-&71'".'-3&'2+%48"9:CGH"(=>?@"

• N$%)*%(&'()*+,-('&+2+'%1+&.)*&#1,(-0%&'"%&"%)$'"&-5&4#$$#-*+&-5&3(4)*&(%+#/%*'+7&#3."*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"+'"

%":%@)$"')4$7.");")4*1))$"%+$"()--4*+)&9"<&"7+*+.'"%$)4&1"*3."2)$-10"*$%&'()$*"+'");*.&"'"%":%+&"')4$7.");"%+$"

()--4*+)&9"V%&/"1+;;.$.&*"*/(.'");"%+$"()--4*%&*'"3%,."%1,.$'."3.%-*3"+:(%7*'0"%&1".'(.7+%--/"':%--"

(%$*+74-%*.'0"7%--.1"IV"!D"%&1"IVC9K9"IV"()--4*+)&"(.&.*$%*.'"1..("+&*)"*3."-4&5'"%&1"8-))1"'*$.%:"%&1"+'"

%":%@)$"7%4'.");"3.%$*"%&1"$.'(+$%*)$/"1+'.%'.0"%&1"%-')"%"-.%1+&5"7%4'.");"7%&7.$"R<MA>0"CD!CS9"M77)$1+&5"

*)"*3."TGQ"IV"()--4*+)&"%;;.7*'":)$."(.)(-."*3%&"%&/")*3.$"()--4*%&*"RTGQ"CD!!S9"A+)BCD"7%--.1";)$"*3."

$.147*+)&");"&)&F7)::4&+7%8-."$.'(+$%*)$/"1+'.%'.'9"P$)2+&5"$.-+%&7.")&"($+,%*.",.3+7-."*$%,.-"+'"%-')"%"

6./"1$+,.$");"(3/'+7%-"+&%7*+,+*/F"+&7$.%'+&5"*3."$+'6"*)"$.-%*.1"*)"&)&F7)::4&+7%8-."1+'.%'.'"RW>L'S9""

• 8()*+,-('&,(-0#/%+&.-+'&%55%.'#0%&-,,-('3*#'#%+&'-&(%/3.%&;$-4)$&;(%%*"-3+%&;)+&%1#++#-*+7&#)1%/"*3."

6&)2-.15.0"()-+7+.'"%&1"*.73&)-)5+.'"%$."%,%+-%8-."*)"'3+;*"*)2%$1'"%":)$."'4'*%+&%8-."-)2"7%$8)&"

*$%&'()$*"(%*32%/9"M&1"2."7%&"1)"*3+'"23+-."'%,+&5"$.')4$7.'[":%''"*$%&'+*"7%&"($),+1.":)8+-+*/";)$":%&/0"

$.147+&5"*3."&..1"*)"84+-1"%11+*+)&%-"$)%1'\"*3.".;;+7+.&7/");"*3."5-)8%-",.3+7-.";-..*"7%&"8."1)48-.1"4'+&5"

.=+'*+&5"()-+7+.'"%&1"*.73&)-)5+.'"'%,+&5"8+--+)&'");"1)--%$'"+&";4.-\"84+-1+&5"2%-6+&5"%&1"7/7-+&5"(%*3'"+&")4$"

7+*+.'")&-/"7)'*'"%";.2"(.$7.&*%5."()+&*'");"$)%1"+&,.'*:.&*9""

"

#3.";4*4$.");"*3."*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"2+--"'..":%@)$"73%&5.'9"W.2":)1.-'"2+--"8."+&*$)147.1"*3%*"'3%$."

,.3+7-.'"%&1"*3%*"2+--";)74'")&"+&*.$F:)1%-"7)&&.7*+,+*/0"&.2"*.73&)-)5+.'"2+--"8."-)2"%&1"&)F7%$8)&0"%&1"

*3."4'.");"<#"2+--"($),+1."&.2")(()$*4&+*+.'9"Q&-/"8/"($),+1+&5"%&"+&*.5$%*.1"%(($)%73"*)"*3."*$%&'()$*"

'.7*)$0"$%*3.$"*3%&";)74'+&5")&"1+;;.$.&*":)1.'"+&"+')-%*+)&0"7%&"*3."'.7*)$"7)&*$+84*.")(*+:%--/"*)"*3."

$.7),.$/");".7)&):+7"1.,.-)(:.&*0"5$.%*.$"($)147*+,+*/0"%"-)2"7%$8)&"')7+.*/"%&1"%"3.%-*3+.$"()(4-%*+)&9"

#$%1.0"5))1'"%&1"'.$,+7.'"2+--"8.&.;+*";$):"8.**.$"+&*.$7)&&.7*.1"+&*.$F:)1%-"%&1"7$)''"8)$1.$"*$%&'()$*"

.'(.7+%--/";)$"H%&1"H)76.1"L.,.-)(+&5">)4&*$+.'"RHHL>'S"%&1"E:%--"<'-%&1"L.,.-)(+&5"E*%*.'"RE<LES9"]'+&5"

+&-%&1"%&1"7)%'*%-"2%*.$2%/'"%&1":)1%-"'3+;*'"*)"$%+-0":),+&5"%2%/";$):"+&;$%'*$47*4$."%**.:(*+&5"*)"

