Initial Environmental Examination

September 2011

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

Bihta- Sarmera Subproject (SH-78)

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 26 September 2011)

Currency unit – Indian rupee(Rs) Rs1.00 = $0.0202296060

$1.00 = Rs49.432500

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB – Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM – Chief General Manager CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRRI – Central Road Research Institute DoE – Department of Environment DFO – District Forest Officer DGM – Deputy General Manager DPR – Detailed Project Report EA – Executing Agency EFRC – Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environment Management Plan EMoP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO – Environmental Officer GDP – Gross Domestic Product GoB – Government of Bihar GoI – Government of India GRC – Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IMD – Indian Meteorological Department INR – Indian Rupees IRC – Indian Road Congress MDR Major District Road MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL Mean Sea Level NGO Nongovernment Organization NH National Highway NOx Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP Net State Domestic Product PIU Project Implementation Unit PPE Personal Protective Equipment PWD Public Works Department R and R Resettlement and Rehabilitation RCD Road Construction Department ROB Road over Bridge Rs Indian Rupees ROW Right of way RCD Road Construction Department RSPM Respirable Suspended Particulate RP Resettlement Plan SC Supervision Consultant SH State Highway

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPS ADB Safeguard Policy Statement SOI Survey of India SPCB State Pollution Control Board TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference UNDP United Nations Development Program

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

km – kilometer m – meter m3 – cubic meter

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary ................................................................................................................ I 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Project Background ............................................................................................... 1 1.2. Extent of IEE ......................................................................................................... 1 1.3. IEE Content ........................................................................................................... 1 1.4. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 2

1.4.1. Information/ data Sources .................................................................................. 2 1.4.2. Public Consultation ............................................................................................ 3

1.5. Organizational Setting of Implementing Agency ..................................................... 3 2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ............................................................ 5

2.1. Country‟s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project. ........... 5 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process ......................................................................... 6 2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive Framework ........................................ 8

3. Description of the Project............................................................................................ 9

3.1. Project Location ..................................................................................................... 9 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road ........................................................................ 9 3.3. Category of the Project ........................................................................................ 10 3.4. Need for the Subproject ....................................................................................... 10 3.5. Existing and Projected Traffic .............................................................................. 11 3.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities ................................................. 12 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost ......................................................... 15

4. Description of the Environment ................................................................................ 16

4.1. Physical Environment .......................................................................................... 16 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate ................................................................................. 16 4.1.2. Natural Hazards ............................................................................................... 16 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality ....................................................................................... 17 4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography ....................................................... 18 4.1.5. Geology ........................................................................................................... 25 4.1.6. Soil .................................................................................................................. 25 4.1.7. Land use .......................................................................................................... 26 4.1.8. Groundwater .................................................................................................... 27 4.1.9. Surface water .................................................................................................. 28

4.2. Ecological Resources .......................................................................................... 32 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ........................................................................................... 32 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ............................................................................................... 33

4.3. Economic Development ....................................................................................... 34 4.3.1. Industries ......................................................................................................... 34 4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities ..................................................................................... 34

4.4. Social and Cultural Resources ............................................................................. 35 4.4.1. Population and Communities ........................................................................... 35 4.4.2. Health Facilities ............................................................................................... 36 4.4.3. Literacy ............................................................................................................ 36 4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration .................................................................. 37 4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous

Peoples ........................................................................................................... 37 4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural

significance ...................................................................................................... 37

5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and its Mitigation Measures .......................... 39 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment .......................................................................... 39

5.1.1. Climate ............................................................................................................ 39 5.1.2. Natural Hazard ................................................................................................ 39 5.1.3. Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 40 5.1.4. Noise ............................................................................................................... 41 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil .................................................................................. 43 5.1.6. Groundwater .................................................................................................... 46 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies ..................................................................... 47 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies ............ 47 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage .................................................................................. 48

5.2. Impact on Biological Environment ........................................................................ 49 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ........................................................................................... 49 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ............................................................................................... 51

5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste ......................................................... 51 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact ......................................................................................... 52

5.4.1. Positive Impacts ............................................................................................... 52 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts ........................................................................... 52 5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic ................................................................ 55 5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials ................................................................ 56

6. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ..................................................... 57

6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed .................................................. 57 6.2. Compliance with Regulatory and Funding Agency Requirement .......................... 57

6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ................................................................ 57 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments ........................................... 57 6.2.3. Consultation with NGOs ................................................................................... 59

6.3. Beneficiaries‟ Comments ..................................................................................... 59 6.3.1. Consultation held during Detailed Design ........................................................ 59 6.3.2. Consultation held after Alignment Review ........................................................ 64

6.4. Integration of Comments into the IEE .................................................................. 65 6.5. Public Disclosure ................................................................................................. 65

7. Environmental Management plan and grievance addressal mechanism ............... 69

7.1. Environmental Management Plan ........................................................................ 69 7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans...................................................................................... 69

7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) ......................................................... 69 7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ............................................ 70 7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program ......................... 70

7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement ......................... 70 7.3.1. Institutional / Capacity Building ........................................................................ 71

7.4. Grievance Redressl Mechanism .......................................................................... 75 8. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................... 76

8.1. Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 76 List of Tables Table 1.1 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...................................................... 2 Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject .......................................... 5 Table 3.1 : Summary of SH-78 Carriageway Existing Condition ............................................ 9 Table 3.2 : Present Traffic Volume at Three Selected Locations ......................................... 11 Table 3.3 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road ................................................................ 11 Table 3.4 : Construction Materials and its Lead for the Project Road .................................. 15 Table 4.1 : Ambient Air Quality Along the project corridor (24 hourly) ................................. 18 Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ............................................... 18

Table 4.3 : Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Project Area ............................. 26 Table 4.4 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor ............................................................... 26 Table 4.5 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor ............................................................... 26 Table 4.6 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Corridor ................................................ 28 Table 4.7 : List of Water Bodies Along/across Project Corridor ........................................... 30 Table 4.8 : Surface Water Quality along the Rivers of Project Road .................................... 31 Table 4.9 : Total No. of Trees within proposed ROW (Govt. + Private) ................................ 32 Table 4.10 : Trees along Existing Road in Govt. Land ......................................................... 33 Table 4.11 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ............................... 36 Table 4.12 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts............................ 36 Table 4.13 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts ......................................... 37 Table 4.14 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category .............................. 37 Table 5.1 : Noise-Sensitive receptors within 60 m from the carriageway ............................. 42 Table 5.2 : Affected Common Property Resources ............................................................. 56 Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments. ........................ 58 Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community ................................................................. 60 Table 6.3 : Findings of Consultations Held after Design Review ......................................... 66 Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ................................. 72 Table 7.2 : Combined Training Budget for BSHP-II ............................................................. 73 List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL ...................................................................... 4 Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance Procedure .................................................................. 7 Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various Regulatory Bodies ..................................... 8 Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross Section of Standard 2-Lane Road .............................................. 12 Figure 4.1 : Avg. Monthly Rainfall at Raingauge Stations of Patna ...................................... 16 Figure 4.2 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ....................................................................... 17 Figure 4.3 : Topographical Map of SH-78 (Bihta – Daniyawan) Section .............................. 21 Figure 4.4 : Topographical Map of SH-78 (Chandi- Sarmera Section) ................................. 24 Figure 4.5 : Geological Map of Bihar ................................................................................... 25 Figure 4.6 : Landuse Map of the Study Area (within 7 Km) ................................................. 27 Figure 4.7 : River System of the Project Area ..................................................................... 29 Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation ........................................ 72 List of Appendix Appendix 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ................................................... i Appendix 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards ......................................................... v Appendix 4.2 : Ambient Noise Level Limits (In Leq dB(A)), India ......................................... vi Appendix 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS:

10500, 1991) ................................................................................................................. vii Appendix 4.4 : Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB,

1979) ............................................................................................................................. x Appendix 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management .................................................... xi Appendix 5.2 : Details of Affected CPRs .............................................................................. xv Appendix 6.1 : List of Participants in Public Consultations ................................................. xvii Appendix 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan (SH-78: Bihta- Sarmera) ........................ xxii Appendix 7.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators ........................................... 40 List of Maps Map 1: Project Location (Bihta- Sarmera) Sub-project ................................................... a Map 2: Key Alignment Plan of Section 1 (Bihta-Daniyawan) .......................................... b Map 3: Key Alignment Plan of Section 2 (Chandi-Sarmera) ........................................... c

Map 1: Project Location (Bihta- Sarmera) Sub-project

Map 2: Key Alignment Plan of Section 1 (Bihta-Daniyawan)

Map 3: Key Alignment Plan of Section 2 (Chandi-Sarmera)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Description of the Project. The road condition in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and riding quality. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million populations compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads have poor riding quality, poor geometry, weak pavement, and inadequate capacity; and lack bridges causing high transport cost and excessive travel time. To address this problem, Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 kms of key State Highways are under implementation. In this series, GOB has approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 4 state highways aggregating 254 kms under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHP II). .

2. Description of the Subproject. The proposed upgrading of the State Highway-78: Bihta-Sarmera Subproject, one of the 4 state highway subprojects under BSHP II is divided into two sections. The first segment starts at Junction of NH-30 near Bihta and ends at junction of NH-30A near Daniyawan totalling 52.3 km. However, due to the proposed development of Patna-Buxar section of NH-30 which intersects SH-78 at Kanhauli, BSRDCL has decided to shift the start point to Kanhauli at km 4.5 of SH-78. The other section starts at Junction of NH-30A near Chandi and ends at Junction of NH-82 near Sarmera totalling 48.014 Km. There is a gap of 20km between end point of first segment and start point of second segment. This 20 km section is part of National Highway 30A. The total length of this subproject is 100.314 km. However the executable/construction length is reduced to 95.300 Km1.

3. The subproject will upgrade the existing bad to very bad road condition into a paved 2-lane divided carriageway configuration with improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitated and new bridges, adequate cross drainage structures and side drains, improved junctions/intersections, underpasses and other way side amenities. This road design will be adequate to cater to the volume of traffic until 2030 which is predicted to increase from the current 7,392 to 55,910 vehicles (average annual daily traffic). The subproject will be implemented in 36 months with an estimated cost of INR 3917 Million.

4. Initially, the subproject was designed to follow the majority of the SH-78 alignment but bypassing Sadisopur, Naubatpur, Pupun, Jatt Dumri, Kansari, Rahui, Bind, and Gopalbad bypasses. However, further analysis revealed that a realignment that bypasses traffic choke points is more superior in terms of road safety with smoother transitions, and limited involuntary resettlement. Environmentally, the realignment is also preferred as road construction activities interaction with the existing settlements are less.

5. The preferred SH-78 re-alignment, which is the subject of this initial environmental examination, has several more bypasses to include: Patna District: Kanhauli –Painal (4.6-5.5), Pali Chandar-Mamrejpur-Gopalpur-Sirivar (18.4-19.45), Nadpur-Dumri-Nima, Ghordour-Rasulpur-Lakhna (29.860-39.820). Nalanda District: Madhopur-Dayalpur-Hanumangarh-Bhagwanpur-Chandi-Gokhulpur-Shrirampur KarijjamaBarbhuna (0.00-6.00), Charuiper-

1 Total length is reduced due to shifting of start points in both sections and geometric improvement during design review. For all

references, starting chainage for Section I and Section II is reckoned from Km 4.5 and Km -0.325 m respectively.

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Muzzafarpur-Kaithole-Parasi (10.00-16.250), Rahui (19.200-21.400), Bhandari (23.200-25.00), Bhinda (27.00-28.300).

6. The subproject, with its realignment, is still classified as Category-B in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas reinforces the conclusion that no adverse impacts will result. Further, no archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. Under the EIA Notification, 2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, the subproject is categorised as Category „B” and requires prior environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA).2 Since SEIAA was not constituted till EIA preparation, clearance was obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).

7. MoEF issued the Environmental Clearance for the proposed upgrading of SH-78 and its revised alignment on June 29, 2011 having serial number F.N. 10-76/2010-IA.III.

8.

9. The initial IEE, that was reviewed and disclosed in the ADB Website as required, was prepared in 2010 by BSRDCL consistent with the ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Although the subproject is proposed to be implemented into 2 phases, this IEE has considered all likely impacts of 4-lane configuration.

10. Description of the Environment. The subproject area is located in the Ganga Plain Zone which has a tropical monsoon climate. Hot season starts on April until June while cold season extends from December to February, and monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 1000 to 1200 mm in the project districts. Bihar is considered as the most flood-prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. Significant part of the subproject area is flood affected. In the Bihta-Daniyawan section, the alignment passes through flood affected areas starting from right bank of Punpun up to Daniyawan. Area beyond left bank of Punpun River is protected from flood due to construction of embankment. The major portion of the alignment between Rahui-Bind-Sarmera is also flood affected in Chandi-Sarmera section. Most of the project area lies in vast open agricultural land and is largely free from air pollution and noise generating sources. All measured parameters for air quality and noise level confirms at all monitored locatons.

11. The subproject is located in a flood plain with its geomorphology consisting of alluvium, levee and back swamps along the river systems. Its topography is generally flat with an elevation of 61m at Bihta, 49 m at Daniyawan, 53m at Chandi and 43m at Sarmera and gently sloping towards north-east.

2 The EA has yet to formally approach MoEF for formal categorisation and grant of environmental clearance.

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Geologically it is part of Magadh Formation characterized by silt, clay, and sand of quaternary period transgressing over the alluvial upland and spreading along the valley sides of river drainage systems. The project area is mainly covered by thick alluvium soil which is well drained, medium to heavy (kewal) textured and alkaline by reactions have high bulk density, poor infiltration rate, sticky and plastic character.

12. Satellite imagery based landuse classification for 7 km radius indicates that the predominant land is agricultural (37% in first section and 49%) in 2nd section) Land use/land cover of the proposed subproject corridor (lengthwise) was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 85%). The flood prone areas are mono cropped. Built-up Area constitutes about 7% and rest is occupied for plantation, water bodies, community property resources, and miscellaneous use.

13. There is abundant groundwater available in the subproject area and used for all purposes including irrigation. Groundwater yield is high (above 150m3/hr) to moderate (50-150m3/hr) in the region. The project area is drained by a number of rivers/rivulets. Hydrology of the project area is governed by Punpun and Kiul-Harohar rivers with their final outfall in Ganga River. Chandi-Sarmera section is also drained by large number of river/rivulets. Most of these rivers/streams like the Mohane, Panchane, Goithwa, and Gerain forms the part of Harohar-Kiul river basin which make confluence with Ganga near Lakhisara. Most of the rivers have seasonal flow. The Punpun River is the main cause of flooding in the subproject area due to reduced channel capacities due to siltation and backwater flow coming from the Ganga River. The water quality of these rivers is suitable for irrigation- Class D and propagation of wild life and fisheries -Class-E.

14. The subproject area is devoid of any type of forests. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. Since most part of the project corridor passes through open agricultural land, large number of roadside trees is not affected considering to the length of the project road. However, there are few orchards en route the corridor. Trees along roadside are mainly non-fruit bearing in nature whereas privately owned orchards are mostly comprised of fruit bearing trees. About 1,782 of these trees will be removed along the proposed ROW. Out of these, 349 trees are in Govt. land and 1,433 are privately owned.

15. Despite abundant water bodies in the project area, large scale/organized fishing was not observed with the exception of the Punpun River which supports small scale fishing near Village Newa along the project Road.

16. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and

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jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the state are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area.

17. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 kms. of National Highways, 4,192 km of State highways, 12,579 kms. of district roads and over 69,000 km. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India.. About 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC).

18. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The subproject district contributes nearly 9 % of the state population. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, Patna being the state capital, the health care facilities is comparatively better than Nalanda. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in Patna. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate of 65.38%. There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. Among the project districts, Patna has the higher literacy rate of 63.4% the highest in the state while Nalanda ranks 9th. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance.

19. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Srirampur, BIhta; Bhagwatipur, Sadisopur; Newa Village; Village Lakhana and Nima; Balua Chak; Kansari Village; Sikandarpur, Daniyawan; Jatipur, Chandi; Bledhana; Salespur-Beldhana; Mill Par, Noorsarai; Chauripar Village; Rahui; Rampur; Susandi; Bind; Jhana Village; Malama Village; Gopalbad; and Bediya Village), and NGOs (Sankalpkrit Sewa Manch, Nidaan Loksewashram, Ravi Commercial Institute,

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Vishwashanti Vikash Sewasanthan, Subham Jagriti, and Joint Action Networking) between March to June 2010.

20. Additional consultations were held at 9 community settlements during May-June 2011 mainly where alignment is revised after design review. The findings left with the conclusion that revised alignment is largely acceptable to local people.

21. The significant impacts during design and construction stage include the constricted sections of the roads which will be by-passed or require road alignment improvement to avoid and minimize resettlement and other sensitive structures and locations particularly in Sadisopur, Naubatpur, Newa, Kansari-Moiudinpur, Dumri, Rahui, Bind, and Gopalbad. Since the subproject area is located on a flood-prone area, flooding may be exacerbated due to inadequate cross drainage structures and embankments were raised without proper balancing culverts. An estimated 1,782 trees will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:2 basis. Besides, avenue plantation shall be carried to enhance the microclimate and aesthetics.

22. Short-term deterioration of air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities.

23. During operation stage, the main impacts are on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road crosses several river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections which can act as impediment to natural flow of water. Other issues relate to increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and animals. To minimize the impact on the local hydrology, adequate cross drains and their proper maintenance will be implemented. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian.

24. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large population and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear

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out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts.

25. Conclusion. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

1. The road condition in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and riding quality. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million populations compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads have poor riding quality, poor geometry, weak pavement, and inadequate capacity; and lack bridges causing high transport cost and excessive travel time.

2. With the above background, Government of Bihar (GOB) approached Asian Development Bank for financial assistance to rehabilitate and upgrade newly declared state highways under Bihar State Highways Development Program. 820 kms of key State Highways are under implementation. In this series, GOB has approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 4 state highways aggregating 354 Kms. under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHP II).

3. Initial Environmental Examination for the Bihta-Sarmera (SH-78) sub-project was conducted in 2010 based on detailed design in consistent to ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. Modification in design was made in some sections during design review by the executing agency. This has necessitated updation of the IEE based on the revised alignment. The sub-project is categorized as Category ‘B’.

1.2. Extent of IEE

4. IEE is updated based on modified alignment. It covers all activities viz. site clearance (tree cutting, shifting of utilities etc.), construction activities including material sourcing (borrowing, quarrying, and transportation) and operation (traffic movement). The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out on the following environment components: terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, air, noise, and socio economic aspects. Although the subproject is proposed to be implemented into 2 phases3, this IEE has considered all likely impacts of 4-lane configuration.

1.3. IEE Content

5. The IEE has been largely structured in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 and ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight Chapters including this introduction chapter.

Chapter 1- Introduction

Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

Chapter 3- Description of Project

Chapter 4- Description of Environment

3 The DPR study consists of preparation of Feasibility Study and Detailed Project Report DPR) for four laning of Bihta –

Sarmera. However, after considering the forecasted traffic and lane requirement, it was later decided to prepare the DPR in two stages with two lane plus paved shoulder combination in the first phase and widening to four lane divided carriage way in the second phase. Accordingly the DPR consultant has prepared a two stage DPR and submitted estimate for phase 1 with acquisition proposal of 60m considering the requirement of four lane road.

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Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation

Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redressal Mechanism

Chapter 8 Conclusion and Recommendation

1.4. Methodology

6. Suitable methodology has been adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, project scoping exercise was undertaken identifying the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes:

Review of legal requirements

Review of feasibility study

Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation.

