Information Literacy Lecture 1

Citing Your WorkCredited to Dr. Robert Siegfried

CSC 170 - Introduction to Computers and Their Applications

Why Cite? – all about the reader

1. to give credit to other authors (for text, ideas, conceptual frameworks, data, graphs, illustrations, maps, etc.); 2. to help the reader judge the context, legitimacy and possible bias of the information based on the source; 3. to allow the reader to find the source (should the reader like to either check your information or read further).

Campbell, Scott. "Writing Advice, Citations, Plagiarism (Prof. Campbell)." U-M Personal World Wide Web Server. University of Michigan, 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html>.

Quoting Someone Requires A Citation• If you use the work of another person and do not acknowledge it,

that is plagiarism.• You need a citation if you are using another source for:

– ideas– words– pictures

• This includes material from the Internet, unpublished work (including that of your classmates and information from oral sources).

• Plagiarisms is a very serious academic offense and can result in a warning, suspension or even an academic dismissal.

Source: New Mexico State University Library web sitehttp://nmsu.libguides.com/content.php?pid=30204&sid=779644

How You Might Use and Cite Material• Using materials:– Paraphrase - Putting another person's ideas into your own

words (that reflects your own rethinking of the author’s words). This is not a quote, but you still need a citation giving credit for the idea.

– Verbatim - An exact quoting of words, with no changes. All quotes should be verbatim

• Citing materials:– Citation - This contains all the information one needs to

find an article: author, title, date, publisher, etc. These can also be footnotes or endnotes that point to items in your bibliography.

– Bibliography- A list of books and articles. At the end of the paper, this is sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited."

An Example Article Use (Bordelon)Example article from Mother Jones magazine, with possible uses below: (Cited in MLA as: "Corporate Welfare." Mother Jones March/April 1999: 15. Print):Under a Defense Department policy initiated in 1993, U.S. taxpayers must cover the merger costs for the consolidation of defense corporations. The tally so far has reached $856.2 million, including $405 million for the Lockheed/Martin Marietta merger, to name one example. Because of the policy, Lockheed was able to bill the Pentagon up front for $2.4 million for CEO Norman Augustine's salary.

In 1996 Congress created the Defense Export Loan Guarantee program to finance U.S. weapons sales to foreign countries. Its first beneficiary? A United Industrial sale of pilotless aircraft and training systems to cash-strapped Romania. If Romania defaults on its payments (not a bad bet for a country in economic turmoil), U.S. taxpayers will be left holding the bag: $16.7 million. United Industrial will get paid either way.

Uses: (one correct – which one and what is wrong with the others?)1.Unbelievably, U.S. taxpayers must cover the merger costs for the consolidation of defense corporations.2.Unbelievably, U.S. taxpayers must cover the merger costs for the consolidation of defense corporations (“Corporate” 15).3.Unbelievably, “U.S. taxpayers must cover the merger costs for the consolidation of defense corporations” (“Corporate” 15).4.Unbelievably, we have to pay defense companies when they merge.

Example Article – Statement 1 (Bordelon)

From student’s essayUnbelievably, U.S. taxpayers must cover the merger costs for the consolidation of defense corporations.Question: ‘I put this sentence in my essay – is this okay?’Answer: No. You’ve used the exact wording from the source and haven’t documented the source. If done even once, this could result in an F. Solution: You need to include quotation marks and citation.

Example Article – Statement 2 (Bordelon)

From student’s essayUnbelievably, U.S. taxpayers must cover the merger costs for the consolidation of defense corporations (“Corporate” 15).Question: “Okay, I added the citation – is this okay?”Answer: Not yet. Good job of adding the citation, but the reader will think you came up with this wording. If done even once, this could substantially lower your grade.Solution: You need to include quotation marks.

Example Article – Statement 3 (Bordelon)

From student’s essayUnbelievably, “U.S. taxpayers must cover the merger costs for the consolidation of defense corporations” (“Corporate” 15).Question: “This is right . . . right?”Answer: Right. You’ve marked the specific words you’ve taken from your source with quotation marks and have cited it.

Example Article – Statement 4 (Bordelon)

From student’s essayUnbelievably, we have to pay defense companies when they merge.Question: “Since this is a summary, I don’t need to cite it, right?”Answer: Wrong. Since you learned of this information from a source, it must be cited. Again, this could substantially lower your grade.Solution: Add a citation.Unbelievably, we have to pay defense companies when they merge (“Corporate” 15).

Common Difficulties

• When you summarize information, you must cite inside the text. Just having the work in the bibliography is not enough.

• You need to cite data, pictures, and graphs as well as text.

• Just rearranging words does not make your work original. Instead rethink and reinterpret what you read.