'4(()$*"%&"4&'4'*%+&%8-."$)%1";)74''.1"*$%&'()$*":)1.-0"%--"($),+1."7-.%$"7-+:%*.0":),.:.&*"%&1"7)'*"

8.&.;+*'";)$"*3.";$.+53*"'.7*)$9"M&1"2+--"($),+1."'4'*%+&%8-."')-4*+)&'"*)"$4$%-"%77.''"2+*3"-)7%-"$.')4$7.'9""

;$&'<0%=$%1'7';>$/'?**1+'/0'9*'@0.*'

#3.$."%$."'.,.$%-"6./"%$.%'"23.$."*3."*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"+'";4&1%:.&*%-"*)"%73+.,+&5"'4'*%+&%8-."

1.,.-)(:.&*["

!

!F "##$%%!&'!()&$*+,&$-!.+/,)!&+,)%0'+&!%1%&$2%!

,)-!(20+'3$-!+.+,4!+',-%"

^/"1.;%4-*")$"1.'+5&0"2)$-1F2+1."*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"

%$."'*+--":%+&-/"8%'.1")&"($+,%*."7%$"4'.9"M":),."

;$):"+&1+,+14%-"7%$"4'."*)"(48-+7"*$%&'()$*"+'"

&..1.10"*)"%11$.''"7)&5.'*+)&0"+:($),."%77.''"

%&1";)$".&,+$)&:.&*%-"$.%')&'9"<&*.5$%*.1"4$8%&"

*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"+&,)-,."2%-6+&50"7/7-+&50"7%$'0"

84'.'0"%&1":%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'9"<:()$*%&*"+'"*3."

;..1F+&");"&)&":)*)$+'.1"*$%&'()$*"+&*)":%''"

*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'9"V%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'"'3)4-1"8."

%;;)$1%8-."')"*3%*"*3./"($),+1.":%=+:4:"%77.''"Y"

.'(.7+%--/"*)"*3."())$"%&1")*3.$"5$)4('"-+6."73+-1$.&"%&1"(.)(-."2+*3"%"1+'%8+-+*/9"V)$.),.$0"*3."-%76");"'%;."

%&1"%;;)$1%8-."*$%&'()$*"$.'*$+7*'"*3.":)8+-+*/");"2):.&"%&1"($.,.&*'"*3.+$";4--"(%$*+7+(%*+)&"+&"*3."

.7)&):/"%&1")*3.$"%7*+,+*+.'9"]$8%&"*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"&..1"*)"8."1.'+5&.1"8%'.1")&"(%$*+7+(%*)$/"

%(($)%73.'"*)":%=+:+Z."4'%5.9"<&"H%*+&"M:.$+7%":%@)$"7+*+.'"'473"%'"^)5)*%"3%,."'3)27%'.1"84'"$%(+1"

*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'"Y"*3%*"%$."7%(%8-.");"?4+76-/"%&1"'%;.-/"*$%&'()$*+&5":%&/"(.)(-."+&"%&1")4*");"*3."7+*/9"<&"

:%&/"$.5+)&'0"%&1".'(.7+%--/"+&"M'+%0"1.'(+*."*3."+&*$)147*+)&");":%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'":)$."&..1'"*)"8."

Page 4: Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21 Novsustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents...u" " "!"#$%&’a)’bcd’5.8’e$125f’1f1-&71’".’-3&’2+%48" 9:cgh" •

_"

"

!"#$#%&'()*%%(+"*,%-+(./0(+*"1&+(2('#345&(+6&(,3)4&"(#7(3"4*,(8-+-9&,%(+6*+(6*:&(*88&%%(+#(-,+&1"*+&'()*%%(

+"*,%-+(%;%+&)%(4;(<=>=?("#'3!%(&!6$!(%#'$>$5!67!3+,,-./'&@!/#$!+,43%()'&@!-9!0(33!/.(&3'/!373/$03B!+3'&@!

'&&->(/'>$!9'&(&%'&@!0-5$)3A!H(&7!-.@(&'3(/'-&3!(.$!3+,,-./'&@!%-+&/.'$3!(&5!%'/'$3!/-!5$>$)-,!0(33!/.(&3'/!

373/$03!6+/!0+%#!0-.$!$99-./!'3!&$$5$5!/-!3%()$!+,!/#'3!0-5$)A!;!3'0')(.!/(.@$/!%-+)5!6$!5$>$)-,$5!9-.!(%%$33!/-!

())!C$(/#$.!.-(53!9-.!.+.()!,-,+)(/'-&3A!

