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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014
PRODUCTION OF ALKALINE SOLUTIONFROM PLANT PRODUCTS
Ekakitie A O1* and Osakwe A A1
Alkaline solution has been produced from Plantain hust (both ripe and unripe) maize cob and oilpalm husk. The alkaline solution produced when ashed that is at 500oC was most concentrated.Alkaline solution concentration production is in that order. 500°C>300°C>200°C. The temperatureeffect on the production or alkaline has brought out the necessity of roasting at a recommendedtemperatures. From analysis, the action present was N5+.
Keywords: Alkaline, Solution, Plant, Product, Production
*Corresponding Author: Ekakitie A O [email protected]
INTRODUCTIONGenerally, there is an alarming rise in coat of
materials, laboratory reagents are not left out in
this regard. Despite the high cost of reagents,
the demand for alkaline solution in laboratory
titrations in secondary schools has risen,
moreover, the price have gone up, therefore,
making many schools handicap in carrying out
titrations. Although some schools can afford this
making them to be over populated because most
parents will want their children to offer courses
on science, chemistry being one. On the other
hand, some schools are under—populated
because of inability to buy some of the reagents
necessary in practical work. As a result of this
research project is being carried out mainly to
develop awareness and broaden the knowledge
1 Novena University Ogume, Nigeria.
Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014
ISSN 2319-5991 www.ijerst.comVol. 3, No. 3, August 2014
© 2014 IJERST. All Rights Reserved
Research Paper
of the chemistry teacher on how to improvise
alkaline for titration. Alkaline solution can be
produced from local waste—Musa paradisiacal
(plantain) husk, both the ripe (A) and the unripe
(B) Zea mays (Maize) cob (C) and Elaesis
quineensis (oil palm) husk (D), this will in no doubt
go a long way to alleviate the problem of
inadequacy of alkaline solution far titration in the
schools.
BRIEF HISTORY OF LOCALWASTE A B C AND DBotanically, there is no distinction between
banana and plantain, except that the storage of
carbohydrate in fruit takes the form of starch,
whereas in banana, it is in the form of sugar. The
plantain is an important article of diet in the
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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014
Cameroon end southern Nigeria. It is mainly grown
as a compound crop and as such receives
manuring with household refuse. Zea mays I is
the widely grown crop of Niger and Benue rivers.
Some are grown as far as the north of Zaria. Much
is harvested as green cobs in the early crop. It
requires rich soil and 20-31 ins of rain in the
growing season. The main products of oil palm
is palm oil and palm kernel oil used locally and
for overseas industries for soap making. A B and
C are also used for the same purpose.
MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparation of Alkaline Solution FromLocal Waste (A B C D) Requirement
A, B, C and D
Reagents
Distilled Water
Procedure
These local waste (A B C and D) ware roasted at
200oC, 300°C, 400°C and ashed at 500oC
complete ashing was done within 6 h. During the
roasting process the original color of specimen A
B C and D turned black as follows:
A Changed from yellow to black
B Changed from green to black
C Changed from white to black
D Changed Prom brown to black
But on complete ashing all the black turned
ash white. 1.0 g mass was taken from the different
samples, after grinding into powder form by using
the motor and pestle. This mass taken from each
sample was put in 200 mL volumetric flask and
distilled water was added to make up 200 mL.
The different flasks were shaken properly,
followed by filtration of each sample. The solution
(alkaline) produced at 300°C from each sample
ware very turbid. Attempted decolonization with
animal charcoal failed. Standard solution of Hal was
prepared Specimens A B C and D distilled water gave
sodium hydroxide and trioxocarbonate (IV) acid.
Equation for Reaction
a. Na2CO3(S) + 2H2O(c) 2NOH (mq) +
H2CO3 (ag). The hydroxide produced ionizes
completely in solution, while the trioxocarbonate
(IV) acid is only partially ionized. The resulting
solution is alkaline to litmus because the
number of hydroxide ions exceeds that of
hydrogen.
b. N2OH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH (aq).
