Introduction to E-Learning Technologies
Transcript of Introduction to E-Learning Technologies
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Introduction to E-Learning Technologies
Prof. dr. Paul De BraDr. ir. Natalia Stash
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Presentation Outline
• What is & Why E-learning?
➡
@ Information Systems Section of Mathematics & Computer Science Dpt.@ TU/e
• E-learning technologies: where?
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About Me
Russia, Saint-Petersburg State Electro-Technical University, 1999• Engineer diploma
Development of the distance learning server for studying of artificial intelligence
Russia, Saint-Petersburg, 1999-2001• Projects
– IDLE (Intelligent Distance Learning Environment)– Distance Learning Course on Business Planning
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About Me
The Netherlands, TU/e, 2007• PhD thesis
Incorporating Cognitive/Learning Styles in a General-Purpose Adaptive Hypermedia System
The Netherlands, TU/e, 2001 until now• Projects
– AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia for All)– GRAPPLE (Generic Responsive Adaptive Personal
Learning Environment)– CHIP (Cultural Heritage Information Personalization)
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What is E-Learning?/Some History Facts
• Distance education dates to at least as early as 1728, when the Boston Gazette printed an advertisement from Caleb Phillips, teacher of the new method of Short Hand, that offered “… any persons in the country desirous to learn this Art, may, by having the several lessons sent weekly to them, be as perfectly instructed as those that live in Boston.”
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What is E-Learning?/Generations of Distance Education
• 1840s: Stenographic Short Hand by Isaac Pitman,through written & print materials
• End of 1960s: Multimedia distance educationthrough print materials, radio and TV broadcasting, cassettes, computers e.g. PLATO (computer system)
Q: What is missing in these forms of distance education?
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What is E-Learning?/Generations of Distance Education
• 1970s: Computer-mediated communication through email, teleconferences, growing use of Internet
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Why E-Learning?/Online Course vs Textbook
• physical
• local• uniform
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Why E-Learning?/Online Course vs Textbook
• paperless• global• possibly adaptive
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Popular Tools for E-Learning:Learning Management Systems
WebCT (Course Tools) or Blackboard Learning System, now owned by Blackboard Inc.
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Universities Worldwide Offering E-Learning
Top universities offering e-learning:• The Open University, UK• University of British Columbia, Canada• Pennsylvania State University, USA• University of Florida, USA• Walden University, USA• to add more ...
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Dutch Universities Offering E-Learning • Open University
http://www.ou.nl
• Collaboration between
www.elevatehealth.eu
• Fontys University of Applied Scienceshttp://www.fontys.nl
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E-Learning @ TU/e
• CoffeeDregs: Visualizing programshttp://wiki.netbeans.org/CoffeeDregs
• DiagNow - an interactive lecture-response system• Escom-Method a multimedia guide through a
knowledge area• peach³ - for assignments evaluation
peach3.nl
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E-Learning @ Information Systems Section, Mathematics & CS Dpt., TU/e • Specialization in Adaptive E-learning• Software for developing adaptive applications:
– AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)– GALE (Generic Adaptive Learning Environment)
The first adaptive online thesis
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Adaptive E-Learning & Adaptive Web-Based Applications in General @IS
• IS scope is not limited to e-learning:– AHA! and GALE are general-purpose tools for
various types of adaptive applications– CHIP demonstrator - personalized museum guide
based on Semantic Web Technologies
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Ideal Adaptive Teaching
Master - Apprentice −> Tutor - Student (Learner)
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One Size Does Not Fit All
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Adaptive E-Learning
/ Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
• Consider adaptation to:
knowledge goals & tasks
cognitive/learning styles
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Adaptive E-Learning
• Most commonly used types of relationships between course topics: – knowledge propagation– prerequisites– A is a prerequisite for B, means:• You should study A before B or• You should study A before you can understand B
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Example Created with AHA!:Presentation for Visual+Global Learner
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Example Created with AHA!: Presentation for Verbal+Analytic Learner
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Example Created with AHA!: Inferring Preference for Image vs Text
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Image Text Image Text
Image Text
Step 1 Step 2
Step N
Text
Step N+1
...
...
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Example Created with GALE: Course about MilkyWay
/ Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
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Example Created with GALE: World of Biomes
/ Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
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Example Created with GALE: World of Biomes
/ Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
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Example Created with GALE: World of Biomes
/ Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
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Example Created with GALE: Latex Tutorial
/ Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
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Example Created with GALE: Research Methods Book
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Example:C# Online Tutorial
!