Campbell, Scott. "Writing Advice, Citations, Plagiarism (Prof. Campbell)." U-M Personal World Wide Web Server. University of Michigan, 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html>.

The Right Way to Cite

• There are many citation styles.• While some are more commonly used than others,

some disciplines require their citation style.• The most commonly used styles in the humanities and

social sciences are the MLA and APA citation styles.• Depends upon your assigned STYLE and whether you

mentioned the source in your text• (Jones, 99) (99)• (Jones, 2009, 99)

• See Library / Research Help / Citation Creation

Citation Styles• MLA (Modern Language Association) – used in

most in English literature and in other literary disciplines.

• APA (American Psychological Association) – used in most social sciences.

• In the sciences– CBE (Council of Biology Editors) – used in biology– ACS (American Chemical Society) – used in chemistry– AIP (American Institute of Physics) – used in Physics– ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) – used in

Computer Science

Works Cited vs In-Text Citation• Works Cited: At the end of the paper, there should be a

section titled, "Works Cited", in which the works cited are listed in alphabetical order by first author with hanging indent.• Books:

– Siegfried, Robert M. Using Computers Is Fun, Boston: Computing Press, 2010. Print.

– Dewey, John, Albert Cheatem and Arthur Howe. Modern Accounting Practices. 3rd ed. Houston: Enron Press, 2000. Print.

• In-Text: Refers to the Works Cited– The first gambling Web site appeared in 1995 (Siegfried 92).

• Note the tie between Works Cited and In Text

MLA Style – Inline Text• Sample: Will, Robert M. Internet Business, Boston:

Computing Press, 2010. Print.• In MLA style, you briefly credit a source by placing the

author's last name and the page being referenced):– The first gambling Web site appeared in 1995 and online

gambling has since become the most lucrative Internet business (Will 92).

• If you refer to the author by name in the first occurrence, you don't need to repeat his name:– Robert Will reported that in 2002 Internet gambling surpassed

pornography to become the Internet's most lucrative business (92).

Source: Honolulu Community College Library web sitehttp://honolulu.hawaii.edu/legacylib/mlahcc.html

MLA Style – Multiple Author

• If there are two or three authors, you list them all.– It was found that too much e-mail made people

depressed (Fake and False 227).

• If there are four or more, you just list the first following by the abbreviation et al.– Rob Lowe dancing with Snow White is generally

regarded as the all-time low point of Academy Award telecasts (Dewey et al. 45).

Organization As Author• When the listed author is an organization, the name of the

organization is listed in the first occurrence or in parentheses.• Sample: Business Software Alliance, Software Piracy. 3rd ed.

Houston: Enron Press, 2000. Print.

– The Business Software Alliance says that fighting software piracy actually helps a country develop a software industry (12).

– Countries with high rates of software piracy do not have significant software industries

(Business Software Alliance 12).

Source: Hacker Handbooks, Research and Documentation Onlinehttp://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch08_s1-0001.html#RES5e_ch08_p0065

Unknown Author

• If the author is unknown, use the entire title in a signal phrase or a short form of the title in parentheses.– Never give anyone your social security unless you are

certain that they both need it and have a valid reason for requesting it ("Protecting Your Identity" 21).

– The pamphlet "Protecting Your Identity From Theft and Keeping Yourself Safe" warns people not to give anyone your social security unless you are certain that they both need it and have a valid reason for requesting it (21).

Works Cited

• Guides at Library / Research Help / Citation Creation

• Many different situations – look up the situation first

• Bibliography creation tools– http://www.easybib.com/– Fill in what it does not find

MLA Books

– Siegfried, Robert M. Using Computers Is Fun, Boston: Computing Press, 2010. Print.– 2 authors: Dewey, John, Albert Cheatem and Arthur

Howe. Modern Accounting Practices. 3rd ed. Houston: Enron Press, 2000. Print.

"MLA List of Works Cited." Humanities. Bedfordsmartins. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch08_s1-0011.html>.

MLA Listing for Periodical Articles

• For an article in a journal with volume and issue numbers:– Marx, Karl. "Why Communism Failed." Economic

Review 225.2 (1995): 35-75. Print.• For an article in a monthly magazine:– Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich. "Why Marx Was

Dumb." Vanity Fair Dec. 1996: 45-62. Print.• For an article in a weekly magazine:– Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich. "Gorbachev Wasn't Any

Smarter. Time 15 Apr. 1997: 12-13. Print.

