INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB - ISCA 978-93-84648-38-1.pdf · Holotrichia insularis, Anatona stillata,...
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB
By
DR. THEURKAR SAGAR VASANT
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB
FIRST EDITION
By
DR. THEURKAR SAGAR VASANT
(M.Sc., Ph.D, M.B.A., F.I.C.E.Z.S.)
Department of Zoology, Hutatma Rajguru Mahavidyalaya,
University of Pune, Rajgurunagar, Tal- Khed, Dist- Pune,
P.O.B. 410505, Maharashtra, India
2014
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© Copyright Reserved
2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
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permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-93-84648-38-1
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB iii
PREFACE
The book aims towards providing the basic and fundamental
information on the White grub which is National Pest. The pest of white
grubs is harmful to the economical agricultural crops as well as medicinal
plants. These species are available into the soil as well as foliage of leaves
and damages to the plants, herbs and fruits roots as well as leaves.
Sufficient information on its biology, the extent of the damage it causes, and
feasible control options are prerequisites to initiate any pest management
strategy. Information on these parameters is therefore discussed in this
book. This information will help scientists, students, and extension workers
identify the key insect pests of various crops.
The book can be used as a handbook and a ready guide by the
Students of Zoology (Entomology), Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Sciences, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), as well as by the Agriculture
professionals working in the field. This book is dedicated to the Students of
Zoology especially Entomology, Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Sciences, Insect Science and has been composed exclusively for providing
hand knowledge on the related issues for the development of science and
education. It is abundantly clear that most pest outbreaks are induced by
poor management- excessive application of insecticides, ineffective crop
rotations, etc. The given information will be very useful in future pest
management programs.
DR. THEURKAR SAGAR VASANT
(M.Sc., Ph.D, M.B.A., F.I.C.E.Z.S.)
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB iv
CONTENTS
PARTICULARS PAGE NO
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Habit and Habitat……………………………………………………………………………………4
Life cycle of White grub…………………………………………………………………………..5
Pest damage……………………………………………………………………………………………..6
External Morphology of White grub………………………………………………………..7
Internal Morphology of White grub………………………………………………………..8
Digestive system……………………………………………………………………………...8
Reproductive system……………………………………………………………………..10
Male Reproductive System…………………………………………………………….10
Female Reproductive System…………………………………………………………13
Haemocyte Count..…………………………………………………………………………15
Preventive Pest Management strategy…………………………………………………16
Detection methods…………………………………………………………………………16
Cultural practices…………………………………………………………………………..16
Biological control…………………………………………………………………………..16
Chemical control……………………………………………………………………………17
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………...18
References………………………………………………………………………………………….......19
Further suggested readings…………………………………………………………………..22
Authors’ Vita…………………………………………………………………………………………..23
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 1
INTRODUCTION
White grub beetles are called as ‘May- June beetles’ or ‘Chafer
beetles’ or ‘Leaf Chafer’. They belong to the order Coleoptera and family
Scarabaeidae. White grub is a larva of Melolonthidae. The Scarabaeidae is
most important family of order Coleoptera.
Systematic position of Scarabaeidae-
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Arthropoda
Class- Insecta
Order- Coleoptera
Family- Scarabaeidae
Subfamily- Scarabaeinae,
Aphodiinae,
Troginae,
Melolonthinae,
Cetoniinae,
Dynastinae,
Rutelinae,
Hyposorinae,
Orphninae
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 2
Family Scarabaeidae is again divided into subfamilies- Scarabaeinae,
Cetoniinae, Dynastinae, Rutelinae, Melolonthinae, Troginae, Hyposorinae,
Aphodiinae and Orphninae. White grubs are various types of larvae or
grubs in the term of morphology, occurrence, species distribution,
taxonomy etc. are observed in different agro- ecosystem. In which,
commonly available are the Masked Chafers, Cyclocephala spp; May- June
beetle, Phylophaga spp and Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica.