(10 and 11)
I H2CO3 (aq) 2H + Cap) + CO23
aq. (10)
Test for Cation
Flame Test
The platinum wire was cleaned by dipping it in
concentrated hydrochloric acid rind it was heated
in the non-luminous zone of the bunsen flame.
This was repeated until no more color was
irnparted to the flame. The platinum wire was
moistered with concentrated Hal and dipped in
small portion of the isolated alkaline solution. And
it was heated again in the non-luminous zone of
the flame. The color imparted on the flame was
noted.
Specimen Observation Inference
A Golden Yellow Na + Present
B Golden Yellow Na+ Present
C Golden Yellow Na+ Present
D Golden Yellow Na+ Present
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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014
This procedure was carried out on specimen
A B C and D.
Test Observation Inference
A + 2MnsOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent
9 + 2MNOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent
C + 2MneOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent
D + 2MnaOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent
Turbid
Test For Ammonium Radical
Test Observation Inference
Specimen A B C D +Sodium carbonate heat No ppt K+ absentfor five minutes
+ 2 ethanoic acid blue litmus to red acidicTest with litmus paper
+ equal volume or no yellow ppt K+ absentsodium cobalt nitrite
Test Preservation Inference
Specimen fl 8 C D + Na ppt IExcess ammonium suspectedPhosphate, boil for 5 min
+ Zinc carbonate ppt formed CO2 present
Filtrate + 2 drops No yellow pptof con HNO3 cool well PO 2-
3 absent
One drop of phosphatefree solution + drops yellow ppt Na+confirmedof zinc urany1 acetale
reagent stirred
Test Observation Inference
Specimen A B C D + 2 No white or Fe2+ absentdrops of O.5M Kfe (CN)6 pale blue ppt
Specimen A B C D + 2 No deep blue ppt Fe2+ absentdrops of Freshly prepared (tumbull’s blueK3 Fe (CN)6 Solution
Specimen A B C D + 2 No red blue Fe2 + absentdrop of 0.5m KCMS coloration
Specimen + 1ml 2NH4OH no white or pale Fe2+ absentgreen ppt
Confirmatory Test for Cation
Potassium
Sodium
Test Observation Inference
Specimen A B C D + 2 no deep blue ppt Fe3+ absentdrop 0.5m K4 Fe (CN)6(Prussian blue)
Specimen A B C D + 2 no deep brown Fe3+ absent
drops of Freshly prepared solution K3Fe (CN)6 Solution solution
Specimen A B C D + 2 no intense blood Fe3+ absentdrops of 0.5M KCNS red coloration
Specimen A B C D + 1ml no red brown ppt Fe3+ absent2 NH4OH
Iron II
Iron III
Action on Litmus Paper
The solution of A B C and D produced from the
ash turned red blue litmis paper blue quickly.
Solutions produced at 0oC turned red litmus blue,
but not as quickly as those produced at 500°C
(ashed). Those at 300°C turned red litmus to blue
slightly, but solutions produced at 200°C were very
reluctant to turn red litmus blue. The cation
present was Na+.
Quantitative Analysis
Determination of Alkalinity of SpecimenA B C D
Reagent:
Specimen A B C and D
Standard Hal of 0.16 M
Methyl orange
Apparatus:
Restort stand
Burette
Pipetle
Conical flask
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Titration of 0.16 Hal Against A B C D
Procedure
Readings Rough 1st (cm3) 2nd (cm3) 3rd (cm3)
Final reading 2.50 4.50 6.40 8.330
Initial reading 0.00 2.50 4,50 6.40
Vol of acid 2.50 2.00 1.90 1.90
Vol of base 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
Example:
Specimen A at 400oC
Average volume of acid.
Equation for reaction
2.0 1.90 1.901.93
3
2NaOH + HCl 2NaCl + 2H2O
Molarity of Acid MA = 0.16 M
Molarity of Base MB = X
Volume of Acid VA = 1.963 cm3
Volume of Base VB = 25.00 cm3
31.93 0.16 0.3088
25 25
VA MAX
VB
Molarity specimen A, X = 0.0124 M
3/Concentration is g dmMolarity
Molecular Mass
Concentration = Molarity X Molecular mass.