"

! = 20ug/m3 WHO PM10 Annual Air Quality Guideline

"!"#$%&'?)'*I'4&J&41'".'1&4&0-&8'0"-"&1'9:;<@'

1)&."*)":%=+:+Z."*3.+$"4'."*3$)453"8.**.$"+&*.5$%*+)&");")*3.$"*$%&'()$*":)1.'0".'(.7+%--/"&)&":)*)$+'.1"

*$%&'()$*9"<&"M;$+7%"*3.$."+'"%&"4$5.&*"&..1"*)".=(%&1"*3."74$$.&*"&4:8.$");")&-/"*3$.."^A#"'/'*.:'"F":%&/"

7+*+.'"%&1"7)4&*$+.'"%$."(-%&&+&5":%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'9"

"

A4$%-"*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"($),+1."1.,.-)(:.&*")(()$*4&+*+.'");"*3."$4$%-"%$.%'0"+&7-41+&5"%77.''"*)";))1"%&1"

+&7):.0".'(.7+%--/";)$"*3."':%--"'7%-."%5$+74-*4$%-"'.7*)$9">+*+.'"1.(.&1")&"*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"*)"($),+1."

*3.:"2+*3";))1"%&1")*3.$"$.')4$7.'";$):"*3."$4$%-"%$.%'9"#3.$.;)$.0":)$."%**.&*+)&"'3)4-1"%-')"8."5+,.&"

*)"*3."+&*.5$%*+)&");"4$8%&F$4$%-"%&1"$.5+)&%-"%&1"+&*.$F7+*/"*$%&'()$*"1.,.-)(:.&*9""

"

"

CF 5+/,)!"(+!6.,4(&1"

]$8%&"%+$"()--4*+)&"+'"%":%@)$"6+--.$"%&1"5.**+&5"

2)$'."+&":%&/"7+*+.'9"E:%--"(%$*+74-%*."+'")&.");"

*3."-%$5.'*"3.%-*3"3%Z%$1'"5-)8%--/"RTGQ"CD!!S9"

M"$.7.&*"'*41/"'3)2'"*3%*"%*"-.%'*"U9C":+--+)&"

(.)(-."1+."($.:%*4$.-/".,.$/"/.%$";$):")4*1))$"

IV"()--4*+)&"RH+:0"CD!CS9"#)1%/":%&/"-%$5."

7+*+.'";%$".=7..1"TGQ"54+1.-+&.'";)$"%,.$%5."

IV!D"7)&7.&*$%*+)&'"R'.."`+54$."US9"M"$.7.&*"

J4$)(.%&"J&,+$)&:.&*"M5.&7/"'*41/".'*+:%*.'"

*3%*":)$."*3%&"aDb");"(.)(-."-+,+&5"+&"J4$)(.%&"

7+*+.'"8$.%*3."%+$"*3%*"$.'4-*"+&"$.'(+$%*)$/"

($)8-.:'0"3.%$*"1+'.%'."%&1"'3)$*.&.1"-+,.'"RJJM0"CD!US9"Q,.$%--0"*$%&'()$*"+'"$.'()&'+8-.";)$"*3."-%$5.'*"

'3%$.");"IV".:+''+)&'"+&"7+*+.'9"M&"+:()$*%&*"7%4'.";)$"*3+'"+'"*3."4'.");"1+$*/";4.-'"%&1",.3+7-.'"Y";)$"

.=%:(-."+&"QJ>L"7)4&*$+.'"1+.'.-";4.-"7)&*%+&'"%'"-+**-."%'"!D"(%$*'"(.$":+--+)&"R((:S"'4-;4$0"23+-."+&"M;$+7%"

:%&/"7)4&*$+.'"%$."%8),."K0DDD"((:9"Q&"*3.",.3+7-.'"'+1.0"*3."+&*$)147*+)&");"($)5$.''+,.",.3+7-."

.:+''+)&'"'*%&1%$1'"+'".''.&*+%-0"%'"+'"*3."$.54-%*+)&");"*3.".=()$*");"4'.1",.3+7-.'"*)"1.,.-)(+&5"7)4&*$+.'9"

<&*$)147*+)&");"7-.%&.$";4.-"%&1"7-.%&.$",.3+7-.'"F"(.$')&%-",.3+7-.'0"*2)"%&1"*3$.."23..-.$'0"%&1"84'.'"

%&1";$.+53*"F"7%&"3.-("%11$.''"*3+'9"#)5.*3.$"2+*3":%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'0"'%;."2%-6+&5"%&1"7/7-+&5"&.*2)$6'"

*3+'"7%&"7$.%*."%"7%'7%1.");"3.%-*3"8.&.;+*'"Y"8.**.$"(.1.'*$+%&'"'%;.*/0"+:($),.1"(3/'+7%-"%7*+,+*/0"%&1"

1$%:%*+7%--/"+:($),.1"4$8%&"%+$"?4%-+*/9"A.147+&5"':%--"IV"3%'"%'"%11.1"8.&.;+*"*3%*"+*"%-')"$.147.'"8-%76"

7%$8)&0"%&"+:()$*%&*"'3)$*"-+,.1"7-+:%*."()--4*%&*9""

"

78 9',-!%,:$&1!