The Apogonia sp., Brahmina sp., Holotrichia karchi, Holotrichia fissa,
Holotrichia serrate, Holotrichia consaguinea, Leucopholis lepidophora,
Maladera castanea, Maladera holosericea, Adoretus lasiopygus, Adoretus
versutus, Anomala bengalensis, Anomala sp., Anomala sp., Rhomborrhina
glaberimma, Mimela vernate, Rhyniptia indica, Prodoretus sp.,
Dicaulocephalus feae, Oxycetonia versicolor, Anthracophora crucifera,
Holotrichia insularis, Anatona stillata, Chiloloba acuta, Clinteria sp., Clinteria
sp., Glycyphana horsefieldi, Protaetia aurichalcea, Xylotrupes giedon, Oryctes
rhinoceros and Phyllognathus dionysius are economical important pest of
white grubs.
The larvae of white grub are ‘root feeders’ of ‘root grubs’. The larvae
of white grub are broad and fleshy, whitish or yellowish to greyish- white
in colour. The body is curved in the form of English letter ‘C’. The legs are
well developed but rarely used for locomotion. The head is large, brown in
colour with downwardly inclined, yellow or red or brown colour with
powerful mandible was exposed. The larvae of white grubs are feeds on the
roots of commercial growing agricultural crops. They are easily
distinguished from the similar looking by the presence of two rows of
minute hairs on the underside of last segment. Melolonthidae grubs as
feeding by preference on roots of plants and certain Rutelid and Dynastid
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 3
grubs as normally feeding on dead organic matter but attacking living roots
in its absence. White grubs are serious polyphagous pest in many countries.
The Scarab family adults has about 0.5 mm up to 250mm body length and
they shows a great diversity in various shapes, colouration. The Scarab
beetles are oval or elongated, yellow to brown to black in colour; body
divided into head, thorax and abdomen. The outermost covering of white
grub adults is shining or clustery.
The world fauna of white grub exceeds 30,000 species1, and there are
about 1300 North American species2. Occurrence of white grubs in India
first time was reported by Lefroy. The fauna of the Indian sub-region is
very rich and diverse, but it is yet to be fully explored3. White grub have
become serious pest of most agricultural crops, vegetables, ornamental
plants, fruits, pastures, turf and meadow grasses, lawns, golf courses, and
forest trees in different parts of the world4, 5. Until recently, three main
genera that is Phylophaga sps., Holotrichia sp., Anomola sp. were reported
to be major pest6, 7. Near about more than 300 species of white grubs
recorded in India8. In India, white grubs cause serious problem due to
which the pest was identified as National pest9. This pest is distributed in
Karnataka, Punjab, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Rajasthan and now in
Maharashtra. The infested area of white grub is more than ten lakh ha. In
India, white grub is one of the five pests of national importance10.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 4
HABIT AND HABITAT
Adults of white grub species become active with the arrival of the
monsoon or heavy pre-monsoon showers; if the monsoon is late, the
beetle’s emergence is similarly delayed11. Because monsoon arrival also
triggers groundnut planting, there is a close association between crop and
pest phonologies. Also, soil moisture can influence the depth of burrowing
of adult. The soil type had a significant effect on burrowing depth, with
deeper burrows associated with higher level of soil moisture, although
there was a trend for burrow depth to be greater with the red soil than
black soil. The white grub beetles are occur or found on a foliage of the host
trees like Azadirachta indica, neem, Acacia Arabica, babhul, Acacia catechu,
khair, Zizyphus, ber, drumstick etc. at the time of dusk. They come out from
soil for feeding or mating purpose during the time of dusk. After feeding or
mating, they go down again into the soil up to next evening.