MLA Electronic Database• Medium is Web• No URL• In addition to normal:

– title of the database italicized– the medium of publication– the date of access.– (Not institution or location)

• Junge, Wolfgang, and Nathan Nelson. “Nature's Rotary Electromotors.” Science 29 Apr. 2005: 642-44. Science Online. Web. 5 Mar. 2009

• My source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/08/

MLA Listing For a Web Site• The entire web site with an author:– Hannity Sean. Marx, Gorbachev and Yeltsin Were All

Dumb. SeanHannity. 2000. 31 Dec. 2008.• The entire web site with an organization as author:– Karl Marx Fan Club. Hannity Isn't Exactly Einstein, Either.

2001. KMFC. Web. 2 Jan. 2011.• A short work from a web site:– Siegfried, Robert M. "There Isn't Enough Courtesy On The

Web.“ Robert M. Siegfried. Adelphi University. n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.

• My source: http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Cit-MLA-Web-RD4.pdf

MLA Listing For an OnlinePublication

• An article from an online scholarly journal:– DiLallo, Joseph J. and Robert M. Siegfried. "The

Accessibility of College and University Home Pages in the State of New York." Journal of Information Systems Applied Research 2.4 (2009). n. pag. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.

•An article from a database:– Kranz, David L. “Tracking the Sounds of Franco

Zeffirelli’s The Taming of the Shrew.” Literature-Film Quarterly 36.2 (2008): 94-112. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2008.

APA

• Used more commonly in sciences• Emphasizes currency of work– Date published inside in-text citation– Date published moved earlier in works cited

APA InText Citations• APA style is somewhat different from MLA style. The most

obvious difference is that the year of the work is cited before the starting page:– The Business Software Alliance (2009) says the fighting

software piracy actually helps a country develop a software industry (p. 12).

– Countries with high rates of software piracy do not have significant software industries (Business Software Alliance 2009, p. 12).

• Source: Hacker Handbooks, Research and Documentation Online• http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch09_s1-

0002.html#RES5e_ch09_p0248

APA Book Listings

• – Siegfried, Robert M. (2008) Using Computers Is Fun, Boston: Computing Press.

• – Dewey, J., Cheatem, A. and Howe, A. (2000) Modern Accounting Practices. 3rd ed. Houston: Enron Press.

• Differences– Order of copyright– No Print

APA Listing for Periodical Articles• For an article in a journal with volume and issue numbers:

– Marx, K. (1995) Why communism failed. Economic Review, 225, 35-75.

• For an article in a monthly magazine:– Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich. (1996, December) Why marx

was dumb. Vanity Fair 85(12), 45-62.• For an article in a weekly magazine:

– Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich. (1997, April 15) Gorbachev wasn't any smarter. Time 85(15), 12-13.

• Differences:– No quotes– No Print– Volume always

APA Listing For a Web Site• Full web site or email do not have to be

included in works cited, just inside the text

• The University of Chicago Portuguese Language Page is an excellent resource for students (http://humanities.uchicago.edu/romance/port).

• T. Danford (personal communication, March 28, 1997).

• http://www.library.arizona.edu/search/reference/citation-apa.html

APA Online Journal Article• Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2000). Effects of a brief motivational

intervention with college student drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 728-733.

• Davis, C., & Strachan, S. (2001). Elite female athletes with eating disorders: A study of psychopathological characteristics. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23 (3), 245-253. Retrieved from http://hk.humankinetics.com/jsep/.

• “If the article has a DOI (digital object identifier) assigned, include it at the end. If there is no DOI, provide the homepage of the journal, preceded by "Retrieved from". Database information is not needed unless the article is difficult to locate; for example, those archived online only in JSTOR or ERIC. Include date of retrieval only if the source is likely to change.”

• http://www.library.arizona.edu/search/reference/citation-apa.html#apabk5

Resources• There are several places online where you can get

complete information on how to cite your sources:• Research Help / Citation Creation / Diane Hacker and

others• For MLA:– http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/legacylib/mlahcc.html– http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owlprint/747/01

• For APA:– www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmage/apa– http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

My Works Cited• "APA List of References." The Social Sciences. Web. 18 Mar. 2012.

<http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch09_s1-0002.html>.• Bordelon, David. "How Do I Cite Sources." Ocean County College Library. Web. 18

Mar. 2012. <http://lib.ocean.edu/the_source/how_to_cite_sources.htm>.• Campbell, Scott. "Writing Advice, Citations, Plagiarism (Prof. Campbell)." U-M

Personal World Wide Web Server. University of Michigan, 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html>.

• Hacker Handbooks, Research and Documentation Online http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch08_s1-0001.html #RES5e_ch08_p0065

• Honolulu Community College Library web site http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/legacylib/mlahcc.html

• "Search & Find." American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://www.library.arizona.edu/search/reference/citation-apa.html>.

• "Welcome to the Purdue OWL." Purdue OWL: APA Formatting and Style Guide. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/>.