!9C_":+--+)&"(.)(-."%$."6+--.1".,.$/"/.%$"%&1"CD"*)"KD":+--+)&"%$."+&@4$.1"%&1"1+'%8-.1"14."*)"$)%1"*$%;;+7"

%77+1.&*'9"A)%1"*$%;;+7"+&@4$/"+'"*3."-.%1+&5"7%4'."2)$-1"2+1.");"1.%*3";)$"/)4&5":.&"%5.1"!KFCa"/$'9"<&"J%'*"

M;$+7%"$)%1";%*%-+*+.'"%$.":)$."*3%&"c"*+:.'"3+53.$"*3%&"+&"'):."J4$)(.%&"7)4&*$+.'9"<&"*3."(%'*"*2.&*/"

!"#$#%&'(*-"(@3*5-+;(*,'(6&*5+6(./0(+*"1&+(2(A"-,1(3"4*,(*-"($#553+-#,(B-+6-,(CDE(5-)-+%(7#"(*,(*''-+-#,*5(F?G(

4-55-#,(3"4*,("&%-'&,+%(4;(<=>=?("#'3!%(&!6$!(%#'$>$5!'9!%-+&/.'$3!C-+)5!(5-,/!)-C!3+),#+.!9+$)!3/(&5(.53!(&5!

'&/.-5+%$!,.-@.$33'>$!>$#'%)$3!3/(&5(.53!.$5+%'&@!IJK!-.!0-.$!-9!#(.09+)!$0'33'-&3!1'5$())7!#(&5!'&!#(&5!C'/#!

-/#$.!/.(&3,-./!'&/$.>$&/'-&3!,.-0-/'&@!,+6)'%!(&5!&-&40-/-.'3$5!/.(&3,-./2A!L$(5'&@!@)-6()!<=!6(3$5!'&'/'(/'>$3!

3+%#!(3!/#$!D)'0(/$!(&5!D)$(&!;'.!D-()'/'-&!(&5!/#$!?(./&$.3#',!9-.!D)$(&!E+$)3!(&5!M$#'%)$3!(.$!3+,,-./'&@!/#'3A!!

"

Page 5: Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21 Novsustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents...u" " "!"#$%&’a)’bcd’5.8’e$125f’1f1-&71’".’-3&’2+%48" 9:cgh" •

K"

"

!"""

!#""

$"""

$#""

%"""

%#""

#"""

!""" !"&" !"!" !"$" !"%" !"#"

'()

*+,-./.0,+.12

"

!"#$%&'K)'*%&8"0-&8'#%+2-3'L<('&7"11"+.1'+/'-3&'#4+E54'/4&&-'

9M!NG'(=>>@"

/.%$'"$)%1"1.%*3'"3%,."+&7$.%'.1"+&"E48"E%3%$%&"M;$+7%"8/"),.$"dDb"RTGQ0"CD!US9"<&"H%*+&"M:.$+7%0"*3."

:%@)$+*/");"*3.'."1.%*3'")774$$.1"%:)&5",4-&.$%8-."$)%1"4'.$'0"(.1.'*$+%&'"%77)4&*+&5";)$"%-:)'*")&.F

*3+$19""

"

<&"CD!!"*3."]W"L.7%1.");"M7*+)&";)$"A)%1"'%;.*/"2%'"-%4&73.1"*3$)453"%"]W"P.&.$%-"M''.:8-/"$.')-4*+)&"

2+*3"*3."'4(()$*");":)$."*3%&"!DD"5),.$&:.&*'9"<*'"P-)8%-"I-%&"($):)*.'"($),.&"7)'*".;;.7*+,."')-4*+)&'"

'473"%'"8.**.$"1.'+5&.1"$)%1'0"2+*3";%7+-+*+.'";)$"&)&F:)*)$+'.1"*$%&'()$*"4'.$'0"%((-+7%*+)&"%&1"

.&;)$7.:.&*");"'*$+7*"$.54-%*+)&'"'473"%'")&",.3+7-.'"$)%1"2)$*3+&.''"%&1"'.%*"8.-*'0"%&1"'%;.$"$)%1'"4'.0"

'473"%'"*3$)453"'(..1"$.147*+)&'9"V)$.":%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'"2)4-1"%-')"%''+'*"+&"$.147+&5"$)%1"*$%;;+7"

%77+1.&*'9"

"

_F ;)$+*1",)-!<4(2,&$"

#$%&'()$*"+'"%":%@)$"7)&'4:.$");";)''+-";4.-'9"#)1%/e'"5-)8%-",.3+7-.";-..*"+'".'*+:%*.1"%*"%$)4&1")&."8+--+)&"

,.3+7-.'0"%&1"+'"'.*"*)"1)48-.")$".,.&"*$+(-."+&"*3."7):+&5"1.7%1.'0"2+*3"aDb");"*3+'"5$)2*3"*%6+&5"(-%7."+&"

&)&FQJ>L"7)4&*$+.'"R'..";+54$."!S9"<:($),+&5"*3.".;;+7+.&7/");",.3+7-.";-..*'"3%'":%&/"()'+*+,."+:(%7*'"Y"

$.147.1"5$..&3)4'."5%'".:+''+)&'0"$.147.1".&.$5/"1.(.&1.&7.0"$.147.1")+-"%&1";4.-"4'.0"%&1"73.%(.$"%&1"

7-.%&.$"*$%&'()$*9"#3.$."+'"%"-%$5."5$)4(");"7)4&*$+.'0"QJ>L"%&1"&)&FQJ>L0"*3%*"3%,."(4*"+&"(-%7."

