IndustrializatiIndustrialization in Russia on in Russia and Japanand Japan

AP World HistoryAP World History

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

What is Russia’s role in the greater What is Russia’s role in the greater global context?global context?– Intellectuals and politicians remain Intellectuals and politicians remain

absorbed in fascination of the westabsorbed in fascination of the west Political freedom, educational and scientific Political freedom, educational and scientific

advances, cultural stylesadvances, cultural styles Romanticism hits home in Russia with its Romanticism hits home in Russia with its

combination of folklore and nationalismcombination of folklore and nationalism Russian music composers begin to explore this Russian music composers begin to explore this

idiom, and contribute to the wider musical idiom, and contribute to the wider musical scenescene

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

Alexander I: Alexander I: Supported Supported conservative conservative ideologies at the ideologies at the Congress of Congress of Vienna.Vienna.

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

Nicholas I: 1825 Nicholas I: 1825 Decembrist uprising Decembrist uprising by western-oriented by western-oriented army officers.army officers.– Nicholas becomes Nicholas becomes

more repressivemore repressive– Russia avoids the Russia avoids the

wave of revolutions wave of revolutions which swept through which swept through Europe during the Europe during the 1830s and 18481830s and 1848

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

Russia falls behind the Russia falls behind the west industrially.west industrially.

1854-1856 1854-1856 Crimean Crimean WarWar: fought on the : fought on the Black Sea. Western Black Sea. Western forces damaged the forces damaged the Russian armies Russian armies entrenched positions.entrenched positions.

1855: Alexander II is 1855: Alexander II is convinced that it is convinced that it is time for change!time for change!

Reform under Alexander IIReform under Alexander II

For two decades, Russia engages in For two decades, Russia engages in reform, based on Western standards.reform, based on Western standards.

1861: Emancipation of the serfs-serfs 1861: Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got a piece of land they used to work.got a piece of land they used to work.– Creates a large labor forceCreates a large labor force– Zemstvoes: local political councils Zemstvoes: local political councils

regulating roads, schools, and other regulating roads, schools, and other regional policies.regional policies.

Literacy increasesLiteracy increases Increased Women’s rightsIncreased Women’s rights

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Trans-Siberian Railroad: connected Trans-Siberian Railroad: connected European Russia with the Pacific.European Russia with the Pacific.

Stimulated iron and coal industries.Stimulated iron and coal industries.– Export of grain to the West.Export of grain to the West.– Factories began to spring up throughout Russia. Factories began to spring up throughout Russia.

Trans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian Railroad

Russian (radical) ReformersRussian (radical) Reformers

Intelligentsia: Russian term for Intelligentsia: Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class.articulate intellectuals as a class.– Wanted political freedom and deep social Wanted political freedom and deep social

reform.reform.– Wanted a different society than that in Wanted a different society than that in

the west (which they saw as materialistic)the west (which they saw as materialistic) Anarchists: desired an abolition to all Anarchists: desired an abolition to all

forms of government.forms of government.– Heated opposition to tsarist autocracyHeated opposition to tsarist autocracy

By the 1880’s…By the 1880’s…

Russia’s railroad network had Russia’s railroad network had quintupled since 1860quintupled since 1860

Modern Factories were in St. Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg and Moscow.Petersburg and Moscow.

Influx of foreign interests under Influx of foreign interests under Count Sergei Witte, Minister of Count Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892-1903.Finance from 1892-1903.– High tariffs to support Russian industryHigh tariffs to support Russian industry– Encourage western investorsEncourage western investors

The good, the bad, and well, that’s The good, the bad, and well, that’s itit

The GoodThe Good By 1900, Russia By 1900, Russia

surges to #4 in the surges to #4 in the world in steel world in steel productionproduction

Second only to the US Second only to the US in petroleum in petroleum production and production and refiningrefining

The BadThe Bad Russian factories were Russian factories were

huge, but not up to huge, but not up to western technical western technical standardsstandards

