inorganic - not formed by organic chemistry (e.g., sugars, etc.)
description
Transcript of inorganic - not formed by organic chemistry (e.g., sugars, etc.)
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naturally occurring - materials synthesized in laboratory do not count, must be formed by natural processes in wild
inorganic - not formed by organic chemistry (e.g., sugars, etc.)
homogeneous solid - single substance in solid phase which cannot be physically separated into simpler compounds
definite chemical composition - composition can be represented as chemical formula (e.g., NaCl), although variation in exact composition is possible (e.g., (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 ) [range in color, hardness, specific gravity]
ordered atomic arrangement – repeating structure at the atomic level, which expresses as symmetry in large specimens, i.e., crystalline structure.
http://www.uoregon.edu/~jrice/geol311
Mineral - A naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement.
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Mineral Properties
Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak Color• Luster
Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Crystal symmetry is controlled by the atomic structure of mineral
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture
Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture
Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Characteristic for some minerals, useless for most
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QuartzSiO2
Hardness = 7
Rose QuartzRose Quartz
SmokeyQuartz
QuartzCitrine
AmethystAmethyst
Carnelian
OnyxJasper
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color
Streak Color• Luster
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color
Streak Color• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Streak Color - Color of powdered mineral, which may or may not be the color of the crystal
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Streak: Color of powdered mineral on porcelain plate
Hardness ~ 6.5Good for metallic opaque minerals,
Not good for silicates, transluscent/transparent minerals, and minerals harder than the streak plate (color of streak plate)
Pyrite Hematite
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• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak• Luster
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity
Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity
Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Specific Gravity - density of the material (g/cm3)
Mineral Properties
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Specific Gravity
Related to both the atomic weight of the contained elements, and how tightly the atoms are packed
Orthorhombic CarbonatesAll minerals have same structure, only cation differs
Mineral Formula Cation g/cm3
Aragonite CaCO3 20 2.95
Strontianite SrCO3 38 3.76
Witherite BaCO3 56 4.29
Cerrusite PbCO3 82 6.55
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak Color
Luster
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak Color
Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface
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Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface
metallicpyrite
gold
silver
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Luster quality of light reflected from mineral surface
resinouspearly
vitreous (glassy)non-metallicSome minerals may be listed in both metallic and non-metallic, or in the incorrect table, i.e., limonite
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak Color• Luster
Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Hardness - resistance of mineral to scratching or abrasion
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Hardness: resistance to scratchingCompare with other objects or other mineral of known hardness. Some
minerals can have a varying hardness due to impurities
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Glass Plate (H = 5.5), very good test.
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Fig. 02.14
Muscovite
Hardness < 2
Can scratch with fingernail (H=2.5)
Muscovite
Hardness < 2
Can scratch with fingernail (H=2.5)
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Fig. 02.15c
Fluorite
Hardness =4
Can scratch copper penny (H=3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5)
Fluorite
Hardness =4
Can scratch copper penny (H=3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5)
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Fig. 02.15a
Quartz
Hardness =7
Scratches glass plate (H=5.5). Hardest of common minerals
Quartz
Hardness =7
Scratches glass plate (H=5.5). Hardest of common minerals
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak• Luster
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity
Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity
Acid Test• Magnetism
Reaction to dilute acid; especially useful in identifying carbonate minerals
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Minerals like calcite react with weak acid, dissolving the mineral and producing lots of bubbles (effervescence)
Calcite: CaCO3
HCl + CaCO3 > H2O + Cl- + Ca+ + CO2
Dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak• Luster
• Crystal Form• Cleavage/
Fracture• Color• Streak• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test
Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test
Magnetism
Some minerals strongly attract magnets. Characteristic of magnetite and some other iron minerals
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form
Cleavage/Fracture
• Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Crystal Form
Cleavage/Fracture
• Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Fracture - any breakage that is not cleavage
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Cleavage: Breaks along planes of weakness
See the way light reflects back at you (I cannot see this for you). Rotate the mineral to “find” reflective surfaces.
When you find a cleavage plane, rotate
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conchoidalfracture
Characteristic of quartz, chert and flint
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Fig. 02.23
conchoidal fracture
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Mineral Properties
• Crystal Form
Cleavage/Fracture
• Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Crystal Form
Cleavage/Fracture
• Color• Streak Color• Luster
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
• Hardness• Tenacity• Specific Gravity• Acid Test• Magnetism
Cleavage - tendency to split along planes of weakness corresponding to weaker chemical links in internal structure of crystal
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One Direction of Cleavage
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