:.%'4$.'"*)"+:($),."*3.";4.-".;;+7+.&7/");"*3.+$",.3+7-.";-..*9"#3.'."7)4&*$+.'"%$.":%6+&5":%@)$"($)5$.''"

2+*3"$.147+&5";4.-"7)&'4:(*+)&"F"74$$.&*-/"%*"%"$%*.");"7-)'."*)"cb"+:($),.:.&*"(.$"/.%$"RP`J<f<JM"CD!CS9"

G)2.,.$"%"'+:+-%$-/"-%$5."5$)4("3%'"&)*"(4*"+&"(-%7.":.%'4$.'"%&1"*3.+$"%,.$%5.";4.-".7)&):/"+'"&)*"

+:($),+&5"%*"%--9"T+*3"*3.",.3+7-.";-..*'".=(.7*.1"*)"5$)2".'(.7+%--/"+&"*3.'."N'*%5&%&*O"7)4&*$+.'0"*3."

5-)8%-";-..*">QC".:+''+)&'"%$."'.*"*)"1)48-.")$"*$+(-."F"23+-."*3.'."7)4-1"8."3%-,.1"+;";4.-".7)&):/"()-+7+.'"

2)4-1"8."+&*$)147.1"5-)8%--/"R'..";+54$."KS9"#3."E4'*%+&%8-."J&.$5/";)$"M--"%&1"*3."G+53"H.,.-"I%&.-"$.()$*"

8)*3"$.7)::.&1"+:($),.:.&*");";4.-".7)&):/"%'"%"($+)$+*/";)$"8.**.$".&.$5/".;;+7+.&7/9"

"

#3.'.";)4$"($+)$+*/"*%$5.*'"%$."8/"&)":.%&'"*3.")&-/"*$%&'()$*"%7*+)&'"*3%*"&..1"*)"8."4&1.$*%6.&9"V),+&5"

*)2%$1'"'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"&..1'"%7*+)&'"+&":%&/":)$."%$.%'9"M"()'*"CD!K"'4'*%+&%8-."

1.,.-)(:.&*";$%:.2)$6"'3)4-1"7)&'+1.$"%11+*+)&%-"%7*+,+*+.'"%&1"*%$5.*'"+&";)--)2+&5"%$.%'[""

"

• 8"%&$-;#+'#.+&)*/&5(%#;"'&+%.'-("7):8+&.'"-%&10"%+$"%&1"

:%$+*+:.9"`$.+53*":),.:.&*"7):($+'.");")&."*3+$1");"

*$%&'()$*".&.$5/"4'.0"*3$..F?4%$*.$");"*3+'"+'"-%&1F8%'.1"

R<I>>"CDDcS9"`$.+53*"+'"%"1+'($)()$*+)&%*."3+53".:+**.$");"

8-%76"7%$8)&"R8.7%4'.");"+*'"4'.");"3.%,/"14*/"1+.'.-"

.&5+&.'S9"G)2.,.$0"*3.$."%$.".=7.--.&*";$.+53*"%&1"-)5+'*+7'"

+&+*+%*+,.'"+:($),+&5"*3.".;;+7+.&7/"%&1"$.147+&5"3%$:;4-"

.:+''+)&'9"

• O-*B$)*/&4)+%/&'()*+,-('"Y"aD"(.$7.&*");"*3."5-)8%-"

*$%1.",)-4:."+'"7%$$+.1"8/"'.%9"E3+('"%$."7-)'.-/"-+&6.1"*)"

)&F'3)$."%7*+,+*+.'0".'(.7+%--/"()$*'"%&1"-%&1";$.+53*"

!"#$#%&'(&,&"1;(*,'(85-)*+&(./0(+*"1&+(2(/#345&(+6&(&77-8-&,8;(#7(+6&(15#4*5(75&&+H(-,(<=>=(7#"(*55(,&B(:&6-85&%(*,'(

4;(<=G=(7#"(+6&(8#)$5&+&(15#4*5(75&&+?("#'3!%(&!6$!(%#'$>$5!/#.-+@#!/#$!@)-6()!(5-,/'-&!-9!9+$)!$%-&-07!,-)'%'$3A!"#$!

<=!'3!C-.N'&@!C'/#!)$(5'&@!@)-6()!/.(&3,-./!,(./&$.3!'&!/#$!O)-6()!E+$)!:%-&-07!P&'/'(/'>$!/#(/!'3!C-.N'&@!/-C(.53!/#'3!

/(.@$/!(/!@)-6()!(&5!&(/'-&()!)$>$)!C-.)5C'5$A!

!"#$#%&'(6&*5+6(*,'("#*'(%*7&+;(./0(+*"1&+(2(+#("&'38&("#*'(7*+*5-+-&%(4;(6*57(4;(<=>=?("#'3!%(&!6$!(%#'$>$5!'9!

%-+&/.'$3!(5-,/!(!3$/!-9!.-(5!3(9$/7!0$(3+.$3!-+/)'&$5!'&!/#$!O)-6()!?)(&!-9!;%/'-&A!H(&7!-.@(&'Q(/'-&3!(.$!C-.N'&@!

/-!'0,)$0$&/!/#$!8$%(5$!-9!;%/'-&!,)(&!/-!(%#'$>$!/#'3A!