Labor force was not Labor force was not highly skilledhighly skilled

Backwards agricultural Backwards agricultural production systemproduction system

Largely illiterate peasant Largely illiterate peasant class which lacks capitalclass which lacks capital

Lack of middle-classLack of middle-class

ReformersReformers By the 1870’s By the 1870’s

Alexander II is pulling Alexander II is pulling back on reforms.back on reforms.– Censorship, dissidents Censorship, dissidents

arrested, etc.arrested, etc. Alexander II is Alexander II is

assassinated by a assassinated by a terrorist bomb in 1881terrorist bomb in 1881– Successors continue Successors continue

industrialization, but industrialization, but continue political continue political repression as well.repression as well.

– Persecution of the Jewish Persecution of the Jewish minority.minority. Pogroms: mass executions Pogroms: mass executions

of Jewsof Jews

ReformersReformers Socialism: Marxist Socialism: Marxist

doctrine spreads from doctrine spreads from the West to Russiathe West to Russia– Lenin claimed that a Lenin claimed that a

proletariat was proletariat was developing worldwide developing worldwide due to the spread of due to the spread of international capitalism, international capitalism, in advance of growing in advance of growing industrialization.industrialization.

– Bolsheviks: group of Bolsheviks: group of Russian Marxists, who Russian Marxists, who formed the majority formed the majority party.party.

UnrestUnrest

Working class unrest grows in Working class unrest grows in the cities, aided by the the cities, aided by the undercurrents of socialism being undercurrents of socialism being pushed by the intelligentsia.pushed by the intelligentsia.

Russian workers radicalize much Russian workers radicalize much more than western counterpartsmore than western counterparts– Unions, strikesUnions, strikes– Become interested in the “equality” Become interested in the “equality”

and “freedom” of Bolshevismand “freedom” of Bolshevism Russian government under Russian government under

Alexander III from 1881-1894 Alexander III from 1881-1894 remained stubbornly opposed to remained stubbornly opposed to compromisecompromise

Nicholas IINicholas II

Emperor from Emperor from 1894-19181894-1918

The Last Imperial The Last Imperial Emperor of RussiaEmperor of Russia

Bad fortune was Bad fortune was predicted by predicted by mystics after the mystics after the Khadynka Tragedy Khadynka Tragedy during his during his coronation in 1896coronation in 1896

Revolution!!Revolution!!

Russo-Japanese War: Russo-Japanese War: 1904, Japan wins 1904, Japan wins because Russia can’t because Russia can’t mobilize quickly.mobilize quickly.

Unleashes massive Unleashes massive protestprotest– Brutal repression was Brutal repression was

not well received, so not well received, so reform follows.reform follows.

Creation of a national Creation of a national parliament, the DUMAparliament, the DUMA

Revolution!Revolution! Stolypin Reforms:Stolypin Reforms:

– Peasants gain greater freedomPeasants gain greater freedom– Peasants can buy and sell land.Peasants can buy and sell land.– Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers who Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers who

owned land and used hired laborowned land and used hired labor Nicholas II was unable to keep his Nicholas II was unable to keep his

promises of reform.promises of reform.– Unable to surrender the autocratic Unable to surrender the autocratic

traditiontradition

Looking Ahead!Looking Ahead! Russia heads into WWI Russia heads into WWI

as an unstable nation on as an unstable nation on the brink of the brink of industrialization, and industrialization, and plenty of social pressure plenty of social pressure at home.at home.– It must fight in WWI to It must fight in WWI to

preserve diplomatic tiespreserve diplomatic ties– It must continue to protect It must continue to protect

its little “Slavic Brothers”its little “Slavic Brothers”– But, the homefront is But, the homefront is

riddled with problems…riddled with problems…– This will lead to one of the This will lead to one of the

greatest (as in most greatest (as in most influential) revolutions the influential) revolutions the world has ever seen!world has ever seen!

