Intangibles. Academic Resource Center Intangibles Page 2 Typical coverage of US GAAP ►...

Intangibles

Academic Resource Center

Intangibles

Typical coverage of US GAAP

► Characteristics

► Acquisition of intangibles:► Purchased intangibles► Internally created intangibles

► Types of intangibles

► Periodic valuation► Carrying value► Impairment

► Definition of impairment indicators► Recognition► Frequency of testing► Determination► Calculation

► Cost allocation

► Goodwill

► Research and development costs

► Other costs


Intangibles

Executive summary

► IFRS permits periodic revaluation of intangible assets (except for goodwill) to fair value. US GAAP does not allow revaluation.

► IFRS has a one-step approach for determining the impairment of intangible assets while US GAAP has a two-step approach. In addition, the calculations to compute the amount of loss are different.

► IFRS allows for the reversal of impairment losses on intangible assets (except for goodwill) while this is prohibited under US GAAP.

► IFRS requires that development costs are capitalized when technical and economic feasibility of a project can be demonstrated in accordance with specific criteria. Under US GAAP, most types of development costs are expensed as incurred.


Intangibles

Progress on convergence

► In 2006, the FASB and the IASB agreed to converge their standards on intangible assets. However, in 2007 both Boards agreed not to add a project to their joint agenda. In 2008, the FASB indicated that it will consider in the future whether to undertake a project to eliminate the differences in the accounting for research and development costs by fully adopting IAS 38 at some point in the future.

► Impairment is one of the short-term convergence projects agreed to by the FASB and the IASB in their 2006 Memorandum of Understanding. At their joint meeting in April 2008, the Boards chose to defer work on this project.


Intangibles

Acquisition of intangiblesPurchased intangibles

IFRS► These costs would be expensed, except in

the rare circumstance that they improve future economic benefit.

US GAAP► Permits certain costs incurred subsequent

to its initial recognition (e.g., legal costs to defend a patent infringement) to be capitalized.


Intangibles

Types of intangibles

Market-related intangible assets.

Customer-related intangible assets.

Similar

SimilarArtistic-related intangible assets — these ownership rights are protected by copyrights.

IFRSUS GAAP

Contract-related intangible assets — a common form is a franchise.

Technology-related intangible assets.

Similar

Similar

Similar


Intangibles

Periodic revaluationCarrying value

Assuming no impairment, intangible assets are valued at cost less any accumulated amortization.

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP


Intangibles

Periodic valuationCarrying value

IFRS► Revaluation to the fair value of intangible assets other than goodwill is

an allowable alternative treatment:► Because this requires reference to an active market for the specific type of

intangible, it is relatively uncommon in practice. ► Increases in value should be credited to the account “revaluation surplus.”

Revaluation surplus is an account that is included in accumulated OCI. Increases in value are not recorded in the revaluation surplus account if the increase reverses a loss that was previously expensed; that portion may be credited to an unrealized gain account which will flow through net income.

► Any decrease in value should be included as an unrealized loss in income unless it reverses the revaluation surplus relating to the same asset; that portion can be debited to revaluation surplus (OCI).

US GAAP► Revaluation is

not permitted.


Intangibles


IFRS► Revaluation (continued):

► If the revalued basis of an asset exceeds the cost basis, there will be an increase in the annual amortization. To the extent there is an increase in amortization expense, per IAS 38, paragraph 87, an entity may reverse the portion of reserve surplus related to this increase by debiting revaluation surplus and crediting retained earnings. Alternatively, this transfer may be completed upon disposal of the asset.

► When an asset is disposed of, any remaining revaluation surplus related to that asset can be transferred to retained earnings.


not permitted.


Intangibles


IFRS► Revaluation (continued):

► If an intangible asset is revalued, an entity can account for the accumulated amortization at the date of revaluation by:► Amortization elimination method: the accumulated amortization can be

eliminated against the intangible asset itself.► Proportionate restatement method: the accumulated amortization can be

restated proportionately with the change in the gross carrying amount of the asset so that the carrying amount of the asset after revaluation equals its revalued amount. The proportionate restatement method is rarely used in practice, thus no example is provided.


not permitted.


Intangibles

Carrying value example Revaluation

Example 1

Intangibles Inc. owns a freely transferable bus operator’s license, which it acquired on January 1, 2010 at an initial cost of $100,000. The useful life of the license is five years (based on the date until which it is valid). The entity uses the straight-line method to amortize the intangible.