"

Page 6: Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21 Novsustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents...u" " "!"#$%&’a)’bcd’5.8’e$125f’1f1-&71’".’-3&’2+%48" 9:cgh" •

g"

"

*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'9"#%$5.*'"'3)4-1"8."'.*"*)"7)&*+&4."$.147+&5"()--4*%&*0"84+-1+&5")&".=+'*+&5"%5$..:.&*'0"

2+*3"%"'(.7+%-";)74'")&"IV"%&1"7-+:%*.".:+''+)&'"Y"8)*3">Q!"%&1"8-%76"7%$8)&9"#3."%,+%*+)&"'.7*)$"+'";4--/"

1.(.&1.&*")&";)''+-";4.-'"%&1"23+-."-)&5"*.$:"'*$%*.5+.'"&..1"*)"-))6"%*"%-*.$&%*+,.'0"%*"*3."'3)$*"*.$:"

:473".;;+7+.&7/"+:($),.:.&*'"7%&"8.":%1."+&7-41+&5"+&")(.$%*+)&'"%*"%+$()$*'"%&1"*3$)453"7-.%&"

*.73&)-)5/"%&1"8.**.$"(-%&&+&59"<&"J4$)(."'3)$*F3%4-";-+53*'"%$."8.+&5"'3+;*.1"*)"3+53"'(..1"$%+-"2+*3"

'+5&+;+7%&*"8.&.;+*'9"

• D34+#/#%+"F"*3%*"($):)*."*3."4'.");"4&'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*":)1.'"Y"+&"(%$*+74-%$";)''+-";4.-"'48'+1+.'"Y"

'3)4-1"8."$.:),.19"`)''+-";4.-"'48'+1+.'"2.$.".'*+:%*.1"%*":)$."*3%&"]EL"_DD"8+--+)&"+&"CD!D"%&1"($),+1."

%":%@)$"1$%2")&"(48-+7";4&1'"+&":%&/"7)4&*$+.'9""M-*3)453"+&*.&1.1"*)"%''+'*"*3."())$0";)''+-";4.-"'48'+1+.'"

8.&.;+*":)$."*3."2.%-*3/9"

• D3+')#*)4$%&4#-53%$+&P&4'.");"8+);4.-'";)$"*$%&'()$*"+'"+&7$.%'+&50");*.&"14."*)"5),.$&:.&*"()-+7+.'"

($):)*+&5"*3.+$"4'.9"#3$.%*'"%$."*3."1+'(-%7.:.&*");";))1"7$)('";)$";4.-"7$)('0"*3.".=(%&'+)&");"

%5$+74-*4$%-"-%&1"+&*)".7)'/'*.:'"$+73"+&"8+)1+,.$'+*/")$"7%$8)&0")$"1+'(-%7.:.&*");"':%--"3)-1.$"%5$+74-*4$.9"

M(($)($+%*."()-+7+.'"&..1"*)"8."(4*"+&"(-%7."*)"%,)+1"*3.'.".=*.$&%-+*+.'9"#.73&)-)5+.'";)74'.1")&"

7)&,.$*+&5"2%'*.")$"'4'*%+&%8-/"3%$,.'*.1"&)&F;))1"7$)('"%$."($):+'+&59"

"

`)$"%--");"*3.'."+''4.'"*+:."+'");"*3.".''.&7.9"#3.$."+'")&-/"%"':%--"2+&1)2");")(()$*4&+*/"*)"+&*$)147."*3."

&.7.''%$/":.%'4$.'"Y"+*"*%6.'"*+:.";)$":%''"*$%&'+*"'/'*.:'"*)"8."1.'+5&.1"%&1"84+-10"+*"*%6.'"*+:."*)"

73%&5."4$8%&"(-%&&+&5"(%$%1+5:'"%&1"+*"*%6.'"*+:.";)$"&.2",.3+7-.'"*)"$.(-%7.")-1";-..*'9""

"

`)$"*3.'."%7*+)&'"*)"8."'477.'';4--/"%11$.''.1"+%0%()$&.-*/#'#-*+&*%%/&'-&4%&1%'9"

• #$%&'()$*"&..1'"*)"8."5+,.&"*3.",-$#'#.)$&,(#-(#'2"+*"1.'.$,.'0"%'"%"')7+%-0".7)&):+7"%&1".&,+$)&:.&*%-"

+''4."%&1"%'"%&")(()$*4&+*/"*)"7)&*$+84*."*)"'4'*%+&%8-."1.,.-)(:.&*\"2+*3"%"(%$%1+5:"'3+;*";$):"%";)74'"

)&"+&1+,+14%-":)*)$",.3+7-."4'.$'"*)"+&*.5$%*.1":4-*+":)1%-"*$%&'()$*"%(($)%73.'";)$"(.)(-."%&1"5))1'9"

• W.2"%(($)%73.'"%&1"*.73&)-)5+.'"2+--"&..1"*)"8."5)+'&'().<%/&)*/&+")(%/&)1-*;&.-3*'(#%+9"#3.'."