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Example:C# Online Tutorial
!
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Example:C# Online Tutorial
!
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Example:Course About Tennis
!
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Designing an Online Adaptive Course
Consists of:1. Designing information structure (domain model)2. Information creation (application content) 3. Defining navigation structure (application content)4. Defining pedagogical structure (adaptation model):
Which navigation is desirable during learning?• An adaptive system such as AHA! or GALE should
support navigation
/ Department of Computer Science
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Example: Milkyway Information Structure
• The “logical” structure of Milkyway
• Different relationship types result in links in the application Planet
Earth Mars
Milkyway
Nebula Star
Eta Carinae
Sun
Moon
Moon_Earth Phobos
Deimos
Parent
Produces
Rotates Around
Is Planet Of
Is Moon Of
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• Adaptation can be supported by Artificial Intelligence
Planet
Earth Mars
Milkyway
Nebula Star
Eta Carinae
Sun
Moon
Moon_Earth Phobos
Deimos
Parent
Produces
Rotates Around
Is Planet Of
Is Moon Of
Example: Milkyway Pedagogical Structure
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Authoring Adaptive Application:Domain Model
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Authoring Adaptive Application: Application Content/XHTML Page Using GALE Syntax
<h2>Authoring AHA! Applications</h2><p>Creating AHA! applications involves four main steps: writing <gale:a href="pages">pages</gale:a>, creating a <gale:a href="domainmodel">conceptual structure</gale:a> of the application, defining the <gale:a href="rules">adaptation rules</gale:a> <gale:if expr="${rules#knowledge}>50"> <gale:block> <gale:a href="rules"> (event-condition-action rules)</gale:a> </gale:block> </gale:if>, and defining the <gale:a href="layout">look andfeel, or layout</gale:a> of the application.</p>
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Authoring Adaptive Application:Adaptation Model
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Prerequisites Structure
• Different ways of creating prerequisites structure:– Top-down (deductive) approach– from abstract to concrete concepts – Bottom-up (inductive) approach– from concrete to abstract concepts
• Adaptive systems allow for the implementation of different prerequisites structures for one course to address individual learner’s preferences
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How to Realize Prerequisites
• You should study A before B– “should”: different adaptation techniques either
enforce this or give advice– “study”: this can be access or read or take a test;
result is a knowledge value– how much knowledge is enough?– “before”: this does not imply just before
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Conclusions: Applications Developed With AHA! and GALE
• Adaptation to address individual differences• Adaptation through prerequisites• Various prerequisite structures are possible for the
same course• Time estimation for authoring an adaptive online
course (TU/e master students who followed Adaptive Systems course) - 10 to 25 hours
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Use of Semantic Technologies in E-Learning
• In software, semantic technology encodes meanings separately from data and content files, and separately from application code
• In computer science and information science, an ontology formally represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain, and the relationships among those concepts. It can be used to reason about the entities within that domain and may be used to describe the domain
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Use of Semantic Technologies in E-Learning
• Previous examples do not (yet) make use of semantic structures defined in ontologies==> amount of reasoning over semantic structures is limited
• Next, we will see how to make adaptive applications based on semantic structures from CHIP projectAlthough CHIP prototype is a recommender system, a personalized museum guide, it can also be seen as an e-learning application - teaching about Art
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Use of Semantic Technologies in E-Learning:Ontologies Mapping
Ontology A: #Rembrandt
Ontology B: #Rembrandt van Rein
Ontology C: #Rembrandt
Harmensz. van Rein
ULAN vocabulary(Union List of Artists Names)
http://www.getty.edu/vocabularies/ulan#500011051
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Use of Semantic Technologies in E-Learning:Reasoning Example
Amsterdam
North-Holland
The Netherlands
part of(stored)
part of(deduced)
part of(stored)
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Cultural Heritage Information Personalization,CHIP: a Personalized Museum Guide• Developed in collaboration between
TU/e, Telematica Institute and Rijksmuseum• Personalized access through multiple devices – PC, iPhone, etc.
• Recommendations are based on: – metadata about artworks & art topics
• http://www.chip-project.org
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CHIP Data
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CHIP Web-Based Tools
Art Recommender Tour WizardMobile
Museum Guide
Artworks and Concepts Recommendations
Managing and Visualizing Museum Tours
Guiding the user inside the museum
Interactive User Modeling