Japan…Setting the StageJapan…Setting the Stage Tokugawa Tokugawa

Shogunate: Strict Shogunate: Strict isolationism in Japan.isolationism in Japan.– Feudal society Feudal society

between emperor, between emperor, shogun, daimyo, and shogun, daimyo, and samuraisamurai

Ban on western Ban on western books was repealed books was repealed in 1720in 1720

Schools of Dutch Schools of Dutch studies throughout studies throughout Japan around 1850Japan around 1850

JapanJapan

1853: American 1853: American Commodore Matthew Commodore Matthew Perry arrives insisting Perry arrives insisting that America gain the that America gain the right to trade with right to trade with Japan.Japan.– 1854: He returns and 1854: He returns and

gains that right, and gains that right, and gains extraterritorialitygains extraterritoriality

JapanJapan Bureaucrats saw no other possibility Bureaucrats saw no other possibility

than to open Japanthan to open Japan– Daimyo oppose this, as do many samurai.Daimyo oppose this, as do many samurai.– They appeal to the emperor (long a They appeal to the emperor (long a

religious and ceremonial figure), rather religious and ceremonial figure), rather than the shogunthan the shogun

– Samurai are split on their support…some Samurai are split on their support…some want change, others stress conservatismwant change, others stress conservatism

Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration

1866: Japanese Civil War-1866: Japanese Civil War-Samurai forces defeat Samurai forces defeat Shogunate forces and Shogunate forces and declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji (Enlightened One) the new (Enlightened One) the new emperor.emperor.

1868: Meiji Restoration-1868: Meiji Restoration-A profound period of A profound period of change in Japan that will change in Japan that will guide Japan to becoming a guide Japan to becoming a world power into the 20world power into the 20thth centurycentury

The Meiji StateThe Meiji State

Abolishes feudalismAbolishes feudalism– Daimyo are replaced Daimyo are replaced

by nationally by nationally appointed prefects appointed prefects (district (district administrators)administrators)

Political power was Political power was centralizedcentralized

Emperor and Emperor and advisors enact advisors enact economic and social economic and social change, quicklychange, quickly

JapanJapan

Samurai travel to the West and US to Samurai travel to the West and US to learn about economic and political learn about economic and political reform.reform.

1873-1876: Meiji Ministers enact true 1873-1876: Meiji Ministers enact true social revolutionsocial revolution– 1876: Samurai class is abolished.1876: Samurai class is abolished.

Constitution in 1889 establishes the Constitution in 1889 establishes the Diet, or Parliamentary body Diet, or Parliamentary body – Could advise government, but not control itCould advise government, but not control it

The New GovernmentThe New Government Modeled after the GermansModeled after the Germans Emperor commanded the military directly Emperor commanded the military directly

and directly named his ministersand directly named his ministers– Western style clothingWestern style clothing– Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both

houses, and pass budgetshouses, and pass budgets Japanese government thus includes Japanese government thus includes

centralized Imperial Rule, combined with centralized Imperial Rule, combined with limited representative bodies copied from limited representative bodies copied from the Westthe West– Japan incorporated business leaders into its Japan incorporated business leaders into its

governing structure, while Russia defended its governing structure, while Russia defended its traditional social elitetraditional social elite

Japanese Industrial Japanese Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Create the conditions Create the conditions necessary for necessary for industrialization…industrialization…– New government banks New government banks

funded growing trade and funded growing trade and provide capital for industryprovide capital for industry

– State-built railroads State-built railroads spreadspread

– Steamships connect the Steamships connect the islandsislands

Guilds and internal road Guilds and internal road tariffs are abolished…tariffs are abolished…create a national marketcreate a national market

Land Reform Land Reform

Japanese Industrial Japanese Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Ministry of Industry Ministry of Industry (1870)(1870)– Maintained supervision Maintained supervision

of foreign advisoriesof foreign advisories– Set overall economic Set overall economic

policypolicy– Copied established Copied established

western practices, but western practices, but adaptation made it adaptation made it suitable for Japansuitable for Japan

Zaibatsu: Huge new Zaibatsu: Huge new industrial combines industrial combines formed as a result of formed as a result of accumulation of accumulation of capital.capital.

Issues in Japanese Issues in Japanese IndustrializationIndustrialization

Dependence on imports of Western Dependence on imports of Western equipment and raw materials.equipment and raw materials.

Massive population growthMassive population growth– Supply of low-cost labor fuels class tensionsSupply of low-cost labor fuels class tensions

Education improvesEducation improves– Universal education systemUniversal education system– Essential traditional moral education stressing Essential traditional moral education stressing

loyalty to the Imperial House, love of country, loyalty to the Imperial House, love of country, filial piety, respect for superiors, faith in filial piety, respect for superiors, faith in friends, charity towards inferiors, and respect friends, charity towards inferiors, and respect for oneself.for oneself.

Copied Western Fashion, hygiene, Copied Western Fashion, hygiene, calendar, but not Christianitycalendar, but not Christianity

Japanese/Western Japanese/Western DifferencesDifferences

Position of Western Position of Western Women offended Women offended the Japanesethe Japanese– Maintain inferiority of Maintain inferiority of

Women in the homeWomen in the home Standards of Standards of

Japanese courtesy Japanese courtesy conflict with the conflict with the WestWest

Shintoism gains Shintoism gains followers throughout followers throughout this periodthis period

Japanese New ImperialismJapanese New Imperialism Japan engages in imperialism at the turn of the Japan engages in imperialism at the turn of the

2020thth century century– Needs natural resourcesNeeds natural resources– Gives displaced samurai a way to exercise military Gives displaced samurai a way to exercise military

talentstalents Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

– Treaty of Shimonoseki: April 17, 1895Treaty of Shimonoseki: April 17, 1895– China was forced to acknowledge the complete China was forced to acknowledge the complete

independence of Korea; to cede the island of independence of Korea; to cede the island of Taiwan, the P’enghu Islands, and the Liaodong Taiwan, the P’enghu Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula in northeastern China to Japan and pay a Peninsula in northeastern China to Japan and pay a large indemnity. large indemnity.

– Concerned that the treaty would destabilize the Concerned that the treaty would destabilize the colonial balance of power in East Asia, Russia, colonial balance of power in East Asia, Russia, France, and Germany then forced a revision of the France, and Germany then forced a revision of the Treaty of Shimonoseki under which Japan had to Treaty of Shimonoseki under which Japan had to renounce its claim to Liaodong. renounce its claim to Liaodong.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)1905)

Russia’s growing Russia’s growing strength in East Asia strength in East Asia due to the due to the construction of Trans-construction of Trans-Siberian Railway Siberian Railway threatened Japanese threatened Japanese interests in Manchuriainterests in Manchuria

Japanese win handily Japanese win handily by 1905by 1905

Japanese take on Japanese take on Korea as protectorate Korea as protectorate in 1905 and annex in 1905 and annex Korea in 1910Korea in 1910

Friction in Japanese SocietyFriction in Japanese Society

Clash between traditional standards Clash between traditional standards and the young, who were more and the young, who were more interested in western standards.interested in western standards.

Japan’s parliament often clashed with Japan’s parliament often clashed with the Emperor’s ministersthe Emperor’s ministers– Dissolve Diet, then re-electDissolve Diet, then re-elect– AssassinationsAssassinations

The Antidote to Cultural The Antidote to Cultural InsecurityInsecurity

National loyalty and devotion to the National loyalty and devotion to the EmperorEmperor

Nationalism was built on traditions of Nationalism was built on traditions of superiority, cohesion, and deference superiority, cohesion, and deference to rulers.to rulers.

Justified sacrifice and struggle as part Justified sacrifice and struggle as part of the national mission to preserve of the national mission to preserve independence and dignity in the worldindependence and dignity in the world