Such licenses are frequently traded between existing operators. At the balance sheet date, December 31, 2011, due to a government-permitted increase in fixed bus fares, the traded value of such a license was $130,000. The accumulated amortization on December 31, 2011, amounted to $40,000.

► What journal entries are required on December 31, 2011, to reflect the change in carrying value (cost or revalued amount less accumulated amortization) on the revaluation of the operating license using US GAAP and IFRS?

► What journal entries are required on December 31, 2012, using US GAAP and IFRS?


Intangibles

Carrying value example Revaluation

Example 1 solution:2011US GAAP: Revaluation is not permitted.IFRS:Accumulated amortization $ 40,000

Intangible asset $ 40,000 Intangible asset $ 70,000

Revaluation surplus – intangibles (OCI) $ 70,000

The net result is that the asset has a revised carrying amount of $130,000 ($100,000 – $40,000 + $70,000). The accumulated amortization may alternatively be restated proportionately.

2012US GAAP:Amortization expense $ 20,000

Accumulated amortization $ 20,000IFRS:Amortization expense $ 43,333

Accumulated amortization $ 43,333

Revaluation surplus – intangibles (OCI)$ 23,333Retained earnings $ 23,333

Note that this journal entry is optional.


Intangibles

Carrying value example Restatement of accumulated amortization at revaluation

Example 3

The Boston Commons Company (BCC) reports using IFRS and owns a franchise of tea shops in the Boston area named Tea Party. BCC currently carries the franchise rights for Tea Party at $120,000. In this last year, Tea Party’s business has been quite successful due to the demand for its English tea products. This success resulted in an increase in the market value of the franchise rights to $150,000. Accordingly, BCC has revalued these rights. The original cost basis of the rights is $300,000, and the current accumulated amortization is $180,000.

► Please provide the journal entries to record the revaluation of these franchise rights.


Intangibles

Carrying value example Restatement of accumulated amortization at revaluation

Example 3 solution:

Amortization elimination:

Accumulated amortization $180,000Franchise rights $180,000

Franchise rights $30,000Revaluation surplus – franchise (OCI) $30,000


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – definition of impairment indicators

Impairment indicators for an asset include such items as significant change in its use, projected losses related to its use and a significant decline in its market value.

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – recognition

An impaired asset must be written down and the write-down should be recorded in net income.

IFRSUS GAAP

Similar, although an exception exists where an intangible asset has been revalued and the impairment loss is reversing an accumulated revaluation surplus balance for that asset. In that case, the portion of impairment that is reversing a prior increase in valuation may be debited to revaluation surplus (thus decreasing accumulated OCI).


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – frequency of testing for indefinite-lived intangible assets including goodwill

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP

Indefinite-lived intangible assets including goodwill must be reviewed at least annually for impairment, regardless of the existence of impairment indicators.


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – frequency of impairment testing for finite-lived assets

IFRS► The existence of impairment indicators

must be assessed annually for finite-lived assets.

US GAAP► Finite-lived intangibles are tested

whenever impairment indicators exist. A review for impairment indicators for finite-lived intangible assets is performed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable.


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – determination for indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP

A one-step process is used to determine whether to impair indefinite-lived assets other than goodwill.


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – determination for finite-lived intangible assets

IFRS► A one-step approach is used if impairment

indicators exist. The one-step determination is that same calculation used to determine the amount of the loss.

US GAAP► A two-step approach is used for

determining impairment of finite-lived assets:1. A recoverability test is performed first. The

carrying amount of the asset is compared to the sum of the future undiscounted cash flows generated through use and eventual disposition.

2. If it is determined the asset is not recoverable, an impairment loss is calculated.


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – determination for goodwill

IFRS► A one-step approach is used that requires

an impairment loss to be calculated for goodwill at the CGU level (as defined following) if impairment indicators exist.

US GAAP► A two-step approach is also used for

determining impairment of goodwill similar to finite-lived assets; however, the recoverability test (step 1) is done at the reporting unit (RU) level, which is typically thought of as an operating segment or one step below an operating segment. The test compares the carrying amount of the RU (including goodwill) to the fair value of the RU.