Both stages of white grubs are harmful; however, beetles are
defoliating pests and damage the leaves of host trees whereas, the larvae
feed on the roots of plant. The larvae feed the roots by making circular hole
into them and affected the plants produce to death of heart. Damage
symptoms on maize, poor crop stands, tiled/ curved/ lodged plants, uneven
growth; damaged plats are easily pulled from the soil, dead heart, and
purple colouration of the maize seedling due to reduced phosphorous
uptake.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 5
LIFE CYCLE OF WHITE GRUB
The life span of different species of white grubs ranges from one to
five years and all exotic species have two to five years of life span. The life
history of some of the beetles which take more than three years in
temperate region and two years seems to the normal. The adult life span is
relatively brief, lasting for only a few weeks. Different species of white
grubs have similar patterns of life cycle but may vary according to the
climatic factor at the time of emergence, egg lying, active larval period, time
of pupation and other stages12. The few species may complete their life
cycle in one year and other like European Chafer has at least of three years
cycle and many others have biannual cycle13. The white grubs have
completed their life cycle in egg, pupa and adults.
The oviposition period oranges from about 50- 100 days; fecundity
varies from 0- 140 per female14. After mating of beetles, eggs were laid
after 12 to 18 days. The female deposit their eggs singly underground near
the feeding material of roots, most larvae were present in the upper 30 cm
of the soil surface. The total numbers of eggs were nine to thirty per kujing
time and they lay 1-8 inch white colour eggs inside the soil10. After
absorption of water, the elongated oval eggs become connected into the
spherical in shape13.
The full grown larva burrows deep in to the soil and stops feeding. It
prepared a small earthen cell and pupated within earthen cell. The pupa is
exerate. Pupation likewise occurs beneath in soil surface newly formed
pupa measured near about 14- 20mm in length and 6 to 8 mm in breadth.
The pupal period lasted for different ranged.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 6
PEST DAMAGE
In India, increasing population, farmers have used the land with high
value cash commercial crops such as potato, sugarcane, maize, groundnut
strawberry, and turf grass, forage grass, corn, small grains, and young
nursery trees. The commercial growing tap root crops in which the Scarabs
have become increasingly penetrate and produce serious agricultural pests.
Subsequently and found to be very destructive. In worldwide distribution,
the percentage of root loss due to the white grub insects to be 8.9% on
sweet potato farm. In Maharashtra, last four to five years it has been a
problem of cultivation of crops. The White grub is spreading rapidly to
most of the district of state covering an area of about 54,000 hector losses
to the extent of 40- 80% were recorded in the Manar project area. White
grub species are known to damage seedling of plantations crops in forest
nurseries in central India15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.
The grubs of White grub feeds on the roots and subsequently damage
the underground portion of the stalk, availability of abundant roots21. The
white grubs damages almost all types of agricultural crops and economical
important trees in natural and artificial stands that are roots of tea, coffee,
cashewnut, arecanut, rubber and forest nursery plants. The larvae of white
grubs are preferred corn, groundnut, potatoes and strawberries but dislike
legumes, sweet cloves and lucerne. The grubs feed on roots of almost all the
crops, like potato, maize, wheat, barley, jawar, bajara, groundnut, sesame,
sunflower, chilies, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, brinjal, cucurbit, and lady’s
figure including turf, meadows, lawns and forest trees. Also, the green
beetles or May- June beetles feed the leaves and flowers and European
Chafer adults feed from the margins without leaving the midribs causing
host plants completely damaged.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 7
EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF WHITE GRUB
The male adult is smaller than female. The body is divided into three
different parts; head, thorax and abdomen. The Head is composed of
sclerotized segments contain compound eyes. The white grub species adult
shows biting and chewing mouth parts developed for to chewing and
grinding the food material.
The thorax is well developed. It is divided into three parts; prothorax,
mesothorax and metathorax. Each thoracic segment consist pair of leg. The
prothorax is well developed called as pronotum. Meso and metathorax are
reduced and fused. The head is usually retracted into anterior margin of
pronotum at rest and the triangular scutelum is showed between the elytra
bases. Legs are well developed; adapted for walking and running. It is also
supporting function for feeding and mating. The foreleg is located on
prothorax. It is composed of six distinct segments; listed coxa, coxa
trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and metatarsus. The pairs of wings are
developed only on meso and metathoracic segment. Wings are complete
cover to the abdomen. Forewing is modified into elytra which are
rectangular in shape, hardened, sclerotized and protect to the hind wing.