Molarity of specimen A = 0.124 M
Molecular mass = 40 g
Concentration = 0,124 x 40 = 0.494 g/dm3
(14 and 20)
The volume of 0.16 Hal used for determining
the alkalinity of specimens A B C and D at different
temperature were determined as i9 the example
given above. The different molarities and
concentration are else calculated as shown
above.
Temperature A (cm3) B (cm3) C (cm3) D (cm3)
200°C 1.28 2. 30 0.26 1.32
300°C 1.50 3.4 1.00 1.20
400°C 1.93 5.13 1.51 1.53
500°C 6.26 18.65 4.03 9.63
These are illustrated or recorded in Tables 1,
Temperature A (m) B (m) C (m) D (m)
200°C 0.008 0.015 0.0017 0.009
300°C 0.0096 0.022 0.0064 0.0077
400°C 0.012 0.032 0.010 0.010
500°C 0.040 0.119 0.025 0.062
2 and 3.
Temperature A(g/dm3) B(g/dm3) C(g/dm3) D(g/dm3)
200°C 0.320 0.600 0.067 0.338
300°C 0.384 0.88 0.256 0.3072
400°C 0.49 1.288 0.327 0.390
500°C 1.603 4.770 1.034 2.430
Volume of HCL Used (Table 1)
Molarity of Alkaline Solution (Table 2)
Concentration of Alkalinity (Table 3)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWhen these local wastes were roasted, Na2CO3
was formed which was one of the component
commonly present in soda ash. On carrying out
qualitative analysis, the cation present was found
to be Na+, Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2CO3.
After filtration, the major compound left was
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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014
2NaOH. Filter paper was used to test the
concentration of the alkalinity, the ashed samples
alkaline solution turned red litmus blue quickest
than all others. During signified the equivalent
point, methyl orange WAS the indicator used. The
equivalent point showed that neutralization had
taken place, whereby salt and water were formed
2NaOH + 2HCl > 2NaCl + 2H2O. Tables 1, 2 and
3 showed that the concentration of alkalinity
produced at different temperatures are in that
order and i+ showed that the concentration of the
alkaline solution produced at 500°C is much, while
that produced at 200°C is the least.
The concentration of the alkaline produced
from each waste increased linearly end steadily
with increase in temperature but rose to a high
peak when ashed at 500°C. This is because most
organic compounds were burnt away allowing
much inorgant component to be concentrated.
The work in this research project is not yet
exhausted; therefore attempts should be made
by other research students to crystallize sodium
metal from these alkaline solution produces from
these local wastes. Further research analysis
should be performed on the necessary
techniques to be adopted to decolorize the
alkaline solution produced at 300oC. Research
students are also advised to try and produce
alkaline solution and other chemical reagent from
different types of local waste, that can he of great
use in laboratory titration.
CONCLUSIONThen these local wastes were roasted, soda ash
was formed which was made up of carbonate of
sodium. On analysis Na+ was confirmed present.
Conclusively, when the alkaline solution produced
from these local wastes were quantitatively
analyzed, the caution present was found to he
Na+ and concentration of alkaline solutions
increase with increased in temperature.
RECOMMENDATIONSince this research project is aimed at creating
awareness or to enlighten and broadening the
knowledge of secondary schools chemistry
teachers on how to improvise alkaline solution
for laboratory titrations, therefore complete ashing
is recommended. Although the volume of acid
used is much because of the concentration of
the alkaline solution, however, the alkaline solution
can be diluted with more distilled water, then the
volume of acid used for neutralization will then
be reduced. Roasting at 400°C is also
appreciated, since a little volume of the acid will
be needed to neutralize the alkaline solution. This
19 particularly necessary when availability of
instrument to carry out complete ashing is not
within the reach of’ the teacher. On the other hand,
roasting at 300°C is not recommended because
the solution was highly turbid and color change
cannot easily be noticed by the students.
However, there is no doubt that the research
project is successful, except for the fact that the
muffle furnace was not reading the correct
temperatures, and there was no competent
electrician to put it in order.
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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014
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