+&7-41."7)&5.'*+)&"73%$5+&50".F($+7+&50"Z)&+&50"Z.$)")$"-)2".:+''+)&'",.3+7-.'0"8+6."%&1"7%$"'3%$+&5"

($)5$%:'0"%7*+,."R&)&":)*)$+'.1"S"*$%,.-":)1."'73.:.'9"

• V%@)$"+&,.'*:.&*'"%$."*%6+&5"(-%7."+&"*$%&'()$*"F"+&"*3."&.=*"1.7%1.'"34&1$.1'");"*$+--+)&");"1)--%$'"2+--"

8."'(.&*")&"84+-1+&5"*$%&'()$*"+&;$%'*$47*4$."%&1"+&";4.-'"%&1",.3+7-.'9"E2+*73+&5"*)"%"'4'*%+&%8-."-)2"

7%$8)&"%&1"$.'+-+.&*"*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"&..1'"*3."%K#+'#*;&#*0%+'1%*'+&'-&4%&(%/#(%.'%/"%&1"8.":)$."

'4'*%+&%8-.9"E..1";4&1+&5"+'"&..1.1"*)"'4(()$*"7)4&*$+.'"1.,.-)("&.2"*$%&'()$*"%(($)%73.'"%&1"'*$%*.5+.'"

%&1"%1@4'*"*3.+$";+&%&7+%-"%&1"+&,.'*:.&*"()-+7/"7-+:%*.'"*)"'4(()$*"'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*9"V4-*+-%*.$%-"

L.,.-)(:.&*"^%&6'0"8+-%*.$%-"%5.&7+.'"%&1"*3."]W"7%&"8."7%--.1"4()&"*)"%''+'*"2+*3"*3+'"'3+;*"+&"+&,.'*:.&*"

(%**.$&'9"

• F-0%(*1%*'+&*%%/&'-&9-(<&9#'"&'"%&,(#0)'%&+%.'-(&)*/&.#0#$&+-.#%'2"*)"'2+*73"*)":)$."'4'*%+&%8-."

*$%&'()$*":)1.-'9"#3)453"+&&),%*+,."(48-+7"Y($+,%*."(%$*&.$'3+('"%&1"*3$)453"*%6+&5"-.%1.$'3+("*3."($+,%*."

'.7*)$"7%&"8.7):."%"1$+,+&5";)$7."*)":%6."*$%&'()$*".;;+7+.&*0"%;;)$1%8-."%&1"7-.%&.$9"WPQ'"%&1"

6&)2-.15.")$5%&+Z%*+)&'"3%,."8..&"*%6+&5"*3."-.%1"+&"($):)*+&5"%-*.$&%*+,.":)1.-'"%&1"'7.&%$+)'9"#3.$."+'"

%"2.%-*3");"6&)2-.15."%&1".=(.$+.&7.0"%*"%--"-.,.-'0"*3%*"7%&"8."4'.1"*)"%73+.,.":)$."'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*"

'/'*.:'9"

• >),).#'2&43#$/#*;&)*/&%K.")*;%&-5&<*-9$%/;%")*/&'%."*-$-;#%+"2+--"8."6./"(+--%$'9"

• M&1"%":),."*)"%":)$."'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"2+--"&..1".--(/#*)'%/&).'#-*&)'&)$$&$%0%$+Q"%*"*3."7+*/"

-.,.-"F"2+*3"+&*$)147*+)&");"+&*.5$%*.1"4$8%&"*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'\"%*"&%*+)&%-"-.,.-"Y"'.**+&5"7-.%&.$";4.-'"%&1"

,.3+7-.'"'*%&1%$1'\"%*"$.5+)&%-"-.,.-"Y";)$":473"&..1.1"3%$:)&+Z%*+)&\"%&1"%*"*3."5-)8%-"-.,.-"F"23.$."

6&)2-.15."%&1"*.73&)-)5/"&..1"*)"8."'3%$.1"%&1"23.$."]W"%5.&7+.'"(-%/"%"7.&*$%-"$)-."+&"($):)*+&5":)$."

'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'9"

"

Page 7: Issues Brief on Sustainable Transport FINAL 21 Novsustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents...u" " "!"#$%&’a)’bcd’5.8’e$125f’1f1-&71’".’-3&’2+%48" 9:cgh" •

c"

"

#3."*$%&'()$*"7)::4&+*/"+'"1+,.$'.\"5),.$&:.&*'"%$."7))(.$%*+&5"2+*3"&)&"5),.$&:.&*%-")$5%&+'%*+)&'0"

*3."($+,%*."'.7*)$0"6&)2-.15."+&'*+*4*+)&'"%&1"+&*.$&%*+)&%-")$5%&+'%*+)&'"*)"1.,.-)("*$%&'()$*"($)5$%:'"%'"

)4*-+&.1"+&"*3+'"8$+.;9"M";.%*4$.");"'):.");"*3.":)'*"'477.'';4-"($)5$%:'"+'"*3%*"*3./"3%,."+&,)-,.1"%--"*3.'."

5$)4('"+&"5-)8%-"%&1"&%*+)&%-"%7*+,+*+.'9"<*"+'"+:()$*%&*0"2+*3"'473"%"1+,.$'."5$)4(");"+&,)-,.1")$5%&+'%*+)&'0"

*3%*"7))$1+&%*+)&"+'".;;.7*+,.9"#3."*$%&'()$*"7)::4&+*/"+'"&)2"1+'74''+&50"%-')")&"*3."8%'+'");"*3+'"8$+.;0"*3."