Primary and secondary data collection

Consultation with stakeholders

Identification of impacts and mitigation measures

Institutional review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA.

1.4.1. Information/ data Sources

Key relevant information sources has been summarised in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Project objectives, Technical information on existing road features and proposed rehabilitation work

Bihar State Road Development Corporation, Ltd. (BSRDCL), Design Consultant and ADB PPTA Technical Review Technical

Inventorisation of road features; viz. water Bodies, Community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc.

Ground Physical surveys

Climatic Condition State of Environment report on Bihar by (state Pollution Control Board) SPCB, Envis Website

4,

NIC, Wikipedia, Feasibility report, primary data collection

Geology, Seismicity, Soil and Topography

State of Environment report published by SPCB, websites, and feasibility report, primary data collection

Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey, Satellite imagery based landuse classification.

Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet and field observation

4 http:// www.gov.bih.nic.in/, http://bsrdcl.bih.nic.in, http:// www.patna.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.nalanda.bih.nic.in/,

http:// www.disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.fmis.bih.nic.in/, http://www.envfor.nic.in/, ,

3

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation norms etc.

Divisional Forest Office, Patna and Nalanda

Status of Fishing Activity District Fisheries offices

Air quality Noise, Soil and Water Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples

Borrow Areas, Quarries and other construction material source

Road Construction Department (RCD), Design consultant, SPCB and public consultation during field visit

River geo-morphology, hydrology, drainage, flood patterns,

Irrigation and flood control department and Feasibility report, field observations

Socioeconomic Environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, Official websites maintained by state Govt., census of India 2001 and Public Consultation during the Field survey

1.4.2. Public Consultation

7. Extensive consultations were held during different stages (reconnaissance, detailed design and design review) with all stakeholders‟ that includes local and beneficiary population, government departments/agencies, fishermen, road users and NGOs. This was done with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information gathered was used for integration in project design and formulating mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

1.5. Organizational Setting of Implementing Agency

8. RCD is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies have redefined.

9. BSRDCL is the executing agency (EA) for this project now. The organisational setup of BSRDCL has been illustrated at Figure 1.1. The EA capability for effective implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been assessed and the same is presented at Chapter 7 with need of additional capacity strengthening.

4

Note: TA: Technical Advisor, GM: General Manager, DGM: Deputy General Manager PPP: Public Private Partnership, LA: Land Acquisition, QC: Quality Control, CM: Contract Management

Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project.

10. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules, and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been carried out to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all required clearances/ permissions related to environment has been summarised in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject

S. No.

Clearances Acts/ Rules/

Notifications/ Guidelines

Concerned Agency

Responsibility

A. Pre-construction Stage

1 Environmental Clearance

5

New EIA Notification, 2006 amended 2009 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986

State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA), If not constituted then MoEF

BSRDCL

2 Permission for felling of trees

Forest Conservation Act (1980) Procedural Guidelines developed by the Department of Environment, GOB under the orders of the Hon‟ble High Court; Tree removal will be guided as per state government rules.

District Level Committee constituted by the State Govt.

BSRDCL

B. Implementation Stage

3 Permission for Sand Mining from river bed

Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 as amended in 1972

River Board Authorities/ Department of Mining Govt. of Bihar

Contractor

4 Consent to operate Hot mix plant, Crushers,

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981

Bihar Pollution Control Board

Contractor

5 The Notification entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road projects.

Category A -i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State.

Category B-i) All new State High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 100 m msl and or ecologically sensitive areas)

Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category „B‟ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”.

The project was appraised by Expert Appraisal Committee of MoEF on 31

st May 2011 and was recommended for

Environmental Clearance.

6

S. No.

Clearances Acts/ Rules/

Notifications/ Guidelines

Concerned Agency

Responsibility

Batching Plant

5 Authorization for Disposal of Hazardous Waste

Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989

Bihar Pollution Control Board

Contractor

6 Consent for disposal of sewage from labour camps.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974

Bihar Pollution Control Board

Contractor

7 Storage of Explosive materials

The Explosives Act (& Rules) 1884 (1983)

Chief Controller of Explosives

Contractor

8 Pollution Under Control Certificate

Central Motor and Vehicle Act 1988

Department of Transport, Govt. of Bihar authorised testing centres

Contractor

9 Employing Labour/workers

The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996,

District Labour Commissioner

Contractor

2.2. Environmental Clearance Process

1. The procedure for obtaining environmental clearance has been depicted at Figure 2.1. This project follow the route applicable to category B projects and shown on right hand side of this figure. On June 29, 2011 the MoEF issued the Environment Clearance F.N. 10-76/2010-IA III to BSRDCL allowing the proposed upgrading of SH -78 based on revised alignment.

7

Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance Procedure

8

2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive Framework

11. The Government through specific legislations regulates the environmental management system in India. The MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB i.e. Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State Pollution Control Boards) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the part. Other Ministries/Statutory Bodies/departments responsible for ensuring environmental compliance and granting various clearances includes state ministry /dept. of environment, regional offices of MoEF and state forests/wildlife departments. Their key roles and responsibilities and interface among them have been concisely depicted through the flow diagram Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various Regulatory Bodies

9

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

3.1. Project Location

12. The subproject road section (SH-78) is located in the state of Bihar. It has been distinctively divided into 2 segments separated by NH 30A. The first segment, Bihta-Daniyawan is in Patna District and the other section, Chandi-Sarmera is in Nalanda District. The first segment starts at Junction of NH-30 near Bihta and ends at junction of NH-30A near Daniyawan totalling 52.3 km. However, due to the proposed development of Patna-Buxar section of NH-30 which intersects SH-78 at Kanhauli, BSRDCL has decided to shift the start point to Kanhauli at km 4.5 of SH-78. The other section starts at Junction of NH-30A near Chandi and ends at Junction of NH-82 near Sarmera totalling 48.014 Km. There is a gap of 20km between end point of first segment and start point of second segment. This 20 km section is part of National Highway 30A. The total length of this subproject is 100.314 km. However the executable/construction length is reduced to 95.300 Km6. The Location map of Bihar State Highway Projects II is given as Map 1:. Key Alignment Plan for Bihta- Daniyawa and Chandi-Sarmera Sections are attached as Map 2: and Map 3:, respectively.

3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road

13. The first section is two lane bituminous road for about 6 km. The later section for the most part is a single lane bituminous road under section metalled under Rural Engineering Organization (REO) and remaining is poor to bad REO, village and ODR roads. The alignment of the existing project road is very zigzag in several stretches and also has many substandard curves.

14. Carriageway condition of the existing road is poor to very poor for most part (58 Km) and remaining is under good, fair and mostly fair conditions. Section wise details of carriageway condition are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 : Summary of SH-78 Carriageway Existing Condition

Chainage Width (m) Carriageway Condition

0+450 5+000 3.4-7.0 Good

5+000 9+000 3.5 Poor

9+000 19+000 3.0-3.7 Very Poor

19+000 30+000 3.0-3.7 Poor

30+000 45+000 3.0-3.8 Mostly fair

57+000 84+000 2.5-5.5 Poor

93+000 105+000 3.5 Fair

105+000 111.000 3.5 Poor

15. The project corridor runs mainly in flat terrain and is part of indo-gangetic alluvium with an elevation of 61 m at Bihta, 49 m at Daniyawan, 53 m at Chandi and 43 m at Sarmera with slope towards east. A number of river/rivulets drain the project influence area. Significant part of the road section (from right bank of Punpun upto Daniyawan in Bihta- Daniaywan section and Rahui-Bind-Sarmera in Chandi-Sarmera section) remain water logged during monsoon period. The land use along the project road is mainly agricultural. The road right-of-way (ROW) available ranges from 20 to 30 m in Chandi Bazaar and the remaining sections it varies from 7 to 20 m. Formation width where it is black topped is limited to 3.5 to 5.5 m. Entire stretch is

6 Total length is reduced due to shifting of start points in both sections and geometric improvement during design review. For all

references, starting chainage for Section I and Section II is reckoned from Km 4.5 and Km -0.325 m respectively.

10

devoid of side drains and cross drainage structures are also not adequate. There are bottlenecks at several places in the form of level crossings at Sadisopur, Jat Dumri, and Kadibigha and un-bridged gaps on river Punpun, Dardha, Goithwa and Jerain. Besides, there are several settlements of semi urban nature along the existing corridor. Important among them are Naubatpur, Dumri, Daniyawan, Chandi, Noorsarai, Rahui, Bind and Sarmera.

3.3. Category of the Project

16. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist (Appendix 2.1) for Roads and Highways of the ADB„s Environmental Assessment Guidelines 2003. The subproject section neither passes through nor is located near any Wildlife Sanctuary, National Park, Reserved Forests, or any other environmentally sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and most of the habitated areas have been bypassed. Majority of the activities have short-term minor, negligible, or no residual impacts. However, since significant part of the road traverses through flood prone areas, specific engineering solutions are desirable to prevent road damage during flood. Hence, the project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009.

17. From India‟s Legal System perspective, the project is categorised as Category „B1” and requires prior environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). In absence of duly constituted SEIAA, environmental clearance was obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Government of India.

3.4. Need for the Subproject

18. The road project connects with six national highways (NH-30, NH-30A, NH-31, NH-98, NH-83 and NH-82), two state highways (SH-1 and SH-58) and several major district roads providing access to important destinations within the state and country as well. Traffic conditions of intersecting national highways are expected to be significantly improved by easing out traffic in various stretches specifically that of NH-30 between Bihta–Danapur-Fatuha. The subproject section will be vital link for the two major districts (the state capital Patna and Nalanda). The project after its implementation will serve as east-west corridor of the State and provides bypass to Patna which is facing a chaotic traffic condition. The project road will benefit more than 7 million populations (mainly rural) by providing all weather transport, communication and accelerate the local economy. Besides, the tourism potential of the state will also increase since it connects several major tourist destinations of the state and neighbouring areas.

19. More specifically, the BSHP II will:

Improve management of the state highway network through the institutional development component and the TA, and enhance the road condition and usesability of the state trunk roads

Increase travel speeds, and reduce travel time, accidents, overloading, and vehicle emissions

Enhance RCD capacity for road asset development and management

Ensure more efficient road asset development and management, and higher quality of construction and maintenance, resulting in decreased recurrent costs over the medium and long term

11

Accelerate the social and economic developments in Bihar through improved access to socioeconomic services, increase employment opportunities, and improve transport services.

3.5. Existing and Projected Traffic

20. The appreciation of traffic characteristics is one of most important activity to evaluate the potential of the existing network and identify the major issues to develop various components of the proposed project corridor. Hence, the existing and projected traffic scenario has been described before any other project component.

21. Existing Traffic Volume: The classified traffic volume count data collected has been analyzed by location and include – average daily traffic (ADT), hourly variation in total traffic, vehicular composition, peak hour traffic etc. The traffic data has been converted into passenger car unit (PCU) to determine the relative effect of different types of vehicle on the traffic flow as compared to car as a standard vehicle. After thorough site inspection, the project corridor has been divided in to 3 homogeneous sections accordingly with reference to traffic movements Table 3.2.

Bihta- Daniyawan (Km 0.00 to Km 52.000)

Chandi-Bhaganbigha (Km 52.00 to Km 72.000)

Bhaganbigha-Sarmera (Km72.00toKm112)

Table 3.2 : Present Traffic Volume at Three Selected Locations

Location ADT in Vehicles ADT in PCU

Bihta (on NH-30) 10,242 18,329

Daniyawan (on NH-30A) 7,775 12,068

Bhaganbigha (on NH-31) 8,480 13,717 Source: Detailed Project Report

22. Projected Traffic: Traffic projection has been done considering diverted traffic at all three locations (50% of AADT) (ii) expected AADT of the project road (7,352 PCU) and (iii) likely generated traffic (25% of the expected ADDT). The base year has been taken as 2006 and projection has been done for the years 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025, and 2030. The projected traffic has been summarised in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 : Projected Traffic for the Project Road

Year

Bihta (on NH-30)

Daniyawan (on NH-30A)

Bhaganbigha (on NH-31)

Project Road

Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU

2005/06 10,242 18,329 7,775 12,068 8,480 13,717 5,520 9,201

2010 13,820 24,477 9,413 15,053 10,602 17,433 7,392 12,229

2015 21,274 35,920 12,860 20,477 14,892 24,083 11,455 18,063

2020 34,361 53,947 18,746 28,689 22,071 34,040 18,786 27,543

2025 57,582 82,767 28,749 41,221 34,158 49,146 31,992 43,158

2030 99,366 129,640 45,931 60,642 54,831 72,479 55,910 69,285

Source: Detailed Project Report

23. After analysis of the projected traffic, immediate requirement of the project is for 2-lane road. However, by year 2016 the expected PCU is expected to increase to nearly 20000 which will require a 4–lane road.

12

3.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities

24. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 4-lane divided carriageway configuration (ii) improving road geometry (iii) laying of embankment (iv) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures (v) construction of side drains (vi) construction of ROBs (vii) Junctions/intersections improvement (viii) provision of service roads, underpasses, and way side amenities. The brief of all key components and project activities are described below.

25. Road Configuration: It is proposed to reconstruct/widen the road to 4 lane standard divided carriageways of 7.0 m width with a median of 4.5.m including the kerbs on either side. Paved shoulders with average width of 1.5 m are proposed. Structures will be 4-lane standard configuration with independent 7.0 m carriageways on both sides is proposed. However, in the first phase civil works for two lane facilities except for road over bridge (ROB) is proposed for construction and later on to be extended and developed to four lanes. The typical cross section of standard 2-lane has been given at Figure 3.1

26. Proposed Right-of-Way and Land Requirement: The 60-m uniform ROW has been decided keeping in mind the future need of expansion and requirement of comparatively more construction width due to high embankment in some stretches. As realignment is proposed for major part of the project road, significant land acquisition is involved. Total land requirement is estimated to be 548.28 Ha in 88 revenue villages.

Figure 3.1 : Typical Cross Section of Standard 2-Lane Road

27. Geometric Improvement: Both horizontal (curves) and vertical alignments (gradient, summit and valley curves) will be improved to mitigate all areas of concern especially safety aspects. Horizontal alignment is retained as approved by the EA. Modications in super elevation (SE) will be done at certain locations as per site conditions.

28. Realignment/Bypasses: Realignments and bypasses are proposed in about 85% of the total project road length due to: (i) poor road geometry (ii) inadequate ROW (iii) heavily built-up areas at several locations (iv) to locate bridges at suitable locations (v) minimizing the requirement of over bridges/flyovers and ROBs (vi) interfering with proposed activities of railways at some locations (vii) shifting of utilities and many other bottlenecks.

13

Bypasses are proposed at major community settlements likePatna District: Kanhauli –Painal (4.6-5.5), Pali Chandar-Mamrejpur-Gopalpur-Sirivar (18.4-19.45), Nadpur-Dumri-Nima, Ghordour-Rasulpur-Lakhna (29.860-39.820). Nalanda District: Madhopur-Dayalpur-Hanumangarh-Bhagwanpur-Chandi-Gokhulpur-Shrirampur Karijjama-Barbhuna (0.00-6.00), Charuiper-Muzzafarpur-Kaithole-Parasi (10.00-16.250), Rahui (19.200-21.400), Bhandari (23.200-25.00), Bhinda (27.00-28.300).

29. Embankment Formation: Significant part of the alignment between right bank of Punpun to Daniyawan, and Rahui-Bind-Sarmera are susceptible to flooding during monsoon, the height of the embankment is proposed at least 1m above the high flood level (HFL) The average height of embankment above the natural ground level (GL) for major and minor bridges varies from 3m to 6 m. The average height of the embankment is above the natural ground level, and will be 2.5 m wherever new construction is involved. High embankments (height 6 m or above) in all soils shall be designed from stability considerations. For design of high embankments IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines will be referred to.

30. Earth retaining structures will be provided as per IRC guidelines. Soil stabilisation in top 1 m of the embankment is proposed as the soil is silty clay mixed with sand. Side slopes will be stabilised to check erosion. There will be approximately 3 balancing culverts per Km of the road to allow the free passage of the water through the embankment.

31. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: 1 major bridge and 17 minor bridges (6 in Bihta-Daniyawan and 11 in Chandi-Sarmera section) are proposed on this project corridor. Besides, 197 culverts (148 Hume pipe and 49 box type) are proposed for safe passage of storm water. However, minor changes in CD structures may occur during implementation stage as per local site conditions.

32. Roadside Drainage: There is no proper drainage in rural or urban areas. Suitable drainage is proposed to be constructed based on hydrological design from contours, catchment characteristics, outfall points, rainfall intensity etc. In rural stretches, provisions of longititudinal side drains intercepted by mitre drain are proposed to be constructed to serve as outlet channel to reduce erosion.

33. ROBs: Three ROBs are proposed at Sadisopur (Ch. 6.700), Jat Dumri (Ch 30.920) in Bihta-Daniyawan section and at Kadibigha (Ch.17.230) in Chandi-Sarmera section.

34. Junctions/intersections Improvement: There are 10 major intersections with national highways, state highways and major district roads (MDRs), and 76 minor intersections in this project corridor. All the major intersections will be improved to ensure free and uninterrupted flow of traffic. Based on the traffic analysis, grade separation is not required at any of the above intersections.

35. Service roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made since most of the alignment is passing through open areas, bypassing the major settlements. Need for vehicular underpass has been envisaged only at Ch. Km. 31.300 to accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are recommended with following components:

14

Construction of pedestrian walkway/cycle path (1.0 +2.0 m wide ) on built up sections on both side of the road

Concrete kerb to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic

Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250mm Granular gravel base course with PCC

36. By-pass Access/Approach Roads: Since subproject road is realigned for most of its stretches, provision of access by-pass roads shall be made as required.

37. Utility Shifting: All utilities will be safely shifted/relocated with coordination with the concerned departments. However, utilities along the project road are minimum since most of the alignment passes through open agricultural land.

38. Wayside amenities/Toll Plaza/Truck Parkings: Comprehensive way side amenities will be provided at Bhaganbigha. These will have provisions for restaurants, car parking, toilets, vehicle service station, drinking water facilities, and emergency health care facilities. Truck Parking (for 10 trucks each lane) with Rest Area will be provided at Bihta, Beldarichak and Bhaganbigha. Mini Truck Parking / Bus bays will be provided at Jat Dumri, Daniyawan and Sarmera. Bus Stops shall be provided at Bihta, Naubatpur, Newa, Dumri, Kansari, Daniyawan, Noorsarai, Bhaganbigha, Rahui, Bind, Gopalbad and Sarmera.

39. Plantation/Landscaping: It is recommended to plant road side trees on either side and low height shrubs on median7 as per IRC-SP: 21:2009. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m centre to centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m.

40. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features viz. crash barriers, road studs, markings, signages, pedestrian guard rails etc. will be provided as per IRC codal Provisions (IRC: SP: 32-1988, IRC: SP: 44-1999, IRC: 103-1988, IRC: 35 and IRC: 67:2001). Executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of India Roads Congress standards are incorporated in design and during construction.

41. Material Sourcing: Soil is available locally along the project corridor. 30 borrow pits in each section have been identified within 2.5 km distance from the project corridor. Borrow area shall be operated and rehabilitated as per IRC guidelines. For all other major construction material, the quantity, source location and its average lead from the proposed dumpsites are given in Table 3.4. No quarry shall be opened specifically for this project. All stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. The locations of such quarries are given at Table 3.4 below.

7 Median plantation can be initiated in 2

nd stage during 4-laning and budgetary provisions has not been made at this stage.

