Inglise keele variantide konspekt

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Inglise keele variandid

30.01

Standard language vs language standard are different.

Standard language is the norm, the optinum for educational purposes, naturally spoken by the

minority of speakers, educated people speak.

Language standards- rules that the language speakers should follow, linguists and theorists make the

norms, all members of society are required to follow these standards.

Standard english- most widely accepted and understood among speakers, used in broadcasting, TV,

news etc, spoken or written, among educated speakers. Learned as second or foreign language. It

doesnt concern accent, but grammar ( I aint got none, aint, double negative), vocabulary, includes

formal and informal styles ( I havent got a bloody ..) Pronounc. Is accent.

RP- received pronounciation(standard English is associated with RP) eg. Queens english etc.12-15% use and actually speak standard english, 3-5% of them use RP pronounciation.

Standard english is not a seperate language, just a variety, not an accent. It is not a style,formal,

neutral, informal.

Traditionally British english is taught at schools.

Standard english variety:

EngEng RP

BrEnglish

NamEnglish (North-American english)-

USEng

CanEng Social variation

Other standard:

Australian English (AusEng)

S-African English(SAfEng)

NZEng

Regional variation

Non-standard variaties (often called dialect)Stigmatised- marking as being bad, not good enough, regarded as socially lower than proper, inferior

AusEng was being considered as non-standard and bad English, lack of acceptance- race in US or UK

class

Preposition at the end of a sentence is not considered as norm(informal). English should follow Latin

tradition.

It is normal if people judge people by their accents but it might be offensive- Standard language is

not exclusive. If you lower the standard people dont accept it (nigger).

Grammatical and lexical differences throughout the world in the English language are insignificant,

most oftenly the pronounciation is different, phonetical etc (native speakers).

Deviations from the standard

1.Working class speech is different from standard english.


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2.Multiple negation (I didnt do nothing) can be used in jokes, emphasising

3.Aint- negative form of the word be/have.

4.The word never is to refer to a single occasion in the past(Ive never done it-> I didnt do it)

5.Extensional 3rd persons to 1st and 2nd person forms

6.Regularisation of be- we was, you was, they was

7.Regularisation of some irregular verbs- I drawed, I have drawed8.Optionally on adverbs- he writes real quick

9.Unmarked plurality on amounts of measurment after numerals- 10 pound, 20 year

10.Different forms of irrelative pronouns- the man as lives here, the man what lives here

11.Regularisation of reflexive pronouns- myself, herself, hisself, theirselves (ige: themselves)

12.A distinction between main and auxiliary verb do- you done it, did you

Main auxiliary

2. lecture

Anglos, Saxons and Jutes. 1533-1603 Elisabeth I, 7 mln, 350-380 mln native speakers; the same

amount as a second language.

People emigrated from Ireland and England to North-America and Australia etc - First diaspora

Second diaspora went to Asia and Africa (varieties of second language appeared)

The Pale a boundary, a colony ; first sign of expansionism

America was discovered 1492

the Cabot ?? family explored Canada, the final years of the 15th century

The claims of England to Canada

1535 the statum? of wales

Expanding circle

China, Egypt,

Indonesia, Israel,

Japan, Korea, Nepal,Saudi-Arabia, Taiwan,

Russia, Zimbabwe etc.

EFL-Outer

English was used as the

language of power,

nowadays, english is

second (ESL)language:

India, Bangladesh,

Ghana, Keenia,

Malaisia, Nigeeria,

Pakistan, Filipiinid,

Singapur, Sri-Lanka etc

Inner

UK, US,

Australia, New-

Zealand,

Canada

*English is

native

language(ENL)


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1553 the trade with West-Africa (present day Nigeria)

1580s first English settlements (Canada 1583, North-Carolina 1584)

1603 James I Scotland and England merged politically together formed United Kingdom

1607 the first lasting settlement Jamestown, Virginia, North America (Elisabeth I never married,

hence the name)

the plantation of Ulster, Ireland. The settlers had to be protestants to settle there.

1620 the English ship sailed to N-A, carried a group of puritans, reached Virginia. Organised the

settlement Plymouth (now its a town). The present day Massachusetts.

English started to spread in the southern parts of America a result of slave trade, slaves were

transported from Africa, they were exchanged for sugar and rum. A new kind of English between

the slaves and their capturers pidgins .

1763 Canada was seethed ??

British didnt recognise the declaration of independence for a while.

Captain James Cook Australia, southern hemisphere, 1769 New Zealand, 1770 met the first

kangaroo. Cook landed in the present day Queensland, in 1788 the first fleet landed in new south

b, 1788 penal colony in Botany Bay, prisoners were brought from Britain and Ireland, 1780 new

settlers began to arrive, they were from London and South East. Indigenous of original people.