1.,.-)(:.&*");"%"$.'4-*'";$%:.2)$6"*3%*"2+--"($),+1."7-.%$"*%$5.*'"%&1"+&1+7%*)$'";)$"*3."$)-.");"*$%&'()$*"

+&"*3."()'*"CD!K"ELP'9"

"

A.7)5&+Z+&5"*3."+:()$*%&7."*3%*"*3."*$%&'()$*"'.7*)$"(-%/'"+&"%73+.,+&5"'4'*%+&%8-."1.,.-)(:.&*0"*$%&'()$*"

+&*.$,.&*+)&'"%'"'455.'*.1"+&"*3+'"8$+.;"'3)4-1"8."7):8+&.1"+&*)")&."1.1+7%*.1"ELP0"%'"*3./"%$."7-)'.-/"

+&*.$-+&6.19"G)2.,.$0":)'*"+:()$*%&*"+'"*3%*"*3."6./"%$.%'"%&1"*%$5.*'"%'"-+'*.1"+&"*3+'"(%(.$"%$."+&7-41.1"+&"

*3."ELP";$%:.2)$69"

"

#$%&'()$*"7%&":%6."6./"7)&*$+84*+)&'"*)"%--"*3$.."(+--%$'");"'4'*%+&%8-."1.,.-)(:.&*"Y".7)&):+70"')7+%-"%&1"

.&,+$)&:.&*%-9"#)"1)"')"+*"&..1'"*)"8."(%$*"%&1"(%$7.-");"*3."()'*"CD!K";$%:.2)$69"#3.$."+'"&)"'.7)&1"

73%&7.0")&7."7+*+.'"3%,."(-%&&.1"%&1"1.,.-)(.10"$)%1'"3%,."8..&"84+-*0",.3+7-.";-..*'"3%,."5$)2&0"+*"2+--"8."

*))"-%*."%&1";%$":)$."7)'*-/"*)"1.,.-)("$.*$);+*"')-4*+)&'9"#3.$."+'"%"'3)$*"2+&1)2");")(()$*4&+*/"*)"'3+;*"*)"

'4'*%+&%8-."*$%&'()$*"'/'*.:'"%&1"*3."1.,.-)(:.&*");"*3."ELP'"($),+1.'"%&"+1.%-")(()$*4&+*/"*)"1)"*3+'9"

!

R$9$.$&%$3!

!

• "#$!@)-6()!6+.5$&!-9!5'3$(3$!3/+57!SJTJB!"#$!L(&%$/!SJTSB!3**([ff2229*3.-%&7.*97):f*3.:.1f5-)8%-F

84$1.&F);F1+'.%'.!

• P;RDU!8'$3$)!$&@'&$3!$V#(+3/!%(.%'&-@$&'%B!P&/$.&(/'-&()!;@$&%7!9-.!R$3$(.%#!-&!D(&%$.!1P;RD2B!SJTSB!

3**([ff2229+%$79;$f.&f:.1+%F7.&*$.f($fCD!Cf(1;'f($C!UhJ9(1;!

• L'0!**!$/!()AB!;!%-0,(.(/'>$!.'3N!(33$330$&/!-9!6+.5$&!-9!5'3$(3$!(&5!'&W+.7!(//.'6+/(6)$!/-!XY!.'3N!9(%/-.3!(&5!.'3N!

9(%/-.!%)+3/$.3!'&!ST!.$@'-&3B!TIIJ4SJTJU!(!373/$0(/'%!(&()73'3!9-.!/#$!O)-6()!Z+.5$&!-9!8'3$(3$!*/+57!SJTJB!"#$!

L(&%$/B!SJTS!

• [-3N'&@B!\AB!H+5+B!?AB!8-.(!DAB![$()/#!%-46$&$9'/3!-9!%)'0(/$!%#(&@$!0'/'@(/'-&!]!/.(&3,-./!*$%/-.B!G[F!SJTT!

• O)-6()!R$,-./!-&!R-(5!*(9$/7B!G[FB!SJT^B!

#//,U__CCCAC#-A'&/_>'-)$&%$`'&W+.7`,.$>$&/'-&_.-(5`3(9$/7`3/(/+3_SJT^_.$,-./_$&_'&5$VA#/0)!

• O)-6()!E+$)!:%-&-07!P&'/'(/'>$!1OE:P2B!CCCA@)-6()9+$)$%-&-07A-.@!

• ".(&3,-./B!:&$.@7!(&5!DFSU!H->'&@!/-C(.5!*+3/('&(6')'/7B!P&/$.&(/'-&()!:&$.@7!;@$&%7!1P:;2B!SJTS!

#//,U__CCCA'$(A-.@_,+6)'%(/'-&3_9.$$,+6)'%(/'-&3_,+6)'%(/'-&_&(0$B^a^aB$&A#/0)!

• G-.)5!R$3-+.%$3!P&3/'/+/$!1GRP2B!SJT^B!CCCA6./5(/(A-.@!

!