Abdomen is divided in too few segments. Reproductive organ
developed on different in male and female sternum. In female, sternum
possesses large and small bristles are intermixed.
The head of white grub larva is brown or black in colour, and body
colour is white or yellowish. Mouthparts are well developed for chewing
with strong sclerotized mandibles. Maxillae are also well developed with
three or four segment maxillary palpae. Antennae are three to four
segments.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 8
INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF WHITE GRUB
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/ ALIMENTARY CANAL
The process of digesion is generally performed within the alimentary
canal. The alimentary canal is very important function plays in the process
of digestion and absorption of food. The digestive system of an insect
consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands associated with it. The
alimentary canal exhibit sexual dimorphism, the female gut being little
longer than male and this abbration is reflected in various parts. The
alimentary canal comprises of a short for forgut, midgut is long and hindgut
is longer than midgut and hindgut.
i. Foregut-
The foregut is very short as compare to the other parts of alimentary
canal which is extends into photometric segments consting of
Oesophagous. The function of photometric segment is transformation of
food to the midgut. The cardiac valve in adults formed from the foalds of
posterior end of the forgut but these folds do not extend very much
posterior into the lumen of midgut.
ii. Midgut-
Midgut is very long and is a rather larger division of the alimentary
canal and near about 70% of the total gut lenth. The junction of fore and
midgut is marked by shallow invagination of the cardiac valve. The straight
tube of the midgut tapering towards the posterior end, extending
posteriorly into the abdomen. It is marked at the posterior end by the
pyloric valve. The midgut has 6-7 coils which are tightly bound together by
an trachea and fat bodies. The coloid portion of midgut consists of two
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 9
grops of coils join to the hindgut at pyloric valve region. In the adult
alimentary canal, no gastric ceaca associated with midgut.
iii. Hindgut-
Hindgut consists of intestine, anterior colon, posterior colon and
rectume. The anterior itestine is very short thin walled and slightly bulged
on the ventral sides just over the paired malphighian tubules. The extends
from the pyloric valve to the anterior colon; numerous folds in the lumen of
anterior intestine which are lined by a thick chitinous intima and poorly
developed. A circular ring of elongated fold with enlarged epithelial, cells
forms the pyloric valve. Four malphighian tubules malphighian tubules are
found and two attached separately and anterior to the pyloric valve and
two posteriorly to this valve. Another two tubes are originated from the
common ampulla, from midventral side of the gut. The malphighian tubules
are proximally simple and extend anteriorly along with midgut. The
diverticulate tube continue along the midgut upto the cardiac valve region.
The proximal and diverticulated tubules shows cuboidal epithelium
invested by connective tissue. The anterior colon of adult is most important
part serving as an absorptive region of alimentary canal.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 10
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The development of animals begins from the single cell, which
developed within the reproductive organs. The insect have high
reproductive capacity, the ability of a single female to give rise to many
offspring, a relatively large proportion of which may reach to sexual
maturity under favourable conditions. The anotomy of external and
internal organs of reproduction in males and females is of interest to
taxonomist, morphologist and physiologist.
The adult consists of male and female reproductive systems. These
systems are as follows-
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system of White grub adult consist of a paired
testes, vasa efferntia, paired vas deference, ejaculatory duct, aedeagus and
paired accessory glands.
The adult reproductive organ in which each testes was comprised of
six testicular follicles. They appeared like a discoid in shape. Each follicle
ws covered with epithelial sheath, containing numerous spermatogonia.
Each testicular follicle to be joined to the vas deference of their own side by
short slender vas efference. The White grub adult testicular follicles of
each testes via slender and short vas efference joined to the vas deference
of their respective slides. The testicular follicles in adults were large. The
adult testes follicles contain packets of spermatozooa. Testecular follicles of
each testes via slender and short vas efference joined to the vas deference.
The testicular follicle is divided by septa, but also divided
proximatelly into lobes by partition tissue. These tissue perhaps more
correct to refer to the tissue dividing into the lobes as partition wall. Each
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 11
lobe of tissue again divided into a number of compartments by a septa.
