Intro_to_TE

7/30/2019 Intro_to_TE

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An Introduction to

Tissue Engineering

Cindy Handley, PhD, MT(ASCP)

SCCC Biology Instructor


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Pittsburg Tissue Engineering Initiativea network strategy to promote regional economic growth

through the advancement and creation of biomedical and related

technologies associated with engineered tissues, Including cell culturing,

gene therapy, organ transplantation and regeneration, biomaterials,and computer-assisted analysis and design. http://www.ptei.org/

Mark Krotec, BS, MSfacilitator for the summer teachers workshop and major

contributor of data for this presentation via the Education Outreach

Manual in Tissue Engineering and the summer workshop.


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I. Tissue engineering defined

II. Stem cell research

III. Tissue model constructs

and lab techniques

IV. Ethics


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I. Tissue Engineering

Defined


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Tissue engineering is an emerging

interdisciplinary field that applies

the principles of biology and

engineering to the development of

viable substitutes that restore,maintain, or improve the function of

human tissues.


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On a large scale, certain surgicalinterventions, like castration of a bull,have led to alteration of tissuefunction.

On a molecular level, gene therapy ishas been very successful with plantsand animals

On a cellular level, the research iscurrently focused on stem cells.


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According to the Merriam-WebsterOnline Dictionary, a stem cell is,

an unspecialized cell that gives rise todifferentiated cells

Two basic types:

Embryonic pluripotentialAdult multipotential


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According to Richard Mollard, Ph.D., ofthe International Society for Stem CellResearch, Human embryonic stem (ES)

cells are cultured cell lines derived fromthe inner cell mass of the blastocyst that

can be grown indefinitely in their

undifferentiated state, yet also arecapable of differentiating into all cells of

the adult body.


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http://www.time.com/time/2001/stemcells/#
http://www.time.com/time/2001/stemcells/http://www.time.com/time/2001/stemcells/


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Animation: Stem cells

http://www.dnalc.org/stemcells.html
http://www.dnalc.org/stemcells.htmlhttp://www.dnalc.org/stemcells.html


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Two sources

Fertilized egg from in vitro fertilization

Ovum that has had nucleus removedand nuclear material injected from

intended recipient of final tissue product(reproductive/therapeutic cloning)

Very controversial


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Found in:

Umbilical cord blood/tissue Adult brain, blood cornea, retina, heart,

fat, skin, dental pulp, bone marrow,blood vessels, skeletal muscle and

intestines


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II. Stem cell research


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Autologous stem cells have beeninjected into heart to regeneratedamaged cardiac tissue

Corneal autologous stem cell graftshave been used to treat eye disease& trauma

Skin replacement has been grownwith stem cells for transplant in burnvictims


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Autologous stem-cell cartilage graftshave been used to treat joint disease

Leukemia & other cancers have been

treated with stem cells from bonemarrow and umbilical cord blood

A human mandible has been

produced using a titanium mesh andautologous bone-marrow stem cells


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According to the Stem Cell Research Center:Half Of All Americans Could Benefit From Stem Cell Research

Experts are predicting that stem cell research has the potential

to help up to half of all Americans, who suffer from some form of

presently incurable disease, injury or birth defect. Some of

Those conditions include:

One million children with juvenile diabetes8.2 million people with cancer58 million with heart diseaseFour million suffering from Alzheimer's disease10 million with osteoporosis

43 million arthritis sufferers250,000 people paralyzed by spinal cord injuries30,000 victims ofLou Gehrig's disease500,000 with Parkinson's disease

www.stemcellresearchfoundation.org/WhatsNew/Benefit.htm


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III. Tissue model

constructs &

lab techniques


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Tissue engineering requires three things:

Cells

SignalsScaffold


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Weve already discussed different

types of cells that may be used

The scaffold refers to the tissuemodel construct

The signals refer to molecularsignaling molecules, also known asgrowth factors


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Portions must be biodegradable

Usually designed in the shape of the

tissue product the researcher isworking on


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www.eng.nus.edu.sg/ EResnews/0210/rd/rd_10.html

Bi i ti S ff ld F b i ti
http://www.eng.nus.edu.sg/EResnews/0210/rd/rd_10.htmlhttp://www.eng.nus.edu.sg/EResnews/0210/rd/rd_10.html


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Biomimetic Scaffold Fabrication

bms.dent.umich.edu/research/malab.html

www millenium biologix com/Html/00 ScientificInformationCartiGraft htm


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www.millenium-biologix.com/Html/00_ScientificInformationCartiGraft.htm

Autologous de novo cartilage formed on Skelite tissue engineering scaffold(grown in vitro), illustrating the configuration of the implant that providesfunctional cartilage tissue at the articular surface. The presence of functional

cartilage tissue represents a major advance over current cell therapy techniques.

Cell therapy involves the implantation of cells that still have to make new cartilage

in vivoat the defect site under very challenging conditions. The histology image

on the right shows that cells are healthy and growing, while attaching themselvesto the Skelite and beginning to differentiate into mature cartilage.


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V. Ethics


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Now that we see that we CAN, the question is

should we??????

Pair up with a colleague andbrainstorm ethical concerns you can

identify with this technology.


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The great divide over stem cells

(www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=&section=12&artid=4540)

The Ethics of Human Embryonic

Stem Cell Research(www.isscr.org/public/ethics.htm)

Guidelines for Human EmbryonicStem Cell Research(www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=26661)
http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=&section=12&artid=4540http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=&section=12&artid=4540http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=26661http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=26661http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=&section=12&artid=4540http://www.mtulode.com/index.php?issuedate=&section=12&artid=4540


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Stem Cell Research: All sides to the

dispute(www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htm)

Research Ethics and Stem Cells(stemcells.nih.gov/info/ethics.asp)
http://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htmhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htmhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htmhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem.htm


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Carmichael, Mary. (2005). Organs under construction. Newsweek, Summer 2005, 46-48.

Lanza, R., & Rosenthal, N. (2004). The Stem Cell Challenge. Scientific American, June

2004, 93-99.Pittsburgh Tissue Engineering Initiative (2001). An Education Outreach manual in Tissue

Engineering, updated through June 2005. Pittsburg, PA, PTEI: Author.

Weiss, Rick (2005). The power to divide. National Geographic. July 2005, 3-27.

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