15

Table 3.4 : Construction Materials and its Lead for the Project Road

S. No.

Materials Source (KM) Quantity (Cum) Remarks

1 Aggregates Gaya 100 715797

Bihta - Daniyawan

2 GSB Material Gaya 100 199300

3 Sand Falgu River 40 11510

1 Aggregates Sheikhpura 65 646970

Chandi - Sarmera ,

2 GSB Material Sheikhpura 65 180137

3 Sand Falgu River 60 10403

3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost

42. As mentioned above, stage wise construction will be adopted. The stage I involving 2- lane road construction will be implemented in 36 months distributed in 2 packages. The estimated cost of the project is estimated to be INR 3917 Million.

16

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

43. A baseline environmental condition of the environment that includes the physical, biological and socioeconomic has been established using primary and secondary sources. Efforts have been made to collect the latest information‟s both at regional as well as local level especially along the project corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators for various components.

4.1. Physical Environment

4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate

44. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winters, summer and rainy. Broadly the state can be divided into three climate zones as per its physiographic set-up: (a) Sub-Himalayan zone (b) Ganga plains zone, and (c) parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar.

45. The Ganga plains zone, where the project area lies forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during daytime. The mean maximum daily temperature falls below 21°C. Hot season covers the period from April to June. May is the hottest month. The area also experiences dust storms, thunderstorms during this period as hot winds blow with an average velocity of 8-16 Kmph. Cold weather extends from December to February, when mean minimum temperature ranges between 7.5°C - 10°C. The monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. The relative humidity ranges between 29 % during summer to 90% during August to September.

46. Rainfall varies in three climatic zones of the state. The Sub-Himalayan zone receives high rainfall of over 1400 mm whereas it ranges from 600-800mm in the Chotanagpur plateau. The average annual rainfall in the subproject districts varies from 1000 to 1200mm. The average monthly rainfall in different years at rain gauge stations of Patna has been depicted in Figure 4.1.

Source: IMD, Delhi

Figure 4.1 : Avg. Monthly Rainfall at Raingauge Stations of Patna

4.1.2. Natural Hazards

47. Flood: Out of 36 districts in Bihar, 28 districts including project districts are susceptible to flood. Nearly 73% of the total geographical area of the state is flood affected. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. Significant part of the subproject area is flood affected. In the Bihta-Daniyawan section, the

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Months (2004-2009)

Ra

infa

ll in

(m

m) 2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

17

alignment passes through flood affected areas starting from right bank of Punpun up to Daniyawan. Area beyond left bank of Punpun River is protected from flood due to construction of embankment. The major portion of the alignment between Rahui-Bind-Sarmera is also flood affected in Chandi-Sarmera section. The cause of flood has been elaborated in water resources section of this chapter.

48. Drought: Due to erratic rainfall, project districts sometimes get drought affected like in year 2009 when most of the districts of the state was declared drought hit.

49. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas, is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zone V and Zone IV. Both the project districts are located in the Zone IV. Zone IV denotes higher damage risk. A multi-hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP) indicates that both the project districts fall under moderate zone with respect to earthquakes, flood and cyclones Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 : Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar

4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality

4.1.3.1 Air Quality

50. The ambient air quality along the project corridor was monitored for respirable particulate matter (PM10 & PM 2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide. CO was monitored for 8-hourly averages and all the other parameters were monitored for 24-hourly averages. The average ambient air quality levels (Table 4.1) with respect to PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and CO ranges from 47 - 61 µg/m3, 29 - 36 µg/m3, 9 - 13 µg/m3 and 12 - 17 µg/m3 respectively. These ambient air quality levels confirm to the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) appended as Appendix 4.1 for all the parameters.

18

Table 4.1 : Ambient Air Quality Along the project corridor (24 hourly)

Parameters

Locations PM 10 PM 2.5 SO2 NOx CO

Bihta 58 34 11 17 145

Radhapur 61 36 10 16 146

Punpun 53 30 10 15 144

Kalavan Chowk 53 31 9 13 143

Janardanpur 50 30 13 14 142

Daniawan, 47 29 12 14 143

Changi 55 32 10 14 143

Tharthari 48 30 9 13 143

Bigha 47 30 9 12 142

Husena 50 30 10 12 143

CBCP Standard for industrial, residential and other Areas

100 60 80 80 2000

Source: Field Monitoring. All units are in µg/m3.

4.1.3.2 Noise Levels

51. The ambient noise levels (Table 4.2) conform to the prescribed limit for all land use categories monitored (Appendix 4.2) both during day and night time.

Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor

Noise Level Locations

Day Time (6.00 am-9.00 pm)

Night Time (9.00 pm-6.00 am)

Bihta (Residential) 48.6 43.2

Radhapur (Residential) 49.1 44.2

Punpun (Commercial) 53.3 45.4

Kalavan Chowk (Commercial) 51.3 44.6

Janardanpur (Commercial) 52.6 44.2

Daniawan,(Residential) 49.2 44.5

Changi (Residential) 50.8 43.7

Tharthari (Residential) 51.8 44.6

Bigha (Commercial) 51.5 46.3

Husena (Residential) 49.3 46.1

Standard (Commercial 65 55

Standard (Residential Zone) 55 45

Source: Onsite monitoring

4.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography

52. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are the: (i) uplifted block of hilly southern highlands (ii) Ganga foredeep of the north Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga River in the south, and (ii) Transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The project area lies in Central Bihar Plains geomorphic/physiographic unit which has been further categorised into three land systems: (i) Alluvial upland (ii) Older Flood Plain, and (iii) Present Flood Plains.

53. Project districts fall in the older flood plain constituting the intermediate terrace comprised of two land systems: (i) a narrow linear east-west

19

arrangement of levee and back swamps (Tal8), and palaeo-drainage imprints, parallel to the course of Ganga, and (ii) interfluvial land form morphology evolved in response to various river systems impressed upon the eroded basement of Older Alluvium, in segments. Major portion of project corridor is comprised of this type of landforms. The younger flood plain constitutes the present oscillatory limit of the Ganga and within channel deposits of northerly flowing channels of the project area.

54. The land profile/topography along the project corridor is in general plain with an elevation of 61m at Bihta, 49 m at Daniyawan, 53m at Chandi and 43m at Sarmera. The general slope is towards north-east. The topographic map of both the section of SH-78 is shown at Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4. (Each figure is presented in three parts A, B, and C).

8 Tal area is defined as a stretch of land having bowl shaped depressions inundated in kharif season (September-December)

due to spill/overflow from rivers or runoff from upstream end. It extends to a length of about 100 km with width varying in the range of 6 to 17 km from Fatuha in the west to the vicinity of Lakhisarai in the east covering an area of 1062 sq km. Here most natural drainage systems i.e. rivers from south simply vanish. A small portion of Bind-sarmera section comes closer to delineated Tal areas. The nearest Tal (Singhol-Sarmera Tal) is approximately 2.5 km from the project corridor. However, the soil characteristics are similar to Tal.

20

21

Figure 4.3 : Topographical Map of SH-78 (Bihta – Daniyawan) Section

22

23

24

Figure 4.4 : Topographical Map of SH-78 (Chandi- Sarmera Section)

25

4.1.5. Geology

55. The State of Bihar exhibits diverse geological formations ranging in age from

Archean to Holocene (Figure 4.5). Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include (i) the belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe of Paschim Champaran (ii) the vast Ganga Plains, (iii) the Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau extending into Rohtas region, (iv) the sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) the Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) the parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau.

56. Nearly two third of Bihar including the project districts falls in Ganga basin. Lithostratigraphically, the project area is part of Magadh Formation characterized by silt, clay, and sand of quaternary period transgressing over the alluvial upland and spreading along the valley sides of river drainage systems.

Figure 4.5 : Geological Map of Bihar

4.1.6. Soil

57. There are three major types of soils in Bihar, namely: (i) Piedmont Swamp Soil found in north-western part of west Champaran district (ii) Terai Soil found in northern part of the state along the border of Nepal and, (iii) Gangetic Alluvium is

spread along the plain of Bihar (both new as well as old). The project area is mainly covered by thick alluvium soil. The soil is well drained, medium to heavy (kewal) textured and alkaline by reactions. The soils of Tal areas are dark coloured and heavy textured, grey to dark grey in colour, medium to heavy in texture alkaline in reaction. Soils have high bulk density, poor infiltration rate, sticky and plastic character. During summer, cracks of 2 to 3 cm wide and more than 100 cm deep develop in the soil. Result of soil sampling is given in Table 4.3.

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Table 4.3 : Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Project Area

Locations

Parameters Bind Newa

Colour Grey Brown

pH(20% slurry) 8.44 8.16

Conductivity ( mhos/cm.) 316.0 285.0

Bulk density (g/cc) 1.48 1.20

Organic Matter (%) 2.4 2.0

Texture Clay Loam Sandy Loam

Nitrogen 765 mg./100 gm. 682 mg./100 gm.

Potassium 408 mg./100 gm. 386 mg./100 gm.

Phosphorous 34 mg./100 gm. 28 mg./100 gm.

4.1.7. Land use

58. Land use/land cover of the core zone (100m on either side): the proposed subproject corridor (lengthwise) was assessed during field observation. Project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 85%). Built-up Area constitutes about 7% and rest is occupied for plantation, water bodies, community property resources, and miscellaneous use (Table 4.4).

Table 4.4 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor

Agriculture Approx 85%

Built-up Approx 7%

Roadside Plantation, Pvt. Orchards , scrub and grasses Approx 3%

Water bodies Approx 3%

Community Property and Misc. 2%

59. Landuse of the Study Area: Satellite based landuse classification (Table 4.5 and Figure 4.6) has been done for 7 km buffer area for both the section separately. Unsupervised classification was performed using ERDAS Imagine software. Classification was supported by ground verification.

Table 4.5 : Land use (in %)of the Project corridor

Landuse Category Section 1 (%) Section 2 (%)

Cultivable Land 37.19 49.06

Vegetation/ Shrubs/ etc. 33.62 6.69

Built-up Area 13.26 30.08

Wasteland/ Sand/fallow Land 13.32 4.88

Water bodies 0.36 3.92

Road/Railways and other infrastructure 2.26 1.24

Wetland/swampy area ------ 4.33

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Figure 4.6 : Landuse Map of the Study Area (within 7 Km)

4.1.8. Groundwater

60. Due to favourable geologic setup, abundant groundwater is available in the project area. Ground water is used for all purposes including irrigation. The shallow groundwater aquifer in the area occurs under unconfined state while deeper aquifers are under semi confined to confined state. Shallow water table condition exists in close proximity to rivers. The depth of water table in

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the area varies from 4-35 m below ground level. Groundwater yield is high (above 150m3/hr) to moderate (50-150m3/hr) in the region.

61. The ground water quality in two locations, Bihta and Chandi, meets the drinking water standards (Appendix 4.3). Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected during field survey in the study area has been summarised in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Corridor

Locations Parameters

Bihta Chandi

Color, Hazen, Unit < 5.0 < 5.0

Electrical Conductivity(µmho/cm) 740.0 820.0

Turbidity (NTU) < 1.00 < 1.00

pH 7.16 7.24

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/ltr) 445.8 478.2

Total Suspended Solids, (mg/ltr) 3.6 2.5

Total Hardness (mg/ltr) 216.0 240.5

Chloride as Cl (mg/ltr) 70.6 20.4

Sulphate as SO4(mg/ltr) 36.8 8.5

Nitrate as NO3 (mg/ltr) 10.6 2.8

Phosphate as PO4 (mg/ltr) 0.08 0.04

Fluoride as F (mg/ltr) 0.1 0.08

Iron as Fe (mg/ltr) 0.12 1.10

Lead as Pb (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Copper as Cu (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Nickel as Ni (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Zinc as Zn (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Chromium as Cr (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Manganese as Mn (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Oil andand Grease (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Calcium as Ca (mg/ltr) 65.8 54.2

Magnesium as Mg (mg/ltr) 12.6 25.5

Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/ltr) 2.8 2.0

Total Alkalinity (mg/ltr) 216.4 315.8

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/ltr) 12.0 6.0

Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Source: Analysis of Field Samples

4.1.9. Surface water

4.1.9.1 River System and Water bodies of the Project Area

62. The project area is drained by a number of rivers/rivulets. The major rivers originate from Chotanagpur hills in south and run north-south till it finally joins river Ganga. Hydrology of the project area is governed by Punpun and Kiul-Harohar river basin/sub-basins with their final outfall in Ganga River Figure 4.7. Drainage of Bihta- Daniyawan section is largely controlled by Punpun river system with its tributaries viz. Morhar and Dardha. River Dhova also crosses the project alignment but it does not form the part of this river system. Only some off-shoots joins river Punpun at some locations. Among, all the rivers in the project area, Punpun has the largest catchment and is the only

29

perennial (though the origin is not through the glacial source) river cutting across the proposed alignment near village Newa in Bihta-Daniyawan section at Ch. Km. 23.000. It is one of the main right bank tributary of Ganga River with a catchment area of 8530 Sq.Km.

63. Chandi-Sarmera section is also drained by large number of river/rivulets. Most of these rivers/streams like the Mohane, Panchane, Goithwa, and Gerain forms the part of Harohar-Kiul river basin which make confluence with Ganga near Lakhisarai. Others river/rivulets get vanished in the low lying areas of Tal. Most of the rivers are seasonal. Only deeper portion of the rivers hold some water. List of water bodies along the corridor is given at Table 4.7.

Figure 4.7 : River System of the Project Area

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Plate 4.1: River Punpun near Newa Plate: 4.2: Dhova River near Kansari

Plate 4.3: Goithwa River near Bind Plate 4.4:River Panchane

Table 4.7 : List of Water Bodies Along/across Project Corridor

S. No.

Water Bodies Chainage S. No. Water Bodies Chainage/Village

Bihta- Daniyawan Section Chandi- Sarmera Section

1 Majhauli Canal 16+470 1 Muhane River 0+720

2 Patna Canal 16+507 2 Sansai River 6+607

3 Fatehfur Canal 16+546 3 Adhura River 13+576

4 Punpun River 22+694 4 Panchana River 18+800,

5 Nala 31+000 5 Goithwa River 29+215

6 Morhar River 35+525 6 Mahaich/Gerain 33+850

7 Dardha River 40+475 7 Kumhari River 34+427

8 Dhowa River 44+850 8 Canal 36+977

9 Nauria River 37+200

10. Kaurihar River 38+850

11. Pond (Affected) Hawanpura

12 Ditch (Affected) Beldhana

13 Ditch(Affected) Malama

14 Pond(Affected) Sonsa

15 Pond(Affected) Bind

16 Pond nearby Mirnagar

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4.1.9.2 Siltation and other Hydrological Attributes of Rivers of the project area

64. The Punpun River is instrumental for water stagnation in low-lying area due to backwater flow/over flow from the river. The water carrying capacities of all the rivers have reduced over time due to siltation resulting in floods in the basin.

65. Due to low bank and inadequate channel capacity, all the channels in the lower reaches spill heavily over their banks even during normal floods. Some portion of the floodwater on the right bank of the Punpun flow to the Dhowa river system and aggravate the flood situation in Rahui-Bind-Sarmera section of second segment. When water level in the river Ganga raises and the backwater flow enters into the Punpun, the Dardha and the Dhowa river systems, it results in inundation of a large area besides adversely affecting Tal areas.

66. Based on the state of environment report of Bihar, the sector between Jehanabad and Munger of central Bihar Plain9 is having subsidence activity thereby the phenomenon of siltation is more pronounced. The problem of slow drainage of water after flooding is associated to clogging/silting of natural drainage channels/points. At many places the drainage out-let points are narrowed due to silting. During flooding phase, the water enters through these outlets quickly due to river bank water, whereas during the drainage phase it takes longer time; (i) man-made encroachment on natural drainage system and (ii) incomplete and un-organized implementation of de-siltation schemes/programmes. The chocking of natural drainage of Harohar River caused by silting of Kiul River, congestion of rivulets in Tal area, lack of sluice gate are main reasons of water logging in normal year.

67. River erosion is one of the important issues that beset Bihar. About 325 river erosion sites have been identified in the State by the water resources department, all of them are in North Bihar. None of the identified sites are along rivers of the project area. Visual observation during field survey confirms the same with exception at some places along the banks of Punpun River where the soil composition is comparatively loose and fine. Rivers in Nalanda districts are not vulnerable to erosion due to clayey characteristics of the soil.

4.1.9.3 Surface Water Quality

68. Surface water samples have been compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for Irrigation- Class D and propagation of wild life and fisheries -Class-E (Appendix 4.4). The results of the samples conforms their suitability for both these purposes. Results of the surface water quality in the project area have been summarized in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8 : Surface Water Quality along the Rivers of Project Road

Locations

Parameters

Punpun River

Gerain River

pH 7.88 7.84

418.0 376.0

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/ltr) 4.8 5.4

Free Ammonia as NH3 (mg/ltr) BDL BDL

Boron as „B‟ BDL BDL Source: Analysis of field Samples

9 Most of the rivers of the project area except Punpun and its tributaries (Morharand Dardha) lie in between this sector.

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4.2. Ecological Resources

4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology

4.2.1.1 Forests

69. Forest Areas in the state: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest" and their areas are 693 sq. km (0.75%), 5779 sq. km (6.14%) and 1 sq. km (0%) respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. As per the latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq. km., which is 5.9% of the land area.

70. Forest in Project Area: Project area is devoid of any type of forests. However, 10 nos. of trees in Bihta–Daniyawan section near ch. Km 10.5 is notified as protected forest.

4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas

71. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment.

4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations

- A total of 1782 trees are likely to be affected. Out of these, 349 trees are within existing ROW requiring permission for tree felling. Trees along roadside are mainly non-fruit bearing in nature whereas privately owned trees are mostly comprised of fruit bearing trees. No loss of any threatened, rare or endangered species is envisaged. Species found along the project corridor are Kadam-Anthrocephalus cadamba, Shisham - Dalbergia sissoo, Aam -Mangifera indica, Tar- Betula Lenta, Jamun or Java Plum- Syzygium cumini, Simul- Bombax ceiba,Tal Sagwan or Teak- Tectona grandis, Khair- Acacia catechu, Krishnachura-Delonix regia, Satiana-Alstnia scolaris, Neem- Azadirachta indica, Kikar or Babul- Acacia nilotica, Lasura or Lehswa- Cordia dichotoma, Khejri- Prosopis cineraria, Siris-Albizia lebek, Amrood or Guava- Psidium guajava, Ber or Indian Jujube- Zizyphus mauritiana, Kair or Teat -Capparis deciduas, Amita-Carica papaya, , Barh or Banyan- Ficus indicus, Ranga Kanchan-Bauhinia purpurea, Kathal-Artocarpus heterophyllus, Pipal or Bo Tree - Ficus religiosa, Eucalyptus-, Eucalyptus Globulus, Imli or Tamarind- Tamarindus indica, Guava- Psidium Guava, Shahtoot or, Mahua, Kahua and Bamboo Plantations.Table 4.9 summarises the details of likely to be affected trees.

Table 4.9 : Total No. of Trees within proposed ROW (Govt. + Private)

S. No.

Tree Name ( Local)

Botanical Name Girth size in Meter

Total 0.30-1.00

1.00-1.50

1.50-2.00 >2.00

1 Babool Acacia Arabica 30 1 0 1 32

2 Bargad Ficus Benghalensis 0 0 0 8 8

3 Ber Zizphus Mauritiana 4 5 0 0 9

4 Bel Abelllia Grandi Floria 6 5 0 0 11

5 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Globulus 4 7 2 0 13

6 Guava Psidium Guava 4 0 0 0 4

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S. No.