1790s New Zealand British Maori people, 1840s-1850s from Britain, 1860s from Australia and Ireland,

1870-85 from United Kingdom, Scotland.

(1650s the Dutch)

South Africa 1795 British came, the Cape, South African Cape Colony, starting from 1820 started

settling, from 1850s people from Yorkshire, the Midlands, 18 English was declared the official

language, by the Black and the Africans Dutch was the first language and English was the second

18th

and 19th

centuries the second diaspora.

West Africa

The Slave Trade pidgin languages

English was known as the lingua franca.

East Africa

Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe the countries that were extensively settled

by English colonies, David Livingstone. They were British protectorates. Later they bought their

independence. But English still remains, even if its the second language.

South Asia


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India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan during the second half of the 18th

century.

British sovereignty. 1835 British educational system was introduced in India. English is an associate

official language in India. Hindi has influenced the English spoken in India, distinctive but not a

standard variety.

South East Asia, East Asia, South Pacific more influence from English language.

Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines

tok talk etc, the pidgin sounds

By the beginning of the 19th

century t

1800 the population 5 mln ppl

1900 - 76 mln ppl

in the end of 20th

century - close to 250 mln

1803 Louisiana was bought from the French, 1819 Florida was bought from Spain.

Before 1750s, everybody thought of themselves as English people who lived overseas. After that they

began to have a different sense of identity, so they began independent, this changed the flavour of

English they used. The degree of English linguistic differences grew even more. Also military

strengthened the people.

English, French, German the three most important languages in EU.

The language of Internet, international tourism etc

3. lecture

British English, it covers all varieties, all regions, social levels, standards and non-standard forms; but

not scots nor welsh. Welsh English, Scottish English, Irish English.

English-speaking people didnt outnumber the local people so English was influenced greatly.

Queens/Kings/public schools/BBCs/posh higher class English.


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4. lecture

Cockney very distinctive accent, intentionally made, cryptical, deliberate used in a sense of

community, used by traders, in the market place, to produce collusion, used by criminals to confuse

the police. Eric Partridge

bowl of water daughter

bawl of chalk walk

rabbit and pork to talk

trouble and strife wife

you and me tea

butchers hook to look

frog and toad road

coblers awls balls, crap and nonsense

three penny [threepni] bits tits

Chelsea blue jew

take a butchers at these pistols take a look at these breasts

britneys beers

I havent a scooby clue = Scooby doo

Prince of Wales Charles

WELSHthere are some distinctive lexical and grammatical differences, but its not much different

from English English, its a relatively young dialect.

South-Wales was originated by the Bristol, Mid-Wales was influenced by Midlands, Birmingham.

North Northern England, Liverpool.

Welsh uses schwa , where RP uses [a]

Singing they were. Coming tomorrow he is.

They cant do that, too. (not permitted in Standard English)

I do go to chapel every Sunday.

Theres strange it was how strange it was

Where = where to?

Where to is your mom?


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Lexical or vocabulary, not very formings from welsh into welsh English, isted = to sit, bod = to be

A delight in languages

riseget or buy; Ill rise the drinks.

tidygood or nice; thats a tidy car

5. lecture IRELAND

Great Famine, potato crops were b, great immigration to North America, the Irish Free State Irish

Independence Day, Southern Ireland was declared a republic,

price choice

schwa abbot rabbit

mouth [maith]

If I had the doing of it again, Id do it different. If I could do itId do it differently.

Hot News Perfect Tense preposition after + gerund

we are after booking our holiday we have just booked our holiday

present perfect present continuous

how long have you been here how long are you here

placing do or does before the habitual word

I do be drunk, Im drunk

its he I do be thinking of habitual activities

I wonder if he has come I wonder has he come (south Irish)

thats me away Im going now

to go the messages to go shopping

he gets doing ithes aloud

Im not myselfIm not feeling well

youre well mended you are looking better

it would take you to be early


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6. USA

The definition of standard is problematic, because theres a great variety of accents

Mississippi the king of rivers, the boiling water etc

Wall Street the head separated from the native population.. Brooklyn, Harlem also from the

Dutch times

The French Colony in Louisiana, its capital New Orleans (from French). English bought USA in 1803.

The French influence was already settled.

Pennsylvania Dutch this variety of German.

1783 The Declaration of Independence, after that the colonies started to go west-wards

In the west you cant see where have the people come from, but in the east you can, belt-likecharacter, the most distinctive dialects had already been established by the 18

thcentury, the North,

the Mid-Land and the South.