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment calculation – finite and indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill

IFRS► The impairment loss is the amount by

which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its recoverable amount:► The recoverable amount is the higher of:

► The fair value less costs to sell.► The value in use (the present value of future

cash flows in use, including disposal value).

► Note the definition of fair value in IFRS has certain differences from the definition in US GAAP.

US GAAP► The impairment loss for finite and

indefinite-lived intangible assets (other than goodwill) is the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value, as calculated in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosure. ► Note that per ASC 820-10-35-7, transaction costs

(selling costs) are not included in the determination of fair value; however, these costs would be used to help determine the most advantageous market per ASC 820-10-55-45 to then determine the appropriate fair value for that market.


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment calculation – goodwill

IFRS

► Using IFRS, the impairment is the amount by which the cash generating unit (CGU) carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount (as defined above).► A CGU is defined in IAS 36.6 as, “... the smallest

identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or group of assets.”

► The impairment amount is first allocated to reduce goodwill to zero, then to the other assets in the CGU pro rata on the basis of the carrying value of each asset.

US GAAP► The impairment is the amount by which

the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of the goodwill within its RU. The implied fair value is the fair value of the RU less the fair value of the net assets (excluding goodwill) of the RU.


Intangibles

Summary of impairment of intangibles

1) Compare the carrying value to the sum of undiscounted cash flows.

2) Compare the carrying value of the reporting unit to the fair value of the RU(including goodwill).

3) The implied fair value of goodwill equals the fair value of the RU less the fair value of the net assets (excluding goodwill) of the RU.

4) Recoverable amount is the higher of: (1) the fair value less selling costs and (2) the present value of future discounted cash flows.

Frequency of test

Number of steps in the impairment

determination calculation

processImpairment

determination Impairment calculationIFRS allows reversal of

impairment?

Type of intangible

asset US GAAP IFRSUS

GAAP IFRSUS GAAP

only US GAAP IFRS

Finite lived

When indicators exist Annually 2 1

Recoverability test (1)

Carrying value less fair value

Carrying value less recoverable amount (4) Yes

Indefinite lived, other than goodwill Annually Annually 1 1 None

Carrying value less fair value

Carrying value less recoverable amount (4) Yes

Goodwill Annually Annually 2 1Fair value test on RU (2)

Carrying value less implied fair value (3)

Carrying value of CGU less recoverable amount of CGU (4) No


Intangibles

Impairment determination and calculation example Finite-lived intangible asset

Example 4

The Corporate Protection Company (CPC) has a patent on new fingerprint security technology.

The fair value of the patent is $18 million, excluding selling costs of$3 million. The present value of future cash flows is $16 million. The sum of the undiscounted future cash flows is $19 million. CPC currently carries the patent at a value of $20 million.

► What journal entries would CPC prepare to record animpairment of the patent using both US GAAP and IFRS?


Intangibles


Example 4 solution:

US GAAP

Recoverability test: is the carrying value greater than the sum of the future undiscounted cash flows?

► Yes, since $20 million is greater than $19 million.

Calculation of the impairment: ► Carrying value - fair value = $20 million - $18 million

Journal entry to record the impairment:Impairment loss $2 million

Patent $2 million


Intangibles


Example 4 solution (continued):

IFRSTest for impairment: does the carrying amount exceed the recoverable amount?► Yes, the carrying amount of $20 million is higher than the recoverable amount of $16 million.

The recoverable amount is calculated as the higher of the fair value less the selling costs ($18 million - $3 million = $15 million), and the value in use (present value of future cash flows = $16 million)

Calculation of the impairment (note that the determination and calculation of impairment are the same step):

► Carrying value - recoverable amount = $20 million - $16 million = $4 million

Journal entry to record the impairment:Impairment loss $4 million

Patent* $4 million

*Note that the credit could be recorded to an accumulated impairment loss account instead of being recorded directly to the asset account. This would allow management to easily track accumulated impairment losses for potential reversal as discussed in example 8.


Intangibles


Example 5

Fountain of Youth Incorporated (FYI) has a patent for some revolutionary new skin care products. The fair value of the patent is $16 million with selling costs of $2 million. The present value of the future cash flows is $14 million. The sum of the undiscounted future cash flows is $15 million. FYI currently carries the patent at a value of $10 million.

► What journal entries would FYI prepare to record an impairment of the patent using both US GAAP and IFRS?