Tree Name ( Local)

Botanical Name Girth size in Meter

Total 0.30-1.00

1.00-1.50

1.50-2.00 >2.00

7 Gular Ficus Glomerata 7 3 1 0 11

8 Imli Tamarndus Indica 2 0 0 3 5

9 Jamun Syzgium cumini 3 1 4 25 33

10 Jalebi Pithocellobium dulce 0 1 1 1 3

11 Kadam Neolamarckia

Cadamba 12 2 0 0

14

12 Kahwa Populus Deltoides 21 18 4 10 53

13 Kathal Artocarpus Integer 3 0 0 0 3

14 Mango Mangifera indica 68 40 24 12 144

15 Mahua Madhuca Indica 3 10 2 9 24

16 Neem Azadirachata Indica 19 8 4 1 32

17 Orange Citrus sinensis 1 0 0 0 1

18 Peepal Ficus Religiosa 1 3 6 18 28

19 Sagwan Techtona Grandis 17 13 2 0 32

20 Semal Banhavgarh Flora 3 0 0 1 4

21 Sahjan Moringa oleifera 1 0 0 0 1

22 Shirish DelonixRegia 86 90 7 9 192

23 Shisham Dalbergia sissoo 622 75 4 3 704

24 Shriphal Abelia Grandi Floria 1 1 0 0 2

25 Tar Betula Lenta 48 243 102 26 419

Total 966 526 163 127 1782 Source: Tree Enumeration conducted by EIA Consultant

Table 4.10 : Trees along Existing Road in Govt. Land

S. No

Girth Size

No. of trees

Bihta-Daniyawan Candi-Sarmera

1 30Cm - 60cm 23 29

2 60cm - 900cm 16 55

3 90cm -120cm 50 46

4 Above 180cm 46 24

5. > 180 cm 43 17

Total 178 171

Source: Joint verification conducted by EA and Forest Department.

4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology

72. Despite abundant water bodies in the project area, large scale/organized fishing was not observed. Most of the water bodies go dry during summer season. Punpun is the only worth mentioning river in the project area. Small scale fishing was observed in Punpun River near Village Newa along the project Road. Major fish species include Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Labeo Kalbashu etc. are found only during Monsoon period when Ganga River overflows and the water get into River Punpun. There are no breeding or spawning grounds of major species in any of the rivers in the project area since the water availability and flow velocity is quite low and unfavourable for breeding. Further, the weed infestations and

34

silt accumulation in the river due to frequent floods are the other limiting concerns. However, weed species like Chelhwa, Boari, Moi, and Chanda Pothia breeds in some portion of the river Punpun during Monsoon period. No migratory fishes are found in these rivers. The average fish production during monsoon and non-monsoon season is 45- 50kg/ha and 12-15 kg/ha.

4.3. Economic Development

73. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, with a significant agricultural base and a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9%, and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% between 2006 - 2007, and stood at 942510 Crores Rupees ($21 billion nominal GDP). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project districts have been described in following paragraphs.

4.3.1. Industries

74. Contribution of industrial sector to the state‟s economy is insignificant, mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries in Bihar. Food, beverages, tobacco, and petroleum products account for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India‟s total output of common fruits and vegetables. Although Patna has the highest number of industrial units, project area is largely devoid of industries except some rice mills, forge and foundry and one cement unit near Bihta.

4.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities

4.3.2.1 Water Supply

75. Bihar ranks among top states in terms of accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Project districts are also richly endowed with groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is primarily used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area.

4.3.2.2 Transportation

76. Roads: The State is serviced by 2,318 kms of National Highways, 4,192 kms of State highways, 12,579 kms of district roads and over 69,000 kms. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity.

77. Railways: Bihar‟s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for all-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km.

78. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha.

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Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 Kms Navigable length of rivers is 1,325 Kms. Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna. This provides access to Calcutta Seaport (417Kms) and Haldia (517Kms).

79. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. 39 district Head Quarters have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up Air Cargo Complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India.

4.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability

80. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity of Bihar has gone to the jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand. Bihar‟s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220 MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4820 MW.

4.3.2.4 Agriculture

81. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, and lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India. It has 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute respectively, produced in India. Bihar is one of the largest vegetables producing state of India.

82. Total net area irrigated in the project influence area was 2.79 lakhs-hectares during 1998-99. Gross area sown in the project Influence area was 5.17 lakhs-hectares during 1998-99. Almost 25% of the gross area of the project influence area is sown more than once. Project districts produces all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley), Pulses (gram, masoor, arhar, khesari peas etc.) and cash crops (sugarcane, potato, tobacco, jute, chillis etc).

4.3.2.5 Mineral Resources

83. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves, now about 90% of the important minerals are with the Jharkhand after separation. Still some important minerals remain in the state contributing to the total though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are limestone, pyrite, magnetite, steatite, mica, chinaclay, soapstone, slate, felsdpar, galena, andstone, and saltpetre. None of the mineral deposits are located in the project districts.

4.4. Social and Cultural Resources

4.4.1. Population and Communities

84. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The subproject district contributes nearly 9 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991-01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in

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2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685 persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar has following facts on Population (Table 4.11)

Table 4.11 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts

State and Project Districts Indicators

Bihar Patna Nalanda

Total Population (in millions) 82.8 4.710 2.368

Urban Population (% of total population) 14.77 38.03 10.47

Rural Population (% of total population) 89.53 61.97 85.23

ST Population (% of total population) 0.9 0.11 0.012

SC Population (% of total population) 15.7 0.560 0.387

Density (Sq. km) 880 1471 1000

Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males 919 873 916

Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 30.17 18.64

Literacy Rate (%) 47.0 63.82 53.64

Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics

4.4.2. Health Facilities

85. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, Patna being the state capital, the health care facilities is comparatively better than Nalanda. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in Patna. Besides, there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 4.12 provides the number of health care centres in the state and the project districts as of 1999-000.

Table 4.12 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts

State and Project District

No. of Hospitals/Dispensaries

No. of Beds

No of Practitioners

Bihar 1636 12123 2472

Patna 518 1255 277

Nalanda 55 674 153 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics

4.4.3. Literacy

86. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. In Bihar only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. Among the project districts, Patna has the higher literacy rate of 63.4% ranking first in the state. Nalanda, the other project district ranks 9th in the state in overall literacy rate. Sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in Table 4.13.

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Table 4.13 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts

State and Project Districts

No. of Literates Literacy Rate (%)

Males Females Total Males Females Total

Patna 1554868 943056 2497924 73.81 52.17 63.82

Nalanda 674304 357578 1031882 66.94 39.03 53.64

Bihar 20978955 10696652 31675607 60.32 33.57 47.53

Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics

4.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration

87. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the state. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it accounts for about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80% of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% had regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of main workers under various categories in the project districts has been summarised in Table 4.14.

Table 4.14 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category

District

Main Workers

Cultivator Agricultural Household Other

Workers

1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001

Patna 27.07 24.62 27.95 23.31 33.77 27.02 1.89 3.71 36.32 45.94

Nalanda 31.25 29.52 39.47 36.89 43.75 39.16 2.26 4.47 14.58 19.47 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

88. Migration is a crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. As per census and NSS reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in the India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section.

4.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples

89. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Out of 4899 affected families, there are only 26 scheduled tribe household being affected due to the project. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose.

4.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance

90. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area

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4.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others

91. No such eco-sensitivity areas, protected area, restricted area and legislative and others were found in the subproject area.

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5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES

92. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature, and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued Environmental Components were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study.

5.1. Impact on Physical Environment

5.1.1. Climate

Design and Construction Phase

93. Cutting of approximately 1,782 (349 govt. and 1433 Pvt) trees will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region.

94. The effect of global climate change to the project, particularly predicted extreme rainfall is recognized considering that majority of subproject area is prone to flooding. However, there are no studies yet available about the effect of climate change on rainfall or flood pattern of the area which makes it difficult to recommend specific climate proofing measures.

Mitigation Measures

95. The project envisaged approximately 700 trees as a compensatory plantation in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State‟s Forest Department on 1:2 basis against cutting of 349 trees. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate with the compensatory plantation process that will include meetings, actions and discussions with concerned authorities.

96. There is no statutory provision of compensatory plantation for private trees. However, to maintain and further enhance the micro climate and aesthetics, it is recommended that avenue plantation of at least one row shall be done along roadside during 2-lane development. Further 2 row plantation can be undertaken in later stage during expansion to 4lane. Additional plantation is recommended near sensitive locations and riverbanks.

Operation Stage

97. The subproject road is located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, proposed extensive plantation will ameliorate/enhance the micro climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles.

5.1.2. Natural Hazard

98. Significant part of the project alignment lies in flood prone areas requiring raised formation level of the proposed road. This may aggravate the flood situation if adequate engineering solutions are not included in the design.

99. The project area is located in seismic zone IV which is high damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration.

Mitigation Measures

100. Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside drainage shall be made to avoid

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flooding/water logging. The height of embankment shall be adequately raised above highest flood level. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations.

101. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures if design aspect related to seismicity is not adequately taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV.

5.1.3. Air Quality

Design and Construction Phase

102. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are: (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation), (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines, (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road, (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials, (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants, and (vi) localised increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter which will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged.

103. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the project. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national and state highways.

Mitigation Measures

Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and aggregates shall be covered.

Loading and unloading of construction materials in project area or provisions of water fogging around these locations.

Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area.

Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically

Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory.

Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and after securing a No-Objection Certificate (NOC) from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases.

Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters should be used to extent feasible.

Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used.

LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Tree cutting shall be restricted.

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Regular water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads10.

Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers

Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as

per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2 KVA.

Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries.

Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken.

Operation Phase

104. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, majority of the traffic on the subproject will be diverted traffic from the existing highways.

Mitigation Measures

105. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species.

106. Toll plazas (to be constructed in 2nd phase) shall be designed for projected peak hour traffic of 20 years. The total number of toll booths and lanes shall be such as to ensure the service time of not more than 10 seconds per vehicle at peak flow regardless of methodology adopted for fee collection.

107. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas and toll plaza (consider the use of automated toll charging systems)

108. However, the EA will continue to promote the proper operation and maintenance of vehicle fleets regardless of size and type of vehicle consistent with the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs. This will include provision of road signs and distribution of flyers to remind drivers on the benefits of a well maintained engine. The EA may opt to identify operators of large fleet (e.g. more than 100 trucks) and cause the promotion ways to reduce emissions through replacement of old with new and more efficient vehicles, converting to cleaner fuels, installing emission control devices, regular maintenance and repair, and avoiding overloading of trucks.

109. Driver education will be promoted on the benefits of driving practices that can reduce fuel consumption and promote safety when driving within the speed limits and avoiding sudden acceleration.

5.1.4. Noise

Design and Construction Phase

110. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 – 95 dB(A) ( at a distance of about 5 m from the source) . Although this level of noise is higher the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from

10

Water suppression of fugitive dust can reduce emissions from 12% 98%

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noise source. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road.

111. Although there are a number of noise sensitive receptors along the alignment but most of them (13 nos. refer Appendix 5.2) need relocation and remaining are mostly at safer distance from carriageway.(Table 5.1)

Table 5.1 : Noise-Sensitive receptors within 60 m from the carriageway

S. No. Structures Village and Chainage

Km. Distance of Main Building

from the Carriageway

1. Bihta- Daniyawan Section

1 School (LHS) Kanhauli (4.500) 40 m

2 School (LHS) Ajwa (Km 11.850) 20 m

3 School (LHS) Madarpur (33.000) 25 m

4 School (LHS) Lakhna (38.000) 15 m

5 School (LHS) Kansari (41.000) 18 m

6 School (RHS) Kanchanpur (45.300) 15 m

2. Chandi-Sarmera Section

1 School (LHS) Chandi (2.100) 25 m

2 School Hawanpura (22.00) 24 m

Mitigation Measures

All equipment shall be timely serviced and properly maintained to minimize its operational noise. Noise level will be one of the considerations in equipment selection which will favour lower sound power levels

Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along un-inhabited stretches.

On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are minimal activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards.

If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations or near the noise source during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated.

Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) shall be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines.

Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.

Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures.

Develop a mechanism to record and respond to complaints on noise

Operation Phase

112. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of

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horns. This may result in increase noise levels at at nearby schools and religious place.

Mitigation Measures

Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations.

The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.

Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil

5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use

Design and Construction Phase

113. The project will require the conversion of approximately 547 ha of land considering the requirement up to 4-lane configuration. Nearly 80% of the land likely to be acquired is agricultural and no encroachment on sensitive areas like forest or any other sensitive land, including their buffer zones is involved due to the project. Acquisition of agricultural land will affect the agricultural yield of the area. Since significant part of the project area is mono-cropped due to recurring flood during Khariff season, the impact on total agricultural yield is reduced by approximately 25% (nearly 50% of the area is mono-cropped). Moreover, the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may get compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market as presently farmers sell the agricultural produce at farm gate prices.

114. In additional to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss of soil productivity.

Mitigation Measures

115. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used as top cover of embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.

116. To offset the lost of agricultural land, efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.

117. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to land owner.

Operation Phase

118. The better access can lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce.

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Mitigation Measures

119. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India.

5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion

120. Soil erosion may take place at locations of sharp bend near bridge constructions location like in case of Dardha River, along steep and uncompacted embankment slope, and wherever vegetation is cleared. Soil erosion may have cumulative effect viz. siltation, embankment damage, drainage problem etc. Loss of soil due to run off from earth stock-piles may also lead to siltation. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern.

Mitigation Measures

Bank protection measures shall be taken at erosion prone areas. The protection measures may include use of geo-textiles matting.

Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls.

Stone pitching wherever necessary.

When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls.

Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H:1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch.

Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted in loose soil area.

In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by „mitre‟ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion.

IRC: 56 -1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration.

Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures shall be taken to control the soil erosion further including bio-turfing.

Operation Phase

121. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures (turfing, stone pitching, etc.) shall form part of the environmental monitoring during project operation). Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations.

5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries

122. The project area is in general a flat terrain with some comparatively low lying section between Rahui-Bind-Sarmera. Farmers were ready to provide earth from their field up to certain depth on adequate compensation, it is recommended that borrowing from agricultural land shall be minimised to the extent possible. Further, no earth shall be borrowed from already low lying areas. Local people suggested that river bed material can be utilised in

45

embankment if found suitable. This will help in improving river carrying capacity and reduce need of sourcing borrow earth from agriculture fields.

123. The dredging and use of dredged material, if involved, may have its impact in terms of localised sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water.

124. Borrow areas if left un-rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children and animals of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector born disease

125. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries.

Mitigation Measures

Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level.

Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed.

The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse.

The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%. To the extent possible, borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community.

Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan has been appended as Appendix 5.1.

5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil

126. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may be compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries and equipments, and due to sitting of construction camps and workshops. Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed.

127. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment and machinery. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste and sewage from construction camps.

Mitigation Measures

Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils.

All efforts shall be made to minimise the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid

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soil contamination at the wash-down and re-fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease

spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners.

To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route.

Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil.

The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity.

Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided at construction camp.

Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non-biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that bio-degradable waste shall be composted in the mechanised and movable composter11 by the contractor. Non biodegradable and non saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorised land fill site. If land fill site not available then burial of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured.

Operation Stage

128. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except near low lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas if not rehabilitated properly.

Mitigation measures

129. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation plan in tune with the proposed rehabilitation plan appended as Appendix 5.1.

130. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade situation.

5.1.6. Groundwater

Design and Construction Stage

131. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. But, the depth to water table in some part is depleting annually. Hence, uncontrolled abstraction can further deteriorate the situation. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp.

Mitigation Measures

132. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater.

133. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected.

11

The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to disposed of bio-degradable

waste effectively.

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134. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible.

Operation Stage

135. No impact is anticipated on groundwater due to the project during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation is proposed.

5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies

Design and Construction Stage

136. Several rivers and other water bodies are being crossed by the project road. Most of the rivers or water bodies dry up during non-monsoon period. Ponds with water for significant part of the year are located safely from proposed right- of way. Loss to some small ponds is envisaged due to the project (near Hawanpura, Sonsa and Bind in Chandi-Sarmera section). Surface water bodies are mainly used for cattle bathing and washing.

Mitigation Measure

137. Since water bodies are not impacted due to the project, no specific mitigative measures are proposed. However, as enhancement measures, efforts shall be made to increase the water holding capacity of the ponds (other than those affected) in the region by using the bed material as borrow earth12. Additionally, the borrow areas can be converted into ponds with the concurrence of the land owners. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds through institutional support from concerned department.

5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies

Design and Construction Stage

138. Since most of the major water bodies are seasonal in nature, siltation impact due to bridge works will be negligible if construction debris/other waste are cleared immediately after construction. However, construction of major bridges on river Punpun and river training structure near Dardha River may increase the flow velocity of water and cause erosion/siltation downstream. The temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction camps may occur. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. The siltation likely to be caused due to bank erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section.

139. Accidental oil and chemicals spills can contaminate the water

Mitigation Measure

Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration.

Bridge construction activity including piling is recommended during non-monsoon (mid-September to mid-June)period.

All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.

All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local

12

Over the period, the depth of pond due to recurring deposition after flood becomes shallow. Hence it suggested that the

deposited material may be utilised as borrow material. As a result, the depth will increase resulting in increased water holding capacity of the pond.

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language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors.

Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.

All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites.

No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants

The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelised to prevent entry of contaminants.

Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes.

Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the river bank for land disposal.

Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away from habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies.

Operation Stage

140. No major or long-term impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the project implementation activities. Oil-contaminated runoff from the road during monsoon will have minimal impacts considering their low concentration. However, since the project area is prone to siltation due to recurring flood, regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance.

5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage

Design and Construction Stage

141. Significant part of the project road passes through areas liable to submergence. The situation of flood may get aggravated due to construction of high embankment road which may act as impediment to flow of flood water to its outfall in absence of adequate cross drainage/side drain structures and other engineering measures. Water logging along the road will also have ill effect on the stability of embankment especially in the area of shallow water table.

142. As per hydrological study conducted by the Detail Design Team, River banks of main rivers are largely firm, stable and well defined. Meandering has not been noticed in recent past. However, bridge locations shall be sited at suitable locations to avoid the meandering affect on rivers.

143. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures or otherwise is not envisaged.

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Mitigation Measures

Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to avoid natural flow of water. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas. The embankment height shall be designed consistent with the existing topography of the region.

Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and subsurface water of the area.

The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth.

Bridge site shall not be selected on sharp bends and unprotected banks. Otherwise adequate bank protection/river training structures shall be provided to avoid meandering.

The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. Linear waterways of the most of the major rivers are bank to bank. Therefore, proposed bridge length shall be bank to bank.

IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred.

Operation Stage

144. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt shall be done from drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions will be regularly conducted.

145. Water logging in the low lying Tal and adjoining areas is long standing issue. The permanent and long term solution is possible only through co-ordinations between different departments/agencies that include irrigation, flood, agriculture, fisheries, and road construction. The proposed long term strategy may include: Check dams, construction of reservoir/barrage in upper reaches of rivers like Punpun, and Phalgu Sakari diversions and strengthening/construction of river embankments to check water over flow / backflow, removal of deposited silt from drainage channels and outlet points, economic exploitation of stagnated water for raising fish, large scale use of ground water for irrigation during rabi through the installation of shallow tube wells, crop diversification and multi-enterprise agriculture, in-situ conservation of water in ponds/tanks and regular training / demonstrations on innovative technologies.