These partitions dividing the follicles into number of lobes, originated as a
small folds of tissue and positioned inside the follicular sheath around the
funnel like area of the vas efference. The mature testicular follicle
resembled a mushroom with the distal surface corresponding to
mushroom pileus and the lobes of the follicle resembled the gills of vas
efference analogous to the stem.
The vas efferentia of adult were short and slender. Every six vas
efferentia of each testes converged as a single vas deference and it
composed of columnar epithelium which was invested by muscularis. The
proximal portion of the vas efference is funnel like present in the central
testicular follicles. The vas deference is a narrow tube, highly convoluted
just behind the vas efference, forming an epididymis. The distal portion,
before joining the ejaculatory duct enlarged, forming the seminal vesicle for
storing the spermatozooa, and the secreation of free cells from vas
deference. The spermatozoa appeared in the vas deference and seminal
vesicles, cells of different size, having round eliptical, plate like and sickle
shape.
There were large arround cells to which the spermatozoa were
anchoring which are support and nourishment of the spermatozoa. These
are derived from the luminal free cells. In some cases, these cells were
found to be closely lying to each other later on to form a thick circular
viscous bodies. The luminal cells were smaller isolated and also present in
the funnel shaped lumen of Vas efference.
Along with vas deference accessory glands were present which is
slender long in beigining and the coiling of the vas deference was mixed
with that of the tubular accessory gland of similar diameter lying beneath
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 12
under surface of testis. The posterior enlarged storage part of the accessory
gland before joining with ejaculatory duct was gradually enlarged to stored
the material derived from the anterior convolated glandular portion of the
gland was made up of a layer of columnar cells with distinct nuclei and
located with secretory materials. The proximal region of the accessory
glands was provided with muscularies.
The ejaculatory duct was slightly curved, elongated tube lying among
coiling of mid and hindgut. The vas deferentia and accessory glands both
are open into the anterior enlarge portion of ejaculatory duct. The
ejaculatory duct is ectodermal in origin and lined by epithelium, a chitinous
intima and outer muscularis consisting primary circular muscle. Internally
it was divided into four chamber, little beyond the middle of lumen of bulb.
The posterior end of the ejaculatory duct behind the spermatophore
chamber entered into the introminant organ which is enclosed in a genital
capsule. It consist of cylindricle phallobase, an endophallus. The phallobase
was well developed forming a tube called as phallotheca and it was thick
chitinous yellowish opr brownish structure with anterior and covering the
distal portion of the adjuscent spermatophore sac.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 13
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The female reproductive system of white grubs consist of pair
ovaries, paired lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, spermatheca and
spermathical gland, paired accessory glands and a genital chamber with its
diverticulum or bursa capsulatrix or spermatophore receptacle.
The adult ovaries are very small which are situated among the
midgut loop in the posterior region of abdominal cavity. In the sexually
matured indiduals, the ovaries loop dorsally over the midgut and their
combined terminal filaments extended anteriorly as a median suspensory
ligament along the mid dorsal wall of the midgut. Each ovary consist of a
terminal filament, germarium, vitellarium and pedicel. A syncitical core,
enclosed in a peritonial sheath, forms the terminal fillament. The
germinarium was slightly broader in the middle and divided into two parts.
The anterior part consisting primordial germ cells and the posterior
transitional. Each ovariole was lined by an epithelial sheath which
extended over the entire length of ovariole. The epithelial sheath was
clearly visible in the interfolicular region, white it was inconspicuous in the
germinal region. Outside of the tunica propria, a thin epithelial layer was
present.
In the posterior part of germarium, in which oocytes distributed
among the prefollicular cells. The nurse cells were absent in the
germarium. The previtelogenic primary oocytes were present in the
posterior region of germarium. They were spherical in shape and arranged
in a single layer. The differentiated oocytes were arranged in a single row
in a vitellarium and enveloped in a follicular epithelium derived from the
prefollicular tissue to form a follicle. The follicle was separated from the
preceding one by a thin mass of interfollicular tissue. The epithelial plug
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 14
was found between the terminal or the last follicle and the pedicel broaken
down at the time of ovulation. As the oocytes grow and mature, their nuclei
were enlarged to form a germinal vesicle.
Each and every lateral oviduct is short and narrow part extended
from each ovary to the common oviduct. The oviducts were composed of
highly folded layer of cuboidal epithelial cells, which was invested by a
layer of circular muscle. The thickness became greater near the gonopore
or near the opening into the genital chamber. The ovaries were richly
suplied with a network of trachea, tracheoles, tracheal air sac covered with
the fat bodies, which also help in keeping the ovary in a proper position
within the loops of mesenteron. The spermathecal duct was compared a
cuboidal epithelium and had internal thick chitinous intima and it enter the
genital chamber dorsally near the gonopore.
The spermatheca was a small ‘C’ shaped pouch. It comprised of
cuboidal epithelium and thick intima similar to the spermathecal duct. A
spermathecal duct compressor muscle extended from the dorsal to ventral
curved of the spermatheca.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 15
HAEMOCYTE COUNT
Most of the insect species, Prohaemocytes, Granulocytes,
Spherulocytes and Plasmatocytes haemocytes are found. The haemolymph
composition of adult of White grubs are Prohaemocytes, Granulocytes,
Spherulocytes, Plasmatocytes, Oesocytoides and Coagulocytes. The first
prohaemocytes are small, round or oval cells having smooth plasma
membrane. The second granulocyte cells of variable in size, usually
elongated oval or round. The third spherulocytes are also oval in shape
with variable in size and usually having more or less similar size to that of
granulocytes. These are characterised by the presence of large spherical
inclusion (spherules). Fourth plasmocytes are polymorphic blood cells with
variable size. Secondlast oenocytoids are distinct cells of widely variable
size and shape. Last coagulocytes are small in size with centrally placed
irregular in shape of nucleus. Coleoptera is one of the largest order and the
number of species so far consider for haematological studies are very few
in which two to seven types have been reported in different coleoptera22.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 16
PREVENTIVE PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
DETECTION METHODS
Check the whether an infection is present by digging for the white
grub species early in the growing season when larvae are still closer to the
soil surface.
CULTURE PRACTICES
White grubs are preferred the sandier soils, and certain areas tend to
have a history of infestation. Ploughing exposes many larvae, pupae, or
even adults to the sun and predators, e.g. birds. Crop rotation is an effective
control method for white grubs if maize is rotated with resistant or less
susceptible crops deep- rooted legume such as alfalfa, cowpea, and pigeon
peas. Trap crops such as marigold, sunflower, and castor or repellent plants
such as garlic, catnip, chives, and tansy, can be used to trap or repel adult
beetles from attacking the main crop grown or can be used in a rotation.
Other practices include:
• Reducing or pruning trees that attract adults bordering the crop
• Ensuring proper drainage in the field since grubs prefer moist soil,
especially with decaying organic matter or red soil or sandier soil-
female beetles prefer to lay eggs in moist decaying organic matter
• Shaking down trees that harbour scarab beetles
• The fallen down trees can be collected and destroyed
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Spores of the pathogens Bacillus can be used inoculate the soil foe
prevention of white grub species. Also, various wasps, as well as parasitic
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 17
flies have been used as biological control of white grub species; Nematodes
also are effective against white grubs.
Examples-
Pathogens- Bacillus popilliae, B. lentimorbus and Metarhizium anisopliae
Parasitic wasps- Tiphia species, Myzinum species and Pelecinus polyturator
Parasitic flies- Pyrgota undata
Nematodes- Steinernema
CHEMICAL CONTROL
Chemical or inorganic treatment on grubs must be done when they
are young as older larvae are more robust and larvae move to a greater
depth as they develop. Chemical control is rarely necessary or undeveloped
for white grubs. If insecticides must be applied then the following
treatments have shown to have some control of white grubs;
• Chlorpyripho- a contact insecticide;
• Ethoprophos granules- a contact insecticide;
• Fipronil- a contact insecticide;
• Aldicarb granules- a systemic insecticides;
• Carbofuran granules- a systemic insecticides;
• Imidachloprid- a systemic insecticides wit reasonable soil mobility;
• Application of contact insecticides to the foliage of trees where adult
beetles swarm.
WARNING
Pesticides are poisonous. Read and follow directions and safety
precautions on labels. Handle carefully and store in original labelled
containers out of children, pests, and livestock. Dispose of empty
containers right away, in a safe manner and place. Do not contaminate
forage, streams, or ponds.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 18
CONCLUSION
Taxonomical studied were important to the forms, structure and
their specific structural feature which is useful for identification. The
additional benefits of helping the identification of crop pest and manage the
resistance, as well as options for increasing crop yield with plant regulators
make a valuable components of crop protection program. Management
strategy may increases the crop production; ultimately increase the food
production and this positive impact on grows on Agriculture and Forestry,
Insect Pest Management (IPM), Food Science and Environmental Toxicity.
So, outcome of the present research work is more beneficial to the
farmers, prevention of agricultural pests and helps to increase the crop
production as well as saving the medically important host plants. The
present research work is also useful to students, researchers and various
field scientists as well as for the development of Society, State as well as
Nation.
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 19
REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 20
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 21
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 22
FURTHER SUGGESTED READINGS
Original Research Articles:
� Theurkar SV, Patil SB, Ghadage MK, Zaware YB and Madan SS.
Distribution and Abundance of White grubs (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae) in Khed Taluka, part of Northern Western Ghats, MS,
India. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(7): 1-6,
(2012).
� Theurkar SV, Ghadage MK, Madan SS, Bhor GL and Patil SB.
Occurrence of white grubs in ground nut growing area of Khed
Taluka, part of Northern Western Ghats (MS), India. International
Journal of Recent Sciences, 2 (ISC-2012): 1-3, (2013).
� Theurkar SV, Ghadage MK and Patil SB. New laboratory culture
method for White Grub National pest, India, International Research
Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(5): 83-85, (2013).
� SV Theurkar. Effect of soil moisture, temperature and soil type on
Holotrichia serrata (Fab) adults found in Khed Tahasil of Pune, India.
International Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(4): 531-533,
(2013). DI: 1357-13-0606-2013-136
� Theurkar SV, Ghadage MK and Patil SB. Effect of desiccation of the
biochemical moieties and haemolymph constituents of third instar
larva of Leucopholis lepidophora (Blanch). World Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, 3 (1), 1121-1125, (2013).
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INTRODUCTION OF WHITE GRUB 23
AUTHORS’ VITA
Dr. Theurkar Sagar Vasant is serving as Zoology Researcher & Senior
Research Fellowship, Major Research Project of University Grant
Commission (UGC) at Department of Zoology, Hutatma Rajguru
Mahavidyalaya, Rajgurunagar, University of Pune, Tal. Khed, Dist. Pune,
P.O.B. 410505 Maharashtra, India. Dr. Theurkar Sagar is also involved in
providing expertise for various extension activities targeted towards rural
mass awareness on various issues of livestock farming and fish processing
products. Dr. Theurkar has been awarded by University Grant Commission
Junior Research Fellowship and Senior Research Fellowship Awards. He is
also worked as Local and National level organizing committees. Dr.
Theurkar Sagar is Fellow of International Congress of Entomology and
Zoological Studies (F.I.C.E.Z.S.). Dr. Theurkar Sagar has many high quality
peer reviewed publications in highly reputed and indexed National and
International journals. Dr. Theurkar is in the capacity of Member Editor,
and honorary member of editorial boards and advisory committees of
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (WJPR), International Research
Journal of Agricultural Sciences (RJAS), i-Xplore International Research
Journal Consortium International Journal of Life Sciences, World Journal of
Pharmaceutical Science (WJPS) and Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Golden Research Thoughts International indexed journals of repute with
many honours, awards and distinctions from various scientific bodies.