Ebonics political term

sometimes my ears be itching, she nice

North-American Consonants

- the glottal stop (before n e.g. button, bottle)-

the final t (that man) would often be unreleased- intervocalic t (better) [d]; latter, ladder [d]; twenty [n], winter-winner [n], interesting [n]- [lj] -> [j] million

Southern, Northern, Eastern

The South

It covers South-Eastern area, linguistically it can be divided into two regions the lower south and

the inland south. E-Virginia, E-North Carolina, E-South Carolina, N-Florida, S-Alabama, Mississippi,

Louisiana, S-E Texas.

- vowels like [i] [ae] [e] add an extra schwa (e.g. bid [bijed], bed [bejd], bad [baejd]- high [ha:]/[a:], time t[a:]m- [e] , [i] pin, pen they merge with a schwa- [z] - > *d+ isnt, wasnt iddnt etc; business bidness

Central Eastern and Western Areas

Central Eastern (S-E New York State, most of New Jersey, E-Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland)

- [ai] nighttime neit-taim- [e], [ae], [a] Northern Cities Chainshift


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Western Area

- [o] -> [a] caught, taught- [ae] -> [e] only before r marry merry, carry cerry- [i:] [i]- [a] -> hurry harry- [a] [o] borrow, sorrow, sorry; sari (some Indian clothing) = sorry- [ju] -> [u] student, new, mountain dew,

Northern (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, N-Ohio, N-Pennsylvania, N-New York, W-Vermont)

These accents are generally similar to those in west, but they are going through a change/a process

(Northern Cities Chain Shift -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cities_vowel_shift). Which

concerns following vowels [ae], [e], [a]

- [a] -> [ae-a]: John, Jan, Johnny- [ae] -> [e] and adding a schwa e/i: Ann, Ian- [e] -> ~[a]/[ae] : best = bust

N-E area has two subdivisionsEastern New England and NYC, New Englands English is close to

English English.

Jiddish, Irish, Irish English, Italian. NYC accent as well as non- the intrusive r and the linking r are

the typical features, as for rp

- [i, e, u] -> e-

[a:] -> [a ] bard, calm, father- [:] -> [] (tagurpidi 3 plus schwa) bird- [ai][a-i] / [oi] rideWebster

The Comparison and Differences of British English and American English

2. lecture

Articles

- to be in hospital, go to uni, in prison, to go to bed, school- half ; BE half- Margaret Thatcher the British Prime Minister arrived in London today.- if one tries hard enough, one always succeeds

if one tries hard enough, he/she will always succeeds

if one tries hard enough, they will always succeed

- different (from, to) EE, US E than- we tend to disagree foodwise
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cities_vowel_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cities_vowel_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cities_vowel_shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cities_vowel_shift


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7. CANADA

Canadian English Pronunciation

- Canadian raising- rice; mouth (ai au = ei ai)night time = [neit] time

- the distinction between cot and caught , they are pronounced alike- T-flapping the sound t sounds like d (water, ladder-latter, waiting wading)

T-deletion Toronto torono; interesting in-eresting

- route or rote etc depends on the region- hostail or hostile, follows US English agein, ageinst (again, against)- shine shoneDifferent styles

- Have you got a match Can E - do you have a match US E - have you a match E conserv.- Canajan, Eh? eh? = yes? right?; solely = could you repeat what you just said?; can mark

interest, agreement

- dove, snuck (dive-dived, sneak-sneaked)Vocabulary

- indigenous people were Canadian, the words which were borrowed, did not have a name inCanadian. (travel, survival etc)

- moose, chipmunk, cash a place for storing the supplies,8. AUSTRALIA

- broad (exhibits distinct regional feature)

- general (standard form)

- cultivated(culture, British RP)

migrants (not immigrants)

AUS E intonation is flatter than in RP, speech rhythms are slow, more space between stressed

words and syllables, the consonants are very similar to RP, in general vowels are closer and morefrontal, than in RP; vowels as I and U are diphthongised

Concise Oxford companion to the EE languageTom McArthur

Peter Trudgill, Jean Hannock


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9. New Zealand

Wellington capital, land of the long white cloud, Maori population (Polynesian origin)

1988 - Aotearoa New Zealand

1) I -> schwa

2) a cup [a kap]

butter [bata]

3) castle, dance [a] = [a:]

4) i+schwa = e+schwa

5) grown growen

6) boot - /bu:t/ ( = schwa)

7) y haepi (happy)

8) t -> /d/

They use -ise instead of -ize (N-Am English)

a joker a guy

South Africa

Natal, Eastern Seaboard (Major Settlements, golds and diamond mines)

white speakers of East Cape region, white members of the Transval working class

/bla/, /grahapa/

pidgin (Nigeria, etc)

berin funeral (->bury)

dek

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