5.2. Impact on Biological Environment

5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology

146. There are no national parks, wildlife sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. However, some trees are likely to be affected. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs.

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Design and Construction Stage

147. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300mm diameter at 1m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 300 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be cut.

148. A total of 1782 trees (349 road side trees and 1433 private trees) are likely to be affected due to the proposed project. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large number of trees have been recommended to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term.

Mitigation Measures

149. Requisite permission from Forest Department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees.

150. The project envisages plantation of approximately 16,000 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State‟s forest department on 1:2 basis replacement rate. Besides, additional plantation shall be done on river banks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department.

151. A range of 10-15 m centre-to-centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. The plantation in median shall comprise shrubs whose height would normally not exceed 1-1.5 m and shall be as per IRC SP: 21.

152. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering, and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance.

Operation Stage

153. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the project operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The Project will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road.”No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management.“

154. No direct impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management.

Mitigation Measures

155. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional Forest Offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme.

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5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology

Design and Construction Stage

156. Large scale/organised fishing was not observed in the rivers/water bodies of the project area. All water bodies are seasonal in nature except river Punpun. Major species are found when backwater of river Ganga get into river Punpun. Construction of bridge over the Punpun River may increase the turbidity level in the water near the construction areas temporarily.

157. Temporary sedimentation and water quality deterioration is expected from the project during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate receiving water quality.

Mitigation Measures

Construction of bridge is recommended during summer season.

Best construction practices shall be adopted to prevent increase in siltation level of the water.

Siltation shall be avoided by measures suggested above.

Operation Stage

158. No impact is envisaged during operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed. However, periodic surveillance shall be conducted to check erosion and siltation in major water bodies.

5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste

159. Debris can be generated by dismantling of pavement, though involved only for few kilometres as realignment is envisaged for major sections. Quarry dust and unused iron bars or damaged support structures constitute significant wastes. Mitigation for solid waste from construction camp has been given in construction camp section.

Mitigation measures

The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, haulage routes etc.

All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.

Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MoSRTH guidelines should be followed.

Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.

160. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations.

Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites.

Away from residential areas and located at least 1000 m downwind side of these locations,

Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, rivers etc, and

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Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.

Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location.

Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props.

5.4. Socioeconomic Impact

161. Assessment of project impact on socioeconomic conditions point to the conclusions that positive benefits are many fold compared to its adverse impact.

5.4.1. Positive Impacts

162. Road-side economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro-industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of improved access to urban centres where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. The subproject road will provide lifeline for temporary relocation and relief operation during flood season. Other generic benefits of such projects are (i) Reduction in travel time (ii) better mode and frequency of transport (iii) access to quality heath care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people.

5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts

163. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. This may cause livelihood challenge especially to small/marginal farmers. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts.

5.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers

164. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment viz. (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies‟ quality (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste (iv)Poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuffs, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcoholic and drug.

Mitigation measures

165. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations so as to utilise the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilised for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including

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recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies.

166. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting.

167. At every workplace, the Contactor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided.

168. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program include monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS.

169. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price is available to the workers.

170. The Contractor will provide adequate and safe water supply for the use of the workers.

171. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.

172. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community.

173. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population.

5.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community

Design and Construction Stage

174. The following safety aspects viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists (iii) safety to cattle; (iv) safety of local community (iv) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage and (v) conduct of safety audit.

Mitigation measures

During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used

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safety procedures should be followed during (i) road works (ii) handling of large construction equipment and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances (iii) welding (iv) electrical works etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table.

Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, firstaid and fire fighting equipments at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane.

The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane.

Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92

Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC-17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can be designed such that it can be utilised as underpass by pedestrians/ cattles/animal driven vehicles/tractors etc.

To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed as per the provisions of IRC SP 55.

After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. All diversions/access roads should l be closed before start of normal operation.

Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safety, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services.

Operation phase

175. There are large no of box culverts with adequate vertical clearance and not catering to the perennial flow can be utilised by pedestrian/cattles for crossing. Important issues related with safety during operational phase are monitoring of emergencies and establishing procedures to carry out rescues during sudden disasters such as floods, fires especially near toll plaza, and accidents.

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Mitigation Measures

176. Toll Plaza (to be constructed during later stage) shall have fire-fighting equipment including smoke detectors and auto visual alarm system as per section 4.17.1 of National Building Code so that the personnel working in the complex and the office are not subjected to hazardous situation due to fire.

177. It is proposed to explore the feasibility of providing the following facilities:

Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident.

Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims.

Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles.

178. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.

5.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic

Construction Phase

179. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruption are not clearly demarcated.

Mitigation Measures

180. The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others.

181. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements:

At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times

The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect

The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters.

Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road.

182. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage.

183. Transportation of quarry material to the construction sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible.

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This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorised vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from temporary storage areas.

5.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials

184. The construction material primarily will consist off aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 M away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above.

5.4.4.1 Impact on Land and Private Properties

185. Updated resettlement plan (draft) establishes that a total of 547.28 ha of land affecting 5533 families. Physically displaced and economically displace holds are 169 and 5419 respectively.

186. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and adequate compensation to other affected persons as recommended by resettlement expert shall be implemented to minimise these impacts.

5.4.4.2 Impact on Common Property Resources

187. There are various types of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. Summary of impacted community properties has been provided at Table 5.2. Details of affected CPRs have been appended as Appendix 5.2.

Table 5.2 : Affected Common Property Resources

Road Section Type of CPR Bihta-Sarmera

Chandi -Sarmera

School 7 6

Temple/ Small Shrines/Statue 7 14

Panchayat Kendra/ Gramin Vikash Kendra

1 2

Anganbaadi 3 2

Govt. Borewell/Water Supply 4 0

Abandoned 3 0

Police Station 1 0

Others 1 3

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6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed

188. Stakeholder‟s consultations were held during different stages (reconnaissance, detailed design and design review) of project with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, overall opinion and solicit recommendations to improve project design. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project design stage. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subprojects, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participant‟s views were gathered with regard to alignment, existing environment and its likely changes due to project activities, accident risk and road safety and perceived benefits and adverse impacts

189. The discussions were designed to receive maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the subproject. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinions was sought particularly in identifying and mitigating any potential adverse impact.

6.2. Compliance with Regulatory and Funding Agency Requirement

190. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects in select conditions. Public hearing was required for the proposed project which was conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board in both project districts (Patna and Nalanda) as per procedures prescribed in new EIA notification of 2006.

191. Meaningful consultation was undertaken in consistent to the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, co-ordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated in the consultation process. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected.

6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency

192. Officials of executing agency provided technical information‟s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redress mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. G C Mishra, Deputy General Manager, expressed that the BSRDCL, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country‟s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. He also shared the lessons learnt from ongoing project. Deputy General Manager (Tech) and Managers (Tech) of Project Implementation Unit emphasised on training need related to EMP implementation.

6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments

193. All relevant government departments/agencies including forest and wildlife, fisheries, pollution control board, water resources, and DRDA were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project.

194. Forest officials informed that there is no forest in the project area or any endangered flora and fauna species. Permission for felling of roadside trees

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must be taken prior to civil works. Officials expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work.

195. Pollution control board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries except few rolling mills and forge and foundry units at Bihta. They emphasised that all conditions of statutory clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project in letter and true spirit.

196. Officials of Water Resources Department highlighted about likely impact due of construction of high embankment road in flood affected areas. The design shall include all engineering measures to avoid blockade of water during monsoon period and alteration of any channels/streams especially in Rahui-Bind Sarmera section.

197. Fishery department officials informed that there is no breeding or spawning ground in the rivers of project area. Major fish species breeds into major rivers like Ganga and comes through backwater flows in river Punpun. Other rivers are seasonal in nature. Fish culture is not prevalent in the area.

198. Directorate of Economics and Statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts. The list of government officials contacted, along with purpose/objective has been summarised in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments.

S. No

Location and Dates

Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the consultation

1 District Forest Office, Patna June and September, 2009

Mr. Surendra Singh, DFO

Information obtained about compensatory afforestation norms, Estimated cost per km for plantation along roadside. Status of forest along the project road. Presence of any endangered or rare floral and faunal species along the project corridor etc.

2 Office of the District Forest office Nalanda

Mr. Rakesh Kumar, DFO

Rajendra Das, Assistant

Vijay Yadav

3

State Pollution Control Board, Patna June, Sept and December, 2009

Dinesh Kumar, Assistant Environmental Officer

Dr. Naveen Kumar, Scientist

Mr. Virendra Kumar, Public Relation Officer

Report on “State of the Environment of Bihar” was collected. Information about existing baseline conditions of the project area if any was collected. Capacity assessment was done for the likely involvement in the project for monitoring and other environmental management required for the project.

4 District Fishery office, Patna

Mr. Shashi Bhushan, Fishery Inspector

Mr. Upendra Singh, Asst.

Status of Fisheries activity, fish species and presence of any breeding and spawning ground in the rivers of the project area was collected. Impact on fishes due to bridge construction and suggested mitigation options was also discussed.

5 District Fishery office, Nalanda

Yogendra Prasad, J E.

Mr. Shiv Shanker, Fisheries Extension Officer

6 Irrigation and Flood Control Office, Patna zone

Mr. Ram Bilash Choudhary, Chief Engineer

Mr. R S Bharti Assist. Engineer,

Flood prone areas, its causes and mitigation measures were discussed. River characteristics and other hydrological issues were also discussed.

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Directorate of Economics and statistics, Bihar

Dr. Jitedra Kumar Sinha,

Joint Director,

Dr. Shiv Shanker

Latest report on “Bihar through Figures” was collected. Environmental issues were discussed with head of the Environmental cell. The newly constituted cell presently has not much

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S. No

Location and Dates

Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the consultation

Dr. Nirbhay Kumar, of the information related to environment.

8. District Rural Development Authority, Patna

Assistant Project officer

Public Relation Officer

Information about active NGOs in the project region was obtained. They informed that in absence of forests and rich floral and faunal resources, NGO‟s focus are more towards social issues. T The environmental activities of these NGOs are primarily for tree plantation and National Environmental Awareness Campaign.

6.2.3. Consultation with NGOs

199. NGOs of the area namely Sankalpkrit Sewa Manch, Nidaan Loksewashram, Ravi Commercial Institute, Vishwashanti Vikash Sewasanthan, Subham Jagriti, and Joint Action Networking (JAN) were consulted to know their views/comments and suggestions about the project. Most of them supported the project and showed their interest in active participation of NGOs in various activities of project including compensatory afforestation, fisheries development, resettlement and rehabilitation work and environmental awareness. They suggested that the project area has a potential for fisheries development hence all borrow areas shall be developed into fish ponds. This will also help in solving the flood problem to a certain extent. The lists of NGO‟s consulted with their views are summarized as follows.

Plate1: Consultation with Local NGOs

6.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments

6.3.1. Consultation held during Detailed Design

200. The project received immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing all weather connectivity, the subproject road will bring positive socioeconomic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on issues related to rehabilitation and resettlement. They suggested minimising acquisition of agricultural land as much as possible since livelihood of the people is principally dependent on agriculture.

201. People of villages located adjacent to the proposed road like Srirampur, Baluachak, Jaitipur, Beldhana, and Rahui demanded for crossing-over facility/service roads, drainage, wayside amenities, and safety provisions.

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202. Villagers of Rahui-Bind Section highlighted that since area is in flood affected zone and drained by several seasonal streams, road should not act as barrier to natural flow of water. Adequate cross drainage along with roadside drainage structure should be constructed to avoid adverse impact due to water logging and any alteration in natural hydrology of the region.

203. Other common demands included modifications of alignment near orchards and community structures. If technically not feasible, accessibility and safety to community structures especially schools should not be affected. Local people should be consulted before relocation of such structures. The list of participants, their views, and outcome of the consultations have been summarised in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community

S. No.

Place and time

Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People

1 Local People at Srirampur, Bihta (Near Start of the Bihta-Daniyawan Section)

Jagdish Narayan Upadhayay (Retd. Serviceman), Surendra Tiwary, Sheonath Giri, Bansari Rai (agriculture), Dilip Giri, Bhola Rai, Arun Kumar (Student), Satyanath Giri (Serviceman), Sheonath (Wage earner), Gajendra, (unemployed) Mutur (Motor mechanic) Ashish (Pan shop)

The area is densely populated on both sides of the road. Local people suggested that the starting point of the project road should preferably start before 500 m away from the Junction with NH-30 and by modifying the alignment bypassing the built up areas. They also suggested that if realignment not possible than provision of underpass may be given for safely crossing the road. They also raised concerns about the likely drainage problem in the area since the plinth level of all structures will be lowered down after raised formation level of the road.

2. Bhagwatipur, Near Sadisopur

Sujit Kumar, Serviceman Awadh Bihari Singh (Retd. Serviceman, Rampyare Verma, Hari Prasad, Bhola Rai, Laloo Rai, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Hari Gope, Bachu Prasad, Deo Charan Singh (agriculture), Rajkumari Devi, (Widow)

Non- Environmental specific issues were highlighted by the local people except providing suggestions for minimizing land acquisition and cutting of private orchards and road side trees

3. Newa Village near Proposed Bridge Site on Punpun River

Mritunjay, Anil Kumar, Umesh Sahni, Shyam Bihari, (agriculture) Papu, Deepak, Angu Paswan (fisherman)

Information about fishery activity was obtained from the local fisherman. They informed that there is no breeding or spawning ground near the proposed bridge locations. Major fish species are found as a result of backwater flow from river Ganga and other channels from the catchments area of Punpun. Existing plantation on the left bank of river near bridge locations shall not be cut. Additional plantation shall be done on the river banks.

4. In between Village Lakhana and Nima

Bhola Ram, Pramod Kumar Sao, Jitendra Sao, Sunil Singh Vidyanand (agriculture)

Efforts shall be made to minimize the likely loss of structures in Nima Village. The graveyard near Lakhna is located just at the edge of the proposed road. The implementing agency should take all measures to avoid any negative impact on it.

5. Balua Chak Jagat Narayan Singh, Laldeo, Ramanand Singh, Subhas Singh, Vijay Kumar, Suknanad Thakur, Vishundeo Rai, Dhuri

Though habitated area of the village is largely avoided but adequate safety measures and pedestrian and animal pass should be constructed.

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S. No.

Place and time

Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People

Singh (Agriculture)

6. Kansari Village Brinda Paswan, Indira Paswan, Mritunjay Paswan, Ranjan Paswan, Pawan Paswan, Kauleshwar, Tea stall Owner at Kansari (wage earners).

People informed that the area gets inundated during monsoon period. There is no bridge on river Dardha and they cross the river through boat. They perceived that the proposed road with new bridge will be lifeline for the area by providing all weather connectivity to Patna and NH 30 A.

7. Sikandarpur, Daniyawan

Vinay Kumar, Chhote Kumar, DInesh Singh, Kunal, Driver

None Specific

8. Jaitipur, Chandi

Bishun Deo Prasad, Anil Prasad, Sadgu Sharan, Narendar, Guddu Prasad (Agriculture), Kailu Paswan, Dasai Bind ( Wage earner) Kamla Devi (Widow), Vinod Kumar (Student), Sunil Manzhi, (Fisherman), and Surendra

The present design envisages relocation of a temple, and few permanent structures. 100 m further, there is a school very near to the proposed alignment. All efforts should be made to avoid minimize the impact on these structures. An underpass should be made for crossing over the proposed road and approach to the school shall not be disturbed. The alignment should also maintain adequate distance from the school.

9 Beldhana Shiv Shanker, Kaushal Kishore Dilip Singh, Jaiprakash Singh Rajeev Kumar, Ranjay Singh Vinay Kumar, Upendra Singh

Although the alignment is avoiding the major part of the habitation and other community structure, yet the villagers opined to completely bypass the village either on LHS or RHS. They suggested utilizing the existing road as much as possible to minimize land acquisition. The villagers demanded all safety installation including crossing over facility.

10. Salepur-Beldhana

Lalit Prasad, Rajan Kumar, Mahesh Prasad, Avdesh Prasad, Brijendra Prasad, Ram Nandan, Dilip Kumar, Shravan Kumar, Santosh Kr, Yogendra Pd, Ambica Pd. Veeru Yadav, Vijendra Chauhan.(Mostly agriculturist).

11. Mill Par, Near Noorsarai

Sobhi Chauhan (Business) Chhotelal Prasad, Nathun Pandit Ramsharan , Brijendra, (wage earner) Janakdeo Chauhan, Kamta Chauhan (agri andagri labor) Kunal Kumar, Devendra Mistri (carpenter),

They have supported the development of the project and perceived that no adverse environmental impact will occur due to the project.

12 Chauripar Village

Inderdeo, Sarnam Carpenter Anil Ravi Das, Anup, Manoj, Chandrika Pandit, Durga Das

13. Rahui Ramashanker, Teacher Pawan Kumar, Sharawan Kumar, Rahul Kumar (Student) Ramdeo Prasad, Pyarelal, Kamlesh Prasad, Inderdeo Mahto, Bablu Kumar and

It is block level village and densely populated. The initial design was affecting large number of residential and community structures including a Mosque. After initial consultation with local people, design has been suitably modified to avoid impact on these

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S. No.

Place and time

Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People

Bhola Singh (Agriculture) structures. In view of large population, villagers demanded all type of wayside amenities like bus stops and drains along the road side to avoid water-logging.

14. In between, Rampur and Susandi

Dayanand Yadav, Nageshar Yadav, Bhagwan Das Yadav, Shiv Kumar Yadav, Bhanu Yadav (Agriculture)

Villagers were extremely happy to hear out the project. The area lacks road connectivity and lies in flood affected zone. Accessibility to social and physical infrastructure is a challenge especially during monsoon period. The existing kutcha roads are in very bad conditions.

15. Near Bind Sudhir Rawat, Raman Ram, Ramdev Rawat, Bishun Ram, Nepali Rawat, Ganga Bishun Paswan, Gangia Devi,Kamlesh Kumar (all agricultural labor)

The area is badly affected by flood during monsoon. There are two rivers and presently unbridged. People face severe difficulty in accessibility to other places. Local people perceived that they will be most benefited from the proposed project. At the same time they suggested regular cleaning of the drainage channels and outlets of streams. Adequate cross drainage structures including balancing culverts should be included in the design to check flooding. In absence of the same, road embankment may cause blockade of water resulting in severe flooding in area.

Rivers of the area carry significant silt and hence river bed level is rising year by year. It is recurring phenomenon. They suggested that if suitable, river bed material can be used in embankment.

Few schools and other community structure that include Aaganbadi, Panchayat Bhawan, and ponds. at Jhana, Parnava and Meernagar village, are being affected by the project. Either it should be suitably relocated or all measures should be taken for safety, access and adverse impact of noise due to the traffic. If technically feasible, shift in the alignment should be made. Some villagers also highlighted that existing ROW shall be utilized to maximum which will minimize the land acquisition.