Intangibles


Example 5 solution:

US GAAP:

Recoverability test: is the carrying value greater than the sum of the future undiscounted cash flows?

► No, since $10 million is less than $15 million; therefore, no impairment loss needs to be calculated.

IFRS:

Test for impairment: does the carrying amount exceed the recoverable amount?► No, the carrying amount of $10 million is less than the recoverable amount of $14 million. The

recoverable amount is calculated as the higher of fair value less selling costs ($16 million - $2 million = $14 million), and the value in use (present value of future cash flows = $14 million). As there is no impairment, no journal entry is required.


Intangibles

Impairment determination and calculation example Indefinite-lived intangible asset other than goodwill

Example 6

The KCH&H Company (KCH&H) has a trademark that it expects to have an indefinite life. The carrying value of the trademark is $750,000. As of December 31, 2010, the fair value of the trademark was $600,000. The present value of the future cash flows is $630,000 and the undiscounted summation of the future cash flows is $700,000. The costs to sell the trademark would be insignificant.

► What journal entries would KCH&H prepare to record animpairment of the trademark using both US GAAP and IFRS?

®


Intangibles

Impairment determination and calculation example Indefinite-lived intangible asset other than goodwill

Example 6 solution:

US GAAP:There is not a separate recoverability test for indefinite-lived intangible assets. The fair value test is used. Since the carrying value of the trademark ($750,000) is greater than the fair value ($600,000), KCH&H would writedown the trademark by $150,000.

Journal entry to record the impairment:Impairment loss $150,000

Trademark $150,000

IFRS:The impairment loss is calculated as the carrying value ($750,000) less the recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the greater of the fair value less selling costs ($600,000) and the value in use ($630,000). Therefore, KCH&H would writedown the trademark by $120,000.


Trademark* $120,000

*Note that the credit could be recorded to an accumulated impairment loss account instead of being recorded directly to the asset account. This would allow management to easily track accumulated impairment losses for potential reversal as discussed in example 8.


Intangibles

Impairment determination and calculation example Goodwill

Example 7The Caring Card Company (CCC) has goodwill recorded in two CGUs, as defined under IFRS. These two CGUs make up one reporting unit (RU), as defined under US GAAP. CCC carries the first CGU at a value of $2 million, which includes $500,000 of goodwill. The fair value is $4 million and the recoverable amount of the unit is $4 million.

CCC carries the second CGU at a value of $3.5 million, which includes $750,000 attributable to goodwill. The fair value of the CGU is $3 million and the recoverable amount of the unit is $3 million.

The fair value of the net assets of the RU excluding goodwill is $6,000,000.

► Compute the amount of impairment CCC should record using US GAAP and provide any necessary journal entries.

► Compute the amount of impairment CCC should record using IFRS and provide any necessary journal entries.


Intangibles


Carrying value of unit

(including goodwill)

Carrying value of goodwill

Fair value of unit

Recoverable amount of

unit

Fair value of net assets of

unit excluding goodwill

CGU 1 $2,000,000 $ 500,000 $4,000,000 $4,000,000

CGU 2 3,500,000 750,000 3,000,000 3,000,000

RU $5,500,000 $1,250,000 $7,000,000 $7,000,000 $6,000,000

Example 7 solution:


Intangibles


Example 7 solution (continued):

US GAAP:Recoverability test: does the carrying value of the RU exceed the fair value of the RU? ► No, since $5.5 million is less than $7 million. Note that if CCC did need to compute an impairment amount, the

amount would be determined as the carrying amount of goodwill of $1,250,000 less the implied fair value of goodwill of $1,000,000, which is the fair value of the RU ($7,000,000) less the fair value of the net assets of the RU excluding goodwill ($6,000,000).

IFRS:Test of impairment: does the carrying value of the CGU exceed the recoverable amount of the CGU?

► CGU 1 – No, since $2 million is less than $4 million. ► CGU 2 – Yes, since $3.5 million is greater than $3 million by $500,000.


Goodwill $500,000


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – reversal

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP

A reversal of an impairment loss for goodwill is prohibited.


Intangibles

Periodic valuationImpairment – reversal

IFRS► Finite and indefinite-lived intangible assets

(other than goodwill) must be reviewed annually for reversal indicators. If appropriate, a loss may be reversed up to the newly estimated recoverable amount, not to exceed the initial carrying amount adjusted for amortization.

US GAAP► Reversal of impairment losses is

prohibited for all intangible assets.


Intangibles

Reversal of impairment loss example Indefinite-lived intangible asset

Example 8

In addition to the information from example 6, in 2011, KCH&H reviewed its trademark for impairment reversal indicators. Upon review of these indicators, KCH&H determined that reversal of the impairment was appropriate. The fair value of the trademark and the present value of future cash flows is both $800,000. The costs to sell the trademark continue to be insignificant.

► What journal entries would KCH&H prepare to record the reversal of the impairment loss for the trademark using both US GAAP and IFRS?

®


Intangibles

Reversal of impairment loss example Indefinite-lived intangible asset

Example 8 solution:

US GAAP:No reversal of impairment losses is permitted.

IFRS:An impairment loss may be reversed up to the newly estimated recoverable amount ($800,000), not to exceed the initial carrying amount adjusted for amortization ($750,000). As this asset has an indefinite life, amortization is not a factor. As the initial carrying amount is less than the newly estimated recovery amount, the reversal is limited to the initial loss that was recorded. The reversal is recorded into income.

Journal entry to reverse the impairment losses:Trademark* $120,000

Impairment loss $120,000

*Note that if the impairment was initially credited to an accumulated impairment loss account instead of being recorded directly to the asset account , the accumulated impairment loss account would be debited instead of the asset account.


Intangibles

Cost allocationFinite-lived intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets over their estimated useful lives is generally required. Similar

IFRSUS GAAP


Intangibles

Cost allocationFinite-lived intangible assets

IFRS► This method is not prohibited, but it is not

required.

US GAAP► Under ASC 985-20-35, capitalized

software costs are amortized on a product-by-product basis:► The annual amortization is the greater of

the amount computed using: (a) the ratio that current gross revenues for a product bear to the total of the current and anticipated future gross revenues for that product; or (b) the straight-line method over the remaining estimated economic life of the product, including the period being reported.


Intangibles

Cost allocationIndefinite-lived intangible assets

If there is no foreseeable limit to the period during which an intangible asset is expected to generate net cash inflows to the entity, the useful life is considered to be indefinite and is not amortized.

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP


Intangibles

Goodwill

Goodwill is recognized only as a result of a business combination. For a 100% acquisition, the acquirer recognizes the acquiree’s net identifiable assets (including any intangible assets) at fair value at the acquisition date and recognizes goodwill, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the acquirer’s interest in the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree.

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP

Goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test.

Negative goodwill is recognized immediately as income (after reassessing the purchase price allocation).

Similar

Similar


Intangibles

Research and development

Internal costs related to the research phase of research and development are expensed as incurred under both accounting models.

Under converged standards, in-process research and development is to be recognized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset separately from goodwill at its acquisition-date fair value.

Similar

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP


Intangibles

Research and development

IFRS► Development costs are capitalized when

technical and economic feasibility of a project can be demonstrated in accordance with specific criteria. Some of the criteria include: demonstrating technical feasibility, intent to complete the asset and ability to sell the asset in the future, as well as others.

US GAAP► Development costs are expensed as

incurred, unless addressed by a separate standard.


Intangibles

Research and development example

Example 9 – Internet Imaging Inc. (Triple I), is working on a project to create a database of picture images which it intends to sell over the internet. Triple I has identified the following stages and costs incurred in its project:

Research stage

This stage included identifying the system requirements, searching for an appropriate database and other system materials and images to purchase, gaining the technical knowledge necessary to collect and transfer the images and overall project feasibility. Costs incurred were $50,000 during the period of January 1, 2010 through March 31, 2010. On April 1, 2010, Triple I determined that it would complete the intended project. Additional research costs of $75,000 were incurred during the period of April 1, 2010 through June 30, 2010.

Development stage

This stage included performing market analysis to identify potential demand, acquiring system materials and images to populate the database; designing the website; and testing a system prototype. During the period of May 1, 2010 through August 31, 2010, Triple I incurred development costs of $100,000. On August 31, 2010, Triple I determined that its project was technically feasible. During the period of September 1, 2010 through October 31, 2010, Triple I incurred development costs of $50,000. On October 31, 2010, Triple I received its results from its market study and determined that the project was economically feasible. Additional development costs of $200,000 were incurred during the period of November 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010.

Production stage

Triple I will launch its imaging database on the internet on January 1, 2011.


Intangibles


Example 9 continued:

► Complete the diagram below by inputting the research and development costs for 2010 in the appropriate periods based on the information above.

► Based on the diagram, determine which research and development costs Triple I can capitalize related to

this project during 2010 using US GAAP and IFRS?

Research phase

Development phase

$ $

$ $ $

January 1, 2010

March 31, 2010

April 1, 2010

May 1, 2010

June 30, 2010

August 31, 2010

September 1, 2010

October 31, 2010

November 1, 2010

December 31, 2010

Research Initiated

Decision to complete

the project

Development initiated

Research completed

Technical feasibility reached

Economic feasibility reached

Development completed


Intangibles


Example 9 solution:

Using US GAAP, Triple I cannot capitalize any research and development costs. Using IFRS, Triple I cannot capitalize any research costs, similar to US GAAP; however, Triple I may capitalize development costs when technical and economic feasibility of a project can be demonstrated in accordance with specific criteria. Some of the stated criteria include: demonstrating technical feasibility, intent to complete the asset and ability to sell the asset in the future, as well as others. As shown in the diagram below, Triple I met these criteria on October 31, 2010; therefore, the $200,000 incurred from November 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010, prior to the product launch on January 1, 2011, may be capitalized.

Research phase

Development phase

$50,000 $75,000

$100,000 $50,000 $200,000

January 1, 2010

March 31, 2010

April 1, 2010

May 1, 2010

June 30, 2010

August 31, 2010

September 1, 2010

October 31, 2010

November 1, 2010

December 31, 2010

Research Initiated

Decision to complete

the project

Development initiated

Research completed

Technical feasibility reached

Economic feasibility reached

Development completed


Intangibles

Other costs

Start-up costs, including initial operating losses, cannot be capitalized.

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP


Intangibles

Other costs

IFRS► Advertising and promotional costs are

expensed as incurred. A prepayment may be recognized as an asset only when payment for the goods or services is made in advance of the entity having access to the goods or receiving the services.

US GAAP► Advertising and promotional costs are

either expensed as incurred or expensed when the advertising takes place for the first time under US GAAP. Direct-response advertising may be capitalized if the specific criteria in ASC 340-20-25-4, Other Assets and Deferred Costs-Capitalized Advertising Costs-Recognition, are met.


Intangibles

Disclosures

The disclosure requirements under US GAAP and IFRS for intangible assets are, in most respects, similar.

Similar

IFRSUS GAAP


Intangibles

Disclosures

US GAAP► GAAP does not, within a single standard,

address comprehensive disclosure requirements for intangible assets:► Under SEC rules, SEC registrants are

required to disclose identifiable intangible assets separately from unidentifiable intangible assets and goodwill, along with the method of determining their respective amounts.

► Despite the additional disclosures required by SEC rules, it is likely that there will be more disclosures for intangible assets under IAS 38 than under US GAAP

IFRS► IAS 38 includes a long list of general disclosures

for each class of intangible asset:► Internally generated intangible assets must be

distinguished from other intangible assets. ► Separate disclosure is required for intangible assets

being amortized over more than 20 years, for intangible assets being carried under the allowed alternative treatment at revalued amounts, and for research and development expenditures.

► IAS 38 encourages disclosure of a description of any fully amortized intangible asset that is still in use and disclosure of a description of any intangible asset that did not meet the recognition criteria.


Intangibles

Disclosures

IFRS► Requires disclosures about impairment

losses in the aggregate and by class of asset and reportable segment and, if material, by individual asset or CGU.

► IAS 36 specifies additional reporting requirements for impairment losses and the reversal of those impairment losses for revalued assets.

US GAAP► Requires disclosures about impairment

losses and the circumstances giving rise to those losses. However, detailed disclosures by individual asset or CGU are not required.

► Because ASC 360 does not permit the revaluation of assets, it does not provide guidance on revaluation.


Intangibles

Disclosures

IFRS► If an asset’s recoverable amount is

measured as its value in use, IAS 36 requires disclosure of the discount rate used in calculating that measure and encourages, but does not require, disclosure of the key assumptions used.

US GAAP► If a surrogate for fair value is developed by

discounting an enterprise’s estimates of an asset’s future cash flows, ASC 360 requires disclosure of that fact, but not of the discount rate or the key assumptions used.

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