16. Jhana Village Satyendra, Balmiki Ram, Moti Ram and Mithlesh Kumar (Agriculture)

17. Malama Village Shailendra Mahto, Brahdeo Prasad, Nawal Prasad, Dinesh Singh and Krishan Prasad,

18. Gopalbad Pankaj Kumar (Med. Practioner), Jitendra Prasad, A Ramdev Yadav, Anil Yadav, Jagdish Mahto, Shailendra,(Agriculture) and Rambali Paswan(Agri Labor)

19. Bediya Village Chandramauli Singh, Business Bhusan Singh (Agriculture), Anjali Kumar, Medical Practioner, Neelmani Kr. (Ramshanker, Agri+Business)

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Plate 2: Consultation Near Village BishunPura Plate3: Consultation Near Village Baluachak

Plate 4: Consultation Near Village Lakhana Plate 5: Consultation with Fisherman at Newa Village

Plate 6: Consultation Near Village Kansari Plate 7: Consultation Near Daniyawan

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Plate 8: Consultation at village Jaitipur near Chandi Plate 9: Consultation near Village Salepur

Plate 10: Consultation Near Village Beladhana Plate 11: Consultation at Millpar near Noorsarai

Plate 12: Consultation at Rahui Village Plate 13: Consultation Near Village Rampur

6.3.2. Consultation held after Alignment Review

204. Further consultations with local community were held mainly at those locations where alignment is modified after design review to receive comments/views on the revised alignment and its likely impact on environment. Outcome of consultations is summarised in Table 6.3 and list of participants is attached as Appendix 6.1.

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6.4. Integration of Comments into the IEE

205. During discussions, notes were taken on all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the suggested measures.

6.5. Public Disclosure

206. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB‟s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009.

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Table 6.3 : Findings of Consultations Held after Design Review

S. No.

Place, Date & Participants

Views on Alignment

Environmental Attributes

Safety Measures

Benfits/Negative Impact

Specific Demands Suggestions

Photographs

1 Kanhauli, Bihta, Patna Participants: 14

Revised alignment is better since it is avoiding all the nearby settlement areas viz. Srirampur, Bhagwatipur and Sadisopur

All parameters are satisfactory except pollution of few stagnant water bodies created due to uncontrolled borrowing of earth in the past. This aspect should be taken care during execution of this project.

Adequate crossing over facility should be provided near villages. Speed restriction, adequate signage and honking restriction

Better Business opportunity and transportation, Increased Accident rate due to likely increase in traffic

Compensation at market rate. CPRs should be shifted on link road not along main highway Extensive Plantation should be carried out.

2 Naubatpur, Patna Participants : 21

Alignment is satisfactory but could have been better if local people were consulted during planning.

Existing Condition is Good. Extensive plantation should be carried along road to further enhance it.

Fencing should be provided near habitated areas with crossing facility

Better Business opportunity, reduction in travel time and cost. Loss of agricultural land increase in air pollution and noise level

Compensation at market price. Special measures for those becoming marginal/small farmer consequent to land acquisition CPRs should be shifted at easily accessible location

3 Nima, Punpun

Patna Participants: 14

Proposed ROW of 60 m should be reduced to minimize acquisition

Existing environment is satisfactory Borrow Areas should be converted into community Ponds

Provision of boundary wall along the village areas and facility of crossing the highway.

Better Business opportunity, reduction in travel time and cost. Loss of agricultural land increase in air pollution and noise level

Compensation process should be transparent and convenient

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S. No.

Place, Date & Participants

Views on Alignment

Environmental Attributes

Safety Measures

Benfits/Negative Impact

Specific Demands Suggestions

Photographs

4 Dumri, Punpun, Patna Participants:22

Most of the participants were not in the favor of proposed alignment

Noise due to railways, existing road and other commercial activities are irritating.

Adequate signage and fencing/boundary wall along habitated stretch

Better Business opportunity, reduction in travel time and cost. increase in air pollution and noise level

Adequate compensation and employment opportunity to affected families. Relocation of CPRs at side/linked roads Alignment should be shifted further away from habitation.

5 Mohiuddinpur, Fatuha, Patna Partcipants:16

Largely acceptable to local people

No problem with existing condition Suggested for raised embankment with adequate cross drainage structures to avoid flooding.

Safety Measures should be provided keeping in mind the future traffic.

Better accessibility to social infrastructures Loss of livelihood Increased risk of accidents and air pollution

Employment opportunity/alternative livelihood measures to those loosing the entire land. Correct information about entitlement and compensation.

6 Hanumangarh,

Chandi, Nalanda Partcipants:14

Suitable Quality of road should be equally good

Existing environmental condition is satisfactory. Apprehension for deterioration after highway construction. Borrow pits should be converted into ponds.

Improvement of village road intersection

Better accessibility to social infrastructures Loss of livelihood due to agricultural land acquisition. Increased risk of accidents and air pollution

Compensation to correct entitled person. Livelihood option to affected/displaced persons

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S. No.

Place, Date & Participants

Views on Alignment

Environmental Attributes

Safety Measures

Benfits/Negative Impact

Specific Demands Suggestions

Photographs

7 Badhuana, Chandi, Nalanda Participants:22

Good Alignment

Noise level is disturbing since existing road passes through habitated area of the village

Construction of underpasses for pedestrian and slow moving/non motorized vehicles

Noise quality will improve after proposed realignment near habitated area.

Adequate and transparent compensation. disbursement of compensation Adequate provision of CD structures.

8 Muzzafarpur,

Noorsarai, Nalanda Partcipants:15

Largely acceptable since there is minimal impact on pvt. Properties and CPRs.

Adequate measures should be taken during construction for air pollution and disruption to traffic movement.

Unaware about proposed safety installations. Adequate safety provisions should be made.

Better accessibility to market areas and other social infrastructures.

Advantage of govt. schemes, interest free loans and other livelihood support to affected/displaced persons Shifting of CPR at neat and clean and easily accessible location.

9 Rahui, Nalanda

Participants;16

Satisfactory participants welcomed the decision of widening

Noise Honking restriction near village area.

Boundary wall/fencing should be done along the road to avoid accidents. Speed limitation near village area

Better business opportunities and easier access to city/town for better education and medical facility No negative impact envisaged

Underpasses for pedestrian/cattle and slow moving/non motorized vehicles for easier access to agricultural field. Employment to those loosing the entire land.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM

7.1. Environmental Management Plan

207. The project specific Environment Management Plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and proposed enhancement measures. This includes (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation (iii) institutional capacity building and training (iii) compliance to statutory requirements (iv) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation

208. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 7.1.

7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans

7.1.1.1 Social Development and Indigenous People Development Program (IPDP):

209. Social impact assessment study has been undertaken under this technical assistance. Anticipated social risks and its mitigations will be addressed as based on the SIA. The correlated issues (other than specific social issues) have been dealt in the environmental assessment and mitigation plan has been proposed in EMP accordingly. Since there is insignificant indigenous population likely to be affected in the project area, IPDP is not envisaged. This has to be confirmed based on the social assessment.

7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan

210. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern which has direct bearing on environment has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan.

7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan

211. Assessment of nature, type and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents, spills, and fire at toll plaza. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The project authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency.

7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP)

212. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards, (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required (iii) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations, and, (iv) use as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

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7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule

213. Physical, biological and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of project and provided as Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program

214. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL head quarter and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project.

215. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil, and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation.

216. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required as a part of environmental clearance process and consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats.

7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement

217. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of subprojects. For implementation of EMP/ RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staffs. The DGM for Environment and Social is responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and co-ordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirements of this subproject.

218. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/ Deputy

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General Manager (Technical) at the subproject level supported by the Manager (social and environment). PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. The Manager-Technical at PIU is responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Environment and Social) from HQ BSRDCL. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency.

219. The EMP will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects.

220. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for monitoring have been outlined in Table 7.1. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given as Figure 7.1.

7.3.1. Institutional / Capacity Building

221. Training and Awareness: To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effects, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public, the training and awareness programme is planned and is given as Table 7.2. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, and Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject‟s experts/consultants (e.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts /agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training.

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Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations

Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation

HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant

Obtain statutory clearances required during pre-construction stage

overall project coordination and management through PIU supported by SC

Interaction and Reporting to ADB

Effective implementation of EMP and Monitoring of EMP

Compilation of data relating to implementation of EMP.

Advising and suggesting corrective measures to adhere to time schedule for implementation of EMP.

Carry out verification/supervision exercises for implementation of EMP with respect to modification (if required) for enhancement measures.

Obtain permits required during construction stage

Joint Verification Exercise including, PMU CMU, SC for review of EMP

Interaction with ESDRC, PIU and SC

Contractor‟s Env. Officer will be primarily responsible for implementation EMP

Filling of Reporting Format and submitting to SC

Monitoring through approved agency.

Preparation of various plans for effective implementation of EMP as detailed out in EMP and submitting it for approval to SC

Identification of sites for labour camps, hot mix plant, batch mix plant, debris disposal etc

Joint verification to be carried out by HQ PIU, SC Contractor Env. Manager.

Overall Supervision of implementation of EMP

Environmental monitoring through approved laboratory.

Consent for opening of borrow areas, quarry areas, and labour camps and supervising its monitoring.

Keeping records of all consents obtained by contractor.

Compilation of data relating to implementation of EMP.

Filling of Summary Sheets and reporting to HQ.

Approval of plans prepared by contractor

Addressing grievances of local community and information dissemination through NGOs/CBOs.

Assist and advise the PIU in matters relating to environment and social matters.

Part of Joint Verification Exercise to be carried out by HQ, PIU and Contractor for review of EMP for modification in enhancement measures (if required)

Supervise implementation of EMP by contractor

Develop good practices construction guidelines to assist contractor in implementation of EMP

Conduct Consultations programs with the stakeholders on regular basis to get first hand information on the inconvenience caused to contractor‟s activities such as noise, debris disposal etc.

maintain environmental reporting system

Social and Environment Division

(DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env. and Social Each

PIU DGM (Tech) supported

Project Manager for each contract Package

Contractor

HQ BSRDCL CGM (Technical Wing) Supported by technical Advisor General Manager (Projects)

Field Level Officer - Manager (Tech) (Social and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency and Independent Subject Experts and Institutions

Supervision Consultant

Asian Developmen

t Bank

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Table 7.2 : Combined Training Budget for BSHP-II

S. No.

Target group

Subject(s) Method Time Frame and Estimated

Cost

Basis for Costs Estimation

Training Material

Preparation

Training Delivery

1 All staffs of BSRDCL including PIU project staff involved in implementation of the project and Select NGOs.

Environmental Overview: Environmental Regulations, subproject related provisions of various Acts/ Guidelines, EIA notification, process and methodology for IEE, EMPs

Lectures cum interaction

Before beginning of the implementation of the subproject. INR 6.24 Lakhs

@ Rs 2.0 Lacs

Reproduction of Training Material Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for 120 sets ) Training Delivery: Honorarium and travel cost of the faculty Rs 2.0 lac (@ 50,000 per programme for 4 programmes) Venue and other facility costs Rs 2.0 lacs ( @ Rs 50000 per programme with 25 participants in each)

2 Managers (Env) at PIU, Supervision Consultant‟s Environmental Specialists and Select NGOs

Implementation of EMPs: Basic features of an EMP, Planning, designing and execution of environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, monitoring and evaluation of environmental conditions – during construction and operation

Workshops and Seminars

Before the construction begins INR 6.24 Lakhs

@ Rs 2.0 Lacs

-do-

3 Environmental officer, design team, Supervision Consultant Construction Contractors‟ staff

Environmentally Sound Construction Practices: Clean construction technology, alternatives materials and techniques for construction, Waste Management and minimization in construction, pollution control devices and methods for construction sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction

Workshops and Site visits

Before the construction INR 6.24 Lakhs

@ Rs 3.0 Lacs

-do-

4 PIU and Supervision Consultant, NGOs and community representatives

Monitoring Environmental Performance during Construction: Air, Water, Soil and Noise, tree survival Monitoring requirement and techniques, Evaluation and Review of results, Performance indicators and their applicability, possible

Lectures, Workshop and site visits

During initial phases of construction INR 5.0 Lakhs

@ Rs 1.5 Lacs

Reproduction of Training Material Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for 120 persons ) Training Delivery: Honorarium and travel cost of the faculty Rs 1.6 lac (@ 40,000 per programme for 4 programmes) Venue and other facility costs Rs 1.6 lacs ( @ Rs

74

S. No.

Target group

Subject(s) Method Time Frame and Estimated

Cost

Basis for Costs Estimation

Training Material

Preparation

Training Delivery

corrective actions, reporting requirements and mechanisms

40000 per programme with 25 participants in each)

5 -do- Long-term Environmental Issues in Project Management: Designing and implementing environmental surveys for ambient air, noise, biological and water quality surveys, data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition

Workshops and seminars

During implementation of the Subproject INR 5.0 Lakhs

@ RS 1.5 Lacs

- Do -

6 Public /contractors workers

Awareness programmes on environmental protection and measures being implemented by BSRDCL and their role in sustaining the measures taken including for noise pollution, air pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement

Workshops During construction and initial phase say 3 years of operation 9.0 Lakhs

@ RS 3.0 Lacs includes costs of designing of awareness booklets/material

Material reproduction costs 1.0 lac ( RS 100 for 1000 sets)

Faculty Lumpsum: Rs 1.0 lac Delivery Lumpsum 4.0 ( two hours workshops)

7 BSRDCL Staff, Supervision Consultant, Engineering Staff of Contractor.

Restoration of sites viz borrow areas, construction Camps, Crushing units, HMP etc.

And Reporting Formats/procedure

Lecture/Presentations

before Contractor Demobilization INR 2.7 Lakhs

@ Rs 1.0 Lac

Reproduction of Training Material Rs 10,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for 50 persons ) Training Delivery: Honorarium and travel cost of the faculty Rs 0.8 lac (@ 40,000 per programme for 2 programmes) Venue and other facility costs Rs 0.8 lacs ( @ Rs 40000 per programme with 25 participants in each)

Total Training Costs

Rs 40.42 lacs or Say Rs 40.50 lacs

222. Procurement of Basic Environmental Monitoring Equipment: With a desirable level of manpower currently available at the Social and

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Environmental Division, procurement of the following basic monitoring equipment and supplies will made and accessible for the all subprojects.

Equipment Description/Use Estimated Cost

1 unit High-Volume Sampler including consumables (sampling kit, filters, table, belt, etc)

Use for SPM monitoring during construction and operation phases to evaluate fugitive dust from use motor vehicles and road use.

Rs 90,000

1 unit SOx-NOx-HC Sampler (Impingers)

To monitor the level of ambient concentrations of emissions from motor vehicle combustion

Rs 60,000

5 units Noise Meter (digital)

Roadside and senbsitive receptor noise monitoring

Rs 55,000 x 5 = 275,000

223. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001.

7.4. Grievance Redress Mechanism

224. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell BSRDCL Head Quarter. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB.

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8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1. Conclusions

225. The proposed subproject revised alignment has been categorized as Category „B‟ based on environmental screening and assessment of likely impacts while the initial environmental examination ascertains that it is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and easy to mitigate.

226. The subproject proposed road corridor does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural.

227. The significant impacts during construction are air quality deterioration due to increase in fugitive dust emissions from materials hauling and unloading, ground shaping, hot mix plant operation, quarry operation, and unpaved road travel. Nuisance to nearby residents due to increase in noise from heavy equipment operation, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources, and increase in traffic on road sections where construction is on-going. Land use conversion from agricultural or residential to built-up area (road) due to expansion of road right-of-way adequate for a 4-lane carriageway. Surface water quality deterioration of the ponds and rivers, and siltation of waterways from silt-laden surface runoff coming from the construction site. Health and safety risk due to increase in heavy equipment traffic particularly to children and near pedestrian crossing points. During operation stage, the main impact may be on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road across several river/rivulets in the flood-affected sections can act as impediment to natural flow of water.

228. Other than the permanent change in land use, all identified impacts are short-duration and co-terminus with the construction phase, and are easy to mitigate. All private lands that will be converted, including structures that will be relocated will be justly compensated in compliance to existing laws.

229. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits.

230. The initial environmental examination of the of the subproject ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. The Executing Agency shall ensure that EMP and EMoP is included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of bid document and civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB.

i

APPENDIX 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

BIHTA-SARMERA (SH-78) SUBPROJECT REALIGNMENT

Instructions: This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be

attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional Department

This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to A DB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation and (v) gender and development

Answer the questions assuming the without mitigation case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country / Project Title: IND: TA-7198 (BIHAR STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT II)

Sector Division: INRM - SATC

Screening questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site X

No cultural heritage site in located within the road ROW.

Protected area

X No protected area is located within the road ROW

Wetland X

Some sections of the project area are prone to flooding. In the Bihta-Daniyawan section, the alignment passes through flood affected areas starting from Right bank of Punpun up to Daniyawan. The major portion of the alignment between Rahui-Bind-Sarmera is also flood affected in Chandi-Sarmera section

Mangrove X No mangrove area is located in the project site

Estuarine X Not applicable

Buffer zone of protected area X

Special area for protecting biodiversity X No special biodiversity area is located within the ROW

B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause…

ii

Screening questions Yes No Remarks

Encroachment on historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries?

X

The topography of project road is mainly plain. Minor impacts of landscape by road embankments, cuts and fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples / shrines / exist along the project road which may get impacted. Opening of New Quarries is not envisaged since area is underlain by thick alluvium. Quarry material will be sourced from existing quarries. Earth material to the extent will be taken from the side of the road within the ROW with provision of adequate drainage system. Any new borrow areas will be suitably rehabilitated.

Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)? X

There is no National Parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area.

Alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?

X

The proposed alignment is crossing through several rivers/rivulets. Important among them is River Punpun which is only perennial river. All other streams are seasonal in nature. Water is found only in some deeper portion of the rivers during non-monsoon period. All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology so that watercourses are not affected. The temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways. Silt fencing during construction will be provided.

Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?

X

Adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the workers camps will help to avoid this possibility. As the construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated.

Increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt processing? X

Local air pollution level is likely to be increased for short duration during construction period. Appropriate distance from settlement area and wind direction may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc. Use of environment friendly equipments/machineries will help to reduce air pollution

iii

Screening questions Yes No Remarks

Noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?

X

Blasting is not involved. Ambient noise level is expected to increase in the range of 80-90 dB(A) due to various construction activities, maintenance workshops, and earthmoving equipment. Although this level of noise exceeds National Standards, their occurrence will be intermittent and co-terminius with the project construction. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment that will be affected. Impact due to noise to the workers and local community will be avoided/minimised by adequate mitigation measures.

Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

X

Though large scale land acquisition is involved related to ROW, resettlement will be limited to 169 household. Economically displaced families are 5419. Nature of resettlement to be confirmed by RP.

Other social concerns relating to inconveniences in living conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?

X

Deterioration in ambient air quality will be limited to be localised and temporarily during construction activity. The project area is largely located in vast open areas.

Hazardous driving conditions where construction interferes with pre-existing roads?

X

To minimized the impact suitable traffic management plan will be designed and implement by the contractor

Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases from workers to local populations?

X

Proper provisions for sanitation, health care and solid waste disposal facilities will be available in the contract documents to avoid such possibility. Workers will be made aware about communicable diseases Immunization of workers will be done prior to their inclusion.

Creation of temporary breeding habitats for mosquito vectors of disease?

X

No such condition is anticipated, All borrow pit areas will comply with national standards. Borrow areas, will be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitos. Incidence of malaria will be monitored.

Dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people living in right-of-way?

X Physically displaced Households=169 Economically displaced Household=5419

Accident risks associated with increased vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials and loss of life?

X

Adequate safety measures will be adopted to avoid such conditions.

iv

Screening questions Yes No Remarks

Increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic volume?

X

Increase in noise and air pollution is expected during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimise them. During operation phase, vehicular traffic will be the main source of air and noise pollution. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will reduce the noise and air impact. Moreover, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission.

Increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road?

X

Controlled construction activities and proper drainage system will reduce this possibility.

After review of the checklist, the project is categorized as „B‟ since no impact on any environmentally sensitive area is involved. Most of the impacts are temporary in nature and mitigable with no or negligible residual impacts. As per EIA notification, the project requires Environmental Clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). In absence of duly constituted SEIAA, environmental clearance was obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests.

v

APPENDIX 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The finding as Notified on 16th November 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in exercise of its powers conferred under Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment Protect Act, 1986.

Source: Gazette of India, Part II-Section-3-Subsection (i) * Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week

24-hourly at uniform interval. ** 24-horly / 8-hourly values or 0.1 hourly monitored values shall be complied with 98%

of the time in the year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

Pollutant

Time-Weighted

Concentration in Ambient Air

Average Industrial, Residential and other rural area

Ecologically Sensitive Area

(Notified by Central

Government)

SO2 ug/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

50

80

20

80

NOx ug/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

40

80

30

80

PM10 ug/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

60

100

60

100

PM2.5 ug/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

40

60

40

60

Lead ug/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

0.50

1.0

0.50

1.0

CO ug/m3

8 Hours**

1 Hour**

2000

4000

2000

4000

O3 ug/m3

8 Hours**

1 Hour**

100

180

100

180

NH3 ug/m3

Annual*

24 hours**

100

400

100

400

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APPENDIX 4.2 : Ambient Noise Level Limits (In Leq dB(A)), India

Area/Class Day Time

(6:00 AM to 9:00 PM) Night Time

(9:00 PM to 6:00 am)

Standard Standard

Industrial 75 70

Commercial 65 55

Residential 55 45

Silence 50 40

Source: Environment Protection Rules, 1986, Schedule III

vii

APPENDIX 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991)

S. No.

Parameters Prescribed limits

Probable effects Desirable Permissible

1 COLOUR (HAZEN UNIT) 5 25 Aesthetically undesirable.

2 ODOUR Essentially free Aesthetically undesirable.

3 TASTE Agreeable Aesthetically undesirable.

4 TURBIDITY (NTU) 5 10 Indicates pollution/ contamination.

5 pH 6.5 8.5 Affects taste, corrodes supply system.

6 HARDNESS, as CaCO3, mg/l

300 600 Causes scaling, excessive soap consumption, calcification of arteries.

7 IRON, as Fe , mg/l 0.30 1.00 Causes staining of laundry and porcelain. In traces it is essential for nutrition.

8 CHLORIDE, as Cl , mg/l 250 1000

May be injurious to heart or kidney patients. Taste, indigestion, corrosion and palatability are affected.

9 RESIDUAL CHLORINE, only when Water is chlorinated

0.20 - Excessive chlorination causes asthma, colitis and eczema

10 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS, mg/l

500 2000 May cause gastro-intestinal irritation, corrosion and laxative effect to new users.

11 CALCIUM, as Ca, mg/l 75 200

Excessive Cause incrustation, deficiency causes rickets, essential for nervous, muscular, cardiac functions and in coagulation of blood.

12 MAGNESIUM, as Mg, mg/l 30 100

Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. Excessive may cause laxative effect; deficiency causes structural and functional changes. It is activator of many enzyme systems.

13 COPPER, as Cu, mg/l 0.05 1.50

Beneficial in human metabolism, deficiency results in nutritional anaemia in infants. Large amounts may result in liver damage, causes central nervous system irritation and depression. Enhances corrosion of Al in water supply systems.

14 SULPHATE, as SO4, mg/l 200 400

Causes gastro-intestinal irritation. Along with Mg or Na can have a cathartic effect. Concentration more than 750 mg/l may have laxative effect.

15 NITRATE, as N, mg/l 45 100

Causes infant methaemoglobinaemia, at very high concentration causes gastric cancer and effects central nervous

viii

S. No.

Parameters Prescribed limits

Probable effects Desirable Permissible

and cardiovascular system.

16 FLUORIDE, as F, mg/l 1.00 1.50 Reduces dental carries, very high concentration may cause crippling skeletal fluorosis.

17 CADMIUM, as Cd, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation

Acute toxicity may be associated with renal, arterial hypertension, itai-itai (bone disease). Cd salts cause cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

18 LEAD, as Pb, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation

Burning in mouth, severe inflammation of gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and diarrhoea. Chronic toxicity produces nausea, severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental confusion, visual disturbances, and anaemia etc.

19 ZINC, as Zn , mg/l 5 15 Essential and beneficial in human metabolism. Imparts astringent taste to water.

20 CHROMIUM, as Cr, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Cr6+ produces lung tumours, coetaneous and nasal mucous membrane ulcers and dermatitis.

21 ARSENIC, as As, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Causes skin damage, circulatory problems, and increased risk of skin cancer.

22 ANTIMONY, as Sb, mg/l 0.006 No relaxation Raises blood cholesterol, lowers blood sugar.

23 ALUMINIUM, as Al, mg/l 0.030 0.200 Leads to neurological disorders.

24 BARIUM, as Ba, mg/l 2 No relaxation Increases blood pressure.

25 BERYLLIUM, as Be, mg/l nil 0.0002 Is carcinogenic

26 CYANIDE, as CN, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Causes nerve damage, thyroid problem.

27 MERCURY, as Hg, mg/l 0.001 No relaxation

Neurological and renal disturbances. Excess causes gonadotoxic and mutagenic effects and disturbs the cholesterol metabolism.

28 MANGANESE, as Mn, mg/l 0.10 0.30

Essential as a cofactor in enzyme systems and metabolism processes. Excessive causes change in appetite and reduction in metabolism of iron to form haemoglobin. Imparts undesirable taste and stains plumbing fixtures and laundry.

29 SELENIUM, as Se, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation Leads to hair, finger loss, and numbness in fingers or toes, circulatory problems.

30 BORON, as B, mg/l 1.00 5.00 Affects central nervous system, salts may cause nausea, cramps, convulsions, coma, etc.

31 ALKALINITY, as CaCO3, 200 600 Imparts unpleasant taste,

ix

S. No.

Parameters Prescribed limits

Probable effects Desirable Permissible

mg/l deleterious to humans in presence of high pH, hardness and TDS.

32 PESTICIDES, ug/l nil 0.001

Imparts toxicity, accumulates in different organs of body, and affects immune and nervous systems. Carcinogenic.

33 PHOSPHATE, as PO4, mg/l No guideline

High concentration causes vomiting and diarrhoea stimulates secondary hyperthyroidism and bone loss.

34 SODIUM, as Na, mg/l No guideline Harmful to persons suffering from cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases.

35 POTASSIUM, as K, mg/l No guideline Essential nutrition element but excessive amounts are cathartic.

36 NICKEL, as Ni , mg/l No guideline

Non-toxic element but may be carcinogenic in animals, can react with DNA resulting in DNA damage in animals.

37

PATHOGENS a)TOTAL COLIFORM No/dl b)FAECAL COLIFORM No/dl

1 10

Causes water borne diseases like coliform jaundice; Typhoid, Cholera etc. produces infections involving skin mucous membrane of eyes, ears and throat.

38

RADIOACTIVITY: -BETA PARTICLES -ALPHA PARTICLES -RADIUM

0-4 milligram/year

0-15 picocuries/year 0-05 picocuries/year

Increases risk of cancer.

x

APPENDIX 4.4 : Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB, 1979)

Characteristics A B C D E

Dissolved Oxygen (DO), mg/L, Min

6 5 4 4 -

Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD, mg/L, max

2 3 3 - -

Total Coliform organism **, MPN/100ml, Max

50 500 5000 - -

pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6 – 9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

Free Ammonia (as N), mg/L, Max

- - - 1.2 -

Electrical Conductivity, µmhos/cm, max

- - - - 2250

Sodium absorption Ratio

- - - - 26

Boron, mg/L, Max - - - - 2

A) Drinking water sources without conventional treatment but after disinfecting B) Outdoor Bathing (organized) C) Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfecting D) Propagation of wildlife, fisheries E) Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal

xi

APPENDIX 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS

Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961 guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and sub-grade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor.

The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations.

(1) The borrow area should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available.

(2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads.

(3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum.

(4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum.

(5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available.

2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILTY

The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the sub-grade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the sub-grade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following;

(1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition.

(2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then shall make consequent deficit of material arising there from.

(3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and un-acceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the un-acceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately.

(4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

xii

3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

(iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level.

(iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously through out the stretch.

(v) Ridges of not less than 8m widths will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m.

(vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage.

(vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal).

(viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

(iii) At location where private owners desire their fields to be levelled, the borrowing shall be done to a depth of not more than 1.5m or up to the level of surrounding fields

C. Borrow Areas near River side

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

(iii) Borrow area near to any surface water body will be at least at a distance of 15m from the toe of the bank or high flood level, whichever is maximum.

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

xiii

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

(iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If un-avoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage.

(iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer; following precautions are recommended

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

(iii) Ridges of not less than 8m widths should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m.

(iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage.

(v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5m.

(vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m.

4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS

The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level. Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following;

Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface.

Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed

xiv

after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment.

The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction Phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

xv

APPENDIX 5.2 : Details of Affected CPRs

S. No.

Chainage Name of Village

Description of CPR Ownership

of Land Remarks

Bihta-Daniyawan Section

1 7 to 8 Gonwan Bore Well Govt. -----

2 9 to 10 Karnapura Angan Badi Kendra Govt. -----

3 9 to 10 Karnapura Primary School Govt. Partly Affected

4 12.000 Charra Bore Well Govt. Abandoned

5 16.000 Naubatpur Cellphone Tower Partially Affected

6 26.000 Kalyanpur Middle School Govt. -----

7 26.000 Kalyanpur Water Supply Center Govt. Abandoned

8 26.000 Kalyanpur Pipra Thana Govt. -----

9 28.000 Dumari Angan Badi Kendra Govt. -----

10 28.000 Dumari Primary School Govt. -----

11 28.000 Dumari Primary School Govt. Partially Affected

12 28.000 Dumari Panchayat Kendra Govt. -----

13 30.000 Nadpur Bore Well Govt. -----

14 34.000 Nema G. Bore Well Govt. -----

15 37.000 Lakhana Hostel Govt. Abandoned

16 37.000 Lakhana Higher Sec. School Govt. -----

17 41.000 Kansari Panchayat Bhawan Govt. Abandoned

18 41.000 Kansari Bore Well Govt.

19 45.300 Kanchanpur Middle School Govt. -----

20 49.000 Mohiddinpur Middle School Govt. Boundry Affected

21 5.600 Samsara Temple Pvt -----

22 9.500 Karnapura Temple Pvt -----

23 16.000 Naubatpur Temple Pvt -----

24 28.000 Dumari Shrine Govt. -----

25 28.000 Dumari Shrine Govt. -----

26 37.000 Lakhana Temple Govt. -----

27 41.000 Kansari Temple Govt. -----

xvi

S. No.

Chainage Name of Village

Description of CPR Ownership

of Land Remarks

Chandi-Sarmera Section

1 0.600 Hanumangarh Primary School Govt. -----

2 7.350 Beldhana Tower -----

3 8.700 Nanaura Anganbadi Kendra Govt. -----

4 10.200 Charuipar Electricity Department

Colony Govt.

Partially affected

5 13.500 Muzaffarpur Govt. Middle School Govt. -----

6 24.200 Bhandari Govt. Middle School Govt. -----

7 36.400 Jahaana Govt. Middle School Govt. -----

8 38.200 Mallawan Panchayat Bhawan Govt. -----

9 42.400 Parnaawan Primary School Govt. -----

10 45.000 Meer Nagar Aagan Badi Kaindra Govt. -----

11 45.010 Meer Nagar Cooperative Godown Govt. -----

12 45.030 Meer Nagar Middle School Govt. -----

13 45.100 Meer Nagar Gramen Vikash

Kaindra Govt.

-----

14 0.510 Hanumangarh shrine Govt very small

15 6.000 Barhauna shrine Govt -----

16 8.810 Beldhana Temple Pvt -----

17 8.990 Nanaura Temple Pvt -----

18 9.110 Nanaura shrine ----- Small shrine

19 24.200 Habanpura shrine ----- -----

20 24.200 Habanpura Temple ----- -----

21 25.200 Bhandari Idol ----- on a platform

22 Kaitharahi Temple & Shade ----- -----

23 38.200 Mallawan Temple Govt. -----

24 46.000 Badhiya Temple Pvt -----

25 46.400 Badhiya Temple Pvt ----

26 46.850 Badhiya Temple Pvt Statute in a hut

27 47.450 Sarmera Temple Pvt Semi permanent

xvii

APPENDIX 6.1 : List of Participants in Public Consultations

List of Participants at Kanhauli,

List of Participants at Newa

xviii

List of Participants at Mohiuddinpur

List of Participants at Srivar Naubatpur

xix

List of Participants at Dumri

xx

List of Participants at Hanumangarh

List of Participants at Muzzaffarpur

xxi

List of Participants at Badhauna

List of Participants at Rahui

xxii

APPENDIX 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan (SH-78: Bihta- Sarmera)

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

A. Design and Construction Stage

1. Alignment

Constricted Sections along the proposed alignment

Avoidance to settlement areas, sensitive locations

Compliance with highway alignments standards for curvature and grading

Avoidance of additional need of ROBs/RUBs.

Inadequate land width/ROW.

Design requirement

Bypasses at

Sadisopur

Naubatpur

Punpun/New

Kansari - Moiudinpur

Dumri,

Rahui

Bind and

Gopalbad

During the design stage

Project preparation cost

Design Consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

2. Natural Hazards

Flooding/Water logging

Provision of adequate cross drainage structures.

Balancing culverts in flood prone areas

Embankment height: 1m free board from HFL

Improve drainage to restrict the flooding due to poor drainage.

IRC:34 Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments

Throughout the stretch especially near water crossings and identified (Punpun-Daniyawan and Rahui-Bind Sarmera) flood prone areas.

Design Stage and Construction Stage

Project preparation Cost Included in Engineering cost

Design Consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Protection of road embankment in Flood prone Areas

Embankment height to be raised sufficiently to avoid impact due to capillary action and other engineering solutions to protect embankment.

Adequate balancing culverts

Rahui-Bind-Sarmera Sections

Design Stage and Construction Stage

Project preparation Cost Included in Engineering cost

Design Consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Earthquake All civil structures to be to be designed to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of MSK IV as per BIS codes

BIS codes and design requirement

Throughout the project corridor

Design and Construction Stage

Included in Engineering Cost

Design Consultant and Contractor

PIU/BSRDCL/SC

3. Climate and Air Quality

xxiii

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

Local Climatic conditions

Geometric adjustment to reduce tree cutting.

Compensatory Plantation (1:2)

Avenue Plantation on either side of road

Additional Plantation on river banks, borrow areas and sensitive locations will also enhance the local climatic conditions

Environmental Protection Act, 1986; The Air

(Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1981

+ IRC and MORTH

Specifications for Road and Bridge

works Air

(P and CP) Act 1974 and Central Motor and Vehicle

Act 1988

Throughout project corridor, level crossings, haulage roads, earthwork, Construction sites, Loading areas, storage areas, Transport route,

Design and Construction stage During the Construction stage

Compensatory Afforestation cost = 20.6 Lakhs Avenue Plantation cost=1.28 crores Total=1.49 crores

13

Design Consultant and Contractor

PIU/BSRDCL/SC

Poor air quality due to compromise in design.

Road design and Pavement roughness as per IRC specifications.

congestion free movement of traffic with provision of junctions at major intersections and ROB

Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees.

Project preparation cost

Design Consultant and Contractor

PIU/BSRDCL/SC

Dust Generation due to construction activities and transport, storage and handling of construction materials

Transport, loading and unloading of loose and fine materials through covered vehicles.

Paved approach roads.

Storage areas to be located downwind of the habitation area.

Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved roads and other dust prone areas.

Provision of PPEs to workers.

Included in project cost

Design consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Emission from vehicle, equipment and machinery.

Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment.

Batching, asphalt mixing plants and crushers at downwind (1km) direction

Asphalt mixing plants, crushers, DG sets locations

During the Construction stage

Included in project cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

13

Total no. of trees likely to be cut = 1782, Total trees under Govt. Land is 349 (178 in first section and 171 in second section). Remaining is Pvt. Trees. Compensatory afforestation by forest

department will be done only for trees in Govt. Land on 1:2 basis. Estimated cost for section 1 by forest dept. = 10.3 Lakhs for section 1. (Refer Supplement to Appendix 7.1) Estimate for Section 2 is still awaited which is anticipated to be approximately same since no. of trees are almost same in both sections. Hence, total budgetary provision for compensatory afforestation work is 20.6 Lakhs. This includes cost for iron Gabion Structures. Avenue plantation is recommended for the project in the available ROW @ 80 trees/km which comes to be approximately 16000 trees. Estimated cost for avenue plantation without iron gabion structure is approximately Rs. 800/trees including 3 yr maintenance. Hence the total estimated cost for avenue plantation= 1.28 crores.

xxiv

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

from the nearest settlement.

Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used

DG sets with stacks of adequate height and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel.

ambient air quality monitoring

Included in monitoring cost

4. Noise

Noise from construction vehicle, equipment and machinery.

All equipment to be timely serviced and properly maintained.

Bottlenecks to be removed.

Construction equipment and machinery to be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.

Timing of noisy construction activities shall be regulated near sensitive receptor, and habitation concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction Else provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations or near sources.

Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase

Honking restrictions near sensitive areas

PPEs to workers

Noise monitoring as per EMoP.

Legal requirement Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and amendments thereof

+ Clause No 501.8.6.

MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge

works

Throughout project section especially at construction sites, residential areas and identified sensitive locations

During the Construction stage

Cost for Plantation already indicated above. Monitoring Cost as indicated In EMoP.

Contractor

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

5. Land and Soil

Land use Change and Loss of productive/top soil

Significant lands to be acquired for Road construction hence, to the extent non-agricultural areas to be used as borrow areas.

Top soil to be preserved and laid over either on the embankment slope for

growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.

Project requirement

Throughout the project section and borrow areas

During design and construction Stage

Included in engineering cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Slope protection Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the stretch Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/

xxv

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

and Soil erosion due to construction activities, earthwork, and cut and fill etc.

during non-monsoon season.

Bio-turfing of embankments to protect slopes.

Slope protection by providing frames, dry stone pitching, masonry retaining walls, planting of grass and trees.

The side slopes of all cut and fill areas will be graded and covered with stone pitching, grass and shrub as per design specifications.

recommended practice for treatment of embankment

slopes for erosion control Clause No. 306

and 305.2.2 MoSRTH

Specifications for Road and Bridge

works Guidelines IX for

Soil erosion

especially at all bridges

construction stage

preparation cost and construction cost

consultant and Contractor,

SC

Soil erosion at earth stockpiles

The earth stockpiles to be provided with gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion.

At earth stockpiles Design and construction stage

Project preparation and construction cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Borrow areas Non-productive, barren lands, upland shall be used for borrowing earth with the necessary permissions/consents.

Depths of borrow pits to be regulated.

Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected for use at the rehabilitation stage.

Transportation of earth materials through covered vehicles.

IRC recommended practice for borrow pits (IRC 10: 1961).

To the extent, borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas.

If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked.

IRC Guidelines on borrow areas and for quarries (Environmental Protection Act and Rules, 1986; Water Act, Air Act) +

Clause No. 305.2.2 MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge

works Guidelines V for Borrow Areas Management

Borrow sites and quarries (if required) location.

During Design and construction Stage

Engineering cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/

SC

xxvi

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

Quarry Operations

Aggregates will be sourced from existing licensed quarries.

Copies of consent/ approval / rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or use of existing source will be submitted to EO, BSRDCL.

The contractor will develop a Quarry Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA.

The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.

Clause No. 111.3 MoSRTH

Specifications for Road and Bridge

works Guidelines VI for Quarry Areas Management

Compaction of soil and impact on quarry haul roads due to movement of vehicles and equipments

Construction vehicles, machinery, and equipment to be stationed in the designated ROW to avoid compaction.

Approach roads/haulage roads shall be designed along the barren area.

Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads.

Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.

Design requirement

Parking areas, Haulage roads and construction yards.

Just before commencement of construction

Included in Engineering cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Contamination of soil due to leakage/spillage of oil, bituminous and non bituminous debris generated from demolition and road construction

Construction vehicles and equipment will be maintained and refueled in such a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does not contaminate the soil.

Fuel storage and refueling sites to be kept away from drainage channels.

Unusable debris shall be dumped in ditches and low lying areas.

Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled „Waste Oil‟ and „Hazardous‟ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors

Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in

Design requirement

Fuelling station, construction sites, and construction camps and disposal location.

Just before commencement of construction

Monitoring Cost Included in EMoP

Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxvii

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit.

Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board

Soil quality monitoring

6. Water Resources

Construction water

Contractor will arrange adequate supply and storage of water for the whole construction period at his own costs and submit a list of source/s to EA.

The contractor will source the requirement of water preferentially from ground water but with prior permission from the concerned authority.

The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation.

Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June)

Clause No. 1010 EP

Act 1986 MoSRTH

Specifications for Road and Bridge

works

Throughout the Project section

During Construction stage

Included in engineering cost

Contractor, Groundwater authority and irrigation department

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Alteration in surface water hydrology due to embankment and bridge construction

Existing drainage system to be maintained and further enhanced.

Water flow to be maintained for down stream requirement of local people and aquatic life

Bridge construction during lean flow

Residual spoils from excavated river bed material to be disposed off suitably to prevent downstream siltation.

Design requirement, Clause No 501.8.6. MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge

Near all drainage channels, river crossings especially at rivet punpun

During Construction stage

Included in engineering cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Siltation in water bodies due to construction activities/

earthwork

Bridge construction to be limited to the dry season.

Embankment slopes to be modified suitably to restrict the soil debris entering water bodies.

Provision of Silt fencing shall be made at water bodies.

Design requirement , Clause No 501.8.6. MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge works

Near all river water bodies, embankment slopes.

During Construction stage

Included in Engineering Cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxviii

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.

Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.

(CP and CP) and worldwide best practices

Deterioration in Surface water quality due to leakage from vehicles and equipments.

No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants.

Oil and grease traps and fuelling platforms to be provided at re-fuelling locations.

All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.

All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors

Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies.

Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only.

Water quality shall be monitored periodically.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and amendments thereof.

Water bodies, refueling

stations, construction camps.

During Construction Stage

Engineering cost Monitoring cost as indicated in EMoP

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

7. Flora and Fauna

Vegetation loss due to site preparation and construction activities and

Suitable modifications in design to minimize tree cutting.

Roadside trees to be removed with prior approval of DFO.

Compensatory plantation at 1:2 basis

Forest Conservation Act 1980 + IRC SP: 21 and

Throughout project corridor

During the design and Construction stage

Indicated above

BSRDCL through DFO

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxix

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

Plantation Strategy

Provision of LPG in construction camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.

Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Integrate vegetation management (IVM) with the carriage way completely clear of vegetation. From the edge of the road to the boundary of ROW, vegetation structured with smaller plants near the line and larger trees further away to avoid costly clearing when the carriage way is expanded from 2L to 4L and provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals. Additional plantation near river banks to check erosion.

In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA.

Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring.

Controlled use of pesticides/manure

IRC SP:66

Impact on fishing activity (production, spawning and breeding grounds)

Adequate waterways to be maintained

Siltation and water contamination shall be preventing to reduce turbidity.

Restricting construction activity during the breeding period (Monsoon Period)

Plantation in the riparian area of the rivers, to reduce erosion.

State Govt. Fisheries Department guidelines and Best practices

Near all water Bodies and Ponds especially in river Punpun which is only perennial river.

During Construction Stage

Part of Engineering Work

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

8. Construction Camps

Impact associated with location

All camps should maintain minimum distance from following:

# 500 m from habitation # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route

Design Requirement

All construction camps During Construction stage

Included in Engineering Cost

Contractor and EO

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

worker‟s Health in construction

The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labor camp will be

The Building and Other

All construction camps During construction

Included in Engineering

Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxx

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

camp submitted PIU prior to their construction. The construction shall commence only after approval of PIU.

The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities in functional and hygienic manner as approved by the EA.

Preventive medical care to be provided to workers.

Disposal of solid waste on regular basis at identified locations.

The Contractor will take all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.

No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community.

Provision of day crèche for children

Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers.

Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases.

Construction workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1996 and The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and amendments thereof

stage Cost

8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris

Selection of Dumping Sites

Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites.

Away from residential areas and water bodies

Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.

Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location.

Design Requirement and MoSRTH guidelines

At all Dumping Sites Construction Part of the contract

Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Reuse and disposal of construction and

The existing bitumen surface shall be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in

xxxi

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

dismantled waste construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes.

All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.

Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed.

Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.

8. Accessibility, Traffic Management, Accident and Safety Risks

Design requirement and Traffic Planning During Construction Stage

Provision of junctions at all major intersections.

Temporary traffic diversion shall be planned by the contractor and approved by the „Engineer‟.

The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC‟s SP 55 document‟.

The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the

Design requirement and IRC SP:55

Throughout the project corridor especially at intersections.

During construction stage

Project preparation and construction cost

Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxxii

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic

On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed.

The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”.

Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.

Pedestrians, animal and Vehicular movement,

All measures for the safety of traffic during construction viz. signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall be taken.

Temporary access and diversion, with proper drainage facilities.

Access facility to the schools located adjacent to the highway.

Provision of underpasses near built-up areas. Else the cross drainage structures at select locations in high embankment areas can be made suitable for crossing over facilities.

Fencing wherever cattle movement is expected. To avoid the need for cattle underpasses, some of the proposed culverts `near habitations may be widened to facilitate cattle movement.

Design requirement and

IRC: SP: 27 -1984 Report Containing Recommendations of IRC Regional Workshops on Highway Safety

IRC:SP: 32 -1988 Road Safety for Children (5-12 Years Old)

IRC:SP: 44 -1994 Highway Safety Code

IRC: SP: 55 -2001 Guidelines for Safety in

Near habitation on both sides level crossings, schools and hospitals, graveyards, construction sites, haulage roads, diversion sites.

Included in Engineering/ Construction cost.

Contractor in consultation with Forest department

and BSRDCL

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Accident risk from construction activities

Contractors to adopt and maintain safe working practices.

Usage of fluorescent signage, in local language at the construction sites

Training to workers on safety procedures and precautions.

Mandatory appoint of safety officer.

Construction sites Construction period

Included in project cost

Obligation of Contractor

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxxiii

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with.

Provision of PPEs to workers.

Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, ambulance, nursing staff, and doctor to be provided.

The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form.

Construction Zones

The Building and other Construction workers Act 1996 and Cess Act of 1996

Factories Act 1948

Electrical Hazard No material will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public.

All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in construction zones.

All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provision and to the satisfaction of the „ Engineer‟.

The Building and Other

Construction workers

(Regulation of Employment and

Conditions of Service) Act

1996 and Cess Act of 1996

Factories Act 1948

Construction Site and Storage Areas

Construction period

Included in project cost

Obligation of Contractor

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities

Avoidance of CPRs

Realignment near CPRs wherever it is technically feasible.

Project requirement

Sensitive Locations. Design Phase

Preparation cost

Design Consultant

BSRDCL

Shifting of community properties

Geometric adjustment in alignment to minimize the loss to any such facilities.

Relocation of. wells, hand pumps at suitable locations.

Project requirement

Throughout the corridor

Before Construction

Cost of Loss of structures as per R and R Cost.

BSRDCL, NGO and RandR Unit

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxxiv

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

Utilities

All telephone and electrical poles/wires and underground cables/water or oil pipe lines should be shifted to avoid any such hazard

Project requirement

Throughout the corridor

Before Construction

Included in engineering / Rand R cost.

BSRDCL, NGO and R and R Unit

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

10. Enhancement Measures

Environmental enhancement along the corridor

Enhancement of Ponds,

Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow areas etc.

Additional plantation near river banks, schools and other CPRs

Environmental Enhancement as part of project requirement

Pond near Meernagar, community structures, River banks near bridge locations

Design and Construction Stage

Borrow areas enhancement is part of engineering Cost for others Lump sump (3.0 million)

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

11. Contractor Demobilization

Clean-up Operations, Restoration and Rehabilitation

Contractor will prepare site restoration plans, which will be approved by the „Engineer‟. The clean-up and restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization.

All construction zones including river-beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and „Engineer‟ will certify in this regard.

Project requirement

Throughout the Corridor

Immediately after Construction

---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL

B. Operation Stage

1. Climate and Air quality

Air pollution due to due to vehicular movement

Roadside tree plantations shall be maintained.

Bottlenecks should be avoided for smooth flow of traffic. Provision of ROB at level crossings

Regular maintenance of the road will be done to ensure good surface condition

Environmental Protection Act, 1986; The Air

(Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1981

Throughout the Corridor

Throughout operation period

Indicated In EMoP

BSRDCL

xxxv

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

.Ambient air quality monitoring. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken.

Technological and behavioral changes

Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment.

2. Noise Environment

Noise due to movement of traffic

Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations.

The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.

Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and amendments thereof

Noise sensitive areas Throughout operation period

Included in additional plantation cost.

BSRDCL

3. Land and Soil

Enroachment of prime agricultural land

Roadside Market places shall be developed at non-agricultural land in planned manner to restrict encroachment of ROW.

Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of

Throughout the stretch especially near settlement areas/market areas

Operation Phase

---- BSRDCL in coordination with local planning/development

authority

xxxvi

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

the ROW.

Soil erosion at embankment during heavy rain fall.

Periodic checking to be carried to assess the effectiveness of the stabilization measures viz. turfing, stone pitching, river training structures etc.

Project requirement

At bridge locations and embankment slopes and other probable soil erosion areas.

Throughout operation period

Included in Operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

Soil erosion at borrow areas

Visual monitoring and inspection of soil erosion at borrow areas, quarries (if closed and rehabilitated), embankments and other places expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan.

Project requirement

At bridge locations and embankment slopes and other probable soil erosion areas.

Throughout operation period

Included in Operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

4. Water Resources

Contamination of surface water quality due to leakage of oil

Collection tray to be installed under the canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies water contamination.

Monitoring of surface water bodies

Near surface Water bodies

Indicated in EMoP

Siltation Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. . .

Water logging due to blockade of streams

Regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams.

Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies

Throughout the corridor

Protection of Embankment in Flood prone Areas

Immediate removal of deposited silt from drainage channels and out-let points. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department.

Long term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries,

Project requirement

Identified Flood prone areas

During whole operation stage

Operation and Maintenance Cost

BSRDCL

xxxvii

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

agriculture, soil and other department.

5. Flora and Fauna

Vegetation Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to be properly maintained.

The tree survivalist audit to be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness

Forest Conservation Act 1980

Throughout project section

During whole operation period

Indicated in Monitoring cost in EMoP

BSRDCL

6. Flooding/ inundation

Road inundation due to choking of drainage channels

BSRDCL will ensure that all drains (side drains, and all cross drainages) are periodically cleared especially before monsoon season to facilitate the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding.

Project operation Requirement

Throughout the stretch particularly near flood prone major crossings viz. Bridge No. 305

During whole operation period

Overall Operation cost

BSRDCL

7. Right-of-Way Maintenance

Accident Risk due to uncontrolled growth of vegetation

The construction site shall be kept completely clear of vegetation.

Regular maintenance of plantation

Invasive plant not to be planted near the road.

Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide

The designated ROW shall be maintained free of any encroachment.

Project requirement

Throughout the Project route

During whole operation period.

Included in operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

8. Accidents and Safety

Accident risks associated with traffic movement.

Traffic control measures, including speed limits, will be enforced strictly.

Further encroachment and squatting within the ROW will be prevented.

No school or hospital will be allowed to be established within 100m of the highway without permission from the planning authorities.

Monitor/ensure that all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained

Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling. Phone booths for

IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project route

During whole operation period.

Included in operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

xxxviii

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims.

Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles.

Coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.

Transport of Dangerous Goods

Preparation of spill prevention and control and emergency preparedness and responsive plans based on an analysis of hazards, implementation of presentation and control measures.

Throughout the project stretch

Included in operation/ Maintenance cost.

BSRDCL

9. Monitoring Operation Performance

Monitoring Operation Performance

The BSRDCL will monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project

The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc.

Throughout the corridor

Included in EMoP

BSRDCL

Note: It is assumed that Items like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp as per EMP, provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms etc. are part of engineering cost. Cost towards median plantation has not been considered at this stage since 2-lane undivided carriageway is proposed at this stage. Noise mitigation at this stage has been proposed in the form of Multilayered plantation. Effectiveness of which will be examined during operation phase and accordingly solid noise barriers may be installed

Environmental Mitigation and enhancement Cost (Excluding Items Coming Under Project Preparation / Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance) = Rs 13.5 Million

Total EMoP Cost: INR 1.0 million

Estimated cost for Institutional Capacity Building/Training: 4.0 Million ( Combined cost for BSHP II)

Cost for Equipment : 0.5 Million (Combined cost for BSHP II) Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard for the Subproject: 13.5+1.0 Million = INR 14.5 Million

EA: Executing Agency, BSRDCL: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress

xxxix

Supplement to Appendix 7.1: Compensatory Afforestation Estimate by forest Department for 340 trees in Bihta-Daniyawan Section for SH-78

40

APPENDIX 7.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators

Env. Indicators

Project Stage

Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency and Duration

Standards Approximate cost (Rs)

Implementation Supervision

Air Quality Construction stage

PM 10,PM

2.5, SO2,

NOX, CO,

HC

High volume sampler to be located 50 m from the plant in the downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis

Hot mix plants, stone crushers and construction/ earthwork sites and as suggested by SC (Total 6 Locations)

24 hr continuous, 3/year for 3 years

Air quality standard by CPCB

6x7000x3x3 =Rs378,000.00

Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU /SC

Operation stage

High volume sampler to be located 50 m from the selected locations in the downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis

Selected Major Road Intersections and Residential area (6 Locations)

24 hr continuous, 3/year for 1 year

Air quality standard by CPCB

6X7000x3X1=Rs 126,000.00

PIU through approved monitoring agency

PIU, BSRDCL

Water Quality

Construction stage

Ground water: (IS: 10500:1991) and

Surface water for Class D and Class E (Propagation of Fishes) as Prescribed by CPCB

and for

vector

borne

diseases

Grab sample collected

from source and

analyse as per

Standard Methods for

Examination of Water

and Wastewater

Groundwater at Construction

Camps/site and Surface water

at Upstream and Down

Stream of Punpun river and as

suggested by SC

(5 Samples)

3 year for 3 years

Water quality standard by CPCB

5x 4000x3X3 =Rs 180, 000

Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU /SC

Operation stage

Groundwater at 2 locations ( 1

each from Bihta-Daniyawan,

Chandi- Bind and Bind-

Sarmera sections) and

Surface water sample of river

Punpun (up stream and

downstream of bridge

Location) and stagnant water

bodies developed due to

Borrows areas

3/year for 1 year

Water quality standard by CPCB

5X3x4000 =Rs 60, 000

PIU through approved monitoring agency

PIU, BSRDCL

Siltation in Water Bodies

Construction Visual Checks for presence of

construction debris/waste and

blockade of drainage channels

All rivers/streams/drainage channels and major water bodies along the stretch

Once during rainy seasons of the construction period.

Guidelines from water resources department

Routine work of Engineering Team

Contractor PIU /SC

Operation Once during operation of 1st year

Guidelines from water resources department

Routine work of Engineering Team

PIU, with support of Water Resource Department

PIU, BSRDCL

41

Env. Indicators

Project Stage

Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency and Duration

Standards Approximate cost (Rs)

Implementation Supervision

Noise levels

Construction stage

Equivalent Noise levels on dB (A) scale for day and night

Free field at 1 m from the equipment whose noise levels are being determined.

Construction sites, major road intersections and 1 each at residential, commercial and sensitive locations along the alignment. (6 Locations)

24 hr continuous, 3*/year for 3 years

As per National Noise Standard specified in Environmental Protection Act, 1986 amended 2002

6x2500x3x3 =Rs.135000

Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU/SC

Operation stage

Equivalent Noise levels using an integrated noise level meter kept at a distance of 15 m from edge of Pavement

Near residential, commercial and silence zone. (6 Locations)

3 / year for 1 year

6x3000x3X1 =Rs 54, 000

PIU through approved monitoring agency

PIU, BSRDCL

Soil Quality

Construction Stage

NPK (ICAR standard ) and heavy metals for dredging sites

As specified by the site engineer BSRDCL / supervision consultant

One agricultural land and at each dredging locations if dredging is involved and HMP sites

Once during whole construction stage

CPCB standard and NPK as per ICAR standard

Rs. 30,000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU/SC

Operation stage

Oil and grease

At oil spillage locations and other probable soil contamination location

Once for the first year of operation

CPCB standard

Rs. 30,000 PIU through approved agency

PIU, BSRDCL

Soil Erosion

Construction Stage

Visual check for Soil erosion and siltation

Through the Project Corridor especially at River banks, bridge locations and river training structures

After first rain Visual Checks

Part of routine action of engineering team

Contractor BSRDCL

Operation Stage

Once during operation of 1st year

Visual Checks

Part of routine action of engineering team

Engineering Team of BSRDCL

Drainage Congestion

Construction stage

Visual Checks Through the Project Corridor especially Probable drainage congestion areas as described in IEE

Once in a year before rainy season

None Specific. No blocking of drainage.

Part of routine action of engineering team

Contractor‟s Engineering Team

PIU/SC

Operation Stage

Once in a year before rainy season for 3 yrs

None Specific. No blocking of drainage.

Part of routine action of engineering team

BSRDCL Engineering Team

Borrow Areas

Construction Stage

Visual Checks

Identification of borrow areas as per IEE

Borrow areas to be operated Once in a month

IRC guidelines and Best Practices

Part of the Contract

Contractor with approval from PIU, BSRDCL

PIU/SC

42

Env. Indicators

Project Stage

Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency and Duration

Standards Approximate cost (Rs)

Implementation Supervision

Operation Stage

Visual Checks

Rehabilitation as recommended in IEE

Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 year

Borrow Area rehabilitation Plan

BSRDCL

Construction Sites and Labour Camp

Construction stage

Storage Area, Construction Sites for Hygiene, drainage Medical Facilities

Rapid audit as per reporting format

Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly during construction period

IRC guidelines and to the satisfaction of EO, BSRDCL

Part of the regular monitoring

Contractor with approval from PIU, BSRDCL

PIU/SC

Tree Plantation

Construction Stage

Surveillance monitoring of trees felling

Throughout the Project Section

During site clearance in construction phase

As suggested by Forest Dept.

Included in overall plantation Cost

PIU/Local Forest Departments

Operation stage

Audit for survival rate of trees plantation

Throughout the Project Section

Once in a year for years

Contractor upto Defect Liability Period After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring

Monitoring Costs: INR Rs 993000.00 Say 10 Lakhs = 1.0 Million

BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; PM - Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide;