IL EPA - EVALUATION OF ILLINOIS STREAM … H. Kelly and Robe^t~^:^4ite l * X \ MONITORING UNIT...

$: IL EPA - EVALUATION OF ILLINOIS STREAM … H. Kelly and Robe^t~^:^4ite l * X \ MONITORING UNIT ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CON-TROL^ STATE$
f , -r 1 <" - « '^••^ _/

'. I

/

,.\t<ipcy

, . ^.uT^^ '"" ' ^ .V %

3pr Kgfed ! no d -J*. )6

lEPA/WPC/8,4-0€(i'

^ t .

Evaluation of Illinois Stream Sediment Data 1974-1980

EPA Region 5 Records Ctr.

387256

- . . . : . . - ^ w ^ ? ^

t^'

c^bfabcibii^.^

X ^ -<J r ' '' ». •.:<f:~<<.-'

pm. m-t. m^ .-

" !> ' • - - ii*

- , .1^ ' :// •( '• ' '•V'

,--: *-;

I , » ' '

'""N -

-

4 T u snd S b •

\ l

n -p^^ j .~ ep i; - - d c' -V.*'i"-i;?'-;j>?{r5r

'. f ^ ; " * ^ .^

aet i ' • • h y . « -

f m C. tf' ~ r ,<- ' •:>• So

; ! 1 1 1 1 0 ' 5 : ' • / ' - ' " • : ~efT- 51 -"••- :

, ^1 ,-iS 1 : n ••J- n : ; - - • -

I £200 Chj rcn iJ^ l ' - a t ! S p n n q f i e l d , ;L ^." ' "• :

-J ' * » • 1* " . o d * «*.f db Cjv . f . * r t

IC A t i t l ' . c l ( l i m i t JOO «C?BW^^^

S ^ i m e n t samples "rfiTn^.SBO 'i^^.îT. s i t e s ' . i fOuT^c-.:^- '-^^-:. : " ana l yzed to e s f a b i ' s n Dac!<;T":"jnd._" ê'ê's >nd :o r'* - 7"^ Data .''ere., ^ u r t " e ' • êva 1;.,jted ' o 3et?--:"M'ê sed •"e'-; ' . ' 1) v a r y i Tg~^-^^5:3nces .^downs:--f a."^.-:'" --..ni c ' c a i . 3 > ' ^ V T - = .-?) samol ; rc ; r^-&4t ;r.5 "•~ipai:::;d ZJ j a r ^ z ^ l - 2 ^ " - ' ' . . -.'••Z Se.dTnents were ' . f i . l , . : ed ^c^ i - . t r - e i : ; , •e- .a ' ; , - • " J - - . ; ' • • ! c > i l o r i ' e coTipoi, ' js , \ ,

A cab'e .;as c reoarS- l ^ ;e"G.,t '-5 o .s t ^ ^ j e n t • : ' T : - .S • " i r c j T d s ' t e s , a'^d a " .e "."><^^c'ass 1 • ' : a t ' ^n i f - , - r o i -a, on c e / n a t i o n s " 'om : a c < c i c u n d ^ e a r i \ .

M t a ^ 3P1

t 5 3

ces "

. . > . - ^ ' ' ^ ^ ^

•EV-ALUA-rrON OF ILL INOIS 'STREAM

SEDIMENT DATA:. 1974-1980

[ ^

.* i.

' - V

-u

\

by

Martin H. Kelly and Robe^t~^:^4il te

*

X

\

MONITORING UNIT

ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CON-TROL^

STATE OF ILLINOIS ' 19G4

I ' <?

' - ' • •

V

' • M

3 -" 'J.u t 'V^\ l

->• f ^ .

^ f

1i

li\^"^

S€CTI>ON

I

11^

I I I

IV

-t, *

PAGE I «

LIST OF TABLES ..: -. ^ „ v - -

L'IST OF FIGURES _. I vi'ii i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ? :. ^ \ . . . ' . . . ^ . . x .

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

' Field Collection

Laboratory Analysis ,

Data handling and analysis

RESULTS ..

1

6'

. 8

9

9

9

10

17

Classification of Sediment Samples 17

Phys,1ograph1c Region 17

Sample Location Categories 17

Stream,Distance Groups 19.

^ River Basin ° 19 i f

Ba.clwround Concentrations \*; 23

, Organic Matter . : . . . ' 26

'• ' !COD 26 r

Total KJeldahi Nitrogen 30

Total Volatile Residue 34

Phosphorus 37

Heavy Metals' and Arsepic "H

Arsenic .' \\ i l-

in

~.^U.;v;'|;^

rv

LJN -^ i i-Or<.

SECTION

VI

VII

VIII

Cadmium ,.;.

Chromtum •...„,

Copper •..

Jron

Lead N

Manganese

Mercury '..'

Zinc '

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Compounds

• -..Chlbrdane/Heptachlor Epoxide

»• / ODT' ' r.....

. . './. - Dieldrin .-.-.

. " \ Polychlbrinated Biphenyls

DISCUSSION '.'••••••' •"•.••.•.

Collection Techniques

Data Analysis ,.

LITERATURE CITED ,

APPENDIX . .-

X" )

A, Methods - Stream Sedl/n'ent Mom t o n )

B>. Sediment Sample I n f o m i a t i o n ' S h e e t '

C. Sample l iocat ion^ Codes ^ . -

' D . ftaw Sediment Data

PARE

42

y-Jr; I ' i l l

.-*

••- - " t i f "

-«!'flfV

• ' v ft(.''.>^j5iS-~'S* " ' ' " "'..I-

'1 1. ' ^ . . ^ ^ j

-TABbf

, 1 \

2

10

11

12

4 13

14

•*^t .A.-I -T- , s'Tft-mifrn- .- ~ ^ ' ^ t ' t i T^"^<i^

1 M ^ ' ,1 - . *

?ds.

,: •' ' ^ ../. . / tISTOF TA8LE5

y '•"" ' °_ - • ' T ITLE, ' ' / "

Summary.of ^sediment monitored'parameters,"! samjile. • preservation, methq.ds of analysvssf'-reportil^ng units and .detection limHs • ' . - . . . - . . . I . . ' . . : " . ' ' . . .

Years of jeôrd and.changes-in detection)l-im^ts for param8-ter"s monitored in I l l i no i s streartf sediment samples, 1974-19'80 • . . . . - . . • . . • . • . . : • . . . " . . ,

• 1 • ^ ' ' • ' i • • • • ' • Summary |of ,111inois river basins, physipgraphfc regions, sample'ipca'tion categories ^nd streâm distance groups used in Snalysi's of 1974-1980-stream sediment.'data .=•., . ,

Mean-constituent corfcenti;4tlohs by stream distance below municipal wastewater trffatrfient plSntS; . ".- . ' . ' . . .'•. .

f I'î-j.

Ranking of .i iver bas|n means by constituent

BackgVound Illinois stream sediment cuns'tituent concentrations . , . . ,, .

• ean.,sediment COD (g/lc'g) by b#l-1o-1n 'Illinois stream

Sediment samples collected J 974-1980 . . . ". -."

pan -sediment COD (g/kg.) by sample location category in \

niinois stream sedimen.t samples collected 1974-1980,.' .

Meian COD in sediment samples collec'te.d at various distances downstream from municipal wastewater treatgerit plants . . ' . . V •...-....".-.....,...

Correlation matrix depicting rel<itionsh_isp between COO", total Kjeltjahl-yitrogen, -total phosphorus and total volatile residue in sediment samples takerj-from Illinois ^strâms, 1974-1980,. . . ' .^-'° . . ..' .. .-

' Mean total KJeldahl nTtrogen-(-mgfkg-)''in sediment Sclmples . coll^'ted at background sites and grouped according to •predominant land -ose ^ .s . i . ..... -. .'". .' . .• ..

• • ; . . ; , ' • • -

• Mean sediment total KjeVd-ah-1 ni trogent(mg/kgl by sample ' location category in I l l i no i s stream sedtment sample* • •;'cel1ected 197f-19^0 . . .• . . . . . . . .

^

Mean sediment total Kjeldahl nitrogen (m^/kg)'by ba^jh' jn I l l i n o i s .stiream sediipent samples xollected 197J;vl'980 ,.". .

,Mean total volatile-sol.lds (s) by bastn SyXWAmM I ••stream\sediments samples cojlected 19747T980

•''-\ -i?

" ,

• • ,

^Y^

1„

« "^"-

t» . 1

n- :

PAGE

1

12

14

'20'

22

t

, « 28

/28

29 .

I-f . •

31

' 33

33

• 36 -

f *,

b-if.

3>;r»;/i

\. t -

J I

T-i'."'i "

>J y

1 * ^

H i r, ' '

.15

Iff

17

18

•19

20

21

22

'23

24.

25

,26

27~ e

28

29-

. LIST Of. TI?BI^S'(CONT;) ..- • :;•; • ;-.

Meem total v.olatil&.residue '{%) by.saimpld location category. in I l l i n o i s jstream sediment samples ^collected 1974-^980 , „, - ^6

Mean'total *vo1a.t1-le residue'(%') in sediment, samp lies collected at.various distances downstream of, municipal' wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) discharges''...: •. . .* . . . - , ' . . . p

" • - . ' ^ ' ' ' . j .

Meetn'total phosphorus, (mg/kg-) by sampTe location Category i* -in n i ino i^s t rea i f ) sediment samp-les collected 1974-1980 . .< ^9*

Mea(i total phosphorus (mg/kg) in siediment sample? collected at various distances downstVeim ^rom municipal wastewater treatment plant-discharges . . . . . . - ' 40

Mean total phospliorus (mg/kg).by basin in, I l l inois. -•stream sediment samples collected 1974-1980 40 > , • • . * ^ . •

Mean arsenic* (mg/kg) by basin in H U n & i s stream s,ed1ment SjjmpVes collected T974-198p • • . . - . . . ' 44

' • .*" , ' • f1ean«arseni"c (mg/kg) by'sample location category in Illinois"stream sediment samples collected 1974-1$80 . . . 44

•l^ean.cadmium (mg/Rg) by s'ample location-category in Illinois' stream sediment samples colle'cted 1974-JJ980 . . . 45

- t . -.Mean chromium (mg/kg) by, sample location category in Il'l4no1s stream sediment'samples collected 197-A-1980 .. . ' . 49

Mean chromium (°mg/Vg) in sediment samples' collected at various-distances .downstream from municipal wastewater treatment'plant (MWVfTP) .discharges •..•....".. . .

•M'ri

,Mean^ copper, (mg/kg) by sample loca.ti^Sj'Scategbry in' . Illinois stream sedi_ment samples collected 1974-1.980 . .

Meari copper, (mg/kg) by basin irv Illlnoi's itPeam sediment samples collected 19^-1680 •.'.' , . .,.' " .5\^.-^'~

Mean copper (mg/kg) ih sediment samples collected at . *' ' - ' various distances downstream from municipal wastewater treatment (MWVKy)'dischar'ges. !• ..-....•...-..'.. . » ' . ' . - i ' .1 . ' ••» - ' • . M?an ifon concentr'^ation -(mg/kg) by Sample lopation CS'tegory in Illinois-stream, sediment samples collected-1974-1980 . . . . '\ .•.,.."....'....'....• .. . . 54

, \ . ° , . . .

, • ' \ I . •' • «

Mean Iron concentration (mg/kg) by'BasIn in Illinois stream"Pediment samp^les ccllected 1974rl98Ct( ;56

53

• ' \

• P / vi-•V .<i-

\ ^ : X

: ^ [

« •

,30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39'

40

41

42

43 -

44

4-5

• • :• . L IST Of TABL£S ( C l 3 N T j .' \ - RJUGE ' - ' • • - - - ' 7 . . - ' • 1

Mean lead concentration.(mg/kg) by sample^^locatlon category • {n ' I l l i no is stream sedim6n,9 samples collected 1974-1980

.Mean'lead concJentrations (-g/kg) by basin in I l l i n o i s strejam sediment samples collected 1974.-1960 . - . . . '

"Mean manganese (mg/kg) by sample location category in I l l i n o i s stream sediment sampl.es collected 1?74-1'980 . . .

Mean manganese concentra.tion (mg/kg) by basin in Ill-1no1s . ' stream sedUment samples collected 1974-1980 . . . . . . . .

Mean mercury concentration (mg/kg^ by ^ample location category-In I l l i n o i s stream's-ediment samples collected 1974-1980 t-

6Q

61

62

64

66

Mean mercury concentration fmg/kg) in sediment samples collecfted at various distances downstream from municipal wastewater treatment pjant (MWWTP) discharges 67

Mean mercury concentration (mg/kg) by basin,in Illinois stream sediment .samples collected 1974-198G \ .. 67

Mean zinc concentration (mg/kg).by sample location category in Illinois stream sediment samples collected 1974-1980 . . 69

Mean zinc concentration (mg/kg) by basin in Illinois str*am sediment samples co>lected 1974-1980 . • 71

Mean zinc concentration (mg/kg) in sediment samples collected at various xllstances downstream from munlcioal wastewater treatment plant (MWVfTP) discharges -.'.... 71

Mean chlordane concentration (ug/kg) by sample location category in Illinois stream sediments'" collected-1976-1980

Mean DDT (ug/k§) by sample location category 1n Illinois stream sediments collected 1974-1977 ... .. ..

Mean ODT (ug/kg) by basin in Illinois stream sediments collected 1974-1977 /

Mean-total DOT (ug/k^) by basin in'Illinois stream •" ' / sed1men.ts collected 1978-1980' • /

/ Mean total DOT (ug/kg) by sample location category in Illinois stream sediments collected 1978-1980 - •_

Comparison of heavy metal concentrations'in nve;- sediments

77

78

79

dO

*

*30'

91

vii

• . \ , :

http://sampl.es

FIGURE

1

.3

5

6'

• 9

10

11 •

12.

13

14

15

LUST OF FiaURES

TITIE ' -

Maps depicting a) lEPA defined basins-and b) physic .graphic .regions in Illinois '..'......

V -' L-'ji-J ??•-J.

Distribution of. Illinois s tream j sediment san^Hng sites-with respect to a) PhysiogVaphic Region and b).Station Location Category

Distribution of Illinoiis stream-sediment sampling sites, by river basfn ....''.. .

• * ' ' ' ' .

Distribution'of "background" sediment sampling-sites in niinois by a) PhyslcigrapMc Region and b) River Basin

01stributl9n'Of COD (g/kg) in 'Illinois stream sediment samples by ja) Basin and (b) SamP+a^^ttfcatlon Category .

Ot^tribution of,total* KJeldahl nLtroqen (mg/kg) in "IHi'nots stream'sediment samples by (a) 6as1n and (b) Sample Location Category ,'.......

Distribution of t o t ^ volatile residue (mq/kg) in MHnofs' stream sedTment samples by (a) Basin and (b) Sample Lpcation Category . . . * . . . . . , . - . . . : . . ' . . .

» OlstBibytiofl of total phosphorus (mg/kg) in Illinois stream sediment'samples'by (a) Basin^and (b) Sample . . Locatilon Categ"ory '.

^Oistributionsflf arsenic (mg/kg)"in Illinois stream sediment samples i& (a) Basfn and \ b ) Sample Location

The distribution of elevated cadmium concentrations found in Illinois stream sediments col 1ected""1974-1980 . .

Distribution of-chromium (nig/kg) in ! 11 i-nois; stream sediment -samples by (a),Basin and (b) Sample Location .

. Category •. _. ' s. .

Dis'tnbution'Of cOpper (md/kg) 1n Il-llnols stream sediment samples by (a) Basin and (b) Sample Location. Category . .—

Olstnbytlon of iro,n (g/kq) (n Illinois stream sediment samples by (a) Basin a/id (b) Sample Location Category .\.

• Distribution of-lead (mg/kg) in Illinois stream Sediment samples by (a) Basin and (b) Sample Location Category . .

The distribution of elevated lead concentrations found in . Illinois stream sediment collected 1974-1980

PAGE

13

18

21

25

»

27

32

35

38

43

46

• 48

51

•55

5.

59

Vll1

?^kig

i-

. FIGURE

16 •

o t T*_*- -;

I 1

17

18

19

20

21'

22

23

24

25

26

27

l l ^ ^ 3

LIST OF'FIGURES (CONT.)

TITLE

Distribution ofimanganese (mg/kg) in Illinois strejam sediment samples by (a) Basin and (b) Sample Location Category

Distribution of mercury (ug/kg) In Illinois stream -sediment samples by (a) Basin and (b) Sample Location Category

'- ' / The distribution of elevated mercury cancentratlor.i found in Illinois stream, sediments conected/l974-1980 . . . .

Distribution of zinc (mg/kg) In Illtiiols stream sediment samples by (a) Basin and (b) Sampli Location Category

Distribution of chlordane (ug/k,g1 In Illinois stream sediment samples by (a) Basin ,and (b) Sample Location Category /

The distribution Of elevat^.d chlordane concentrations found in Illinois strearn/sedlments collected 1974-1980 .

Distribution of hepta/:nor epoxide (ug/kg) In Illinois stream sediment sam^es by (a) Basin and (b) Sample Location Category / . . . . ' •

The distribution of elevated total DOT concentrations found in inir)Ols" stream sediments collected 1974-1980 .

Distribution of d1e1dr1n (ug/kg) In Illinois stream sediment simples by (.a) Basin and (b) Sample Location Category .....* .-

The distribution of elevated dieldrin concentrations fgund in 11linols-stream sediments collected 1974-1980 .

Distribution of PCB 1254 (ug/kg) in Illinois stream sediment samples-by (a) Basin and (b) Sample Location Category . :

The distribution of elevated PCB concentrations found in Illinois stream sediments collected 1974-1980

I ' ' • ^ ' ^ .

• ' '•

PAGE

63

65 .

68

70

74

75

76

81

83

84

86

IX v..

i f f .#iM^p ^^

h i r 4

I:

f 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Pub l i ca t i on of t h i s repor t was made poss ib le by the e f f o r t s jof many i n d i v i d u a l s involved in the c o l l e c t i o n and analys is o f we l l over

i - •*„? 4^

1000 stream samples over the per iod, 1974 through 1980.' Stream sedime|nts were collected primari ly by Monitoring Unit Staff consisting of Robert 'Schacht and Wally Matsunaga of the lEPA Maywood o f f i ce , William J . Tuck:er''and .

-B i l l Ettinger of the Springfield o f f i ce , and R. L. Hite and M'arvib King of the Marion o f f i ce . Numerous other individuals including Joan Levesque, student woHcers and Springfield s ta f f assisted at various times In the col lect ion of samples and in the processing of data. Ken Rogers, Ambient Monitoring Unit Supervl'sor, oHglna l ly proposed the need for this report and provided th e necessary support throughout i t s preparation.

We are indebted to the lEPA Laboratorj^ Division for developing the necessary methodology for the processing and analysis of the samples. Analysis of metals and miscellaneous constituents in stream sediments were conducted under the direction of Roy Frazier of the Champaign Laboratory. Extraction and analyses of organic parameters in sediments were directed by John Hurley of the Springfield Laboratory.

We are sincerely appreciative of the ef for ts of Margaret Kinsall and Mrs. Betty Richards in the typing of the many drafts and the tables appearing In this report.

»v

,,..4„

•f.;ar?l . ' •

k f V •

,'5C / r ' - _ ^^ %," , )• •^'i^-.s:T"" t - f f W p ^ "TT

SECTIok 1 EXECUTIVE SUWARY

• ^ y ^

i. 1-

1. SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY: Sediment analysis is particularly usiful as a screening device to detect and identify contaminants periodically released from a point source discharge that are not readily detected by rtûtine water quality

J • sampling procedures. Sediment has additional advantages over other monitoring mediums because it is generally universally available in Illinois streams

," and may be collected when toxic contaminant levels have eliminated bio-• accumulators such as fish. Collection and chemical analysis of stream, sediments "is thus a useful monitoring tool to document the extent of man's influenceônê aquatic environment.

2. I EPA SEDIMENT PROGRAM: Stream sediments were routinely cpHected as an integral component of a'multi-faceted water quality monitoring program. From 1974 to 19B0 the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency analyzed-over 800 sediment samples from 556 stream sites throughout the State. ' Sediments were analyzed for nutrients (COO, total KjeldahT-N, total ' phosphorus), metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury and zinc) and organochlorine compounds including chlordane, DOT, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and PCB'?S

3. DATA ANALYSIS: To accomplish a variety of program objectives, sediment, data from Illinois streams were evaluated to:

s

n

A. Determine sediment characteristics at varying distances downstream from mynicipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTP);

B. Determine sediment characteristics at sampling locations impacted by other types of point and non-point source discharges (e.g., mines, urban areas, etc.);

C. Develop sample location, categories based on sample distribution; •

D. "Identify areas of contamination in maj-or Illinois river basins;

E. Provide an understanding of sediment characteristics for each constituent analyzed; and

F. Establish background'concentrations and develop a classifi-cation of stream sedlmeots based on constituent concentrations.

•" • . ' *

SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION:, Sediment samples were collected in every najor,river basin In conjunction'with CORE station^ basin,-and intensive survey sarop'lino. Of 15 river basins In which' sediment was collected, approximately one half'of all samples were from the Kaskaskia, Oes Plaines and Illinois ^ River Basins. , Four other basins, the Rock, Sanganon, Wabash and Big Muddy. received .cons'1~derab1e sampling effort. Statewide, the distribution of sediment sampling s^tes was largely restricted to areas where major water quality stu/fles were conducted. The locations of these studies were predominantly 'related to the size and number of point source discharges and/or urban arâs within a basin, although a special effort was made in 1975 to, restrict sampling to background locations. I

•- t ^ V •{ ^ 'U^-i * , ff > I ,••;..:- - -.•• - . • T - i .-;,•; M l ? W ^ ^ ^ f f jtiSC?i5?|M:

5. SAMPLE LOCATION CATEGORIES:

Of 556-sites sampled from 1974 through 1980, adequate des:riptive information existed to classify 533 into eight Sample Location Categories. Seventy-flv^ percent of 5amples collected fie

municipal wastewater treatment.plantsi 1 Into urban (208

6.

, three categories 'and background. The majqrity of sedimenf samoling sites sites or 39 perpent) were placed into the municipal wastewater treatment category. Sites classified as urban consisted of 18.6 percent', followed by background sites, with 18 percent.

B. The large-municipal category sample size allowed this group to be further subdivided into six groups based on distance downstream from MWWTPs.

STREAM CONTAMINATION: The most elevated sediment concentrations were generally found in the Des Plaines" River Basin in northeastern Illinois where a multitude of discharges exist in association with the Chicago Metropolitan area. This basin ranked first in mean concentrations for 14 parameters, second for three, and third for two. The Skolcle, Cal-Sag,

' iSrand Calument, ,Des Plaines Rivers and sections of the Illinois River contained exceptionally high concentrations of several constituents based on comparison with background means.

7. CONSTITUENT SUhWARY:

A. ORGANIC MATTER: Total volatile residue, chemical oxygen demand ' (COD) and total KJeldahl nitrogen were highly intercorrelated. In

general, highest concentrations were found, downstream from waste-• water treatment plants and urban areas, A more in-depth analysis of COD data indicated a return to near background levels at distances greater than five miles downstream of MHVfTPs. Highest concentrations were encountered In a small section of the Grand Calumet River.

B. ARSENIC AND METALS:

- 1 . ARSENIC: Highest arsenic concentrations were associated with mine or urban discharges. However, the single highest con--centration was found below a MWWtP (49 mg/kg A s ) . Highest concentrations were found in the northeastern corner of the state.

1 U CADMIUM: Sediment cadn)ium concentrations were generally-quite• low, often below the minimum detectable level. The single highest concentration (154 mg/kg) was found downstream from ah enamel plating factqry in,the Kaskaskia Basin. ,

• iii. CHROMIUM: Hi'ghest sedilment chromium concentrations were found • in the Des Plaines Basin and were associated with flWWTP, in-

• dustrial or urban disdhargfes. An evaluation of sediments collected Indicated a significant reduction in mean concentration at distances greater than ten miles downstream of MWWTPs.

! 2

liiiiy;3S.^^^&?'

<

t Hi

^i^

COPPER: The Des Plaines and Ohio Basins evidenced ' statistically greater mean sediment copper concentrations

than the remaining basins. Elevated cooper levels in the ,|4 Oes Plaines Basin were asrsociated with a myrta|d of possible discharge types while elevated leviels- in the Ohio Basin were attributed to mining impacts.

V. IRON: Mean iron concentrations in sediment taken downstream of mine, urban, and MWWTP discharges were statistically •higher than the background mean; however, these higher means were less than twice as great as the background nean.

vi. LEAD: The mean lead concentration for samples taken in the Des Plaines Basin was more than twenty times greater than the background. While elevated levels could In many cases be associated with point source discharges, much of the lead in Oes Plaines Basin sediments might have been attributable

' to fuel combustion, with deposition occuring via urban runoff. Outside of the Des Plaines Basin, elevated levels were associated with a fluorspar mine in the Ohio River Basin.

vii. MANGANESE: Of all the parameters monitored, only manganese appeared normally distributed. While not statistically significant, the background mean exceeded all other sample location category means.

v H i . MERCURY: Although not statistieally significant, the mean mercury concentration in sediments collected downstream of urban areas was five times greater than the background mean. A similarly high mean was characteristic of MWWTPs as a group. When means were determined by basin, the Des Plaines Basin mean was significantly greater, statistically than any other basin mean, being six times greater than the next highest mean.

ix. ZINC: Elevated zinc concentrations were gener'ally associated with industrialv, mine, urban or MWWTP discharges and were typically found 1n the Des Plaines and Ohio Basins.

n N

i V

< r

C. ORGANOCHLORINE. COMPOUNDS: Organic contaminants (oesticides and PCBs) in sediments were generally below minimum detectable levels; exceptlbns, however, did occur.

1. CHLORDANE> Ninety-seven sediment samples were analyzed for chlordane; only 35, contained greater than 5 ug/kg (the' minimum detectable concentration). Only sediments collected from three basins (Oes Plaines, Big Muddy^and Wabash) con-tai.ned concentrations equal to or greater\han 10 ug/.kg-

ii. DOT: Sediment samples were analyzed for ODT and total DDT (sum of concentratlorts of DDT and its metabolites) 1974 and 1977, sediments were analyzed for DDT only, distribution of total DDT with respect to basin and type .was essentially the same as.that noted for DDTJ

W l i i ••/•/:: yi-0, W

•o-'J' rv.

Between The

discharge With'

m

IV.

few exceptions, total DDT greater than 50 ug/kg was associated with sediment from Chicago area river systejns.

DIELDRIN: Of the 534 sediment "samples analyzed for dieldrin, half contained .concentrations less than the minimum detectable level (1 ug/kg). NQ-sediment samole collected in 1^79 or 1980 contained greater than 1§ ug/kg.

PCB's: In 1974 and 1976, sediments were analyzed for PCB-1254. Beginning in 1976 samples were analyzed for PCBs (tqtal of all Isomers).

a. Two thirds of the sediment samples analyzed contained detectable levels of PCB-1254 (i.e., greater than 2 ug/kg).f With few exceptions,"concentrations greater than 100 ug/kg were associat«?d-w1th river sediments in the Chicago.area, especially the Des Plaines and Skokie Rivers. The single highest concentration, however, was In the niinois River south of Seneca, Illinois (1000 ug/kg).

b. Forty-two percent of 353 sampled analyzed for PCBs contained less than the maximum detectable concentration of 10 ug/kg. Twenty-two of the twenty-four sediment samples with concentrations greater than 1000 uq/kg occurred in the Des Plaines Basin. Elevated levels were generally associated with MWWTP and urban discharges although no statistical/comparison was attempted due, to the large number of samples that contained less than the minimum detectable concentration.

8. BACKGROUND LOCATIONS:

C.

Background sampling locations were defined as*»sites uninpacted by point or non-po1nt source discharges with the exception of agricultural inputs.

Sites designated as background were subdivided into four sub-categories based on watershed land use: 1) unknown, 2) wooded, 3) agricultural, j and 4) wooded plus agricultural. Results typically indicated lowest parameter'concentrations in the wooded category; however, all wooded sites were lo,cated in only two watersheds.

By allowing agricultural and wooded-agricultural watersheds in the defination of background, a total of 94 background sites were samoled, representing 17 percent of all locations sampled.

WJ-.^ , f r - J

,t

• ^ 1

Mean concentrations of "organic.parameters, arsenic land ini tals,' and organochlorine compounds In'stream sediments at "background sites we're computed and cjontrasted with constituent! means for all sampling locations (Table 6 , page 24)'• i

STREAM SEDIMENT CLASSIFICATION: Based on standard dev1atian;s from background means, a five tier Classificationof Illinois -Stream Sediments ^as. developed for constituents for which adequate data was available.

CLASSIFICATION OF ILLINOIS STR£A« S£OI«HTS

NUTRIENTS AND HEAVY METALS Ranqes o f c o n c e f l t r j t i o n s d i j o l a v e d and r e j u l t a n t g roup tnos are Dased on o n e , -filio-, f o u r and e i g h t s t anda rd d e v i a t i o n s f rom background mean. U n l e s i ot 'her i«1je no ted c o n e e n t r a j l o n s are i n iwj /kq sed iment d ry x e l g h t ,

CARA/JETEi?

coo

T o t a l K J * l d a h l

H U r o q e n

T o t a l V o l a t i l e ' • S o H d j ( t )

T o t a l Phoipr torus

Arsei ic

Chromium

Copper

Iron

Lead °

Manganese

'Mercury .

Zinc

NON-ELEVATED

<90000

<2300

<6.5

<30

<8.0

<1S

<3i

<18000

<28

90000

>2300

>€ 5

>«0

>8.0

>16

>38

>18000

>?8

- J1300

X) 07

i>80

ELEVATED

»1320OO

>320O

>8.8

moo

»U. '

a23

>60

>23(W0

>38

>1800

>0.10

>100

MlGHLT ELEVATED

.iZlSOOO

• >5100

>13

»17C0

i n

>38

>\00

>JZ000

>60

>28O0

•>0 17

>uo

EXTROC

>380000

36800

>22

iJOOO

»2e

>60

>200

>soooo

>100

>6000

>0 30

• >300

CAONiLM ANO ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS Ranges o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and r e s u l t a n t

g r o u p i n g s a re ba led on SO, 6 5 , 80 and 95 p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r a l l s a n n l e s . C a i n l u n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a re i n mg/kg and o r g a n o c h l o r i n e c o n c e n t r a t j o n s a re i n u q / k g sediment d r y w e i g h t . '

Cadmium **

Ch lo rdane

Sum OOT

D i e l d r i n

H e p t a c h l o r

Epox ide

PCBs

<0.5

<5

<6 0

O 5

' <1 0'

<10

>0 5

>5

>6 0

>3 S

?' ° « 0

>l 0-

>6

>10

>6

. >1 5

>50

»2 0

• >10^

>35

>10

>3

>200

« 0 0

>*0

>200

>25

>9

>\500

/

. • ; • • - l -

' • ,' ^ 1 , ' ' n," • \ I V - ' - " ^ > : L J ^•'"ST"

. o

SECTION It «ECOMMEN0ATIONS

Several of the recommendations made in the report summarizing lake sediment analyses (Kelly and Hite'1981) are applicable to stream With this in mfnd the following recommendations are made:

-bl

t ^ . ' V ^ ^

J

sediments.

" 1. Due to the liigh "correlations exhibited between COD,' total Kjeldahl nitrogen and.percent volatile solids,. It Is recoamended ithat two of these parameters need not be Included 'in future analyses. Because determination of volatile solids is a (Relatively simple procedure, it ' would appear to be tjie analysis f choice.

2. Several pesticides (aldrin, endrin,- heptachlor, lindane)-were not detected in any sample. Unless the detection limits are lowered and a need exists to establish background levels using the lower detection limits, these pestic1(res should be dropped from routine stream sediment monitoring,

-«- , 3. Highest constituent concentrations were .generally found in sediments

collected within fi.ve miles dowastream of point source discharges; in point source related studies, it is recommended that sediment samples be collected no further than five miles downstream from the specific discharge of Interest.

«

4. Although not implemented until the 1982 sampling season, the • Agency h^s begun collecting sediment using field sieving to obtain the less than 62u size fraction. Since stream sediment samples in 1982 were taken concomitantly using old and,new methodology (unsieved and sieved), analyses should be performed comparing methods to determine any relation- • ship between sieved and unsieved.

5. A need exists to-estabjish a defined relationship between potentially toxic constituent concentrations in sediment and biota. To reiterate the posit4on stated in pur previous re'port (Kelly and Hite 198-1), unless such a relationshf^ can be established, sediment data is uninformative frpm a health risk standpoint. Further, we recommend follow up sediment and biotic sampling at selected """hot spot" sites. .

6. Trend analysis is desirable"; especially to document changes vn concentrations df pesticides whose use§'have b'een-banned or restricted. In order to establish trends, samples should be' taken from selected sites on a regular basis, ' CORE network sites provide the foutidation and other sites should be added to meet.Agency ^eeds.

7. In order to facilitate future data processing, a standardize data form documenting such pertinent information as physiographic region, river basin, site location (township, range, section or latitude, longitude), and approximate-distances to known discharges should be developed and completed for each sediment sample taken.

uainn i * S^^^^*^^2^*^*'^'^"* contaminants by itseTf is of value-if the resultant data are not used-construct vev Far chemistry ta te a^.effective.rnonitOrthg tSol for^Jo'lution con three things must oceur following avaflabfl ty of ?he da?a-

questionable! t ' sediment. \ / t rol programs,

wmm

''•"nrJIfM^ ''*^°" or additional monitoring to delineate the

c.

. t

ir-

SECTION III INTRODUCTION

SEDIMENT IN STREAMS

Many toxi'c substance^'and contaminants of interest to persons concerned with pollution abatement sorb to particulates carried by wat^r. Although heervy metals/'nutrients, and oxygen demanding ma-terials are haturally -occurring sediment constituents, elevated levels can generally be attributed directly or indirectly to man. . Pesticides, on the other hand, are not naturally occurring substances, and their detection in sediments attests directly to man's influence in the watershed.

.Sediment analysis is particularly useful as a screening device to detect and Identify contaminants periodically released from a point source discharge that are not readily detected by routine watSr quality sampling procedures. Sediment has additijjnal advantages over other monitoring mediums because it is generally universally available in Illinois streams and may be collected when toxic contaminant levels have eliminated bio-accumulators such as fish. Collection and "chemical analysis of stream sediments is thus a useful monitoring tool tp document the extent of man's influence on the aquatic environment. It can be used to locate potentially harmful loadings, target areas where further monitoring is appropriate and identify areas where rajiedial actions are necessary.

lEPA SEDIMENT HONITORINfi

Since 1974, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (lEPA) has routinely collected stream sediments and moi;e recently, lake sediments, for monitoring purposes. Results of sediment analyses for samples taken from 63 Illinois lakes in 1979 were evaluated in a single report (Kelly and Hite 1981). An "in house" report by R. Barganz (1975) documented results of the 1974 stream sampling. This report suimarized analyses of 140 samples for selected heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, COO and volatile matter. 'Although this survey did not fulfill all of the objectives as originally envisioned. It was successful in establishing tentative guidelines for classifying Illinois stream sediments.

Since. 19741 lEPA field personnel have taken stream sediment samples in conjunction with i'htensive stream studies at sites throughout the state. By the end of 1980, sediment samples.had been collected from over 550 stream sites. Results of analyses of these samples h^ve been Interpreted and published -In various Agency reports; these sediment data were generally used to substantiate the results of associated water quality and/or macro-invertebrate collections. No attempts, however, had been made to analyze stream sedimenf data on a statewide basis. '

For sediment analyses to achieve maximum utility in trend analysis and' toxic detection in ongoing monitoring programs, it.was necessary to analyze all available sediment chemistry data to establish statewide and regional background levels. It was also important that existmg^data be evaluated to describe sediment chemistry characteristics resulting from differences in watershed, geography and point source discharges. • This report provides a summary of sediment chemistry data collected at 556 Illinois stream sites from/1974 through 1980..

I

' . ^f ? ' ^

i-?_ U-rLjf

stcfioN-'ir- 'METHODS

f ^FIELD-C0LLECT;0N

.f. 'J " 1 ' • "

1

' ? ' ' .

Collection of sediment samples wa' accompli shed by lEPA'staff'operati"ng . out oi' regiiewal offices-,i.n''Marion, Maj/wood, and Spr ing f ie ld , . J l l i n jo i s . Sampil inq*meth6^dology used-by f i e l ^ personnel has progressively evojlyed . " - ' ' ' since the i n i t i a t i o n of sediment/sampling fn 1974. .Initial-sampVinq was conducted *'-n"-acoQcdafice with verbal qurdelines, and'subsequently,^ With procedures -established in several intra-Agenqy memos (Bargan? 1975B i King 1975, Barganz V975b, King and barganz-1975).. i " - . •. • ' .•'':

. ,' t ' . • • • . . - " ' • .

Where wading was possible, coTlection ofistream sediments v(as accomplished,, by hand using a^bra^s sieve or sha.11ow polyethylene scoop. In-deeper stream , reaches a pet i te pbnar dredge was ijsed and col lect ion techniques were' ident ical to lake sediment sampling procedures (Kelly and HUe igsT). Because sediment

• deposition in streams does not occur equally across th€L-5tream. p r o f i l e , f t was • - necessary for f i e l d col lectors to search out areas of reduced flow where sedi

ment deposition was l i ke l y to ocqur. Field personnel sought deposits of f ine *"' texture ( i . e . , muck, oo^ze, etc.) character is t ica l ly high in organic, c lay, and s i l t inater ial . Sand, gravel , twigs and other debris were Avoided. When co l lec t ing samples by hand, the edge.of the sampling device (brass sieve or polyethy-

•-lene scoop) wa's pressed l i g h t l y into the -sediment and dravm forward, thus allowing sediment to r o l l over the side and into the device. When removed with minimal dist'cirtrance, sediment remained on the sieve without passing through. .

\

•Once an ad'e'quate quantity of sediment was collected (200-400 grams), the sample was placed in an appropriate container. lf\ 1974-, sediment samples were placed in "whir l pack" bags. In subsequent years., sediment samples analyzed for heavy metals, nutr ients and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were placed in polyethylene containers; samples destined for organics analysis ( e . g . , PCBs, ODTy

• d i e l d r i n , e tc . ) wepe'plae^ed in acid washed glass bott les with f o i l - o r te f lon l ined caps. . Sanjpl^'were rout inely placed on ice in the f ieVd.

Upon return to'^hg regional f i e l d o f f i ce , sediment samples were allowed to se t t le and the supernatanj decanted pr ior to freezing; samples were then trans-^ ported in insulat-ed containers to the appropriate lEPA' laboratory for analysis. Organic pesticides and PCB analyses y/ere performed at ihe I£RA Springfiel^d

. Laboratory and remaining analyses at the lEPA Champaign Laboratory.

V,' . LABORATORY ANALYSIS

* . ' Sample preparation and laboratory procedures _ , ' -

Frozen sediment samples were^'thawpd and-shaken (or hand mixed) to obtain a ^homogeneous sample. The sample was then'oven dried at 103 C to a constant wei.ght. Dried, samples were ground to a powder, passed through a 1241 micron.

, p last ic screen to remove heterp.geneous mater ial , and then ground so that

-/

r'

/ -.

<?

' - \ -¥

than lOD njicrons in diameter. Powders'prepared.-in i h - ^ analyses,except mercury and organics,. w h i c h ^ r e ^»v

; .Percent 'volat i le soiids was determined- on the basis of weight l losr-pf prewetghed sample a f te r ^ f t r i ng in a muffle furnac? for one hour at pOO C*. To determine nutr ient and metal constltLitent concentrations (except mercury), ' analysts identldal to water procedures were perfohned once a known |(dry.weight)^ amount of sedifnent was.added to a given volume of d i s t i l l e d , deioniped water. These results were express'ed on the'basis of constituent weight peri un i t of sediment dry weight. Organic analyses were run on known volumes o f wet sample and- expressed*as dry weight'values (by-de.temj.1ning the "dry weight o^ an equivalent volume of wet sample). -Speci f ic methodologies used for determ*nation of each constituent concentration are outl ined in Table 1. Table 2 li-5ts the parameters monitored by year of record and notes changes in detect ion ' levels throughout the reporting period.

Detection levels V " " - — r ~ ' • • • — ' ••

While field ^ol,lection procedures changed very little, especially in the earlier years, laboratory methodology underwent several changes^ As was. shown in Table 2, parameter coverage varied from year to year but more Importantly, from a data handling perspective, detection limits varied. In general, minimum detectable levels were raised. When summarizing data across •• years, a uniform minimum detectable level would have facilitated data- handling, computations and statistical analysis. For purposes of data analysi-s in this report, a uniform minimum detectable level was established based on the highest minimum detectable . ievel for a given parameter.

/ DATA HANDLING AND ANALYSIS

Stream/sediment data were analyzed to establish background levels by river bas.i^, physiographic region, and state. Data were further evaluated to ,determ-ip(^ sediment chemistry characteristics at: 1) varying distances down-streapr from municipa'l wastewater treatment facilities, and 2) sampling locations imputed by various point and non-point discharge types (i.e., pollutional

jrces) (Table 3). Basin locations yere determined from previous lEPA defined lins (Figure la), and,physiographjx: regions (Figure lb) were detennined

according to Leighton et al'. (194?

Background Concentrations

V To-make judgements coadernirig the enrichment of sediment samples for particular constituents, >^ was necessary that background levels be. established. A^major objective of t h n report was to sumnarize all available stream sediment "data and'establish "background." concentrations for the State and specific geographic areas w h ^ e variations were found to exist. The term "background" (as used in this ceport) by necessity should not be taken to imply the lack o f influence from ajgricultural drainage. - "Background" denoted sites that were 'judged un-impacted by point or non-point discharge with the exception-of agricultural, nonTpoint inputs. It would have been more desirable, to restrict

/ • /

10

^&V;?«K.-;fr;V'(''^;--;,-5^iJ',... \'.-S:-

TABIC 1 Sirrnary o f mooUored Stream Sedmeots THJO

Parameters , sampte p rese^ 'a t ' o n , l e t n o o s o f j r i d l ^ s i s d"d • • e M ' - ' i i n u n i ; s ' o r . l l i r . c i i I to red

" i r d m e t e r Con ta ine r

P r e s e r v a t i o n "e thod o ' i n f l l y s u • ' m t l 0 ' * 'MSuraB«nt

Lan o e r f o n n i f w

To ta l l y e l d i h l -N*

8 o t Bo1yethy'er\e

" ' ' l e S t ' T n at PO ' I " J ^ ' IO reao»n[ ^ o f « t a * i i r q -ne-cur .c OR'de, a o i a s ^ i j n l y l ' l E C tnt j ' ' j S n . tO COrvert Oroan-c i i t r - o o e " :o"i<irnofiâ " ' • t e ' ^ ' i a ^ ' o n G ' iiTFionia T t r o a e n bv f ^ ^ n i t e " f t i o d ' js ino 'ec» C01 AutoAf- i iyre"- '

CHimoa'afl IEt*4

' ou t Ph-DSDPOruS-(TP)

a 2z

/

" • O e s t i o r y i no - i ; an<) j / v o n f i i n :« ' ' -^Ci ' 'ate to m x p r t i - i ^nosoftorus •arrrs '.0 OT t'*OPl-0 S Dâ I t ' o l 'Cwed i f ie ' .^rm r i \ i ( 3 n uS 1Q ' • \COrt " r i r - a 'eduCt 'On " t t i Q d and ' e c i n i r g n

- r . i np« iTn ;fPA

Chemical Oxygen nertarâ*

Ôta l ^fc-Cury

(Hq)

d 5i t ' o l / e t h y iene

3 02

ânp ie ' • • ' l u j red - ' ' " •* ^0 . * " i u a n a i ' - d o 'C ' -omate " ^ u e ^ i j - c-"-OPI J 11 ' " < - a t e d

• • t n i t a ida r -a ' • r r ' ^ u i 4fTnorii(ini \ v j t U t e

^ • l e l f O n • l t ' ^ >< S I . ijnd M t » U ' - > "

oer%ui«at# to c o i v e - : a ' '.-^t-mi - -

,,11 i r , o n a i ' c -a "3 - e t d ' ' : -â, - " p " --eaiur-ement -•/ : o ' d 'aoor a r ^ f - c J ' ^ \ ' : ' ' D C ' c

""DO, 1*0/kq ""fia r.Da ion ;£P»

C*i«ioaiQ" 'Et»A

Tot4 l M e i a l i ' Cadmiiin K d ) Chromiuii { r , r ) Copoer (Ct;) I r o n ( f e ) Lead (Pb) •ânqanese {mn) Ztnc fZn)

To ta l A r s e n i c * (As)

9 0 / P o . y » t n y i e n «

a 02 P o l / e t h y l e r e

OrgantcJ - t ' A l d r i n

Chlordane nOT, SUHDOT O W \ d r ^ n Endi-in Hep tacn io r HeptacnIcT epomde Lindane MethonycMor

, PC8S. PCfll?54

cone MNO, ' o r 10 i ' ' > u t e i 1 ' "V}* ' -

3^ (.III uQ\ i n j i , i M 5v J - - ^ t U 3 " a : on i t t y^ C i bSOr r t iOn

i f * t r - ) i o e l t ' = " - ' * " D e r ^ y i ' i t f i ' ••• '^s 0 ' a r ^ f r 1 r j r f ' • f luced - ' t i l \Ofl a« OOi-onvdr'de • ' : 1 ' ^ 1 * wr- ' ^ l t "le" N . ' - M

" : u a r u * j ' " ' i c e to D'oot^cf ' ' 3« ' ; - ' • \ f

UnOwn 4flK3unt o ' * ed "fier t i T . r r . ^ , > ;.. -a ' -er j»vj e i t r a c t e d - " ^ ^0 SO " n f t i f i f n e c f t l o r M j - h e i a i e - n i ' t u ' e E i t - a c t s 1 - ' M - ' t n inMvdrous "îSO. tna concen t ra ted -» e v a o o r s t i o " '"ê ei*>'3c* M i f " - J " [hroudh a ' l o r M i ! r i ea ruD j n d i e o a r j t ' a " prOceOurf f ' -1Ct- - )n i are i C v e m r a l M jry] i n a l y r e d bjr e 'ec ' • "On- . -a r tu r * T J J CnrOmjtOOri^jn,

I K .

• X . TM.

n o .

•no

-Vii

• ^

'kg *(j •k^ --r 'kO Cu ,-fcq T j

• ^1 I n ' « g l r >

k l * t

'*v*fnpa'On L * K

-"'»a«oa 'af* .ab

I P *

C&i

- f i o ' » d EP»

^trcerri . o l a t t t e oeMdue

•n -Mj f f le ' . r r i a ^ p , t ' ' " "

•Wi t r i t i e PKCept'On nf -nprc^ on d ry we ign t SdJ lS /

'USEPfc, W74

' '10-gar ' ic j ' l a l v ^ M - - r e 3*-- fT - . - , -1 *v

V

11

Ipl -

• * ,

••^:';'if^''fj-f^-''^' f^r •'"'•'''

--*v •^.

,-1 - - ,", ?•- -

•

-

flf!!!" , - / (-••'/•^-7., ' W - ; ;

1 ; - - ^ T ^ r

• .

' •

', : ; , \ • • ' • " - i ^ l j

/

•••• •-':•' - • i , ' - , i v i ' f

; - , - % v i i 3 „

. \

' , •! rABit £

19*4- iJao'^" ' ' ' ' " " " ' " ' * ' ' " ' " • t ' c t 'O" " " ' t i »te^s floni :orfrcj l i n o i l St r»4» ifdiment s ^p ies ,

S-'UR£T C30t p

.•X)i39

J062/

}0668

JlOO]

Olo^8

)10^9

o : : 4 ]

: i 3 ' ;

5105]

; ; o 9 )

7 ; 1 ' 0

)906.1

)906 ;

n o 70

! 9 o n

390'6

n ) o i

j ' j w e

) 9 ) 1 .

j ' J i . k

» 3 ; i

» « B

193)3

)9 ]<3

!935.

J 9 i S 9

I Q J M

W ! P .

) 0 ) 9 3

1 9 a . 3

l - )4 . 1

J 9 4 8 !

J9iO

I 9 M )

3 9 " : :

m a

• r i W

" t i \

'URAHHB

•-JD I^ID

VJELDL

=MOS ' - U J

J O S t N ' C

.0 "UO

> 1 ! 0 H I ' J X

: 3 P 0 i »

. i . ; 3

. IC

' • .UL,

" 1 L J 3 U W

•HI 0«OAK

•ONACHio •:

i T N i C - l B •

4 1 . P H A 8 H C

J = 3 0 -

; ^ . 0 '

- ; . . : i

; » / j c

' = JOi

• -• : o (

- i . H -i

S - t . - , L

j ^ . t t j e '

j i />'

i. -

• j » •.

. N O R , ' '

< t o ' . : M L O

i P C K L f l f P

• n n l . 1 . ^ . 3

= : a . . • S i

' 'Is'i

- • ,5

. . . - ' . L

' l ^ A l f ' »

' . « 0 ( j 9 '

I f

. u M £ :

, '• ) K «

SOHt»

',J' l t =

.

. l l J

' t « S

• ' < . ' 5

•1 • >

' * - t

i -s

4 "5

« . ' 5

•4 - S .

7 ' ,

-4 S

•4 -5

•4 ' i

Of i v . m

. '6 -7 'fi 79 ao

•6 - ' . - 3 • •> ,»

•'> • ' . • 8 . '9 90

' 6 . ' - •9.ao

'6 7? 78 79,80

•6 • ' . "B. 79 ao

•6 • - . 7 8 . - 9

•'6 7' 78,, '9,30

79,80

'6 . " 'P '3 50

6 ' • " -9 3C

1 . 8 0

•> 30

-9 30

' » 80

•J ' 9

' ; bO

•"• y .

•• * " i

'lUN 3ErEC '4aa :OKCEHTH«rioii > t * l | i

'• JO

-9 JD

•3 ao

•9 30

3 1 30

•5 -. 3C

"• 30

• - 1 .

' 9 , ;

' • ' 9

•9 , a

• " i O

''.« •'v y

' 9 30 i

9 3C.

-9 3 C '

' 0 8 0 '

•9 80

9 30

•1 a r

4 ' i

'fl 3C,

•9 « -

q V

•> <c

"• <

30) , 5 / . 9

aOI . / j / kg

'301 ,q7«9

(80) - q / * 9

: { ' 4 75.76 h

• 4 l « >

l / ' S

9 - 9

- 9 ' < 9

9 ' > 9

V 9

; : ( ' 4 7 5 , 7 6

1' • ' .11/11)

" • 5 - 9 , > 9

- • - 9 " 9

9 i ' 4 75 7 6 .

: .' - 4 . ' 5 . ' 6 .

) I ' , - 4 - 5 , - 6

^ -3 ,

. ' i • ' , 6

I . q / 1 9

' 7 ' .g,- .q

' • 1 - i ) / i q

" • - 9 ' > 9

7' . q , - q

•" ' 6 ' , J /

j ? , » ,

1 2

' s>t

|:«- >t>r i)5..-.".- :',

W l > < . a * > 2 " I y _

C »•» to I Pl«i

-, •-•' 7.->iVf 5'-^

Sj,';:'^M|0;^;^

•'.''•AC-

FIGURE 1. Maps depicting a) lEPA de'fmed b.jsm-j .uiJ b) phvsioqraphit regions.in Illinois "

; ^ i ' . -

?-^S

j ^ i

,^:,-' ^ , > - •' -

r-.-:'.VJi

%~^ 'v , i -., A-

-III s , •;'

totally unimpacted sites; however, due to the aari( sites representing uninpacted forested watersheds

jltural

cufltueal background to nature of the State, were rarely Sampled. By allowing aqricultural and wooded-aqncu I watersheds in our definition of background, the number of background '• sediment sample sites increased from 10 to 94, representing 17 percent' of all sites sampled.

9

Sites designated as background were subdivided into four s u b - c a t e o o r i e s based on watershed land u s e : 1) u n k n o w n , 2) w o o d e d , 3) a q r i c u l t u r a l , and 4) wooded plus a q r i c u l t u r a l . R e s u l t s , as might be e x p e c t e d , tyoically' indicated lowest parameter concentrations in the wooded c a t e q o r y ; h o w e v e r , •since all wooded sites were located in only two w a t e r s h e d s , the auth o r s w e r e reluctant--to suggest that these concentrations would be appl i c a b l e statewide. For this reason, the breakdown of background site data into-sub-categories on the basis of land use was not deemed as informative as expected due to the lack of geographic variation within s u b - c a t e g o r i e s .

'ABLE 3 S j m n i ' - , - I : 1 no ) s r i v e - - 3 a s ' - 5 . : n / 5 " : q - 3 0 ' ' ) : ' o c a t i o i r a t e g o r i e s ana i ' . rear r i - > , : i - z t ; ' - : u c 5 J*- \ 9 ^ i - [ i i 0 M ' i t m s e a ) ' ' i e " : : a t a

' • ^ g ' 0 ^ 5 . ^df^D ?

5ed " i ^a <s 5

3, B]g % a a y C C e n t r a l H i s s ' s s - o o ' 3 Des " l a i n e s E- fox ^ ! 1 t 1 n o i s G <ankakee • KaskasKi a I N o r t h C e n t r a l M i s s i s s i p p i J N o r t h MISSlSSlOO' < Oh io . Rock ''* Sanqimon "* Sou th Cen- t ra l " M S I S S I D O ' 3 Sou th M lSS lSS lDD' ' ^aoasn \

SAMPLE -DCA' : ^ ' E G O R : E S

1 Backg round 2 M u n U i o a ' ' ^ u ' ^ 3 Lagoon i Hine 5 u rban 6 Ml see i lane'DuS 1 InduSCr'a :«w'-8 11 - • 101 s Soraer ',' :e

S'SEA^ D'sri^CE :»OLPS

es e5

es es es

=--s::r,R;i?-:: RE;

OCk

nea:or •" :ago • ssec'.eo d'esou'3

an« i t e e icr '

; • " - 3 * • "

a e"" 'e-^c-

-a-nee ;s: a

' I t

|Kvfe,iv ;'.';' '

M

5 ' i ' [

I

Sample Location .Categories

To'accomplish data analysis by [ additional descriptive information or

.location of each site with respect tc distances between sites and upstream mined -by regional personnel familiar pollutional sources were measured to and to the nearest mile between 1 anc less than 20 miles were coded as 15 miles were coded as 25 miles. Sample wastewater treatment p-lants, laqoons, or mine areas, and others (e g. oil

ollutional sources and strecm distance, sampling locations was necessary. The upstream pollutional sources, and

discharges (in stream miles) were deter-with the area sampled. Distances to the nearest 0.1 mile if.under 1.0 mile, 10 miles-, distances over 10 miles and lies, and distances greater than 20 location categories included municipal industrial effluents, runoff from urban

fnelds, qravel pits, etc.). Sites on smaller order streams with no known ujpstream discharges were desiqnated as background, and where possible these 'were further defined as backaround with land use predominant!v aqricultural or wooded.

X' Sediment sampling sites were frequently located downstream from several

wastewater treatment facilities On occasion, this included both industrial and municipal treatment plants.^ When: this situation was encountered, sample location categories were generally based on proximity of the nearest discharqe. For example, a site 10 miles downstrehm from an industrial wastewater treatment plant (IWWTP) and three miles downstream from a municipal treatment plant (MV/WTP) was considered for statisticail purposes to be downstream from the MWWTP. i

•m. •^jr.:,. .:J;)

Few problems were encountered in classification of stream sediment samolma locations with respect to,beina impacted by predominantly municipal or industrial wastewater treatment plants.! Some subjective judaments were made, however, when, industrial and municipal discharges existed upstream in close proximity. In cases of equal distance, the municipal facility was qiven priont./ over all other categories, followed by rndustnal Thus, a sample located three .miles downstream from an industrial ar d a "I'jnicipal discharqe, and three miles -downstream from an urban area, would have been placed m the Tiunicipal cateqory When all discharges were located farther than three miles upstream, a site was classified by the nearest pollution source '..'hen samolmn locations were located within urban areas with point source discharges, the site was classified accordinq to the nearest discharge If no more than one mile separated an industrial and municipal discharge in^an urban area, the site was aqam placed in the municipal category; with few exceptions, application of this rule was not necessary. When a sample location category mean (for one constituent) was strongly infJuenced by a single elevated value, descriptive s-te inf£w=rTa"non was reviewed to assure the most apprippnate category des iqna t ion jy.^K6een .- ade

Data.Storage and Statistical Analysis ',

All stream sediment and site data' .vere^^-nTered mi-.o ' .rp uSR^o ia^.^ --'.orane system, STORET - Data analysis was acoo iifri shpd -jsim pr'-i- ra' s m '• "iDF-r mrj the Statistical Analysis System f SA^S^nst' tjte 1979) histonran^ ani renressT^n figures presented throyghout th>sr"'reDdrt vverp drawn ''ron finures prcduce'i by SAS programs. Listings presj&nted in nne Appendix •^P'-p reproduced direct-'^ from-SAS produced pnntou.K

/^

' • * * » . • ,

Iliw^îFIPfîpf

Classification Criteria " «' ——

For purposes of evaluating results of sediment analyses, it was desirâble to develop a table of .ran.g|!s against which one might judge degree of contamination. Groupings for nutrients, heavy metals anc arsenic were based on standard deviations from the background mean. The classification ranges were defined as follows:

1) NON-ELEVATED - less than the sum of the background mean and one standard deviation, (i .e. ,<(X-t-lSn)).

2) SLIGHTLY ELEVATED - equal to or qreater than the backqround mean plus one standard deviation to less than the background mean plus two standard deviations-(i.e., >(I+1SD)<(I+2SD)).

3) ELEVATED - equal to or greater than the background mean plus two standard deviations but less thanjhe background mean plus four standards deviations (i .e. ,>(I+2SD)<(X-t-4SD)).

4) HIGHLY ELEVATED - equal to o r qreater than the background mean plus four standard deviations but less_than the background plus eight standard deviations (i.e., >(X-^4SD)<(X+8SD)).

5) EXTREME - equal to or greater than the backqround mean plus eight standard deviations (i .e. , XX-^8SD)).

Because cadmium and organochlorine compounds were often found at concentrations below detectable levels, it was not possible to compute true means and standard deviations, •''he.refore, different criteria were used to classify sediment with respect to these constituents. Ranges were established using percent exceedence and were defined as follows:

1) NON-ELEVATED - that rarige of concentration not exceeded by 50% of the samples analyzed.

2) SLIGHTLY ELEVATED - that range in concentration exceeded by 35 to 50% of the samples analyzed

3) ELEVATED - that range of concentration exceeded by only 15 to 35* of the samples analyzed.

4) HIGHLY ELEVATE«0 - that ranqe of concentration exceeded by only 5 to 15% .of the samples analyzed

5) EXTREME- - that range of concentratloa exceeded by no more than S I of the samples analyzed.

16

SECTION V RESULTS

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES

Over 800 sediment samples were collected from 556 Illinois stream locations during the period 1974 through 1980. Sed'iment samples were routinely collected in conjunction with intensive or basin surveys and analyzed for selected nutrient, metal and organochlorine parameters. Intensive survey sampling was generally concentrated in urban or industrial areas where impacts from point source discharges were anticipated, resulting •in a'sarnpling bias toward urban areas (e.g., Chicago metropolitan area).. When possible, such surveys entailed sampling upstream from discharges to establish background sediment constituent concentrations. In basin surveys, sampling "sites were generally more randomly distributed."

As a result of the 1974-1980 sampling effort, sediment collections were made in almost e v e r y physiographic region and major river basin in the State. Because sampling sites were not randomly selected, however, each basin or physiographic region was not equally represented in the final data set. To assess possible physiochemical relationships bf geography and ' pollutional impacts on sediment concentrations, sediment data were analyzed by physiographic region, sampling location category, stream distance groups, river-basin and background concentration.

Physiographic Region

Sediment samples were collected in 12 of 15 Illinois physiographic regions from 1974 through 1980. The distribution of 542 of the total 556 sites sampled during this period illustrate;^ sampling emphasis was heavily skewed in favor of the Springfield Region (Figure Z& ) . Over 35 percent of all sediment sampling sites were located in the Springfield Region while less than 10-percent of the sites were in the-Blobmihgton Ridged Plain Region, a physiographic region of similar size (Figure lb). In three regions encompassing a very small total percentage of the State (Salem Plateau Section, •Coastal Plain Province, and Green River Lowland), no samples were collected.

Sample Location Categories

Of the 556 sites sampled from 1974 through 1gSO adeouate descriptive information existed to classify 533 into the eight designated Sample Location Categories. Seventy five percent of all samples collected fell irtto three' categories: miyiicipal wastewater treatment plants, urban and backgrounds' The majority of sediment sampling sites (208 sites or 39 percent) ife-re placed into the municipal, wastewater treatment category (Figure 2b). Sites classified as influenced by urban runoff consisted of 18.6 percent, followed by background sites, with approximately 18 percent of the total sites sampled.

17

; i i. 1

L .„ •- J •ll

B^tgf^'^ij-^; ff^im-^^M^XMi •-, , ' '2^te,- '"^4L' '^-*r?, •''^•

1J0

100

so

1 Wi««»ni(n Dr i l t 2 l o c k 3 Wh«at«n

200> 4 CKicage • 5 Oi i i»cr*d Till . 6 Oalaaburg 7 Bleeminglen 8 Konkoka* 9' Lincoln

10 Spring!iold 11 SoUm 12 Mr-Varna n *' 13SHown** 14CaiVol ISOraan Bivar

I \ i_l_i

S 6 7 8 9 to II 12 13 M IS

300

ISO

10

1 B a c k g r o u n d 2 Municipal 3 lagoon 4 Min« 5 Urban 6 Mi icel lonsoui 7 Induiirrial 8 l l l lneig Berdar

^ i

20 o

z

FIGURE 2'. Distribution of. Illinois stream-sediment" sampl inq sites with respect to a) Physiograohic Region and b) Station Location Cateqory.

• 18

1- « j-A ,f / t J K %• - if

J ,

• i

stream Distance (Sr oups

,1

Because of the'relatively large samp.le size of the raunicVpal categar:y,>,. it was possible to subdivide these sitefs into groups with respect tQ cîs-tance below tnunicipal sources (i.e.. Stream Distance Group). When--sichifi-cant differences in constituenlTmeans.were detected between backgrounc and the municipal sample'Iqcation category, -an Analysis of sediment data, for that parameter was oeriôrmed-by'Stream ^Distance Group. • ' - : "

• V - v ^ - • - ':.,•• . ••'/-'-''- ' For each qar|i(Tieter considered^^co^h-stituentvmeans were computed by

• distance;group'(Xa*ls§ 4) rjn most cas'es, the greatest percent decrease in-* .» • means occurred b&twên dj^stance groups three and four. For two of the parameters, total phosohorus and mercury, means wejê particularly high for Distance Group-3. The§e elevated-mfeans were,the result of single high sample values and are addressed in the text by parameter. D.ieldrin'and heptachlor epoxide means exhibited a steady decrease with increasing downstream distance; however,' interpretation was somewhat hampered due to the number of samples with coneentraUons below,the mfeimum.detectable level! Intuitively, the closer satiiples are collected downstream from a discharger, the more likely elevated concentrations"Should be egcountered; these data, however, suggest relatively little differerice.wtit+iin" the first five stream; miles.

-River Basin ^ ..-.-•' '' ' <

Sediment sample's were collected in every fjajor lEPA river baîn'in QOnjunctlon with CORE statioit, bastn, and intensive survey sampling conducted from -1974 throligh •-1930. Saijipiirig was naf random, .however, nor was it proportional to basin size. Appiôxim-ately one h^1f of all s'amples were collected in-the K,askaskTa, Des R-laines a^d Illinois River Basins (Figuje 3 ) . Four other basins, including the Rock, SaDganron, Wabash and Big Muddy received

- Qoniide.rable satupling effort. • .- ;

Statewide the distribution of sidiment sampling sites was largely »restricted-to area-s where major water quality-studies'were conducted^. The location of•these studies was predominantly related- to the size and number of point-source discharges and-/or urban areas within a basin, although a special effort was made in'1975 to sample background, locations.

' ' - Of J5.,river basins in which sediment was co'llected'; only the Des Plaines Basin consistently exhibited elevated constituent concentrations foP nearly .. every pa/fl,meter. The'Des Plaines Basin ranked first in mean concentrations of 14 parameters, second for three parameters, and thK d for two (Table 5 ) . .The mean concentration .of tjercury in the Oes Plaines Basin was six tim.ps higher-than the rrext highest basin mân; PCB concentrations were als6 highly

•'elevated i,n the Des Plaines."''The majority of all elevated concentrations found statewide occurred in that basin. 'Marigdne-se, which exhibited a near-norrira'l'distribution and did not a-poear elevated downstream f r o m p o m t source discharges, was the only parameter not found at elevated concentrations in • the Des Pla-ine>.'Baîn. ; ' - -

..^ —. .Hk-v- 19.

.7£, -

^ -t f t .

r S i J,

:'..!'

1. :;!

TABLE 4 . Mean constituent concentrations by stream distance below munici nal waste water treatment \plants' MWWTP). All concentrations in md/ko except pesticides and PCB's which are in uq/kq sediment dry weight. Number in parenthesis IS sample size

OISfANCE GROUP

D i s t a n c e BelOM MWWTP

( i n m i l e s )

COO

T o t a l i C j e l d a h l - f )

T o t a l Phosphorus

•

A r s e n i c

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

I r o n

Lead

Manqanese

V

Mercu ry

Z-nC

C h l o r d a n e

OOT

D i e l d r i n

l e o c a c h l o r p p o x i f i e

DG3s

k i '<• -

^ ^; ,34 39 ' (38 )

• l " 1764 (39 )

4 . 5 ( 9 )

<5 0 (53 )

4 3 . 8 ( 3 9 )

89 ( 3 9 )

18000 ( 3 9 )

142 ( 3 9 )

921

( 7 )

0 32 ( 3 8 ) " -

292 (39 )

<5 0 ( 3 )

<26 3 . ( 20 )

<9 6 • (531

<5 3

Vi°> c31

SI <3

120000 ( 5 3 )

2336 ( 5 3 )

1437 (53 )

5 9 (11 )

<2 7 (74 )

46 3 ( 5 3 )

61 ( 5 3 i

19000 :s3-i

268 ; 53 )

1 673 ) ( 11 )

'3 31 ' 5 3 )

317

: 5 3 ;

<'•' '2 ' 6 ^

'-26 ' , ? 7;

.6 \

3 6

- 1 •)

\ 1

>3 «5

'•»3000 . • ( 41 )

- 1 1 . 3 W ( 1 0 ) . - ^

<4 7

(59 )

62 7 ( 4 3 )

59, ( 4 3 )

25000 (43 )

.1 14 "13 )

680 (12 )

0 97 , J 3 ) '

" 5 J31

. ' 1 .

<;4 3 I T '

591

•-3 0 ^ 2 '

• ) " >

>5 SlO

54000 ( 3 6 )

1450 ( 3 6 )

879 ( 3 9 )

a ( i 4 )

( 51 )

31 .6 ( 3 9 )

44 (37 )

14000 (39 )

19 (39 )

588 (15 )

0 .17

; 39 )

144 • IQ J

' 3 9

•'16)

• 3 i

f" \ ^

- 1

>10<20^

38000 ( 2 5 )

1336 ( 2 5 )

509 ( 3 3 )

3 9 ( 1 1 ) "•-

<0 9 ' ' ( 3 8 )

17 0 ( 3 3 )

29 r ( 3 2 )

13000 . '33)

23 •331

655 (14)

: 08 ' 3 3 )

69 ' 1 3 )

•-6 0 ' 5 )

" 0 '

•2 7 13 1

• -Ji

' 3 1 1

« 0

30000 ( 1 5 )

1229 ( 1 5 )

533 ( 1 6 )

-.• 4 9 . ' 4 )

<o'.6 (•,19)

. ( ; 6 )

29 • ( 16 )

15000 ( 1 6 )

16 ' 1 6 )

580

, ( 5) .

0 34 ' 1 5 )

55 ' i '-

•-5 0 1 '

^ 1 ;

c

0 ]

^ ' 3

, - 1

20

V

%

i

% • /

(

^ 2 -Ul

T r-l-- • T < -" n> c r

r-t-cr -• cu o

=» o

en < j i

3 O

rp

3 3

3

3

^

NUMBER OF SITES SAMPLtO

o o o o o

<

OB

>

BIG MUDDY

DES PLAINES

FOX

I L L I N O I S

KANKAKEE

KASKASKIA

U ISS . NORTH

U ISS . N. CENTRAL

MISS. CENTRAL

MISS. S CENTRAL

MISS SOUTH

OHIO

R O C K

S A N G A M O N

WABASH

U l (A

4 o

i ; ' 1

- : i - ^

PERCENT OF SITES SAMPLED

CD ^^

>' .^^^/-s'

j f Y .p^ . f - ^ ^ r ^ " - f fi f ^ -^^^ | . -w^- -5

TABLE 5

? -^^'^'L? t . *i

s- ' • ^

r

f ^

Ran-king of r^yer basin means b/ constituent jt)3ghe§t basin mean,-two (2) second highest and .- th ird highest. , ' '

BASIN

thrfe

Constituent

COD •

Total Kjeldahl 'Witrbgen

Total-Volatile S.olids

Total Phosphorus

Arsenic

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Iron

Lead

Manganese

Mercury

Zinc

Chlordane

Sum DDT

DDT

Dieldrin

Heptachlor Epoxide

PCB 1254

PCBS

-?r • D 3 i " CT>

• r -

oa

3

3

2

1/1 (/I

' r -

X. 1 —

ro

C OJ

0

-

2'

1/1 (U

c fO

H -

a. i/>

OJ Q

1

1

2

I

2

2

1

1

1

1

X 0

U -

2

2

3

to r" 0 C ' »— 1 —

F —

*-.

,

.'• f ^

1) denotes e (3)

— <J

o o

c o

V) 1/1

3: jr'

o on

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

2 •

3 '

2

2

3

1

2

3

2 '

-

3

2

3

3.

l'f::

13

JO

" • 1 ^ * '

f

22

I'tiî f

U-.y, •' f i i t- '

^ T?

' f

-^^••'^'-j---ji^:i;|'Tîg>i; .';•(.'=.''. •

• c

- -u', ^ ' ( ' ^ X l , ' ' r^' \- ••--- 'il.V,',-','--*>

- \ ------V"---' '*'•*,- (V- /i

Backg-round Concentrations

- By defining'background sites to include sites potential}^ affected'by non-po'int agricultural runoff, a total of 94 background'sites Were sampled forvstream sediment; this represented about 17 percent of the i556 sediment sampling locatiorts statewide. Mean concentrations of organic constltutents, nine metals (including,.arsenic) and seven organochlorine compounds In Stream sediment samples collected at the 94 background sites are contrasted with grand means for alT samples in.Table 6.

In all instances, with the exception of manganese, .concentrations were notably lower than grand means. The differences between -background concentrations and overal trations with respect to metals,and metalloids differed background mean for arsenic (5.U mg/kg), for instance, lower than the mean for all samples (5.87 mg/Vg). Coppe however, was nearly 15 times higher than mean concentrat ground locations. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) s m i much' higher mân concentration (354 ug/kg) for all sampi the background mean (<10 ug/kg).

mean background magnitude of 1 sediment con'cen-considerably. The was only slightly r in al1 samples, ions found at back-' larly displayed a es as contrasted to

Not every physiographic region or river basin was represented in the background/4^ta set. Only eight of 15 physiographic regions and 10 of 15 river'basijislKere represented with background s^tes. By physiographic >« region, the majority of sites (71 percent) were located in the Springfield, Mt. Vernon and Shawnee regions (Figure 4a). By river basin, over 60 percent of all background sites were located in three basins; the Big Mu/ddy, Kaskaskia and Sangamon (Figure 4b). Because nonrandom sampling during the 1974-1980 period resulted in a biased distribution-of sitesXan, analysis of background constituent con(;entrations in stream seditTents by physiographic region and river basin was not'possible.

Analysts of background concentrations for selected parameters b\ four categories of backgroupd sites (unknown, wooded, agricultural, and wooded plus agricultural) was also attempted. The 17 site^ elassified'as wooded were all located in only two river basins-a.nd one physiographic region. In the two river basins (Big Muddy and Ohio) and the Shawnee Physioqraphic Region, significant differences existed between the wooded and other- background categorle's. Lack of wooded background sites in other river, basins or physiographic regions; however, necessitated discontinuing this mode of analysis. ~' »

23

' ' ^ ' .

'Bin r . < f

W^ -'-'l: f^s2v;"V.--

t

t - 1 •'

"- /

T4BLE 6 SACK POIIND ILLINOIS STREAM SEDIMENT CONSTITiJENT CONCENTRATIONS fo r samples co l l ec ted 1974-19'iO r.rand mean, cons t i tuen t concentrat ions for a l l sediment samples co l lec ted 1974.laqn are presented f o r comparison 411 concentrat ions In mo/Vq unless otherwise noted

wmm': l ' fc!?"ySf>l^ '^ iA •;-;

const i tuent

COD

Total Kjeldahl N i t r og jn

Total v o l a t i l e Solids ( t ) j

Total Phosohorus ,

Arsenic

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Iron

lead

Manganese

Mercury

71nc

Chlordane fuq/ka)

Sum OOT (uc 'ka)

nOT (uq/ ta)

T i e l d r i n (uq/ka)

Hentachlor epoxide (uo/ka)

PCB 1254 (uq/kQ)

Pras (uq/kn)

BACKGROUND •T (n)

49091

1380

4 44

506

5 16

<0 .53

9 73

14 9

13345

16 7

736

0 042

50 3

<5 C]r)

<5 on

<2 21

• <4 30

<1 25

''2 9"=

_ • -

(77)

(77)

(73)

(99)

(29)

(123)

(99)

(991

(9" )

C99)

( 56 ) .

( 9 9 )

(99)

( ' 1

( : 6 1

(43 )

" . 2 3 '

;68

' ^ R

j t

SO

4142f

924

2 19

304

2 W

6 73

22 R^

4f<M "

in 8

526

'-1 131

29 5

MIN .

14000

184

1 3

150

2

<0 5 y

1

3

1241

4 0

160

1 o n /

15

•K5 10

<5 on

< ! i n

< ; "

•5 i r

p

MAX •

.33hnno

49no

12

ison

14

2 6 ,

56 t

221

3innn

?3 4

3100

1 200

1R5

' 2

24

!4

CQ

c

• ^

i -

' :RAN0 T (n)

'•'7153<»'{5721

1 9 n ' f 5 f i 3 )

5 11 (152)

1085 (S09)

5 87 ( l f i3 )

2 95 (827)

35 n ( f f l9)

, 4 7 <3 f f , 1 7 1

16801 ' '^211

l?<i (625 )

';77 ^221)

1 271 ( ^25 )

211 («23 )

cq 54 (071

<39 q 'J311

T 6 ' 3 1 1 '

-5 -• = 2 "

'•? 4= ' i , : -

' 2 ' ' ;-^i

1 ' i '•'•.''.

24

4,

t^^y-fldp'^'

* ' ' • ^ ^

Mf- i - -

m

10

z

H H B U n k n o w n • U U n W o o d a d «<BB<88 A g r i c u l t u r a l ) 1 W e « d « d « A g r i c . "

s

i B M

Z

B C O f f O H I J K l M N O ^

'V3'-

. o ' "

X 3

faaasu U n k n o w n

t n n u Weodod A fl r i ( u l t u r o I W e o d s d • A g r i c .

t - 1

1 n

n a n 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 M IS

FI.' iURE 4 Dl str-ibution of "background" sediment samnlmq sues m I l l j n o i s by a) Physiographic Region and b) River Bas''^

25

{ ^ f

%' v'-r

.-•

NUTRIENT ANO ORGANIC CONTENT

>t/4 ^*7" .n-l " .J-if ^l-

Hutchinson (1957), in d.iscussing .waters, presented three* methods for in content: (1) assessment* of chemical q of Kjeldahl nitrogefi; and (3) the meas These methods were used to determine o sediments collected from 1974 to 1980 three parameters was? anticipated m st COD and percent vol-atile solids were h 63,nTinois lakes (Kelly and Hite 1981

COD

itert df lake organilc carbc

the total organic com directly determining organilc carbon-xygen demand (COD); (2) determination urement of weight loss on -ignition, rqanic content of Illinois stream

A good correlation between these ream sediments as Kjeldahl nitrogen, ighly correlated in sediments from > ).

r\

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to convert all organic matter susceptible to oxidation in^a sample to carbon dioxide and water (APHA 1980).

COD ranq

A h i /

Five hundred an.d seventy-two stream sediment samples were analyzed for 'The mean (+SD) COD concentration was 71.5 (+^84.5) g/kg with values

._..,ing from 4 to 1130 g/kg. Lowest values were reported for a background site and for a site in an urban area which was 0.2 miles downstream from a WWTP effluent entry point. Highest values in the state (including the single highest value, 1 1 miles downstream from a WWTP) were associated with a small stretch of t Je Grand Calumet River, and as will become evident throughout this report, sediments in this stream reach were highly ennched with respect to several.undesirable constituents.

Highest COD values were found, with few exceptions, m sediments taken from the Des Plaines Basin (Figure-Sa). In general, most sediments exhibited COO values less than'100 g/kg. Although the mean value for all samples was approximately 70 g/kg, the distribution was c \eAr ' \y skewed to the right (as was the case for most parameters measured) The histograms m Figure 5 indicated that the majority of samples analyzed_exhibited concentrations reflective of those found at background sites (X=49 g/kg). It should be no^d that only ten sites monitored for COD were judged to be background sites with a predominantly wooded watershed, these sites exhibited a mean COO concentration of 21 g/kg. As a result the bac^.qround concentrations reported here may be too high if one wishes to exclude aqricultural non-pomt sources from consideration '

Mean sediment concentrations by basm and by discnarge type were compared using Duncan's multiole range test When grouped by basin, the Des ^lames Basin mean was significantly greater than all other basm means (Table H •Means by discharge type were not significantly dii;ferent (Table 8 ) . However, Ouocan's multiple range tests is a conservative statistic, and the range m concentrations was oenerally quite large f o r a given discharqe tyoe

*

9

l b

•\

J " " ? , ^ ftW i / . - ^

f ) ? ' % • ' l l '

4-* 1,

O U t W T

•*

• 1

' 1

u

•>»

<*

!• ? «

'• «» * 4

0 0 0 0

x a 11 11 u. cc cc cc *r CI ( I (C CI CI cc K 4

* A

0 0

0 0

M l

f n LL LL LL

• 1

M a . cc cc c t c t cc I C cc < t ( t I I cc tc

xa

0 0 oo 0 0 0 0 M l

LL LL

•LL LL LL

B R

u i l 11

cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc I C (C cc I I cc cc X* kx

kk

oo 0 0

0 0

L L

L L -

K R

RR

JJ 11

cc cc cc cc cc I C I I 11 0 0 CC CC CC

cc kk aa kk

00 L L

L L

R K RR

JJ

cc cc cc cc C I

cc CC cc RR

•

oo 0 0

» kL L L RR

• R

R R

JJ

cc cc cc I I

cc cc cc cc kk

L L RR

cc tc cc kA

, RR

cc RR cc cc cc cc k t cc cc

10 70 W »0 iO 00 ' 0 90 '=0 CO

^ f i {

1 / »6

hT f ,^.

3 ^f j-r a "?-s

CASIN-SYMBOLS

A"

B

C

0

E F

u

H

B i q M u d d y

C e n t r a l M i s< ;

Des P l< ) i rn . 'S

Fox

1 1 1 I n tM s

K j i i k o k P i -

Kaskask ia

f lo r ' .h Cen '^

, \ss

I

J

K

L M

l l

0

M o r t h M l i ^

OIno

Sock

Sdiiqamon

South Cen '

' , o u i n '^i?.9 R4 J J J J J J J J J J J> 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1

?0

M S«

» » 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 11

n J I

» I ? J I J 7 J J J J 17 J J J J I (

1 1

1 1 1 1

t '

1

JO

M M H M . M

n 4 4 4 4 11 I I I I

n TT

u M M

sa l i f t s

J> J J J J J> J J J J J I J I J J J I J I J I 11 11 1 1

t 1

l>

40

I I 11 J I J I

n n n 21 J 7 ; i J I

, 1

1 1

1 1

' t

so

n w » w I I I I j ; > j

JJ 17 J J JJ J J JJ

'' aO

M

' '

•n

I I J I J J

90

r j

f » U M M M

» n 11

5>0

u «9 J I J J JJ

'00

» n vs 11 n t i

J J >J

C O O

B

"d

. M l -

Bo

lne'3L. ' i

a ; .«>.T =

rCj lPE 5 ^ai Bus I " ;n,j ' u : ";;i''Dle

'27

if

? . " 1-

t

' 'ABLt 7 . Mean COO c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( g / k g ) by b a s i n . 1/i l U i r v p i s s c r e i m s e d i m e n t samo les c o l l e c t e d 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 8 0 . Duncan ' s m u l t i p l - e range t e s t iâs used t o compare b a s i n means , and g r o u D l n g s vjei'e d e t e r m i n e d ,Mean5 w i t h same l e t t e r a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t .

SASIN !*iW SO MIN MAX GROUUI.NGS

y

Dei ' j?ai '>es

Fox_

tCankakee

C e n t r a l > i iss

31 q "ûddy

<asKasm a

SOCk

N o r t h C e n t r a , M iss

iâbasn

Sanqarnon

I l l i n o i s

Dhio

S o u t l Miss

Sou tn C e n t r a l Miss

' l O r t n M iss

-.23

9

::

3

50

37

ss

2

i 2

4S

i i

30

'

3

'

' i l l

ae

79

69

62

S8

S6

S3

49

•15

•ts

J3

•3

31

2 '

1

n •

144 3

: 1 8

6 2 ' 3

45 5

60 8

S3 3

14 .

. 2 2

20 ;

33 8

23 .

23 7

.3 2

;3 4

4

7

22

3^

: i

I i

4

43

12

11

^ 9

:o

19

12

-

1130

.30

2 30

120

295

353 •

213

63

136

.2'0

220

;oo

.2

52

53

4

3

B

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3' •

3

8

'ABLE 8 "êin 'lOO c o n c e n t r a t i o n I q . ' q 3« sample l o c a t i o n c a t e g o r y m I l l m o ' v s c e a m sed imen t samples c o l l e c t e d 1974.- i980 D u n c a n s m u U i o l e range t e s t <ias j s e d to ccmoare samo'e o c a t ' o n c a t e g o r y ">eans. and g r o u o i n g s , e r p - a e c e r ^ m e a Means x u h same l e t t e r a re n o t s ' o n ' ' i c a n t l y ^ i i f f g r e n t

CArE&OR' MEAN 50 MIN

. n d u s t r ' a . - " ' ^

j r b a n

• ^ u n i c o a ' MWU'O

-' B o r a e r ; 1 -e

•^ 'sce laneous

•^ i re

. j g o c n •

SdCig r -û rd

30

: ) i

:;o

-3

: i

.'

- - •

J4 3

32 ;

30 -l

•4 -3

-J - .-

- ; J J

- • .

e3 3

- 6 5

J . - 1

• - •

-- "

SROUPINGS

)?b

• #

28

rV^,

m^y' '

r - t , , t • " -<<-.'

Sediment constituent concentrations at a particular site!, reflected both discharge type and downstreaiji distance; therefore^ it wals decided to group concentratio/is. at sites beUw MWWTPs on the ba.sis of .distance from discharge a.nd thus examine any possible reduction in concentration with increasing downstream distance frcjm discharge. MWWTP type data were used s.ince they represented the single largest group of sites by discharge type (i.e., 220 sample.s were taken below MWWTPs.) The means by distance from discharge are given in Table 5, '* , •

'i9'..£ 9 Weir '-CO .ercen '.^ ; . 5 , ' - " sedi"ient samoles ;;; le i te - l at / j r -O jS : i s - inces . lowrs fesc ' "- , r - , - : oa, wastewater treatment D'a^t '^WIR'S j i sr-a r-jes

O's . a n t e ' j r? ' jD

;

)

J

5

6

; scarce 3e ?' sca rge

11 t i l 1 es

• :o ---20

>20

Ow

JO

S3

\;

,'t

L

;5

" E A , ;:o

•

:::

)3

:-!

•a

30

J U

: 7

.32 .

.02

i3

n

i 3

, M . ^

It

J

3' ',

,'

)

\ 2

' t 1

363

, ;30 -

606

316

120

56

; /

3?

c.-

. . J

98

;; |'

14

•'/a lue looears to oe ' i see t e ' ! 'o r e i o l a n a f o n

When samples were grouped based .n distance downstream from MWWTP discharges, It was found that most samples collected at downstream distances greater than five Tiiles had COD concentrations approximatmq background levels. In fact, COD'steadily decreased with increasing downstream distance, variability between sites as evidenced by coefficients of variation also decl.ined with distance from discharge. Although some extremely low concentrations (i,.e., 4 g/kg) were noted, 'samples from sites no ^arther than five miles downstreaii from MWWTP effluents as a group e.^hibited concentrations two to three times greater than background

-A partial correlation matrix depictmo -elat lonshios oetween COD, .total Kjeldahl- nitrogen, total phosphorus and total volatile residue is presented in Table 10, The relationship between COD and total /olatiie residue was particularly strong (Table 10; vr = 0..3477, n = 503, 0 = 0 ''001) and revealed a fa irly'1 inear relationship On' outlymq value was clearly evident Smce there was no a prion reason to believe COD should vary independently of total volatile residue, U would^ppdar that the 1130 q/kq COO Value was m error by a factor of two

m% W&::MM -.

1 •

219

j^gg||^^pSjl^|jA'^¥^^ -1 ; ^ ; . - i i * t ^

g/kg) was judged volatile residue;

In sumfTiary, COD values at most sites sampled approxiiiiated background levels (49 g/kg). As a group, sediment samples t-aken from the Des Plaines Basin exhibited statistically greater COD values than encountered elsewhere in the state. The highest reported- COD value (i.e., 1130 to be in error on the basis of COD correlation with total however, sediment in a small reach of t>ie Grand Calumet River exhibited several values approachinq or exceeding 500 g/kg. An inspection of COD neans. as a function of distance below MWWTP discharges indicated that COD in most sediment samples collected farther than five miles downstream approached background levels. Highest oxygen demanding sediments should therefore be expected in the first five miles downstream from a point source discharge.

IASLE 1 0 . Corre la t ion n a t r i < aep ic tm i ; rg ; j t , g n s h i 3s :etween COD, t o t a l "^eldahl n i t r ogen , t o ta l snospnorus and t o t a l v o l a t i l e residue m sediment samples taken from I l l i n o i s streams, 1974-1930 (r"l>earson c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t . 3 ' l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e , n'samole s i z e ;

COD

' o t a l v je ldan l pl trogen

Total S 'OSBncs

' o t a l fgeldanl "11 troqen

r'O S236 3-0 0001 n. 554

• o ta l 'hospnorus

0 5294 0 0001

550

0 2202 0 0001

559

Total v o l a t i l e "(es idue

0 0

0 3

:)

S477 '0001

503

7232 0001

; i i

1757 0001'

S07

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Analysis for total Kjeldahl nitrogen measures both ammonia and organic nitrogen. The difference between Kjeldahl nitroqen and ammonia mtroqen i s- equivalent to organic nitrogen. Due to the relatively low concentration of other inorganic nitrogen forms (i.e., nitrate, nitrite) in sediments, Kjeldahl nitrogen for practical purposes is eouivalent to total mtroqen (Andersen 1974).

'Five hundred sixty-three sediment samples w.ere analyzed for Kjeldahl nitrogen; the mean (;| SD) concentration was 191-3 (+2056) mq/kg. Values ranqed from 118 to 29 144 mg/kg, a factor of almost 300 between low and h n h values. The low value was recorded for a sample taken at'a site lO-niles downstream from a MWWTP located eight nijes east of Carthage, Illinois The high value was found in Richland Creek 200 yards downstream from the Belleville MUWTP.

30

^^':^r(\\ifiV^^\ •ffy^ V v-'ip;;. • •, X ' ' ; y f : ji ,?x ' S ^ K T I J ^ I V I - J ^ S : ^ '•

.'S-

,,,.^.„ .i-», ,..

' The distribution of total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations in stream iediment samples analyzed is presented by basin and by discharge t>pe in Figure 6. Highest Kjeldahl^ nitrogen values were' typically associated with-urban or MWWTP sources and were, generally found in the Des Plaines iBasin. Inspection of FigureSbalso revea'ls that high values were found at background sites as well. Categorizing background sites on the basis of predominant watershed land use (Table 11) indicates that sediments from wooded watersheds contain ifluch less Kjeldahl nitrogen than agricultural or combined agricultural and wooded watersheds.

TABLE I I Mean total <jeldanl nitrogen (mg/kg) In sediment samoles collected at background sites and grouped according to oredommant land jse

LANO USE n MEAN so MIN MAX

U n c e r t a i n

•<(ooded

Agr1Cu t t u r e

A q r T c u l t u r e • Wooded

A l 1

11

-.J

4 1

:s 79

1683

65C

.2 39

'.912

1380

1 2 2 : ^

190

•39

1179

924

473

•420

134

84S

L84

4500

9S0

3900

4900

4900

73

29

55

52

67

Sediment total Kjeldahl nitrogen data were grouped by discharoe type (i.e., categorized according to maj^jr impactinq point or non-point source) and means were compared using Duncan's multiple ranoe test (Table 12). Results indicated that sediment collected downstream of Ml-A-JTPs and urban areas contained significantly greater amounts of Kjeldahn nitrolen than sites below mined areas or areas desiqnated as background. Sites wtfre also grouped by b a s m (Table 13) and nhysioqraphic region, and mean sediment Kjeldahl nitrogen was compared using Duncan's multiple ranqe test. Results were similar ih both ca^es indicating statistically hiqhest concentrations were,found in the northeastern section of the state (i e , Des P l a m e s and Fox Ri'ver Basins/Chicago Lake Plain and ',-lheaton Moramal Country) There appears to be a geographical gradient of decreasing concentration radiatmo in southerly and westerly directions with lowest concentrations ''ound m extreme southern (Shawnee Hills Sectfon) and western ('"lalesbura Plaiin) sections of the state.

As-anticipated, total Kjeldahl nitrogen was sidnr'^icantly positively correlated with total volatile residue and COO (see Table 9). Total Kjeldahl nitrogen was also significantly correlated with total nhosDhnrus, however, the degree of correlation (r=0.2202, p=0.0001, n=5B9) -was not impressive

31

u 1

The distribution of total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations in s ream sediment samples analyzed is presented by basin and by discharge typ(! in Figure 6. Highest Kjeldahl nitrogen values were typically associate^ with urban or MWWTP sources and were generally found in the Des Plai.nes Basin. Inspection of Figure 6b also reveals that high values were found at background sites as well. Categorizing background sites on the basis of oredominant .watershed land use (Table 11) indicates that sediments from wooded watersheds contain muCh less Kjeldahl nitrogen than agricultural or combined agricultural and wooded watersheds

j>,

TABLE I L Mean t o t a l < j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n (mg /kg ) i n sed imen t samoles c o l l e c t e d a t oackg rouna s i t e s and g rouped a c c o r o m q to p r e d o m i n a n t ' and j s e

LAND USE n ME«< SO M;N MAX C •! [

Uncertain

wooded

Agriculture

Agriculture •

"looded

All ,>'

i:

.0

-:3

;5

79

1683

650

;2?9

1912

1380

.224

L9U

' 3 9

1173

924

473

420

!34

345

184

4S00

980

390C

4900

4900

' 3

2>

55

62

, 67

Sediment total Kjeldahl nitrogen data were qrouped by discharoe type (i.e., ca.tegorized according to major impacting point or non-point source) and means were compared using Duncan's multiole ranae test (Table 12). .Results >ndicated that sediment collected downstream of Ml-iWTPs and urban areas contained significantly greater amounts of Kjeldahn nitrogen than sites below mined areas or areas designated as background. Sites were also grouped-by b a s m (Table 13)and nhysiographic region, and mean sedment Kjeldahl nitrogen was compared using Duncan's multiple ranqe test. Results were similar in both cases indicating statistically hinhest concentrations were found in the northeastern section of the state (i.e., Des " l a m e s and Fox River Bas ms/Chicago Lake Plai-n and ',</heaton Moramal Country)" There appears to be a geographical gradient of decreasing conEentration radiatmo in southerly'and westerly directions with lowest concentrations- found i-n extreme southern-(Shawnee Hills Section) and western ('"lalesburo Plain) sectibns of the state.

As anticipated, totaT"Kjeldahl nitrogen was siqm ^'icantl v positively correlated with total volatile residue and COD (see Tah",e 9) Total Kjeldahl nitrogen was also significantly correlated .-ith total i-i^iosohorus, nov»ever, the degree of correlation (r=0 2202, I'-O 0001, n = 5fl9) wa's not T-ipress i ve.

31

-'-t

:yr ' --,--i;;y-io=.

^ > :?'%

t rww^ **««< 8ASIM SlTMQOLS

OOOD Rrw»n k k k k k k k k n i l

acc l £ [E cccc cccc

oooc

U L ' . I I I - . k k k k 11 [ 1 I f I I CCOi c c c c ( .C iC c c c c f f r « I I I C

cue I C I E o o o o c c c c c c c c c c c c saat k k k S S k k k k k k A

OGOO mt jo

>«•«* W M ,

.•••« t » t 1 m i " LLI .L

m l J : JJ C1.C; cccc CiCC c c c : e c u cccc cccc cccc ccc« cccc M;CC cccc ( n r UCC C ( [ C ( ( C C ( I K ( ( ( [ ( ( t c (CCC (fCC

ucc cccc t l A A kASk

C U L L l l L i c t i .

«»«• • r K * Kft«« : t i t n i l M i l

c c c c c c ; c c c c c c c : c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c F I f f t ( C ( CCCC ( ( C C ( 1 E [ CICC C ( ( ( cccc cccc OOOT c c c c c t c c c c c c c c c c c c c c k k k k k a k k k k k k k k k k

n m t CLLL L L L L I L L L t -LCt %kak a x t k k k k k k k k k k k k k I I I ! . I l l . 1 1 1 n i l n i l 1 111

UkiPMt

cccc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

(((( !((( C ( C ( C C C l cccc cccc ( ( E C cccc cccc cccc cccc

.**** k k k A k k k k

0 0 0 0 n » o ococ ^tf#rK

, » w , U l l

L U L

t u i - 1 1 1 . V l l l

• ft>« m l

c c c c

cccc ( ( C t

crtc CICC ( C ( E ( ( C ( ccc: cccc cccc cccc k k k k k t a a k k U k k k k

9

oooo oooo CWOQ L I U

L l L

, / j ; 1 ; 11 cc-, ; c c . t c : U < ( ( (C( ICCl CE(( cccc t e c : CCCC c c c c cccc M M k k k k a a a a k k k k k k k k

• K o a 3L< 0 ' , - 1 1 • t k k h l l l l i J J J J c c c c

cccc cccc C U I oooo cue CCCC cccc cccc seal k k k k

- A

6

' c J E

r ' l

H

n o n e DJUV I I.W V LLLL *mBK • naa AKA* J J J J J111 i M Q &UC t r r t cccc cccc * * * i tAAA

B i c ; M u d d y

C e n t r a l

C f ^

h^, 11 Kar

M i s s

f l a m e s

i n o i s

k , i V c ?

K . i S k a s k

- . ' l o -

C J O O

L . i L « h l f t ^ « * l J l « » l k k k k f l i c cc ic cooo cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc k k k k

t h C

- k a . ^ ! & « • l f tK> CCCC r r r i ( E t c ( E t c c:cc cccc cccc

l a

e n ,

0 0 0 5 o o o o I L L . k k k k

cccc ( U l ooco cccc cccc cccc

l l S S

k k k k n i l cccc cccc cca cccc cccc kAAA

1 I -L k k k k CKCO cc ; c cccc cccc aaxk

0

oc^o c u t c:cc cccc

N o r t h

O h i o

RncV

M i s s

# j i i n q a i i u j n

S o u t l i

' o u t ' i

Cf*M M,t. M t s * ;

Mabasn

k k k k C-J.C UOOD CCCC CCCC Lice CCCC cccc

thK f t ,

cccc ccc:

CC-4 L L j ; 1 r 11 o o x c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c e c u c c c c c c c c

CCIC c c c c k t k k

f

na Ma 7W m * i?u f ^ laaa in» n t ?'i« ua* ina u w ) ' M •••» <?M <»« "•»• I M «

1

i y , y , m l

r r r r

»»»» 4 4 4 4 > ! 1 I

, 1111 . ? J J 7

n o t < n > W M S^M U M S i l l 1 7 1 1 m l ? 7 ? I ? 7 7 7 ? J J J r / M i J / J J f / J 1111 l i l t n i l • 111 l i l t M M

.

n i T

^ I S M M M M » 4 S W W * 4444 4444 4444 H I S

)>>! I I I ! } i n 111? t i n m t t i n } } : i i i i i I I I ? i i i i D l t ) i n n i l J? 1 1 M M M M M M M M 1 1 I I 1 I 11

n«<

M t a ? M 9 m i ?1M 4444--4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 m l n i l n i l t i n n n i i t i H i > n i t 1111 m i n i l 1 1 1 ! n i l 2121 l i l t t i n m i 7 7 7 1 M M

I ' l l 1 I I I i l l ! I I 1 1 1 M l I M l

I J f f - I f ? 7T7T U M ( U a W W m t l U S

M M n y ) 4444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 f i l l n i l I I I ! i i ; > 7771 7771 7777 7777 7777 2177 7111 7777 7777 7777 7771 7 7 1 7 r i 1 I 1 M I ' t i l I 1 M 11 1 1

TT7F

u n ( C U W»9B n o i

«»» »«» H M v t n n i l I I I ! n i l 7777 II771 I W I 17 J I 7777 7777 7777 7777 1 t I 1 M M

M M

1 ) 1 1 I 1 I 1

7777 7 7 7 7 U M • i t 4 i M > 5 « S 4 4 4 4 i i n 7 1 1 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 J 777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

•7777 7 1 7 7 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I I I I 1

•

7777

^vn B M » J W S 5 » J W » 4 4 4 4 n i l 7 7 7 7 7777 7 7 7 J 7 1 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

• m 7 / 1 7 I W C » M » a i M 4 4 4 4 ) U I 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

I M 1

7117 c w « > 1 « M 5 5 » « 1

m » 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 n i l 1 t 11

'»MP'..E I O C ' " ; ; ' ; N LA

P . i c k n r o u n d

^ ' i m c i D d l IMV,'U!

1 : a q o o n

' " i n e

S J r D a n

S "1 s e e l t a n e p i r

/ I n d u s t r i a l I \ \ . u

H i l l Oorder 5i ^

ff

n n M M

w u t - m v t n " " n i l »s ;5 ' " 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 I I M ' I " 7777 7771 Vi^'> i U t 1 1 1 ! n i l 4,44 ^5^»

I I I 7 7 7 7 n i l I ' 1 • M l 77 . '7

'cOORv

")

TP)

p

«aM V . 5 1 5 3 M i i n 7777 l V - 1 7777 m l I I 1 I ? • « I 1 . I

7 7 / 7

7777 55M ^ s • . ^ l ^ M J M S 1 1 1 1 m i n i l m i 1111 T U I n i l

i'.^S 7J/7 7 7 ^ 7 •• '

m* ri*» ; ' « waa m i

IGUPE 6 .' 1 s • 1 s e j i , ' ;eiir s.'iU'Ple^ Ov ' T Sci'Ole L'" :f ;-;n ' .-ite^''*'"/

32

g e : ^ • ' 5 ^ ? • ^ , ; . ; > - -• . J U T . - . ^ - . -»• - -. . , . • ' . , - ^

• ^ '

• f l i t '

V

IABLE "12 Mean t o t a l < j e l d a h i ' n i trogei l concent'racvon (fngAq) by samole Tix;a* '0 category i n l l . M i ' o t s scream sediment saniDlei co-l lected 1974-1980 *

'»Ou^c,an' s Viu 111 p 1 e range tes t ,»<•»?-used to compare category means, aijd ^ - grouotngs were determifiea, Mfeans w i th same ' e t t e r i r e not

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f * r e n t - , * , V • ' ' . 6 ' "" - • - .

CATEJIJORY J : "MEAN S D j . -MIN MAX -ifiOuPI'^r,

~^^

•Mun ic ipa l \MUUTP',

' j r dan

: i l . Soraer : ' -e

Inous t n a l ' !«v>'-s

• i i s c e i i a n e o ' j s ^

Lagoon

B a c k g r o u n d

Ml ne

219

113

^

O '

: i

32

77

25

2196

2 i 6 «

- - -" 3

• :906

-.732

1121

1380

1203

•23*1 ^

; 5 3 1

. ' . i

.500

Q-. 7

-' ' ' ,

c ^2«

6 4 0 .

119

• 115

•13S

• 2 5 0 ~

198

295 •

. L 3 4

320

- .Z - iM i ' -

.C6.:'

J'300

5490

5C90

303*'

i900

3500

>

' 1

i

' ^

A 3

- A 3

4*<B

3

- 3 -

^ *- ^ t

" V ,

- . • »

*

TABLE 13 *<ean to ta l - -K je ldah l n i t rogen concent ra t ion (mg/kg; py Pasin in ; , : i n o i s stream sediment samoles-col lec ted 1974-1980. 0onc4n-s n u i i i p i e ' j n g e tes t "las used to comoare b a i m iieans, and groupings were determined Means «ii th sairw l e t t e r . a r e not sig^ni f ican' t ly d i f f e ' e n t

3ASIV

Oes f 'a-ines'-

FOx . . *

<askask ia

<ankake«

*iiS5 Cenf-ai

iiock^

3 ig"--Muddy '

-Kaolin

Sangamon

•Ohio ^ , .

: 1 1 mo i s

Miss South

M i s s N o r t i l e n t r a l

,?iss -«arf i

Miss Soutn - . ^ n i j y 1 ••'•''• - .

•n

126

3

• 56

:o

- 3

s;

n

•12 J

45

22 -

32

; i 7

: e

N .

j T J

MEAN

2985

2920

.987

1936

1920

1832

-.608

.556

; J73

.281 -

. 2 5 ;

;i63'

-.;:

. . 3 2

. 312 •

SO

. " ' 6 6 ' - ' -

. t 74

1004

. 5 1 ?

2 \

740

::o

•44

"3 15

. . . .4

^ J i .

16 •

. ,S

•12

'"-

Ml-^

- 2 SO

•198

134

4 30

1300

Z'.~

•i-20

295

490""-^

1 2 0 . ,

. : 3

. J

'f .

)58

J50

;4S

MAX

;.400

?;90

29144

:464

;060

14 36

:6 ' : -

-54C

: i ^o

i i-ii

- ' 2 "

.»-

Ik

. . i a

: : :

IROuPI'iG

.;

A

'

ti> r

3

3

3 -:'"

3 .

3 ; '

i •• .

3

-

» <s

*?

• ^ :•<

,^-»- -

(»;•

•tr

33

- } • • ' ' '

:y^f<

1* ^ ^ , . ^

'*.. /

/'

©

>>

,*<

•7:'5^^^<'-

Total Volatile Residue / \ 7~ . ^ ~ Total ' | | o ^ ^ ^ ^ & resi.due {r^Qrz^rxX. volatile solids) is defined ds\wbight

loss'of^a-diJfied sediment sample (i.e., dried to constant weight at 103-''105 ,C')-after i-qflition in a muffle furnace at 550 C. T ie loss in weight'fs ascribed to the volatilization of organic matter.

Five htindred sixteen stream sediment samples were analyzed for total volati le-'=i)*esidu|,.. * The mean concentration (+^S0) was 5.1 (^3.9)% with values 'ranging fromi 0 to'38.7%. Highest values for total volati^le'residue were Associated with sediments taken from a five mile stretch of the Grand Calumet River between the Indiana Harbor Canal and confluence with the Little Calumet River. The extremely polluted condition of this stream segment was documented in an Agency report (Schacht 1978).

cted araphica]Iv by highest concentrations ould all be considered idered to be impacted of Figure 7b indicates

xcess of ten percent ources (singly or in idue value-was 12% however, it may be Chicago could rightly

-ir"'i''-"'K

I

jie-O

^ The distribution of total volatile residue is depi basin and. sample location in Figure 7. As is evident, were restricted to the Des Plaines Basin; these sites c urban, but for statistical purposes were generally cons heavily by IWWTP or MWWTP point discharges. Insoection that all totap volatile residue values equal to or in e xan be assoc'Vated with urban, industrial or municipal s ^combination). The highest background total volatile res recorded for site G-08 in the Des Plaines River Basin;

, debateable whether any site in such close proximity to be considered background.

Mean total volatile residue values computed for qroubmgs based on sample location were compared using Duncan's multiple range test (Table 1 5 ) . .Results ifRJicated no statistically s.igmficant differences between aroups, however, it is interesting to note that .highest mean concentrations were, associated with IWViTP, urban and MWWTP sources in that order. Since hiqhest individual values were associated with sediments taken downstream of f'fWl' TPs, data were grouped and further evaluated based on distances downstream from these discha.rges (Table 16). Inspection of means by distance from discharge incjiiiCates'an appreciable drop of more than two percentaoe points between distance groups 3 and 4. This is in agreement with COD and K.ieldahl m t r o q e n data and-, iri'dicates that the organic carbon content m sediment collected . greater than five miles downstream from M\-MTP discharges approaches background levels; mean (+SD) background total volatile residue was 4.44 (+_2 1 9 ) %

"•> "-'As noted previously (Table 10), total volatile residue was found to be highly significantly correlated with COO and total Kjelda^nl nitroqen, inspection of scatter diagrams, consideration of correlation coefficients, and discovery of seemingly erroneous results indicate t: at total volatile residue gives the most Vel lable approximation of o rc^^nM: cerbo" ir stream sediment.

34

^ I

>

<*%

fail JAI^^-J L-

• 1

1 oooo

oooo I f f

• I L l t 1 L L L l

k a a a 1 AKftK

f J l J , 1 n i l

CCCC 1 u c c

C M C ' cccc

cccc r f f r

ctct t i u

1 ictc U l t ( M l

I CCCC I . CCCC

CCCC 1 CCCC I I I I K A 4 * 4 A

1 tcci » u

I W W W l

e ^ t i q 0 0 0 0

L I U I L L l L l i l l l t l K K U » M ftKUl J J J J J J J J CCCC cccc CCCC CCCC CCOC cccc cccc I I U i C U l E E l cccc ecu (etc ( l U cccc cccc ctct saaa k k a a > U 1 AAA*

.

oooo oooo 111.1 L L L L l l L l W A A J J J J

cccc -ucc

ucc a c t

cccc cccc cccc cue cccc A A A ! *AAk

,

<AA>

cccc n»» tccc cccc cccc cccc C C t l AAAA

ctcc cccc cccc

•

cccc cccf • AAA

A

u c 0

E

f

G

M

B i g Muddy

C e n t r a l M i s s .

Des P l a i n e s

f o .

111 ino iS

Kankakee

Kaskask i a

N o r t h Cen Miss

BASIN SyMBOLS

North Miss

Oht^j

Rock

Sangamon

South Cen.

South Ml4;

Wabash .-'

) •

S^'tfe.

u .

1

cnsi m i )

m i l s o u aoBSO M M *

n i M

n n l

t m t I M i l l

-...- ^.......

r m f u u t » M » 1 M » v a t i A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 S l l l l

m i l i i t i t m i l

m i l i i n i i n i i i m t t z m I I I 11 111 u i n 11 m i l

H 7 T ? J I T I T f n t i a M 4 m i f l 9 9 « W M M 9

M 9 6 S

Moaa M M « 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 M i l l m i l m u m i l m u i i » i 1 1 1 ] }

t i n t 1 1 1 1 7 H i l l m i l

m i l m i l m i l m i l m i l m i l M i l l I I 1 I t I l l I J I I I I 1 ( I ' l l 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I I 1 t i l l .

T i i r T J i m

a u u t u u t u n • H M

«•»» t n t t M ^ 9 9 4 4 4 4 4

H i l l i l l l t n u t m i l i t i i l i n i J i i i t t i i i t t

n u t m i l 1 1 1 1 2 i i t t i m i l m i l i i t t i i i r t t M i l l i l l l l 1 1 1 M I 1 1 1 1 M i l l 1 1 , 1 1

TTTT7 J M » F

t u n C M U t M O S H S 9 S • M O ) » M M

I l l l l m i l i .» i i i n n I l l l l

t u n i t n t i i t a u r n i t t t t t n t t t m t

t t ^ t i t t t t 11 I I I 1 I I I . I 1 1 1 1 1

» ? ? , ) 9 M U U M S U O M M » M 4 4 4 4 4

n m n t n n u t n n t n t n t n t t t t t t t n u t M i l l I l l l l n n l

m m g e m M«M H 9 « I I IU t i t t t n t n n t n n u t 11 I I I 1 1 I n

» T 7 r 7 « S M S 5 * S « I l l l l » l > l } 1 7 I 1

-

> m i n m i m i

l i n t

SAMPLE LOCATIOH CATEiORY '

) B

B a c k g r o u n d

M u n u . D a l ( M W W T P )

I.a90on

Mine

L'rban-

H i s c e l l a n e o u r

I n d u s t r i a l (IWHTP)

11 1 Bo rde r S i t e

r rm yntto

S M M

n i t i

8 0 M S I f l l l

r T 7 r T

t n u : m n ' m n

FIGURE 7. DistrIDullon of total volot, seainicnt soinoles Dy 'a' 3:si

"iSlC'ue 'ma/kn i m l i i m o i S Str-

•T 'D l Somole L o c c t r n Cater^cf'/

v<--i I 35

\

^^P^P^^^^^^^îi^l^pPllP^ps^'^^îi'lpl^^^S^îFiS^^Wi^S^H

'••' ' '?f^ -,

i i , ' ' - - . •

4 ^

' ^ J

»-;ftfl'ft-,< ..

.#A;V.!','-;«?•;, . .• ' ,•-

MBLE 1.4. ,Mean t o t a l v o l a t i l e so l ias-concent r a t i o n {'.) by basin->> Sitream s e d i m e n t samp les c o l l e c t e d 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 8 0 . D u n c a n ' s m u l t i p l e r a n g e t e s t was used t o c o m w r e b a s i n means , .end g r o u p i n g s were l ieans w i t h same l e t t e r a r e r rot s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e t e r m i n e d .

BASfN MEAN SO MIN .MAX

,^>l ,"r . 'V^ ' -

. : • - * '

•7, f''--'; -', -'- ^

I l l . m o i S

letenivined.

GROUPING

Oes P l a i n e s

Fox

B i g Muddy

.Hiss C e n t r a l -

<ankakee

Sangamon

Oh io

< a s k a s k i a

Rflck

1 1 1 i n o i s

•< l ib i i r \

i^ iss Nor ' tn C e n t r a l

^ ISS Sou th

Mi5s Sou th C e n t r a l

M i ss -<or tn

113

• U

49

2 r

9

14

22

78

i \

33

.12

2

6

3

6

7 ,97

. 5 2 8 -

T, 5 ° ' '

•i..80 • ,

4 79

4 . 5 7

4 33

4 30

4 . 2 8

4 11

3 34

3 55

3 10

3 22

2 46

6

• ' 3

0

1

1

11

89-

80

54

95 1

69 -

ei

44

55

82

75

49

32

16

43

' 1 . 1 0

q . 6 8

, 1 00

2 30

I 24

1 04

'2 10

0 00

0 94

0 56

0 65

3 29

2 .0

1 50

1.00

• 33

L I

. 3

7

3

8

3

23

12

9

9

3

' 5

5

4

7 . .

9

6

3

3

3.

5

3 •

S

8

9

9

3

6

'A

A

A

•X

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

' A

A

'ABLE 1 5 Mean t o t a l v o l a t i l e r e s i d u e [ W Dy samole l o c a t i o n c a t e g o r y in i r i n o i s , ' s t r e a m sed imen t samples c o l l e c ' . e i j l 1974. ' .980 Duncan 's m u l t i p l e range

• e s t «as ,used t o compare c a t e g o r y -neans, i n d g r o j o m q s were d e t e m r n e d - Mgjns w i t h same l e t t e r a re no t s i c i m f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

lA-EOCR" «EAN "SO M;N MA jROuPiSG

I n d u s t r i a l ' l - W P ;

J rpan

H u m c i o a l MViU'P'

M i s c e l 1 a n e o u s

Mine

Baqkgroyno ^

111 B o r d e r 5 i t e s

L a g o o n '

39

0-.

200

v23

22

73

6

25

:

' i

69

06

37 '

:2

S7

44

10

54

S

1

-

3

2

-'

3

06

23

"6

26

53

' 1 ^

30

V

•J

• )

0

-

2

1

3

0

eo

94

QO

S6

'.0

30

63

65

29

33

.6

.3

,2

;!

J

30

ac

•0

JO

eo

J O

10 t

48

A

5

1

A

i k

'-

\

a ,a

36

, ;¥<%/.•:••;!-K';!,-;-/?' ' !- '-; : . . . ;- -'=7^ ' - . ' - • '

r-=v,u';'i;?fl'i-.^4l41

' ABLE 16. 'êin t o ta l / o l a t i ' ^ residue -nq <9 In seoj-ênt sanoles ; ; ' ! e c ' e d ac var'ous distances downstream f.- in r ^ f i ^ oal wastewater -I'eat-nent " 'an*. iMHwTP) dis- . iarqes, •

Ois.tanre GrouD ^ i s r i r c Below 'Ô'scnarge Ti i -esi

ME A,', sc

'•f:? - 7^--\^^tiii;,

-. . i ' ' ]

1 '2 : J

Phosphorus

"Elemental phosphorus is a highly toxic element however, in the environment only on rare occasions" Phosphate phosphorus is a naturally oc-curring compou nutrient for plant growth. In many ca-ses, under nat the lack of available phosphorus in 'water thSt limit introduction of phosphorus by man would, under condi limitation, stimulate growth. The introduction of t into the aguatic envi ronment-thus frenuently leads' t cation. The problem of excess phospnorus is ootentia than streams, although stream water rich m ohospho/ wrth excessive plant grbwt-^ In any case, tl e a d d n enviV-onment above that already mtrortuced order natu is generally to be avoided Sediment onor^phorus is to "free floating" (e.g., algae) vegetation, however can extract phosohorus from sediment ana uriider appro phosphorus can become/soluble and be introduced in-o

11 occurs fortunately , (Lee et al. 1979) nd and is an essential ural circumstances, U is s plant qrow.th The tions of phosphorus his anthropogienic phosphorus 0 accelerated eutrqphl-1 \Y greater for lakes us can develop nroblems ion of phosphGru^|to the ral weathering conxlitions. essentially unavailable

attached macrophytes priale conditions sediment verlymg water , . ' '

609 . JValues rangei f Kght. A

The mean -(- SO) oi was 1085 (-^407^ i q/k to almost TOX by dry almost a factor of 1000, analyzed contame.d less tj an 2C00 - n , mg/kg, appears erroreouslz-^high bv a sample taken at this site'Ci e , '"i! : question contained 6290 mg/kn P ^r-data set reduces the overall nean '•-•n sediment phospho>"'us values were -"estr River'in the Chicaao area""and tg r-e Bellevi 1 le and , 1 1' stadt

stream sed'ient samples analyzed for total r^hosphorus om ICO mg/kq to 970o6 mg/kgor 0 001

though în;mur, and maximum values di'Vfered by as'IS evident ^ r ^ r iîcure 3, the majontv of-samples'

'•q "he extremely niqh .value, 97QOO 'actor of ten A dupl i cate'seoi-êut 2 about ^ne week ,after the sample m tt-ng the 97000 -nq/kq va.lue •'ror' the "" '"^SD 'O iKq to 927 "iq/tq, ""r;nest '•z'.en tC'it ie SkOK-e and les ^la">*s

a' n 1 d - 1 ver ^ f-ie ' c

iit't'sy'"'fX-;:;""-1'.

37

/ 'Hi "

n i l

, . '3. - ' 1 ; --"J;.;Jjt.-!, '••/Jv^r-fc/avsi.'C'lS-i?;.!*

BASIH S'TKBOLS

OOOri 3000 30UD

?oop OOOO

xxtf •«•#< T * * * . I Lt. . t i t . . L L l

A B i q . M u d d v

B- C n i i t r . l l M i s s

. r> ,1 I ' l C S

•. ,• 1 1 ' 1 t n . LC,C IXiC : ^ t . I.CH tcgc cccc C t L C

c:*c r t t i I l i C U K ( l ( C t e n ( I I I :ccc CCCC k k k *

1 11 1

C t M COIC i t ^ u;:^ c ; ; i ; e c u . cc-.c t ( ! l t i u ( t i l ( ( I t [ | I ( K ' ( CCC ccc : k k k k k k k k k k k k t X k k

OCXS KOO

. u . kk t k < • • • • 1 . * • n i ctcc ctcc cccc ctcc I f ( f

(((( 3000 CCCC CCCC cccc CCCC k k k k k k * k

11 . L l

k k k k

( l i t CCCC c;cc kkAA

. r . . >•> t -CCC ( M l CCCC cccc k k k k

tC( ( cccc cccc

K K CCCC cccc

J ' , ' •

t ' . , , , < ,

• • , , u . I k . ' "

- 1 • J ' , . • J

# ! ( _ , ' I, ^ j n ** , ' , s

'JOr'.h t i s s "ih 1 0 '

- •11 k

" a i l ' M i i i n n

'; n ,j ^ fi f .1 r

• , " f < ,S

' t

i-ulft

i n *

.A

: t . c :

T»»'*

«A

M

CCCC

•JLU. CCCC CCCC

JS

1711 n i l t t t » • M t »»« M M « M 55SS *«4 I M i l n i l n i l n i l l i l t m i m i m i m i m i

t t M «9»9 K M M M ! » M » J M 4 4 4 4

t i n n i l I I I ! u n n n m i n i l n i l m i l ! » n i l n i l n i l i m m i

l i l t

1 1 1 1

V

T 1 T »

T T r k

i ( t « ( t M 5 4 M »»M

«« 11W 4 4 4 4 M i l

n n i n i n n m t n i l n n

111

sua 11)1

J i l l n i l ; J 3 I

I f M

n i l n i l

1 I M

n i l n i l

*

t m n i l

-

n n n i l

-J c

^

i

3,K ^ ; r cyu ' i -

"^liH 'C 1 03 ' •<i'-

, a q o o n

Ml ne

; r 5 a n

^ i s c e l l a n e o u s

I n d u s t r l a i • !

• - i S o r o c " -

IMS i t i t im» ' i n* n m I ' n IM> U M e ta i « • • « >w

J,'IS - • I'.)-,'

r ir.urE 8 ?:s- - ,o • •:•' y :-•-;; -

38

p;^ns;?^:

>'.^}r ' S>%\t. {

Inspection of Pigure ebreveals that all sediment phosphorus values greater than 2000 mg/kg are associated with MWWTP point discharges o r ,nQn-point urtJan-sources. Total phosphorus va1ue%in sediments at back- . ground sites nev$.r exceeded 1500 mg/kg (Table 17) The mean (* SD) of background sites was 506 (; 304) ng/kg, and further inspection of backqround sitejdata by watershed land use revealed very'kittle difference between predominantly woodeo and predominantl v aqn'culiSjral watersheds This would

phosphate fertilizer apphed to aoncultural lands does bdiment concentrations to an appreciable deqree, however, small to make that judgement

seem, to impl^ that not impact^ stream the data set is tod

Since, as "a g« ^MWWTP discharoes,' to distance from -tt multiple range tesJ appears that phosRJ

^ p , highest phosphate valLies_can be expected below ftes located downstream from ''(WTTPs were orouoed accordina h e point sources and means were comfiared usmo Duncan's

Contrastinq.grouD means with background means, it ,jtelevelsin samples; col 1 ected greater than ten m 1 es

below MWWTPs re turMed to backaround levels (Table 18) Analysis of sediment samples by basm /Table 19) indicated higher mean concentrations m the Des Plaines Basmf

k

-JB.L 17 "lea

-A'c-SCR'

i * ^

' i r ^ G ^ a i ^ h j S ; n c » ' - ' ' - i ' • ' -nq , .j j , -, a n c o . ) ' . ' - . i - e " } ' .

1 " O ' s s t reJn^ i,ga -ne^t iamo es .;• 'e( ; ' .ea I ' i ' i - . i i c j u " . i r <, •no' '. D e -ange " e s t « a i j s e c ' : .:>i'icar» . a t e q o r ^ -neans. a - : T O U C - I S .^^re l e ' P ' ^ - ' ^ e O ' ^ a n s w ' t i saiie i***.?^ a -e ^ o t s ' . g n i ' . a ^ . , ,< . . ^ . o

>t£A^ 1 1 1 •* • 4 ^ . 1 , ' C i . = ' O

-lur :a >^.-c •

•-•'a-

1 : , s -.' i -. 1 ^

_aqoon

^' i c t 1 ' aneous

M.ne

3aC4grOuno.

C ^r -jgr • "

: 1

'

i-J

• • " '

^

^.- > 1 : • '

• j ' - .

' IC

39-

"' "^life^

TABLE 1 8 Mean t o t a l phOônoruS c o n c e n t r a t ' o n s . A j / k g ) ' j i se f l imen t samoles c o l a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s d o w n s t r e a n f r om m t / n i c i o a ) w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t c (MWVTP) d i s c h a r g e s

,^..!-.-.,-;,.-^-.vi;

: t e d a n t

-•'>;!h-f,''

Dl Stance GrquO * Distance Below 0'scnarge (miles;

MEAN Total SO "nosphprus

MiN MAi • : /

J9

-.3

13

-. i ;

2 329

48C

i <:-.•.

--. .

100

• l - g

123

:9C

320

x

,06

'=C

wSOO

-en?

r:-:c

• J , J

*,

:c:o

132

.33

J -

^•i

;

! • -

*"ÊAN Dec-jmes ;426 •'^ > ; ' 97000 •ng.'.q â je - s jmi'.-.ec] •'rom r a t a se t

TABLE 1 9 ' V a n t o t a l j n o s p n o r u s c o n c e n t r j • . '3n T i g , 4 q ' 5y s a s m ' " - ' n o i s s ' . ' e a ' ' sed iT i en t samc 'es c o l l e c t e d -.•9?4.-.9?'3 Ouncan 's - n u l t i p l e -anqe t e s t ..as usea t o z o t t v i r e o a s m ineans, and q r ^ ^ c - n q s weê o e t e - ^ i i e o *<ean5 « : -same ' e t t e r i r e " o t s i g n i f i c a n t , r " e r ^ n t

9AS:N iÊAN «A( SPOUP - . i

3es = ' a i n e s

"^ iss C e n t r a l

8 i g i>hjddy

< a s K a 5 k i a

Sangamon

-o»

"^155 S O v j t n

C e n t r a l

: 1 f i n o i S .

waoasn

Pock

MISS • ' l o r t h l e n t r a l

.•ÎSS N o r t n

<ankanee

Oh io

MJSS S o u t h ,

; t

JO

.»0

53

9

3

'3

Hd

5S

?

iT^-^- -1

22

; •

26 35

' . 4 8

d05

'83

"69

'2S

b90

662

b04

503

550

:'34

:sa

391

385

- V . •

1

J 4 '

-;;'"

l i ' i

, ^

-- - i

-:-

. :5

5:

)23

3a

, - , s

,52

.36

, ' 9

2 30

. - s - :

}C

~-(

- . , : : •

:30

,40

26

•"''"'. . ; : L

• i ;30

. : 3 0 c

^'C(

J . ,

.--

^

- • •

-

--)

•32

463

- 1

y

- 40

?/,'•''• ;,,''.;;-;i '_ri i.i.J.'!.

HEAVY METALS AND ARSENIC

, ^ N'ost trace elements are widely distributed throuqhout theiaouatic environment; however, the activities of man (agricultural, industrial, mining) have served in many instances to increase metal concentrations severaj'orders of magnitude greater than would normally occur (i.e., above background levels). Elevated concentrations of h e a w metals are potentially tox'ic to aquatic organisms, cumulative m the food web (Hesse and Evans T-972) and (ngy ultimately generate complex changes iri the structure and stability of aquatic ecosystems (McFarlane and Franzin 1978) Major sources of -anthropogenic input to waterways result ^rom 1) the extensive use of metals m industry whicn are sometimes discharged directly into streams, 2) atmospheric fallout from burning of fossil fuels, and 3) increased SOI 1 erosion, resul ting from urbanization, poor faminq practices, in-stream channelization and road construction

It IS expected that Illinois stream-sediments would evidence higher centrations of most heavy metals than would be found in soils This was ' in large measure to the preferential trar^sport of finer grained material

'(e g. , organic matter and d a y ) earned in suspension, and to the tendency of many netals to ab/adsorb to these finer particles These elements are transported and eventually deposited, as stream enerqy decreases, along with the organic ma'tter and clay.

con due in '(e g

Arsenic

Arsenic is'a ubiquitous element o c c u m n q in trace amounts throughout the biosphere It 's present m soil at an average concentration of 5 mn/kn (Reay 1972) and ranges up to 33 mg/kn (Berry and Wallace 1974) Small quantities occur naturally m water with concentrations as hioh as 40 mq/1 in sorfie thermal sgrinqs Arsenic occurs naturally js metal arsenides and' sulfides, which may be released from soils and by weathering of rock m t o water as arsenic oxicTes, It exhibits chemical characteristics similar to phosphorus and occurs in two cormon valence states, trivalent and nentavalent Trivalen;t arsemc is more toxic to ish and other aquatic ornamsms than the oentavalent state (McNeely et al. 1979).

Aside from its natural occurrence m water, arsenic compounds have widespread industrial and agricultural uses and thus enter waterways m discharqes and r\jr\o'f-f. Agricultural uses include doolication of calcrjii arsenate * or boll weevil control..and as an insecticide in blueberry fields. Lead arsenate IS used as an insecticide in orcnards and tobacco ''lelds, and metnane dir.sonates are used for post-emergence weed control ifi cotton Arsenic acid is'also applied to cotton croos as a desiccant to aid i'i narvestin-T (Richardson et al 1978) ' Arsenic content m phosphate ''ertilizers ranees from a few mg/ka to values exceeding 12, " 00 mq/kq 'Huaoi and H a w '97,1; Arsenic is" released in metal smettinq ar-j Jurmg i' .e Lur,DuStion of "oss i ' fuels. Concentrations m'coal range ''ron-, 5 to 5 '-cq/ko 'Lisk 197?) and coal as'hi concentrations up to -1-000 mq ki i r e rot uncomnon 'joldschniqt 1954, Berry and Wa1 lace 1974) -

41 Ji?.-,i

m

In the aquatic e concentrations. Cher ash effluent on jnver system, found sedimen water concentrations sediments revealed co and Liaw 1978). Anal lakes (Kelly and Hite 110 mg/kg and averagi sediments were a.ttrib aquatic weed control

nvironment arsenic h ry et al. (1979). in tebrate and vertebra t concentrations m of'0.10 mg/1. In ten ncentrations ranging ysis of 273 lake sed 1981) yielded conce

ng 12 mg/kg. The hi uted to historic app (Sefton et al. 1980)

as been found in a wide r&nqe of assessinq the effects of coal te populations in a swamp drainaoe '., excess of 400 mg/kg with overlying Canadian lakes an anal-ysis of from 2.7 to 13.2 mq/kg. (Huang

iment samples taken from 63 I'llinois ntrations ranginq from 0.5 to gher arsenic concentrations,in lake lication of sodium arsenate for

One hundred sixty-three sediment samples collected from Illinois streams in 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1980 were analyzed for arsenic. The mean (+SD) ' sp arsenic concentration was 5.87 (+5.00) mq/kg. Values ranged from 1 to 49- '' mg/kg but were generally less than 10 jnq/kg. The distribution of arsenic m stream sediments by b a s m and by sample location category (e.g., municipal, industri-al, etc.) is depicted in Figure 9. Highest concentrations were again found m the Des Plaines B a s m (see Table 2 0 ) ; some elevated concentrations were encountered in the Kankakee and Ohio Basins. Highest concentrations were generally associated with mines and urban areas.

Comparisons of overall mean sediment concentrations by associated discharoe type_ (Table 2 1 ) , with the background mean indicated that most sites, irrespective of geographic location or discharge type, evidenced concentrations which could be considered background Inspection of means by sample location category revealed no statistically significant differences (Table 21 , using Duncan's multiple range test), however, it is worth notinq that means for urban, mine and industrial discharges exceeded the MWWTP mean, which was only sliahtly greater than the background mean. •

Cadmium

w

Cadmium is a soft, blue-white metallic element with chemical properties similar to lead and zinc. Cadmium is relatively rare in water and occurs m nature chiefly as a sulfide salt most frequently found m association with zinc and lead, although the amount of cadmium found in rock'is generally much less than zinc (Hem 1970). Cadmium accumulations m soil near mines and smelters can lead to locally high concentrations in nearby waters (USEPA 1976). Cadmium salts occur in wastes from manufacture of piaments, electVo-pla^ing pVants, and chemical and textile industries. The combustion of fossil fuels releases cadmium to the atmosphere where it eventually enters the hydrologic cycle through precipitation

Cadmium is nonessential biologically and is cumulative and hiqhly toxic to most organisms including man Elevated cadmium tissue levels m laboratory test animals have been related to hypertensi«cn and a reduction in life

42

> * . j ^ .

mem -y-:'"'' • • .k , - . • • 1 . ' • ' ' " •

If

' , - ' .• ' ."J^'-- '• i ' ."T:'A.y^f'*>'•,-C'^' '-^'"•ri>A't.-f " i ' , ) ; - "S

flAS(,-| - .r- ' ;Oi S

• • f n • • 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 U M CCCC CCCC cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc CMC i p r r (XXIO CCCC

(3000

OOOD CLCL c c c c LC.C LCI.1 cccc 4 4 4 4 4>44 4 4 1 4

n n • i U X

cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc n m k k k k

oooo oooo , 4 1 4 , • 4*1

I I L L L I L L L L L t I I I L . I L C tCCC

c u e 4 4 4 4 4144

CCCC cccc cccc F F I f

oooo cccc cccc cccc cccc 4441 4 4 4 4

oooo ocwo . l i e l . l I

I . C I . k i L L .CL R444 * 4 4 4 4444 1444 cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc ( l ( [ e c u ooco DOCX) oooo cccc cccc cccc '.ccc >aag

oooo oooo I ILC d e c L . L L

c u . 4 4 4 1

[ l e t CCCl cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc cccc 4444 4 4 4 4

•

cooo oooc (EIC oooo cccc cccc cccc cccc

CCCI cccc

cooo C^CC 44 4 4 c u e cccc

"l

M „ J

[

r' r,

oooo CCLi. cccc

I ' . ig • ' luddy

L i ' i i t r a l M l ' , ' ,

, ^.s P I a i n e s T o .

I M i . i O i S

^ J n k a l ^ c c

r a s ^ a s k l a

N n r t n C e n M

cccc CCCI*

i j u cccc CCCC JJJJ cccc

.

•.s

JJJJ r»»r CCCC cccc

L J , l " ' ^ . l l . v

••' '.,11 / t i l L-

-' S j , , : n "•' 1 , .aDjsh

cccc cccc

i .>Mri [

^

t i l l 4444

I n i l m t

n n • M t • M 6 • I I I i n t t i n M J I i t t i n i l n t i i m n n n i l n i l 1111 ' I I I 1111

rTTT T T 7 I 7TT>

tttt u « W W

»»« 1111 t i u n n a n u n t i n l i l t i i n n i l 1 ,11 1 ,11 I ' l l 1111 t i l l t i l l

» 7 T t

I M * i m s u e t m t H « » 9 M w s t n i l t u t u u n u n i t n n n n n n n i l 1111 1111 1 1 , , 11 1 1111

1111 ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1

M M K M I W « • W * U M t I M t M « 9 9 M

6M4 B9M n u n n m t n n i n i n u n i l n n

n u n u l i l t t i l l 1 1 I I

J i n SMS « i M

»«• SWS 19M i m SHB n u i n i n n n i l a n n i l i n i t u t M i l 1 I I 1

m a J i l l 9 W I m t n u n u n i l M i l

» 5 » 5SM 1112 n i l n u m t

1 M »

»«» M»S t i l l 1111

1

.' 1

J

5 K

=

t i - K - i r j u r , 1

% n , c i a ,

L a q o o n

" i n e

L^roan

X ' S c p l 1 i n p -

'. n d u s 11- - 1 ,

: : 5 . ' : - -

•-lU'jTPi

n i l

V»Vi « s o V M l »» i5

: m n n

111

0 f\

FIGURE 9. DlStriDiJi ion of nr-.enlr - - . y i - ^ - - ;- ; ' ' , - . ) ; ' ^ by (01 Basin ond (bi Sonole ,'•''.,( ion ."fi;.?cof

43

?^" ,-v-'

I ^

TABLE 2 0 . Mean a r s e n i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ' ^ q / k g l Oy b a s m m I l l i n o i s Is t ream

s e d i m e n t samoVes c o l l e c t e d 1976 -1980 D u n c a n ' s - n u U i O ' e •-anqe l a s ' ,

was used t o - c o w o a r e s a s i n Tieans, n^a g r o u o m g s were d e t e r m i n e d

Means w i i n same l e t t e r a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a i ^ ' e r e n t

' 1 i- .,j-r I t i -"

i f . ,

9AS.;N

Kankakee

Oes t > U ' n e s

3hiO

I 1 1 i n o i S

•Jabasn

Sanqamon ,

Fox

3 i q Muddy

Miss Sou tn C e n t r a l

M i ss Cen t ' - a l

5ock

< a s k a 5 k i a

M iss N o r t h

M iss N o r t n Cen t ' - a l

M iss Sou tn

n

i

JO

3

5

-.3

27

6

5

2

2

.9

29

tk.

D

0

MEAW ,

9

9

3

6

t

33

21

.3

30

60

1/

77

72

95

.-'O

68

27

iQ

;

3

-1

2

J

I

1

-

D

28

00

S2

2 7

26

42

63

:5

'07

•11

99

.S

dS

MIN

2 2

2 3

; 3

; ;

2 6

3 2

2.0

3 2

3 3

2 7

1 3

1 3

. 2

MAX

17

j i ;

. i

3

'.3

:•»

b

5

4

4

9

S

-

J

3

3

9

0

0

9

9

0

7

D

2

4

GROUP'NG

1

-

-

A 3

i 3

A 3

' A 3

* 3

A 3

A 8

A S

3

3

' A B L C 2 1 M^ j r a'-<,gr.ic c o ' ' c e ' ' t ^ j t i o " "iq •". j y samole o c i ' -in '-.a'.e'jO'-. i n o i s s t ' e a m sed iment S J ^ D es . : ec' .eo l 9 7 J - ; 9 8 0 J u n c J " s

- l u U i p l e r j n g e t e s t - a s ^sef l • : omc i ' ' e c a t e q o - - / - f j n s , j n d T f - , : - ; 5 nere d e t e r m i n e d Means i i ' . n '.^rie ' e ' . t e ' ' i ^e n e t s ' q n ' * c a r t . .j ' ' ^ ^ t > ^

rATEGOR* M[AN ;o WIN - lAi i ^ < : , 0 \ ; - .

Mine

j i-oan

; nflus t r i a I ' : ( i ta"" -•

' ; 1 Borde' - " -e

Mumc Dd' ' 'V i - '?

•.i.iscel ,aneociS

Background

l a q c o n

,0

- J •

3 : o

2 J

44

-;;'^i'''ri-.''i.^^l^/.ti.*rT^h'-V.',' « , 3 ^ ; ' « ;"^'/j^;;'T;'rj-^^l--^'-''• '-.'\'-:;•' •"'•--''''-" ,

expectancy (Schroeder and Balassa 1961),'and Carroll (1966) has atmospheric cadmium concentrations with hypertension and arteric 2a cities (Berry and Wallace 1974).

•'1i^l!-p|i^-^' '.'•-fc-.Tl'^.-'^ ': .'fe'-KK

correlated " sclerosis .in

The most widely publicized outbreak of cadmium poisoniriq in man w ,s recorded in the Jintsu River Valley, Japan, where approximately'one hundred .deaths resulted from exposure to high cadmium concentrations In drinkinq w^ier. -Symptomatic of "itai-itai" disease was the occurrence of rheumatic-like conditions with intense pain in bones which lose their rigidity. There IS no known mechanism whereby'the body maintains cadmium at safe levels. Once absorbed, cadmium-is stored largely in the liver and kidney and excreted at verv low rates (USEPA 1976).

Sediment cases did ,not seven sedimen Since actual highly skewed single highes Bel l evi lie en type could no multiple rang associated wi

cadmium concentrations v/ere generally quite low and m many exceed theminimum detectable level. Eight hundred twenty-t samples were analyzed for cadmium; the mean was 2.95 mg/kq. detected concentrations rarely exceeded the mean (indicating a distribution)'no histogram is presented for this element. The t concentration (154 mg/kg) was found in Catawba Creek below a amel plating factory (Figure 10) Although means by discharge t be shown to be significantly different based on Duncan's e test (see Table 2 2 ) , the highest mean concentrations were th industrial, mining,- and urban sources, respectively.

%

'ABLt 2 2 " * * " cadmium c o n c e n f - a t i o n -nq/ iq t-y samo'e J c a t ' o n ca teqo ' -y ' " ! I ' l m o i s s t r e a m s-edlment samoles c o l l e c t e d 1 9 7 4 - : 9 8 0 Ojncan -> - i . - ' i 3 i e --anqe t e s t «as j s e d t o compare : a t e q o r * -".eans. and T - J U D nqs wgi-o de te ' -mmed "Vans m tn same e'-.e-- 31-5 - ; c s i g n i f i e s ' - ' , : " e - e " :

" ' , •< M i l ' . I>\P:^CI CATE.iCfl'

r - duS t r - j ^ ,-W'P'

Mine

Uroan

M u n i c i p a l .MWW'P)

M i s c e l l a n e o u s

; 1! Border ' - ' t e

-aqoon

Backg round

n

69

3 7

.06

J97

47

i

r

. : • >

MEAN

_ . . 3 s

. 1 -

< j 3

';3 -.

^ "> "

• ^3 3

•vO a

' . ; a

r

''vj'^,ii.''l i -., '.,*

45

' / > : • • ; " • - '

'•U--

-. ^ « « « . — — '-0'«l>--

LE&tNO I " _/

O 151 nq/kq sedii-ient dry 'weiq.nt''''~*-'^ ' ^

W n - 100 mq/kq sediment dry weiqht

® 21 - 70 mg/kg sediment dry weiqdt

®>10 - 20 mg/kg sediment dry weight

^ ^ -

^ i . ; : : ; . , * ^ .

^ ;• t ' ; ^ ; t f < r^s«;-^^f % i i f . ,

•V -^>B

O-'aUa ao*!

HGURE' 10 '*ie dis t n t:ut ion of ele/Jte'J i;ddin,'.ri ronoer f K lors found in l . ' l i ' io is siredm ieoiments .ol lec'.ed 197')-i980

46

N" ^ 1

i f - ^ . - i - n-

-y '''-itf^^^'^'flKiMf^-lPi!

••Chromium

Chromium is an amphoteric metal whose most common oxidationj states are * 2 , + 3 , and +6 . The trivalent and hexavalent forms a re of major environmental concern. Because of its low solubility, the trivalent form is rarely found in waters with a pH greatei^ than 5, and when added to most natural waters, is slowly oxidized to the hexavalent form (McNeely et-al. 1979). Chromium' has many industrial uses. The-hexavalent form IS used in metal plating, anodizing of aluminum, and in the manufacture of stainless, steel , ceramics,-paper, and paint. Trivalent chromium is used in photography, in textile dyeing, and m ceramic and glass industries. Chromium is also added to cooling tower waters to inhibit corrosion.

Chromium concentrations in spil ranqe from 5 to 3000 mg/kg, with 6 mq/kg a representative value (Allaway 1968). ?oil chemistry of chromium is little understood with oxides,of chromium being very insoluble and thus unavailable to plants. However, it is known that absorption of chromium is increased after sewage waste application (Lisk 1972). Concentrations of chromium in coal range from 5 to 60 mg/kg (Berry and Wallace 1974), and as such, the burning of'fossil fuels presents another pathway whereby considerable quantities of chromium may be added to the biosphere.

Trivalent chromium is an essential r.etal for mammals. Deficiencies reduce insulin activation and are known to cause glucose intolerance in humans (USEPA 1976). Hexavalent chrom'ium is toxic to humans It is irritating and corrosive to the mucous membranes and is a known carcinogen Both the trivalent and hexavalent ions a re toxic to plants Imqational waters high in chromium have resulted in reduced crop yields- The-toxfcity of chromium to aauatic life vanes from species to species and is dependent on oxidation, state, pH, and temperature (McNeely et al. 1979).

Six hundred nineteen sediment samples were analyzed for chromium; the niean concentration (+^SD) was 35.0 (;| 59,5) mg/kg w K h values ranging frpm 1 to 770 mg/kg. The distribution of sediment chromium concentrations with respect to basin and .sample location category is presented m

•Figure M . Clearly evident in Figurella is the preponderance of elevated values encountered in sediments from the Des °laines Basin Inspection' of Fiqurellb indicates these elevated values were associated with seve^il discharge types, namely mumcioal , industrial, and jrban

Mean sediment chromium concentrations by sample I'Oca.tion c compared using Duncan's multiple range test and res'jlts i r e ore Table 23 . Mean sediment concentrations below urban, industry municipal discharges were four to five times higner cnan the ia mean. Sediment col-lected downstream from MWWTP's were 'grouped to downstream distance from discharge and means were compared of these means indicates that chromiur levels were relatively i from these plants up to a distance of ten niies The mean ''or s collected greater than ten mile's downstream from MWWTP's reflec almost fifty percent Coefficients of variation and maximum va dlstance,groups 5 and 6 (see Table 241 indicated considerably 1 variation (i.e. more clustering around tne mean) and approached levels.

atecor sen ted ; . ard CK'irc J

3CCCr-i

IiSDe Iin ,-;-

p,j--er

te^ a Ijps ' ess bdc- :

^ were

i-d.

ct' ijn

'. c,

Jror of

d r

47

If

b i H <^ f ^ j f I u

'fife ^( 1^ if ^ : , - . ii'l-,,,f .'."-/''.v-.'.'i ^^^ f^^ f f ^ ' ^ f ^^F f i f ^^ f t f l l ^^

l ' (

D A S I N SVMnOLS

CICC

SVf l l l

I L L k CCCC CLCC

r r t f

r r r r r r r p

0 3 i n ' luJdy CcMt ra l Mis

Jes P l a i n e s f-o. ; 1 1 ,no 'S K in>J>e»

KJS 'd ' - l Id N o r t n r.on

J K L !1 U

0 P

" lor i . l l ^"ISS Oi i io Pocn •^aivj . l i i ' i - .n

Soutn Ton Soutn '.ll 5s

„dh,^->^^

• ' I S ,

oooo oocs

***«H K U A ^ » » #

CCL(

< < > f

OOOO

l a a i

r r r i OOOO noo e m

OOOO J ' " OOUO ' 1 ' ^ M M OOOO t e a a o o o o

»

1X30

t M

c>«<ric»»

A

OCLX DOOO

UUDO 0 U ) .

OOU) OLOO CXXJO

1 *

ITT? U U

1 SMI S5» a4«4 J » I

I n i l n n n i l

1 n n 1 ( 1 1

. ' M l 1 1 1 1 1

tM 9 »sss 4444 n i l n i l

nil t i n u n u n u n n i l l i l t l l U n u t i l l 1111 1111 1111 I I I I l i l t

I I11

TI7? U M M M gau « )S 44 44 n i l n i l n n n i l n n n i l n i l n n n n n n I I l l t i l l 1111

-

I T T ,

U U UM MM 4444 n n n n n u U U n n I I I I

TTTI ssu l l » n v n u t i l l

TTTT

«»« n n n i l

«M3 l i l t l i l t

S4M 1111

'

n i l

*

t i l l n i l

!

' (-, M

i m

•--l l L O I " * ' ; O N ' . V

3 . i r l r Q r o u n d H u n t t i a a l ^MUi . ^

n o o n

M i n e

. i -O i i n

M, .^ce I U i . p o u s

„ n d ' j s t i - i d i • - -

; 1 1 B o r d p i - ' p

15-.1 - . r t i i m

« ' j m i I I I ! n i l t . i i

FiruRE 11, Disr,- ,;r,ii|,-^n .'jf -hro(i,'i •-,: .-

bv "01 Eos'.n onu iDi " 'ii ir^ip

I ! ; I - 1 . ' • -;

j n .GtC- 'Crv

i j - . i , , , ;

'V*^^'^/,i''' 't''-

48

inliL t S f f - \ l

t?v:^l

J- ' < ; 4 - - • - • ; ; . - • .

r M . ? ! ^

•>,>• ' i - i ' ;

'ABLE 2 3 ^ * * " chromiom ; o n c e n t r a t i o n , • n q / k q ; Oy samole l o c a t ' O n c a t e g o r y i ' I l l i n o i s S t ream sed imen t samfi ies , . o i i e c t e d 1974-1980 O u r c a n ' s ^ u t ' r ' e range t e s t «as used t o compare c a t e g o r y means , and g r o u p i n o s we re -d e t e r m i n e d Means w i t n same e t t e r are n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

TVP£ X A N SO MIN MAX GROUP I-Nr,

a^-it,

ijrtan

Industrial 'IwwTP)

•^isce' laneous

Municioal « W W ' '

•^ine

-sgoon

:; 1 Sorde'- S, :e

Background

IM

i2

30

333

2i

3'!

S

39

J9 7

16 6

i h 5

39 3

22 8

;3 4

5 3

^2 3

90 7

116 j

380

•190

S . ]

'60

.00

^

:6

4 3

A 3

A 3

A 3 :

3 C

3 :

" A 8 L £ 2 4 Mean j n r o m i j n concen t i-at i on rnq .kq , ' n sed imen t v a r ' o u s d i s t a n c e s downst ream ' r o m - n u n i c i p a ' «as ' • Mww'o: d i s c h a r g e s

D i s t a n c e Below Q i s d a r g e ( m i l e s )

MtArt so

same 1»s e w a t e r

u l k

co l ' ec ' . ed t r e a t m e n t

«A«

a t 0 ' a - "

<;i

>i

>3

>s

>10

0

v5

t:o

.i 3

.9

3

42

19

i

•2

43

46

3;

):

-.

3

3

) .

5

16 7

63 i

67 i

\2 S

' 1

200

260

420

43

, 0 :

49

" t< , 1 " , » ' •

•;'|p

% ' • ' • • - ' ' ' " - • - • % • 'im:

' ^^^Siff '7 '^ ' f^ -'-^P^ -.'''

• • • • ; ' • } •

Copper

iiiwJ.'t-.ii

common Although genera,11y present in only trace amounts, copper is,a, heavy meta-T constituent of most natural waters. High concentra.tioris of -copper may occur in mine drainage and in some industrial effluents. Copper h^s been mined and used extensively since prehistoric times. It i-s used in'electrical "products, coins, electroplating, and in indu^strial processes such as gas works, coke ovens, and gas scrubbing in stee'l plants. It is often alloyed with other metals to form bronz,es and brasses (USEPA 19Z6). Copper sulfate has also been routinely applied to surface waters in order to .control noxious algal blooms. Application of copper sulfate leads to initially elevated water concentrations; however, due to its low

^solubility, pretreatment levels in water are readily reestablished, with the bulk of the applied copper transported to the sediments.

4

• Copper' is an essential micronutrient for plants and animals. In " plants, it plays a vital role in chlorophyll synthesis and is a constituent of several enzymes. In animals, copper is important in invertebrate ' ttlood.chemistry (i.e., hemoCyanin) and in hemoglobin synthesis. Like most metallic micronutnents, relatively high concentrations are toxic. Toxicity varies with oxidation state and a number of physicochemical parameters (i.e., temperature, hardness, alkalinity and turbidity). Doudoroff and Katz (1953) have reviewed the literature in regards to toxic effects on fish and concluded that concentrations below 0.025.mq/1 in water are tolerable for most fish species. Concentrations normally encountered in nature are not toxic to humans.

->is

.h^.-7'. . 1 • ^ ' ' k

Patrick a-nd Loutit (1976, 1978) haVe demonstrated that heavy metals (e.g., Ca, Cd, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb and Zn) in sediments can be passed along successive trophic levels (e.g., from heterotrophic bacteria to tubificids .to fi'Sh). Therefore, despite low solubilities, metals in sediments may be transported through the food web. The toxicity of copper in solution is controlled largely by pH and hardness (Wagemann and Barica 1979), increases in.har^ness and pH decrease toxicity (Howarth and Spraque 1978) For example, at pH 5 and 6, ionic copper is practically the only form in solution, but a-t pH 8 and 9 it is virtually absent, with the less toxic hydroxides and carbonates mdst common above neutral pK's. The o o m t can be ma^de that maintenance of certain pH's is desirable and'becomes a maior concern in view of recent interest in the acid r a m phenomenon

Six hundred seve/iteen sediment samples have been analyzed for conper A mean' of 47.9 mg/kg was»found with values ranging from 0 to 850 ng/kg. Inspection of data indicates that 'sediment concentrations generally did not exceed 35 mg/kg (Figure 12). Highest concentrations of 790 and 350 mg/kg were found m sediments taken 0.2 and 1.7 miles, respectively, downstream o'f a strip, mine in Hardin CoOnty Another high value '_ 53G ' q''ko occurred at a site located approximately-1 mile down'stream from a '- Cla r County strip mine, while an equally high value was re,corded ,in Salt Fork approximately ten miles downstream from municipal and industrial discnarqes in Champaign, Illinois. In general, highest concentrations occurred m sediments col1"ected from streams in the Chicago & r e i or downstream f r c ~ -s-trip mine areas in southern Illinois. 'Sediments collected '-n Salt ^oik> downstream of Champaig^n were the only major exception.

50

ti Aim^Hi, 55$4;'4-i,'".''.

I.--.; -

- t " . • ' ' r -V { ' ' , ' ^

1 411411

' ' OI^U 1 e c u

oooo oooo • * * i k %

LLtL L U l . L l lb-U U 1111 k k k k k k k k

n i t n i l 1111 U M u c c U . U U U u c c o u c

. U U K i t m i t i c c U C l cccc cccc 4 , 1 4

, 4 , 4 4 4 * 4 4

oooo oooo l«««l u n I L l l . 4444 4444 JJiJ c c c t . e c u e c u r f < f I C ( t i l C l ( C ( l tccc cccc 1144 1 4 * 4 1 1 1 1

.

*

OOOD I C U 44 4 4 4 4 * 4 U U t t l t cccc

V

4,

' 1

n n ctcc cccc cccc c-,cc

(IAS IN N i M l . n i S

A Q-C 0 E r 0 ||

I l l d M u l l u /

C e n t i a l M i s s

Oes ' P l a i n e s

T o .

I 1 ! I n n i s

i ia i ikai.ee Kaskask ia N o r t n C e n M

! J f.

L •1

N 0

• l . o r t n M h s s

Oil i n

P o c k

S a n g a m o n

S o u t n Ce i l

" - -outn H i s s

W a b a s h •

" ' S S

M I S S

cc:c U K tccc ccc: ccc;

W ip« ' t ' l \ l i t '

•J'MI t i l t t i n l i t '

• m f lTT u w M M m t t a t 4444 n i l n i l I M I 1111 n n n n n i l n i l n i l t i l l l i l t 1 1 M t i l l ' I I I l i l t

' ' 1 1

' I'i , 1 1 1

ITTT •4Ct »M? 1 « S i i t t 4 4 4 4

n i l n n m t m t m l n n n i l n u i m l i l t

.

U « 4 M M n y t n n n n i m n n 11II

-

.

w i ! n i l n n

t m n i l

1

n i t

"•JAJIPLC L G C A ' . J ' I , • . - ' , U .

I ,^.rtL n q r r u n d

-* Mup i r l o a I 1 Mv,„ - ^

3 , a q o o n ' '

H i n n

^ i -oan

" " , ! - ? I ' j n e O j -

• l u ^ ' . r ' a I

-• , ; ' S r ' t - - . ' " ' ' • •

n i l v i ^ s '. aa , i « " « . 'Z**^ ' M

:3 r»^ i i

B

/

*» M . .«• ' •

FIGURE 12 DISti IDur I'-in'of ir'tnner • ••n,.r ~ • .. ; ; : I'-'-'tS by iQ). ;^osln nnu ' 'bi SiiViOle .-•- ' , ,i •,.c''?',c

51

' ^ i ' - . - ' i ' . i •; •"

http://iiaiikai.ee

':i.^-.

.%- H 'Û

X

feirsJM^: 315!

" l . " • ^ ' . ^ - . ' - • ^

Comparison of mealis by sample location category (Tdble ^5) indicated no significant'dif/erences between mine, industrial, municipal', or urban discharges. This v«s attributable to the great variation in concentrati'ons encountêred^downstreram from every discharge category. The background mea/1 (X=15 mg/k,g) was significantly lower sta-t-istical ly than mo(st discharge type means (i-.e., mine; urban, industrial, tnunicipal). Values at backqround sites did, however, exhi-bit con|iderable variation with values ranging from'3 t.o 220 irfq/kq. Comparison of basin means (Table 26) indj^cated . ' S'ignifica°ntly g^reater mean concentrations m the Des Plaines (X=107 mp/kq) and th^'ÔIîo (X.= 101 .smq/kg) than .in the remaining basics. Elevated levels in the;0hia Basin were proba*ly attributable to mining impacts, while a myrîad of industrial sources may have contributed to Oes Plaines' sediment. copper concentrations steadily decreased with increasinq distance downstream ^f MWWTPs (Table 2 7 ) , but did not begin to approach the background mean until greater than lo miles downstream

' A B L L 2 5 '"ear . c : D e ^ . D r c e ^ f - a ' . D" fiq • ; . amo f - , • , ' • ^ ' - o j r n l e d i m e T '>amo es .0 e - . - ? : •• 4 . 530 ' , ' - i : j ' ' ,

' e s ' -.IS jSed ' 0 .omoa 'e . a ' . e c , . ' . -leans 3-0 ' 5 " , , J O ' -CS I'êa^s -. '.^ same e t t e ^ a'-e ' • ' " • " * a - ^ ' . - ^ . B - O - -

.4 " L . . , . B '

! ' je

-| -EAH

VV

' s;e 'j/êois

;a;»gi-o! ! i f c:

3r, i - i e - . -p

" , ; •?

i 4 K" l iAS?^;^ ' : : ' ; -v- ••

& &

rr 3-Tt ^ t [ r

TABLE " 2 6 . ' ^ * ' ' copoer coace/ i t ra t ton (t io/kg) by basin In I l l i n o i s Stream seti'mimt samples co l l ec ted 1974-1980 Duncans m u l t i p l e ranae tes t was usee to compare Oas-ln me.anj, and groupings were determined "eans « i t i same l e t t e r t r t not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t .

M<>

^ r .";

-J

, c

7 * • • " =

i * 4 t • ^ ' ^ T -

8ASIN MEAN sc MIN MAX "jRCuP: '"'•

V .,' .-

m^0Ti

O.es B l a m e s

Oh io

i^aoasn

' 'ox

• lasicasKia

Miss Soutn

=lock

; 1 I 1 no 1 s

319 Muddy

Sanaamon

M lss South C e n t r a l

' a n k a n e e

M i s s N o r t h C e n t ' !

M i s s - t e n t r a i

"^ iss s o r t n

126

30

50

9

.:o

;-

55

'9

' SO

63

9

9

'

6

106 3

. 0 0 6

5.1 3

37 3

34 6

29 1

26 6

21 3

20 ;

'.8 5

.6 .

.5 :

4 ;

s •

.29

207

3Q i

•» T ^

42 .

29 1

.4 3

-.4 :

22 i

90

c 1

IS

-.33

14

' A B L : 2 7 ^ean , ~ c o e - : o n c e n t ' - a ' . ' o " ' " g / < g ] i s " . a n c e s d o w n s t r e a m ' r o m T i u n ' ; : ' : : s i - a ^ o e s

• as 'ewa;e"- ' '»ii".ne'

•s'. ance jrouD distance Be'ow Discharge mi es

>.,0

^ 2 "

J2C

- e : I 1

1 - • '^JV. t

^ w ^ r j r 41X - -'.If «'«/-•

.i'fet?.,-. •?' '';---f.%f-'';-~"-Ys.!'r?-'?J''ft-'-,v tj: ; ? : ^

>i,iiiCf'f-i--

'Iron ,-,,;,

Iron IS a widespread and plentiful constituent of rock andlsoil, "Concentrations of only a few tenths of a mfll'igram per liter bf iron in a water can make it unsuitable for some uses. For this reason! 'a determination of iron is frequently included in water analyses even though the amaunts pre^sent in most waters a r ^ small" (Hem 1970) In general, flowing (oxyoenated) water with a near neutral pH will not contjam, in equilibrium, significant amounts of iron, however, under reducing and/or low pH conditions, iron will become soluble. '' \

Six hundred twenty,sediment samples were ^analyzed for iron; the grand mean (+SD) was 16801 ( + 10650) mg/kq. Although the di stnbution iwas somewhat skewed, and except ^or a few extreme values, the distributional pattern more closely approximates a normal distribution than most parameters (Figure 13) The majority of the extreme values, geographically, were confmeld to the Des Plaines B a s m (Figure l3a), however, the single highest" concentration (150400 mg/kq) was found m the Biq Muddy B a s m below Murphysborn

By sample location category, ,the highest mean cpncentration'was associated with mined areas and was statistically significantly higher than the background mean (Table 28) Zuels et al. (1981) also noted higher sediment iron concentrations below coal mined areas These elevated iron levels are to be expected adjacent to mining areas due to the oxidation of ilron oyrite m associated overburden, followed by precipitation of iron hydrdxides at typical stream pH's A relatively high iron concentration was aljso typical o'f'sediments collected below urban areas. 1

' A B L I 2 8 Mean '"-on : jnce" ' . - -a 11 j n nq rq o,. samo'e ' j c a f j r t a ' . ego ry n ' O ' s s : ' e a m seo ' i i en t - samo'es ca i e c e d , i ' 4 - ; 9 8 0 Duncar s ' " u l ' . i o l e ' j - ^ ^ e -t e s t - as i„sed to '.omoai-e c a t e q o ' - / - " ^ a r s , and gi-CuO'nqs - e r t j e t e ' - " ' - * ' ! Means « ; n same ' e t ; e ' are • \ n : s g " i ' • : a n t ' y ' ) i " e ' e ' ' i

4 ' - - J U R ' MEAN

M i - e

. r ^ i n

'\ X u n i C ' D J l MWi . - l '

n d u S t ' i a l " W ' °

. aqoon

•< 's .e - j n e o u s

S a ' ^ n q r o j p j

» , •' - Jorae-- S' ' e

:-

• • ^

J .

M

1;

;

:

^•rJS

4 - ^ 4

: 0 )

,4B3^

j - S l

.,-:

,2CS0 - ' 3 6

MIN

«00

MAI

,240

,240

.5650

' • y . c

-,'300

i-i-'i

•J 4

,jf':'J'"{-S',"i^'.l, i :?-••-•'^•^-,';''

000 000 OOQ UL

fCI 11 (i( I'l cu ccc Id 414 cu ccc

ttt III c u ^ c i t r ccc ooc I d ccc ccc

noo 000 rmn r«»»«

' li

h

ooo XJC 300

*•• • • • "

. 1 1

000 * # < * l

I L L L t L LLL I L L V v v

• •• R t A

* M «

«* i l • « • J i J ) / i

^

» 0 000

'.cc :cc cu cc ccc ;cc ccc (It U l til (l> ac ccc ccc ccc

L. ccc Ul

ccc ICC :cc ;cc ccc cu CM i[[ III

ccc ccc ICC 11*

:u :u ccc cu lie III III lit III ccc ccc 144 144 4 4 4

n i i n icc c u ccc [ l l I I I E t l ( t l CII OOO ccc ccc 444

« « • OCC 4 4 1 4 * 4 4*1 UC , , j c c : ccc ccc ccc I I I c u I I I c u I t t I I I l i t ret ccc ooo ccc ccc UC ccc ccc c c c 4 4 4

DAS IN SMBOLS

" , ' I . i 't'l'/^iVf

A

3 C J L

>' r,

B i g Muddy ' • n n t r a l M i s s OPS P l a i n e s f o . 1 1 ' 1 n o i S • a n k a k ^ e ' J s k a ' . i< 1 a

N o r t n C e n " i

1 J i -

L

,| .1

• J o r t h M i s s - O h i o

S o r k '-.. l i ir i ,1 - l l

% T u r r , ' • - • "

' , ) u t ' • •-,-,

r JdU ' l ' , ! ' ,

M i s s

CCC U l ccc ccc ccc

I I I 111 f i t

ccc ccc

1.1 ccc ccc ccc ccc ccc ccc c c c t e c 4 4 *

ccc ccc

ccc ccc

A

,

1

r t »

H « >1J

, M> i n i n 111

t

•

i n i n

4-

•

f » t M « 111 n l 111 n t 1 1 1

» • 1

' , t

4 M M » I I I 111 i n t n • 11 ' , 1

• •

1 F T I t T CM ( U •CO t n »SJ I I I • I I I I I 111 I I I 111 111 I I I i n I I I 111 l i t 111 1 . 1

,,, , 1 , , 1 ,

1 1 , , 1 ,

• «

i M I W I 'M n t 1 4 4

; •

i « a i «a » M MO I>M MS Ma « M OM • 44 4 4 4 I I I I I I I I I I M 111 l i t 111 111 i n 111 i n i n ' 11 111 1 1 , 111 111 111

, 11 111

4

t

I I I

m t t t n t OM n t 4 4 4

I I I I I I l i t 111 i n i n 111 t n 111 111 111 111 111 1,1

' '

< t

1 1 1

t n 5 » I t t

\ I

t

•

r

w< w« MS I M n t t t t 144 • I I I I I 111 111 I I I I I I 111 111

1

• i

1^1 M l n t 111 111 m 111 111

1 1

•

^ 1 ^

I I I 111 111

1

a

i n ' i n

1 1 1

i n 1

« •

, Mir, f .,'11 ,M nif,

11" 1 . . n j " l

I I • ' w u ; P1

) , i f lOOn

J ' . , p

. r r i) n

1 I i n p O ' j -

•. • '• d !

- l o r l - r

•n * M 111 n t 111 t i t m 111 I I I

Fi :u r (E 13 n imq/Kq' ' Sane I e L J I - . ' i ;

• • : s

t o n i

sCv;,-Jv,V.,VI-,'-^/J-:

55

/

rhTTrnx-'if-"'^-^'' V •i

b,^:

•'"• J i - ;/•'>•-•••. j -

f. 1

'J '3ns di ffer-

Two river basins, the Rock and Illinois, with a relatively larg number of samples analyzed (see Table 2 9 ) , revealed mean concentrati less than the background mean (Table 28). It is possible that basin ^.i, ences exist with regards to sediment iron content and' thus the statewide mean for background sites would be higher (or lower) than the backgnbund mean for an.individual basin. Not enough background sites were sampled to determine background means by basin.

Highest iron concentrations were not typically associated with a single type of discharge. Inspection of the data (Figure 13a)indicates that a large number of elevated values were found" in the Des Plaines B a s m but were attributable tef point discharges and non-point ^jrban runoff \

' A 8 L f 2 9 " t i r i .-on ; o n c e n t ra t ' O n -nc .3 - , ^as - n ' - l o ' s s ' .^ean • gr: - e ' samples c o l l e c t e d 19 - ' 4 - l 98C " j u i c j " 5 -nu f o ' e .-anoe t e s ' - a s . s » i '.0 comoare oas -n i i e a n s . and I ' -o ja •'"QS -e ' -e d e t e - ^ r i - e d " e a n s . • -same ' e t t e r i r e l o t s -qn 1 ' • .-.a'^t . i ' ' ' e ' - e n t

3AS1N MEAN

3es s i a - n e s

3iq %ddr

3n-o

*<iss Cen t ra

•-"iss Soutn

^ i S S S O o t n

l a o a s n

.<• "gamor.

'asuaSR • a

<aniii4<ee

' o c k

*<iss S o r t n

n c i s

• J<

Miss N o r t n

I

' e n t r a

C e n f i

. :6

Q,-

30

1

•

•

t .J

-3

::o

: ; t ;

:

40

1

: ] 3 8 5

: : ? 4 s

3 8 9 '

.6800

3AAA

• s a . ' s '

rqo

4 6 ; ' 4

. 4 3 1 :

. 3 9 8 ;

13094

•395C

. :6 ' '4

- s e '

.:f l29

-4

J t ~ "•

'

- .-

- • J

• - : - ?

- J - a

' 4 -

: p c -

- ^ 4

i •.<~

-:-.

4 r ^ C •

- 3 1

-or ' '

- v~-

5rr,-

. ,"^r-

•=•001"

- i n p

:g'-„-

= 10

: " -, 4

lA'-lC

"Hiv

. 1 , ••

- a~ r

^ i t -D': ;P

;f]r:it'^-/j'rS, -f-H'i-' >'!

,56 ( 1

' -t-r, ' <

. ' * « .

Lead •

Lead is not a biologically essenti'al element; it is toxic ani^ accumulates in animal tis'sues. The degree of toxicity, as with other trace metals, is dependent on numerous water quality parameters (i.e., hardness, alkalinity, pH, etc.).- Compared with other trace metals, lead toxicity to plants is relatively low witn the potential toxicity further mediated by the ability'of-soils to re4uce lead availability (McNeely et al. 1979). The toxic effect of lead concentration on aquatic organisms is highly variable and species dependent (USEPA 1976). In humans the extent and effect of lead toxicity is age dependent, withf young children m particular susceptible to neurological impairment.

Due to Its low solubility, lead concentrations great. Lead enters the aquatic environment through the weathering of its sulfide ores. Input 'rom ant clearly exceeds natural sources Major mputs resu leaded fuels, ore smelting and refining*,, storage ba municipal waste discharges Lead salts are used m photography, engraving, and the manufacture of expl 1979) Jn agricultural areas, which would include watersheds m this study, soil would constitute a s According to Berry and Wallace (1974), the soil m States contains a background concentration of lead content of the earth's crust, 10-15 ma/kq

in water a r e generally not natural sources chiefly by

hropogenic sources, however, It from combustion of ttery productiof^, and printing'and dyeing,

osives (McNeely et al. a large proportion of the iqnificant source of lead: rural areas of the United similar to the average lead

Lead concentrations m 623 sediment samples c'early displayed a right skewed frequency (Figure 14) Although 72-. of the samples analyjed contained less than 50 mq/kg lead, the grand mean was '28 ma, «.g The majority of lelevated sediment concentrations were .igam centered around the Chicago a rea (Figure 15) Four sediment samples contained -ôre than 1000 '-nq/kq lead. While elevated levels of lead can be traced to point discharg-es in many cases, fossil fuel combustion no doubt attributed substant'all/ to loadmos m the Chicago a r e a .

'jkOk'e îver

: :.' i a n: :: .'

The single highest concentration o*" taken from a dramaae ditch entering the carried effluent 'rom hose manufactun sediment's in the Skokie Ri-ver immedi atel ,• downs trean ditch contained considerably less leaa '7 30 ~'q, «q., "Cwe-.pr, :he the hose manufacturing plant obvi'ousl/ '-ôacted :hp S'-'Tk-e s^nce sediment contained only 239 mg/kg Pb ''atsonaqa and '•'urrjn,' '17<5)

Duhd in sediment 'i-p .jra 1 nane d; ten

' :'. \c be no tec t h u •J- entry 0* t'-'e dra-

11

'l(

naqe ,-,f

Illinois, relatively high concentrations downstream of a fluorspar mining operat''.

When contrasted to other t^pes cf .\' sediment lead concentration . as icnest ' The nature of tne industrial discharge 3,

• lead were and 'n f . e

. r a i n Harri

j narqe t r a 3 m

r j ' i u t h e r n

' ' J M> - i r e a

j i r i t -- i i- /ur-e 3 S . " . d r ' 3 ? S , t ^ e " e ^ ' " '

êlc!,v indus t r i l D 'smarqes ' ^ i b ' e B'l! , ; ;d-en't l-, deter'^wies 'ead lodDinos ,

57

•tV'- i- '^f "• ' !??Sf»l»d'^'

. ' J ^ . ' j . ; ^ , . ' • 1 ' ••.

^

oono DUUti

h

I J J I e c u H t l

i j j ; e c u cccc cccc cccc c u x e c u cccc cccc i m U t ( U U c u t ( H I cccc * 4 > 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

* oooo oooo U U U - l l

**** JIJJ cccc cccc cccc H f l

U U U l t cccc cccc cccc 444.>

4444 cccc i r t i cccc 4444

'

n i l cccc

n i l cccc cccc

A

Q

C 0

e-r

Tl

11

l i i q M u d d y

L p n t u l M i s s

Dns P l a i n e s

. f " .

i 1, -, 1 i i u 1 4

K j i i k a W - e

K -1 s > -> s v 1 a

N m t l ' C p n M

KA'.IM syMi iots

M iss

• I ' lS lh M i k s 01','0 • T'otk Sanq.iHini^ S o i i i n Ci^il Soutn '^i<;s '.Vabas*! 1

cccc

n t n t io .M Its

U 4 0

A

ecu cccc i i n ! • • n t 34» n i u *

cue cccc tccc cccc cccc

( •<ai . i«c

740 .

'*. < n o •

• m •

• t » I

, m .

OB .

10 .

w •

•

4 4 4 *

l i l t n i l 1 1 1 , 1

u w I I H

M M H W 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

n i l ' n i l n i l t m n i 7 n i l n i l JITJ n i l l i l t t i l l n i l 1111

t i l l

l i l t t i l t l i l t

I I I I

•

1

I T I 7

I M « 1^10 4 4 4 4

M i l n n n u l i l t m t n i l n i l t t t t I I 1 1 n i l

«» » a « n n m t n n

•

n t t n i l n i l n i l i m n n

"•Tt 'm tm i/»

',A,>iPt(: LicAijon '..Mfi od* I

1 Kackaround 2 Municioai ("Hur"! ' 3 Laqoon \ 4 ' Mlne 5 Urban 6 Ml seel l.lrpou', ^ .

• . -Inaust r . , 1 : i , w T r i 8 i l l H o r i p i '•„ te

l l «

L l l O

i S M

l i t

I i n * *M ' • • • ' 1 n i l n i l

FIGURE 14. b i s t r i i Dl i n i - f If-atl-(mfi/kf i ;t', l l i l r . n t s = :ror,|. secii C'V. by (0) Bosin ana lo i Snmnlt; Location Fviteaorv

58 .

IS II - t ,

l ' l»«UiO. ' . . M ^ ^ ^ '>M.4| • . • I N . I t fU i

JTî

i-.

r '

"

-

%.

1

*

;f-:-H '-<3:i

' pii

^

'-ii

v - ' i .v,^ ^^;i ^c->

I 'î\

- , t ' j C lU

Q 13900 -ly > •; .-J ,ent Jry weiqn

© liQO - 5CQD Tig/<g '.«- ''^'' ^ry weignt

® sol - 1000 mg/lig seo ,ier,t dry weignt

® 351 - 500 mg/kg sediment dry w'eiqnt* - ^

- - L l , ! ) * J - 4 M 4 •4*4

fl,jljl<l. 15 'ne J IS".'i&ui ion of eleici'.ea .ead com-cin--dCions I'Qjnd 1 IK i no i s ûrean sedriTients j l l e c t e d ; i . 'a- ;?°0

59

^^M'Aii^

m '< -_ i ' l " 1

f/T.

s* i

however, since values below industrial sources ranged from undetected to ma/ka. In comparison to other discharges (e.g. MWWTPs. mines), lead was mg/kg

18900 my/ivy. In comparison to other discharges (e.g. MWWTPs, mines/, KÛU ..U^ consistently high in sediment collected in and downstream of urban areai. ,, Urban sources were most probably attributable to lead deposited as the result of the combustion of leaded gasoline'.

Mean lead concentration in Des Plaines"stream sedimejit was noticeably

I i

higher than that of any other concentration is omitted from mean was the Ohio. This mean stream from a fluorspar mine', was' reduced to 38 mg/kg.

basin even when the extremely high 18900 mg/kg the data set (Table 31) . The next highest basm was elevated due to three samples tiken down-when these samples were excluded, the basin mean

'ABLE 30 Hedn eta concenti-ation 'fmg/kq; 5y samole locat ion cjte'ijoi-y m l l ' m o i s ' s feam sediment Simples co l ' ec tea L9'A-1980 Duncan's m y l t i o l e "-anqe

'.est was 'jsed to comoare category "leans, ana qrouo'ngs iêre determined , "êans wi th same l e t t e r i r e pot s ' g m ' i c a n t ' y d i f f e r e n t

iC MIN ^ xAi 0ROljPI'<r, ':ATE,JORV

nauSti-'S' wW'P

•r,:dl'

"un • : ,d ' -^ww- P

, 1 3oraer -, ^

'^ne

^ • - i . e 3 r » - , s

: ;cc-

.' i : qrûnd

n

A2

; \ i

:33

z.

)2

iC

JA

JS

HE AN

669*

-,3?

• . i '

65

61

oO

32'

; '

.-'320

-32

•oelet iq tne en'.remelv mqn 18900 -q •^ .a -e 'eJuces '.ne j i s c i a r q e Tiean to 22i nq.'kij

iS^*:«. 60

i-?!"' ' ' . ' '&'-- 'J-yi,- ' ' ' ---; '-- -••-(•J I-: ^

'p , "-* I 1 H

TABLE 3 1 ,

BASIN

"D,-

Hean lead concent ra t ion (ntg/kg) oy basin in I l l i n o i s stream sednnei ; simp'es c o l l e c t e d 1974-l$(eO, Duncan's m u U i p l e range ".est was uses to comosre basin means, and g rouomgj were determined 'êans w i tn satije l e t t e r are no t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t .

, *1EAN SD M I N ' ''AX

ft-,,•.• ,-j-'''r!' •• r 'si^'ifj;

ROUP:'<G T

Bes P la i n t s

3 h i o

Hock

fo«

H i s s N o r t h

B i g Muddy

n 1 i n o i 5"

Kaskaskia

Miss Stoutn Central

Kankakee

laoasn

Sangamon

Miss Cent ra l

Hiss Nortn Central

Miss Soutn

125

35 '

6 S5

9

-

>C

34

• : : 0

3

! • :

so

63

3

C

•

477 ! •

rA 3

S9 7

59 '

' A 4 5

» Al 5

A'O, -

3 9 ••

30 A

28 7

28 6

22 2

2 : 3

30 3

9 5

1769

.52

. . 1

AS

-•3

-.0

55

^'

J

3

2.

.6

1

:

5

-

2

J

2

0

'

•

i

A

-

2

6

i

10

i

%

3

5

3

3

'

.2

1

0

4

,3

i

-

:39co

360

•S:

.5(1 I

2 3 ^

320

129

-•92

Ol

- T

130

,02

2 5

: .

; :

1 —

J

3

5

5

:

3

3

3

9

3'

3

3

3 •

a

J

• d e l e t i n g tne extreme,/ i i g n ;99O0 / a ' j e -educes t i e Das'nV«an Co 329 -nq/kq

3'» ••-jfe.

Manganese

While water chemi-sts tend to similar (e.g., McNeelv et al 19 between the agueous chemistries o iron, manganese is a conmonly occ (Hem 1970), Th6 divalent mangane conditions n'orma\lly found in rive 10 ug/1 corfrion. 'lUnder the acidic of coal mines, considerable amoun solutio/i. "As trfe-acidity is gra precipitates first with manganese (Hem 19^0). \

\ Manganese is an essential el

water quality guidelines generall

think o f manganese and -ron as chemically 79), tiere are some inportdni differences f the two Al thounh les's abundant than urrind widespread element in soil and rock se ion does occur under aerobic ''leutral r water, with concentrations between 1 0 and conditions whicb'ean result * rom drainage ts of manganese, like iron, cd.n occur m dually neutralized, fêmc hvdro)<id,e disaooearing after a lonaer tiê nenod"

ement f o r ,-)lants and jrn-als "^Deci'ic y result ''rom aesthetic or economic co'ncerns

61

'/• '-ty. 'H'lW

I'

] i 1

lî-v.'J"

t" )•' ''

rather than from potential toxic effects. Like.iron, under low plji reducing conditions, particulate manganese can.become solubilized in wateir quality problems.

• 'V- : „?iij

I

and/or res u.l ting

Of all- the constituents analyzed in stream, sediments, only manganese exhibited concentrations that appeared .normal.ly distributed (Figure'lS) and displayed a background mean higher than the remaining sample location category means' (Table 32)- Because only 221 s-amples were analyzed for manganese, however, some of the mean values for both location type and tjasin were based on small sample size. The grand mean (+SD) manganese was 677 (j^364) mg/kg.

• No s'tatistical difference was observed between'sample location categories (Table 32) or by basm (Table 33)- It is again worth noting that the background mean was the highest type mean and was 50 mg/kg greater than the next type mean (I'.e., the MWWTP mean). Sedime^nt collected downstream o^-mininn areas contained the least amount of manganese. This was somewhat surprising since ,metal concentrations m water generally increase below such disturbed areas; however, Zuels et al (1981) also noted that manganese did not increase below surface mmed land.

With the extremely small sample size (eleven-)., it was not possible to say that industrial effluents did not contribute to manganese sediment loading-, however, their loading, if any, is proportionally less th.3n the apparent background. From these limited data, it does not appear that wastewater from the common pollutional sources results m a magnification of

.sediment manganese levels, or that elevated manganese,concentrations'are a .problem in Illinois stream sediments.

" A c t ' 3 2 . Mean Tianganese img / ' q i Oy sdi c e - . i V ^r - j t e ^ o r , - - ' • ' -o is st'-ea'^ sea i i i in t samoles co l 'ec teo , ^ ^ A . ^JC Xi^jan -, •nu-*. ; p - j r qg - j ^ -<as jsed to comoare categor* -êans i-io g'; , jC' ' iqs .e'-e •"•.e^mt-êa ''eans « i t h sanve l e t t e r aê ' C . •^ •^ - ' ' - - sn t ' . - , ' " • • • ? - • .

. A - . ; : . s . MEAN " A l 1

Background

Muni,cioal (l*JWTP-)

.iiqoon

JrOan

Soraer . -e

j „ s - . - ' j « » - ;

"^'->,;'» i n e c j v

56

6S

7

39

' 36 .2

682 5

636 2

o36 -,

•5 30 ;

: " 1

-,: ,

- . b J

S'?!

• - I ' ne

62

#i--f^: ' '

i?i-i v^-:'

J&'r:^-

• . ^ ^ • • ' V

?

U - Ul C 3 3 O ^ O -O O O ^ O QC i^i ( ^ o o •

• -w _ j r =T o Q-

> s l C -O C - •O — un Oi ,.- Or

i : W CL c « « £ : «-» • ' ^ j t f «-*

C O ( - J O L U i j _ O X —

alalia

^r!|333»S3333?3:P

§3^^3HH3aS3SSS333j323i2

8^13311332333; I

i l P f 333^^35~333333S3i8SS33 l i

8i1S3i533l?

' " • ir^^=!28S3823:»

3533318

as33rB •533333^"

J* - o ay -o o J VJ C CT- C n /- TD -

' fSGEF .

SB

JSEBBES:? -^^

iE8g88BSfiGEEEEE-:

i88WSfiS:F =

EE8l8i35EfiEB-:: : : . :

E ia iJ I l f i f iS- - : : :

U i l B } i S B B B : : : ^ ^

E88»B:n

SSISSBSSef: F88i=e,-::

E8S:: :

rSBBs

SfiEB: IBBBEE is

O O

^ o r

r i 1

IL I

<LI O

OJ h e i / 1 o tJv '-. e £ j o F

C I

c; o

—, 4 . J

„ .

o c r?

c

--1/1 o

3 a Q - o

!_' w ty>

, .

9

>. C3X3

en

i n

- . A-'t-rW

'-,t,..^'-H',r^

f Hi />

< { - i : •

Wi^^M^W^^^W^^X^^^^WWWy?^i^W$ISM^

% TABL'^ 33. Mean manganese qoneent ra t ion (mg/kg) by ' bas in i n g l T i n d l s strdam

$anip les , to l lec te< l 1974-1980. Duncan's m u l t l f l l e rSnge test.-wa; *~:cflntpari basfn means, and groupings.were de termined. - Mean's wv ' l e t t e r are not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t .

B*SIN MEAN SO HIN MAX

i,h

s4dJ.ment used to

same*^

;ouP"<«s R

n i 55 . "Cent ra l .

Rock

Wabash

111inoi5 '

Sangamon

Big »luddy

><1$s South Central

unkakee

Ohio

Des Plaines

H iss " South

fdx -

Kaskaskia "r "11$s Ptorth

3

6

14

9

*51

30

6

4

IS

42

1

6

31

2

' 913

875

840

800

727

69S

687

685 fi

6S3

666

600

563

459

370

• 125

386

\ 570

371

468

' 196

209

547

273

193

133

380

',70

-770

250

470

430

300

350

480

200

150

360

380

154

zsn

. ' jnnn

1400

27nn

-.500

. 3non

1290

s 940

14on

1171

1300

77n

2no

190

' . * '1 A

Mlj$ tto-rth Cen t r j l

Mercury i

Mercury,IS a biologically nonessential trace metal; the majontv of U S. waters' contain less than 0.1 ug/1 total mercury (USEPA 1976). Historically, because of its toxic effects, mercury was used a;S a pesticle, however, itsuS'e m recent years Kas been restricted. The maj;or anthroL'Onemc inputs now result from vanobS commercial and industrial oroce'sses (e.'^ , manufacture of,paints and mercury switches, dental work, chlorine nas production). •

I -^

Mercury compound^ a re highly toxic to animals, particularly the 'nerhv-lated forms'whi^h .can be produced by microorganisms from the less toxic ., inorganic forms, of mercury. Aguatic organisms a re capable of removinq mercury directly from water as well as from food ' Due t.o U s low elimination rate, mercury is c'once/itrated m body tissues with concentration factors in fjsh more than 10,000 times greater.than concentrations m water ('.'SEP " 1976). The iTiost vMdely publicized cases involving meVcur'/ ooisomng s —.-»< generally involve the _ ingestion of contaminated- aguatic food organisr.s • (e.g., the Minamata incident, "reduced hatcnability of osprey eqgs) or :ne .' ingestion of seed dressed wi tn methylmercury (NIPH 1971),

64

7S!a;k "•

Siw^TW^

r •

V *

1. *

i n » a j < '

I ' l l . ;v

, .,

»«J oooo H t l « m v t 11 ,11

m n rrn» rm% l l L l I . U I ( U L k k a * k k a a

>»• k k a n 1)>1

> * * * • , »» IH

•MV • » ( M

*•••. >«« (WC 1 • r p f f

• H l ' l l

1 L L L L .1 ( f f f ' I P » F t r f f F 1 I M I

! ""^

i r r r l » f r » r f > i F i r I F f ( WOO DODO

CCCC • u n

„ m a ' ' o n

^

t P P r f P P * OOOO

n m i

n v w i U L L ftKHA »*M< WM4

• • • * ) »4»**4

K*««4 *«f«*4

tccc r r r r r r n r r r r

aaa

~ »

c>

f f p f

oooo

r^Ff f i I L L L U U U U

» • • • * •

f ^ V

>*•«« *•»«< f r r r U U DOCD - ^ DOOD v r r r

liAsiN stMsas R C

u E r

l l

H

1

11 H I "u i l i l y

Lc i i i ro-l f l i ss •

i)'-- P U i n e s

I I I ' " O I S

l ' , i n > , i l i c e

' i M . l S l I d

' t o r t i l Cen I'll s s~

. ; • . : - : •n'. - * • ' » --; ' . g^'i.:'tf;v

,J n; L M

' l

0 p

,';'irth n n s

f i h i n -

S o r k

r , r t n n , i " , ' V l

" " l O u t l l L i ' l

S o u t h Mis>s

»Jj b d s n

A"

" f l l lL . OOOO ooco

DODO SOU)

g n i oooo " r r oooo t e n ecoo oooo OOOi OCrJO oooo I ' l f^

' I M( I I I I I }<S I i i j u *

, n lCJK>i

cr, JO cr.x UCJO c::ao t i -x

l U

N^

,4. ^

^ • ' ^

1

1 9 B t 9 . 1 / / ? 1 5 M » 1 ? » J J

1 n n * t i l l 1 1111 1 1111 1 1111

T i l l t t w U U n \ t • s » »SB» » s « 955S 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

n n n i l > / f > i n t l i l t n i l n i l i n i n i l n n n i l n i l n i l

1111 11 n

- i i i i 1111 1111 1111

i n r

1111 1111 u a n n 9 9 H S9H 4444 n i l n i l i n i n u n n n i l i m 1121 u n n n n n 1111 1 1 I I 1111 1 1 I I 1 1 I I

.

T777 M U 99 S9 9 5'. 9 n i l n i l n i l n n n n n n n n n n t t t t n n 1 I I 1

^

.

t u * 9»99 t i l l

t ^

- . . •

9999 m i t m

t n t n n n u

1

5J,

n i > 9159 t i l l t t n . n i l m i t i l l

•*•.

" Or

M

•- " 1 -

r f

J O ^ i

,e

L i j n

s j . e i

d u s t

. " ( J

' i ,

• i n e

r 1 0 ,

9 M n n J i n n «

n n n n n n

\49 ir% }<e 248

v ^ '

FIGURE 17 . ? i S t r ; D j ; r o n of ninr,:i;rv i ,"--' Dy (o! Bcsli! una (pi SoniLie •• '1 ' . ^ ; e n o , ' .

65

k f l - f' / j i if 1

> / :

pefcerjt'of these samples

?'i - - . " ' " - ' i ;^'';'

' • ' i - • / 1 '

S.l;x.-hun'd'p'ed. twenty-1ivj6 samples.were analyzed for mercury; ninety-two • cdntained'less than 0.5 n|ig/k5'Hg and

conjtained more than 1.0 ng/kg (see Figure 17). Tfjie-highest qoncentration (30 mg/kg) was found in Riv§r; the entire segment polTutecL" .in a previous containing 22.6 mg/kg was in Lake County. No other from the Chicago area, el

fcf'i-"'

only 23 (4%)

,sludge-1|ike deposit taki^n from the Grand Calumet of this river was class'lfied as "extremety

EPA'report (Schacht 1978). A sediment sample ^ found in the upper reach of the Des Plaines River sediment sample exceeded 5.0 mg/kg Hg. Aside

,.„ ,„ _.-., -,evated levels were found below Belleville, Mt. Vernon, Ceatralia, and Sallem, and, in.<he Rock River near Rockford (see Figure 18)

The mean sediment concentration in streams- flowing through and downstream of urban areas was five t;,imes greater than "the background mean (1=0.042 mg/kg) (Table 34), A closer examination of sediment 'data collected downstream of MWWTPs and grouped by downstream distance -indicated that mercury concentrations in sedtment did' not consistently fall.in the background range until 20 miles downstream (Table 35). A noticeable reduction in the mean concentration^occurred after 10 miles, however, accompanied by a considerable reduction m the coefficient of variation

•A-B.: J4 lear s a n D

, :omoa

-••^ - ; .J-E:ORI'

^ j ^ D d " ' ,

•Aumcoa. .>*<W"f

I r a u S t r l j I ^ l . « W ' t l

" i " see ' ' sneous

.agoon

H T n e

' ' Soroe-- -; '.e

Sjcuqrounc

T f '

es re ' a

. , •I 0

: i

'e

. . - ."ce" ecieo .

.ego'rv 1 0 1 s

• ^

. D

:32

J :

u

-

•-

' . ' a ; Tl"

I374--.98C iieans. ano

5" 1 ' - c a n t . -

HE AN

, H i :

i c ' -

. :36S

- . J ' "

: : i 2 i

: : s - ;

:•- ; t e '

--.;

'•nq,_«t;

3un grouC

: • "

1

,'

: . s amo can s my

i g s t e ' ~ t

? r g n t

iC

, . ; :

,;25

- - • - :

, jt>

' . i

• '•-..

. 4 . -

- ^c

e j c a t ; : -

, ' 0 e r j n g e

aete'-mineo

i ; s

; ioi

• ; Q f

:cd

. K2

: . • :

'••'

. : ce

.•v.

. j ' . e g c - . tes t <ias

*ieans

' i i j

: : • ;

-- -

: , )

Z-.

: C

'•'-•

X

- - 1 , "

sec mer-j s e o 1 0

K l i n same>.

SRO, jP-S 'S

^

-1

\ "

-

-

66.

?a-li:;

U!^<--^.

'iSBLE 3 5 . Mean -ng rcu ry ' C o n c e n t r a t i o n (mg. 'ng) i n seOi 'ment sample-s c o l l e c t e d at v a r i o . u s d i s t a n c e s d o w n s t r e a m f r o m m u n i c i p a l ><aste*<ater t r e a u n e n t ' t l a n t ,MWUTP[ d i s c h a r g e s

r i s ' . a n c e GrQijp ' D i s t a n c e 8 e l o » Q i s c n a r g e ( m i l e s )

Me AN so MIN MAX C V ,

Lî"-;

V '3

• •3

|«S

^ i :

i < ^ :

38 J J230 : 4078

: 3 J 3105 •: 6892

•13 3 5 7 W 4 582

' r-' : ^DJ 3 S036

13 ; 3826 '3 0924

.S ) 3389 3 0244

.0 010 2 00

0 : iC 4 79

3 330 30 '30

3 006 3 167

0 000 0 580

0 000 3 iOO

• v a l u e - e d u c e s '.o 0 2805 i ' t n e s m q i e n i g h « i t » t l u « ( i e , JO m q / k q ) IS o m i t t e f l ' r o m '.ne 3 » t a s « t

i 2 i

12\

2^%

. \2

S3

1 6 L L 3 6 'êan -ne'-c.^ry ; o n c e n t - a : ' on -nq, n ; v b a s t n m I l l i n o i s s t r e i m seC ' -nen t s a m o l e s : o ' ' i e c t e d l ^^ - ' a -p i Ô O u r c i n s m u l t i o l e - a n n e : e s t - a s ^ s e d ' o comoare b a s ' n - leans , and T r o u P ' n o i « e r e . j e t e r - T i i n e o Heans < ' t h same ' i f . f j r o ^ o t s ' n m ' i ; a n t i v d i " e n e n t

- f JN •jSOuP: Ncs

-es ^ ' 1 ' ' e s

' ss i c r - ^ , "enc -a I

^ :c ic

• j s « a s « 3

-•0 ',

- - ^ U J : I ,

^ ' S S S o u t n

^ a b a s n

Sanqamon

' " • 0

'i i 'SS N o r f

•Hiss ; c u t ' -

: e n t r j 1

i:anicat:e«

H'ss Centra l

^6

.0

•302

280

•:9

- Q 1

,"

' :'^6a

- ; -c6

c

; T'^c

" ";i '

• i r -

, , .c

• • ; ' ' i J

*, ' 1 " c

3 3926 •

3 1592

"> 3586

• ^SOC

: M 9 5

3 > i a 8

3 0326

" .--'3r i ; -

". ,

• ' - I J :

- - i '=

_B-

2 -r

• . 32C

^ ;'-'65

- • , ia r

" -. q j

• • ' . 30

1 3084

- ",^-P

^ -'Oec

. , , , „

3 .0060

1 -|2-'-5 .0 140 •'• ^ f . s

i,.i- -'t;, V , .:. r-i -i-

67 j< 1 - - '

1 v '

/ r

^ M T

^ ^ ,1. ' ' ' . , • ; ; •&; . i.. Sa;j.^',i,>.V/ip-'',h;'t..i,'ft{««J5iJ; a

' , •--•^;.' l''Jv>'-V4^"^?¥i!;'i;-:''-^Sf,":

i ' * ' * *UH, • at^ô^ iOCM

i. i

" ^ l i A J -r..-= - b;. ,

«

xua i ivftUu . ^ - ^ _ _J~I« u ^ " f V "*

J I ^

• m n J r ~

" T l

O 20

®E 00 -

®1 00 -

• 0 51 -

•"'/ i - 30 -ni^.'kg seJ iênr j r y wei : ; " ' . . - J ^ —

S 00 i iq, kg ••>e'Jiient J T .ve'on-

,1 ,99 mq/kg sediment dry xeiqn-. " . ^

0 99 mg/Vq sediment dry wei.-jn-.

^Hw4t-

FIGURE 18 --ê J i i : •-; ^ ^ i - , ; r .1 g ' j . . - ^ . ; e

'•1 I - c 'S ^-.--edn' ,ec i * " " ' ,

6 8

„ . ^ . . , . r <^ >-. ^^(3

fe;1^;:

"<f'|;',--J

m i 3-'',fr't*rr-Jv-R

:e---

f

^\

- r'l • . , i' ):• '

^VS)SiviM^®i'#,„ • ^-fi.'-ii-i*'/,'"^> t", - • -

' : - r I ^ ••'<..',^^-i'Ti^'K^'7j-'^'''-^-^^4''

I • ''i'- ' "",' . . . ^ iX- ^ ' ' ' ^ z i ' l ^ , '

Zinc -

.Zinc is a biologically essential trace metal, 'and a necessary component of certain plant and animal enzymes. It is generally found in nature as a suUi'de associated with ^ther metal.s such as lead, copper, cadmium, and.iron. 'Industrially, zinc is important in galvanizing, irf the preparation of al'loys for dre ea?fing, in brass and bronze alloys, and in certain chemical products (e.g.-, paints, fertilizers, pesticides). ^

Zinc is reVatively non-toxic to man, with public drinking water_ concentrations limited on an aesthetic ba^sis Zinc, hDwever,is acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic organisms, especially fish (McNeely et al. 1979),*The degree of tox'icity is determined by a number of parameters, including pH, DO, hardness, teftiperatu-re, and alkalinity.^ The lithosphere "• . averages approximately 30 ppm zinc; the zinc content of soils are generally in the range of 10 to 300 mg/kg (Berry and Wallace 1974).

/ From 1974 to 1980, six hundred twenty-three stream sediment samples

were analyzed for zinc. The mean'(+SD) was 203 (+439) mg/kg Zn. The maj-ority of sample.s containe'd les's than 150 mg/kg (Figure 19). Elevated concentrations were generally associated with mine, urban, industrial or municipat areas (Table 37) and were typically found in the Oes Plaines, Ohio, Kaskaskia., or Rock River Basins (Figure 19a). .The Des Plaines-and Ohio Basins exhibited mean concentrations of 536 and 393 mg/kg, respectively (Table/38). Comparison of means by discharge- type indicated no significant difference between no-st types

Inspection of tne mean zinc concentration in stream sediments collected downstream of MWWTP's revealed i considerable drop between distance groups three and four, and again between groups four and five (Table 39), There was also a considerable decrease in sample variability ''

,,between distance groups, four and five as evidenced,^ by t t \E coefficients of variation. The means, ranges, and C.V.'s for groups five and six were very similar. Samples collected greater tha^n~ten miles doy<nstream -* had concentrations near the background range (i e,, 15 to 185 mg/kg).

i ; 3 : -e-, . ' - .D rce - - ' a - . r ~,c . ; . , )--c f i-. -r . j - e ; : - . -> - ; - . - e i " sec men: same es . : e - ' e : - ' 'iri :unc jn ; -^ : z <; -ange 'es t

-as . ' . e : 'o zomoa^e -a tegc - . -e-i--. J ' : g - - - . : ' - qs -e ' e j e - f - n - ' r es "oms « • : " '.aiw e t te r , are not s qn ' . j - : , r - ' e r e n t

i--: , .Ol" x E ^ ^ XIN • ^ t , , » ' : = | ' N ,

- : : . , s t •- • a ' " ' ' - " •

" -e\

" , r . _ i 3 " « » •

V ' v # ^ a n e ; o S

Soroe' 3-' -.e

, i q o o "

J 6 :

69 •4>

S . , ; -'- t

^•y^JTir

BASIU S<f\iOli

S ^ m f ^

' «

1 oooo U ^ L I.Vv\. »^AI I I J J I

ccco KO. CCCi Ctct cccc Ctcc K i r k k k k k k k k

caxKi

i m i L L U L L L L

l l l \ 1.1.11. t L t L U U

-TW# i l k k k k a a k k S i l l t n t •xu. VM. CCCC CCCC CCCC C£CC CCCC t t i c f(CC ( I K (I<( t e n ( H I -.CU k k k k

oooo (TOO

k k k t .

n i l cccc ecu. cccc UC£ t t l t i t c t i n t fCCt cccc ccirc cccc k k k k

ocoo r * 9 / t v l l l • • » » J J J J

,CtcC f f l t t t n cue cccc k A k k

*

I

^

oooo f « « M I f t L K

( I d cccc k k k *

cnoo j n i cccc n i l c c c c • • l l • " »

ii,jLi **,« :ccc ccc

'f.

B

C. U

t i U H

Gig Muddy C e n t r a l - H i s s .

Des P l a i n e s FOK

1111 no |- ^ Kankakee

Kai^kaskia N o r t h Cen Miss "

1

J f.

• L . M

H

0

N o r t r

Oh io

M I S S

Rock

Sanqimon

Sou th Cen. M iss Sou th M I S S . Wabash

• I t .

ctcc ccct cccc CC' _

cccc cc« cccc

n n oue c u e

••cat cccc ecu

i>« im i n n t I ' t m t u m « a 4 n <M * n

' i n

w « c u t 1»M

m t ' i n i i m u-%1 I ' l l 1 I I I 1111 I I I ! H i t

n n n n k k * a

4 , M

u n t i l l m a m t r m r m t t t t u n n n n t i k n n

I i n

u n M M t t» ) n m " * i ••«> i i r » I I I ! n n n n n n n n n i l i i a n n t i n I I I 1 1 I I1

•w> t n t t t a t M M k k k k

I I U i i j t i n i t a t t i l l m l

SAMPLE L O C A I I O N CATEGOfty

1 Background

2 Municipal (fluwTP)

3 LSgoon

4 Mine

5 Urban

6 Miscellaneous

.' Industrial'! IWUTP)

S n i Border Site '

n n M M '

m l HSa tMS M M » n n n >i>i u u i t t i m t .till t t n

. m t v

. « n n

t u t l u i n n n n n n n n

n n t m : t i n i t r t

Tm

nzi

^zt I t t t n m a t tm I t ua u» ita

-/

^'' / FIGURE i g , L-'Isfr !'j.,r (on of ;|nc (miykni in I l l i n o i s streoii seoinieni sor.mles Dv I a: Sosln and iD) SamD,te Loco t ion Coteoory.

,/ C

70 -

I

")'

'^'•"^'*W^WM0

'ABLE 38 i ^ * " :in'c^ concentration img/iig) by tj isln in U l i no i s Stream seaiment saaples 'J collected 1974-1980, Duncan's mult iole range t«st was used to comiare basln^

means, and- grouomgs were determined Means wJth same le t te r tre rtoi

'''"ff^Vh

S i g n i

3 A S : N

3es Pla ines

O h i o

Miss South Central

ron

Sock

M i s s S o u t n

Kankakee

<as i<ask i a

I r 1 n 01S

Waoasn

9 i g Muddy

M iss N o r t n

'"l-ISS ,Sor tn

C e n t r a 1

Sangamon

M iss C e n t r a l

^ i c a n t i y d1 f f e ren t

n

125

30

8

9

55

17

iO

'. i c

34

50

SO

2

63

3

MEAN

535

392

168

' ' . 2 4

113

112

112

109

104

103

,03

95

30

62

61

3

9

5 -

6

3

3

1

9

9

9

4

3

0

7

3

SD

704 6

1047 0

296 3

89 8

• 81 6

46 1

1 1 3 . 0

, ISO J

107 5

^ 77 ! '

74 4

1 2 ' 6

•: ^ 59 9

.15 0

MIN

5

24

30

6

, 5

53

30

15

14

18

19

17

72

'.5

,47

MAX

5060

5600

900

260

450

230

420

1400

611

390

295

380

38

490

T7

'

GRpUPIW

A

A

• V

B

8

B

L - 1

' *? .£ 3 9 "SJ ' .' nc :oncen t rat ion Tig^^g, n ..e-j'-nen". sa/nc ts i c ' e c e s a; . a ' - c j s r s i j i c e s Jdwns tream 'rom munic-oa' «as:e«a-.e'- t-ed-jnen; : - a r t - ^ i i ' ^ : ' s ; ' i i i rges • ,

distance SrOuD Distance Below n '^i^n ' ^ M;>, .<AI ; ^ Disc-.arge . " " l e s ; " ', i

?%:-".!'

^,f-''.v'^>|-','r''1?''-,*'l', '•

BSssffir.'v,';,''/;-'-" '•- • .-y'

<;

^1

->3

<;;

. -I

<J

<;5

«;io

<20

••20

39

:3

i ]

p ;3

. 5

:rc

• j ; '

^ -.c

..15

= 9

s;

;3s

• a

30 '

:s7

i 6

13

^ t

i ;

:e , j

. ;

3"'

lAOO

3600

-. 06u

.600^

:06

b to v

5^

• 3 C

2 IS

: : '

o6

6«

71

i¥p:\

. r .1 ''1

• ' ; " • , 1

f,?' iP

-f •*

7,,^

; "• ^ ^ > . '

» 1 ^ i . i _ - • 1 _

I ^ -K.> y

f< ' f j *

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON COMROUNDS

With approximately 84 percent of its total acreage devoted culture (29 minion acres), Illinois is one of the leading agr/^uUuril States, ranking first in conn arid soybean production and secofidjn overan crop productiony'(Metcalf and Sanborn 1975). Illinois is also among the leaders in the agricultural use of pesti'cides (ranking fourth in 1974)L treating both corn land soybean crops intensively with herbicides and isnsect-icides. (Musselman et al. 1979). Insect resistance to organochlorine-insecticides together with increasingly severe environmental impacts have -' resulted in their gradual replacement with orgapophosphorus and carbamate insecticides (Metcalf and Sanborn 1975). Illinois crop acreage treated with organophosphate and carbamate insecticides increased 122 and 102 percent respectively between 1971 and 1976. Organochlorine compound usage decreased 133 percent over this same period. Use of the chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds heptachlor and chlordane was still significant in 1976., however, with over 1.2 million acres of cropland receiving treatment.

Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and other similar compounds present a somewhat umqu6 problem in aquatic systems due to their potential for biomagnification in the food web. Virtually undetectable concentrations in water can be accumulated, by organisms and passed along successive trophic levels. The organisms of lower trophic levels are consumed as food by organisms at the next trophic level; the food organism is metabolized and excreted but the pesticides are retained (McCaull and Crossland 1974). Organochlorine compounds are relatively insoluble in water but hiqhly soluble in.lipids where they are retained and accumulated. Due to "the potential of these compounds for bioaccumulation, the complexities of aquatic food webs, and the long term persistence of pesticides in the environment, minute and often undetectable water and sediment concentrations may ultimately pose a threat to aquatic life

' • - ' • J <%!!

'''•''-A

Because\chlorinated hydrocarbons a r e synthetic compounds produced by man, true background levels for sediment in uncontaminated streams should' be zero. Widespread agricultural usage, however, has made it common for such compounds to occur at trace levels in many Illinois stream environments. Since a large number of sediment samples contained less than minimum detectable levels, it was difficult to establish background or normal concentration^. For those parameters discussed, the proportion of significantly elevated levels gives some\indication'of concentrations which denote unusually high loadings; for monftoring purposes these elevated levels serve as a standard against which future results can be compared.

Sediment samplles were analyzed to determine concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and numerous chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, few compounds were routiinely detected. Eleven of the chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds listed' in'Table*? were not detected in any sample analyzed. Among those compounds not detected were aldrin (366 samples analyzed), endrin (366 samples analyzed), heptachlor (354 samples analyzed) and lindane (354.samples analyzed). Only those compounds for which a significant number of samples contained more than the minimum detectable level are discussed.

72

-•n-:.

•1 1*

^bjordane/Heptachlor Epoxide # .

'Chlordane is a-chlon'nated hydrocar*bon insecticide w M c h acts as either a stomach po'ison for leaf eating insects'or contact poison for household or sdil inhabiting pes*^. Technical chlordane \% a rflixture of nurrt&rous compounds. Velsicol Chem.ical Corporation, now the only manufacturer of this insecticide, has S'ubsequently standardized the percentage of^fractional ^om- • ponents of technical chlordane. Tnans-.an'd cjs-chlordane* compose app'roxi-ma'tely 25 and, 20 percent, respe'cti-vely, and chTordane'and heptachlor compose 22 and ,10,percent, respectively •CMusselman"1979). Heptachlor epoxide and oxychlord^rre are deg.radatiop proctucls which,have been found to accumulate .• in fish tissue at high levels (Musselman 1979), as has the parent material

'which concentrates by a factor-of 1,000 to 3,000 in fish, and in invertebrates by twice th4s amount. Published acute to'xi city .values-for these compounds range,frogi 5 to 3,000 ug/1 (USEPft 1976). Chlordane and its derivatives have' . been shown to cause! cancer in mice and have been implicated in eagshell • thinning, particularly in fish-eating 'raptbrs,'nx)st notablv the osprey and bald eagle (Musselman 1979). In short, chlordane and its derivatives are highly persistent chemicals-which have been found to bioiccuniulate ih aquatic,-food webs, thus necessitating the desirabiVjty of maintalriihg environmental levels at a mimmbm. • • - " ' . , ;

Ninety-seven stream sediment samples collected between 1976 and 1980 have been analyzed for chlordane. Sediments col lected'before 19,76,and .in 1978 were not analyzed for chlordane. The minimum detectable chlor-dane concentration in 1976 and-1977 was 3-ug/kg, and in 1979 and 1980 the minimum detectable level was 5 ug/kg (Table 2 )i- For consistency, all-values equal to or less than 5 uq/kg were considered to be below the minimum.detectable- concentration. Of the 97 sediment sample^ analyzed, only 35'contdined greater ?lt!han 5 uq/kg" chlordane (Figure 20) ' , .. ' . ' •*

Due to the small number of samples in which chlordane waj detected, an analysis of the data by basin-was not'att-empted. Only sediments collected in the Sangamon, Mississippi South, Des Plaines, Big Muddy and Wabash .Basins contained chlordane in concentrations greater than o r equal to 10 uq/kg ' (Figure 20a). The single hi-ghest concentration, 61 ug/kg, was jletected in Casey Fork 2.2 miles downstrean) from the Mt. Vernon fM^TP (Figure 2l)- Again, due to the small sample size and number of samples falling below the mihimun) detectable level, ,i t was not practi;c!al tO .statisti,cany compare means by , . sample location category. Only urban area and muni.ciDal waste water treatment plant categories had sample sizes la,rger than seven. Mean"chlordane concentrations in stream sediments for,the eight sample" location categories are provided in Table 40.

Five hundred and seventeen stream sediment samples have been analyzed, for heptachlor epoxide; of these, 279 (54'S)'contained less thain the minimum detectable .level (1 ug/kg). As is apparent from Figure 22, very few samples contained more than 5 ug/kg. Generally these samples were found in the Des Plaines or Illinois Basins (Figure 22-i)and were typically associated with MWWTP or urban areas (Figure•22b).

73

im;':.

P1^.! : :^ . ;^J '^^ i i^ . : f •^• :• ' '^ ' ' • : • ? * • - - •

LtL LLL «flA ka* k U t u i JJJ

000 w o ooo IM< OM —« ootf ccc ooo cc« 000 >rr 000 >l(

( U t U F»» U t » •

Sc n o ^ v ooo ooo

8ASIN SYMIOLS

'•'' l"-.';, ' ^ , - ' ; ' ' ' - - l ? ' J ' V - t ' ^ i f ' J S ? ' "

8

C

0 t F

n H

1

Big Muddy

Central Miss

Oes Plaines

Fo»

111inois

Kankakee

Kaskaskia

North Cen Hiss

J

K

L H

fl

0

P

North M I S S .

Ohio

Rock

Sanqairon

South Cen Hiss

South Hiss,

Wabash

ooo 000 ooo 000

<t II 11 J<

000

» l

SAMPLE LOCATION CATEGORT

(01 su M« aas S M W9 t n *k4 t i l I I I i n i n 111 i n 111 i n

kkk i n 111 n t 111 n t 111 i n

t n n t

mt I I I n t 111 n t

ki

J i J j c kq round 2 M u n i c i a a l (MWWTP) ) Laqoon 4 Mine 5 Urban 6 Ml s e e l l a n e o u s 7 I n d u s t r i a l (I'WWTP)

8 111 B o r d e r S i t e

FIGURE-20 DistriDutlon of cnlordane lui'kn) i.'i llli,iois s r e o m sedinenr samoles Dy iQ) Bcsin and (b) Sample ,LC'cat ion Ccte'-'orv

74

pri^;;

-,tK. ! ;g

as-

. / -r . . «u -

o •

'e 0

51 I'i < \ ' .eai-ne"'

25 0 - 50 J" J j K ;. -lediment

10 0 - .'4 9 .H 1 , .e j 'n ien t

5 0 - ? } . , . . .ej.-^enc

FIGU,R£ 21 ' T P : ' S - . ' r . ;

; • . , . ^

1r / ..p

: r , we

: r , „ j

c-' • ) '

75

m 0%_

i j i i j - i ; ; : •<..-'.

* '

I i -oa

s M H W ao M BO

cc CI X UU on OD DO cc Si a

' I * w t r riN «r 00 OS no n

•• nr -nr»

t « «

k *4

f / m 00

OD CD W (D

I I oo

•A •- , V.'';M5iS'^^'£/^-

BASIN SYMBOLS

B i g Muddy C.ent ra l M iss Oes P l a i n e s Fo» 11 1 m o 1?

<ankakee <ask j -5k ia ^ o r t n Cen

J K L M N 0 P

N o r t h M i s s Oh io A Rocic Sanqamon Sou th Cen M I S S

Sou th M13S Wabash

Miss

' » 11 11

A

I *< l« I t \T lO 9 } i 7} 71 3* n

•-K.

n n n n kk k *

I I

n n n 11

n n n n n n n

t

n ss M 50

n tt 44

11 I ?

n n n 11

n l l

» 11 n 11 11

. 1

1

T7

t* n n n I I I t n n n I I

1 .

•

n n n t l 11

1

n n n •'

4

M J J

< JJ W

S '

J7

a >J

a

•Kf-> 1

*

• *

•-H3

0

a

SAMPLE . ,KATION 'CATEi-,OP'(

1 3ai-.li ^rouncJ .' . ^ u n - c i o a l iMWWTP!

8

Laqoon " m e I j rban

Misce-1 laneous I n d u s t r i a l ; IWWTP) ;11 B o r d e r S i t e

' • . A •'.•* ^'riGURE 22, -C iscr iD ' j t Ion of hernocnlcr e o c i U e ''.lO/kci) i n l l i l n o l s Sfreom, ,

", _ secilfTient sonioles by io) Eas:,i ,:nd b) Samole Loc^Mon Coceaor-y,

76

1C'").I

http://3ai-.li

The single^ Highest concentration, 97 ug/kg, was fs^d at a the South Fork of the Sangamon River southeast of faylorville, below an-industri^] discharg'e. No"ôther sedifhent sample-ana-.l .more than 30 ug/kg. ' . . i '' ,

yzid

I f

A >fi; • - I f

! - '^

site. .8 mi con

on les , ta.i ned

'ABLE 4Q 'êan zn.-jrrja/ie concent ra t ion . jq.-Kg; sy sample loca t ion category i n . t "

CATEGORif

l - ' inois stream ;edim«n:3- co l l ec ted ;976- l?80

•*'.W MINIMUM MAX[MUX

Miscellaneous

jrbar. 1

,nauSt r ' , j l .««*P

"un ic ipa MWw'=

.aqoon

; Borfler . • t e

Backqrrjînd

Mine

< : • ' 3

< : 3 :

••-.10- I

<.9 6

-5 I (1.

1 <_.*,

<S 0 .

'<5

'<5

<5

<;5

<5

<5

<5

g 0

0^

0

0

3

0

Q

1)4 0

50 0

. iJ 0

61 0

< s o

<S 0

7 2

<3 0

DDL , ' , '

Because of its persistence- (ami eventtJal degradation to the more stable ODE) and high potential for bioaccumula'tion, DOT has been banned for use a's an insecticide by both the USEPA and iflmois EPA (Metcalf and -Sanborn 1975), DDT is also ,considered a potential human carcinooe'n (USEPA 1976). Residue accumulations m fish of up to two nillion times that of water have been reported, ^s -3/esul t,- USEPAT nas recommended that concentrations m , water'>shoul d not exceed 0.001 uo/1. '

From 1974 through 1977, al l-„sedinent sample'^ me .and resultant data' entered under STORET Code 39373 "total DDT" (sum of_DOT'an<l "its metabolites) 'was run ' entered under SIOREt Code 39359. Therefore, analyse DDT were not equivalent Water, quality criterion su were'based on total DOT and the cfiange in analytical ojily DDT to analysis of total DOT was'appropriate

..for DDT and total DDT are presented, the »-eadeV shou pre-1978 samples been" analyzed for total HOT the res

. would doubtless 'lave "been higher.- .-or-c-omparati've D that'DOT (o,p DDT<^n<l o,p DOT)" concentrâ t ions 'n 58 to'tial DDT (i.e., e,p 0DT.,o;,7 DDT" d ,-p "-DC, 3,? DDD, accounted for si iqnt 1 - less thanTia^lf of the'reporte

re analyzed only for DDT Seginmng m 197fi on sediment samples and s for ODT and sum of qgested by USEPA (1976) procedures from measuring

While results of analyses Id keen m mind that had ultant concentrations aj. ' urposes, 11 was noted ' samples analyzed .for*-C D DOE; p,p DOE)

d total DD'T'value.1

^

77-

^'V'f

S '.'

^y^

K " " ;i-'i'^i

« 44.

c J

? . *

4 / ) .

ll " ,,% -',,

DQT: 1974-'l-977

' _5L

. . . -/5,'.r: J :

. Betwe'fen .]974,and 1977 inclusive, 301 pediment samples,werd analyzed for DOT. The',minimum detecta'ble level varied from 0.2 ug/kg tc 2-ug/kg; thilre'fore, for,uniformi-ty,'^valu$s less than 2 ug/>kg were consicered to be below the minimum detectable level. Fifty percent of a.jl samples' analyzed during that period con.tained less than the minimum detectable doncentration " (i,e., <ug/£q). .Fifteen samples (5% of the total) contained ^rieater'than \ TOO W ; k g . The single highest concentration, 550 ug/kg, was fciund in sedii-° ment^^ken from the DeS' Plaines at Brookfield, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago), •The next highest concentration of 318 ug/kg was found 0.8 mile-below-an industrial discharge ir Taylorville. Asi*de from the Taylorville sample, and a single R'fchland Creek -sediment sample (170 ug/kg), aTl ,DDT concentrations greater than 50 ug/kg were found in sediments taken in the Chicago area (i.e., Des Plaines, Calumet and Skoki^River systems). ' ,'

• DCie to the number of values below detectable levels, a statistical cotnpans®n of means was not made; however, some geographical trends were apparent by sjmple inspection. With respect to basins, the Des f*laines evidenced the greatest mean (Table 42); however, it should be -noted that some .sediment samples collected from this basin contained less than the minimum detectable concentration.. Eliminating the single highest sediment concentrations from the Kaskaskia and Sangamon Basins reduces their respective means to <6.4 ug/kg and <2.6 ug/kg. It would appear that with few exceptions, elevated DDT values generally occur only in the Des Plaines « Basin.' Inspection of Table 41indicates that all sample location categorfes ' except mines were potential sources of DDT. It should be noted that although detecta^e levels of DDT were sometimes found at background "sites, concentrations never exceeded 14 ug/kg. ' ' - -,

i 4. 1* V;;-

1-1 •

' A S L £ 4 1 Mean OQ-'.'ug/kg) b# sample locat ion category m : ; i n o i s stream sediments co l l ec ted '.974-1977.

I A ' E S J S "

. n O u S t r i j l - , y T P i

j r b a n

Ml s e e l l a n e o u S

, a q o o n * '

M U m c i o a l ' l ^ W T C ' ,

Sacnground

t ime

4 U Sdraer Si,'te

n

- ' .0-

62

10

18

119

. A3

i2_

3

MEAN

32

29

27

20

' 16

I

<2

<2

6

i

D

' 3

2

HISIMUM

' 2

<2

" -a. <2

<2

<2 .

<2

MAXIMIJM-

';90

550

. ; ' o

3 1 3 .

' 2 - 6 • •

. :<

' 3 •

i>

m .' .

X

I It f ^ vM^

,s

c

V J V<!l '^'rfJi^lfR": • * i v . -

} ' ' ( >

/ /

, . ,<I5^ •

A . •'ABLE 4 2 . . >te*n DDT ( u ? / k g ) by Oas ln t'n I l h n o t j s t r ' i a m sed imen ts c o l l e c t e d

. ^ \ 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 7 7 . ' . ' ' • \ - .

BASI 'N . ' • . " n

Oes . P l a i n e s •

Sangamon _ • .

K a s k a s k i a ^ •

H1Ss. Sou th C e n t r a l

B ig Muddy :

Reck

Fox /

I l l i n o i s

Wabasn

M-1SS South

M1S5. North. Centra l

Kankakee

M1ss. Centra l

Ohio

M i s s , N o r t h

66_

,39

d

31

51

' 3

15

1 4

17

2 .

i

I

a

3

MEAN

<59 .7

<10.7.

C O ? .

<4,'0

<3 .7 •

<3 .2

<3 0

<2.f^

. <2 *

<2

Q

<2

<2

<2

MINIMUM ,M>*x:m/i

•<2

<2

<2

<2

= <2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2.

<2

<2

5 5 0 ,

318

171

20

35

38

8,7

14

15

11

2 2

3 .2

<2 '

<2

'^•9mi^:^i

,. .i,-'t.',„,',>i/,._fri''-- 'I • , 11 t l ' - ' ;

Sum OCT- 1978-1980

?spect to The distribution of total DDT in sediment with respect to basm and sample cateqory was essenti-ally the saijie as-that noted for'DDT "(Table 43 and 4 4 ) . With few;^jie*G9Pticrns, total DDT values greater than 50 ug/-kn ,vere 'assoc-iated witti sediment taken from Chicago area n ver.sy^stems, Most con-tami-nated sediments occurred in the Oes Plaines Basm,-particul a'rl v m the Skokie River where concentrations exceeded 500 ug/ka at some sites. Exception's were found, in Mauva'ise Terre Creek in Morgan County; where two sediment samples which con'tained T 56 and 2Q0'ug/k-g total DOT (Figure 23) were f'ound. ,

\ ,

a;.-%„y,s-js:','!i.': ,''. ,"'. , j / , '

/!f....> I'i'.'ij- ...'. ,,! -,; ,

J»

79

»&

- "-i- -. h - ' .

i ^ ^ l J i s i ^ ' / , ' • • ' " ' '•--•'

1* iiSP '"i-:i-;_s

TABLE 4 3 . , Mean DOT {ut 1978-1980.

BASIN

Oes P la ines

I l l i n o i s ,

Kaskaskia

Fox

•tabash

Rock f

Miss, Centra'l

Sangamon

81g Muddy

Kankakee

Miss South Central

Ohio

M^ss f^ortn

*<lss North Central

i i s s Soutn

} / ^ }

n

50

•to

28

i

2S

23

2

5

18

6

2

19

4

0

J

by b a s i n

,

*

In I l l l n o i ' s

MEAN

<143 4

- - i g 7

C16 2

<13 '

< : i 6

<7 3

<7 5

<6 '0

<5 9

<5 8

CS

<5

•C5

' /

Stream sediments c o l l e c t e d ^

'MINIMlli May7».«

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

• C5

<S

<S

<5

<5

<5

<5

940

220

120-

56

51

24

10

10

34

11

<s in

<s

' /

' 4 B L E 4 4 . -^ean t o t a l OOT ( u g y k g : oy Samo'e - o c a c i o n s e d i m e n t s c o l l e c t e d 1978 -1980

LGORr MEArt

cateqor/

MINIMUM

' 1 1 ' n o i s St

MAXIMUM

52

25

92

13

^c

3S

-5

< i

<5

-.5

'.5

'.5

<S

<5

<S

'24

10

mi • m t : ^ ^ - ' • . < ••

80

' \ .

: J||IL

/ . • &i0:i

WLs^^ii;??!'?;-',-;' '"'' '^''.;' ' ' •

'••'.A/": ' •

:t

^&¥

• « r i > t>0 •

LEGEND

O " 940 ug/kg'sediment dry weight ';r^,^ ^S.T..«.

i ^ 300 - 700 ug/kg sediment dry weight ^ ' - ' ~ " j

9 lOQ -.299'ug/kg sediment dry weight ' •-^^^JT. '•'-' < 9 20 - 99 ug/kg sedinient.jdry weight , , ' .^ ^

" -^^ FIGURE 23 The d i s t r i bu t i on of elevated tota l DDT concentrations found

in l l l i ' no is stream ^sediments col lected 1974-1980

81

I 1 -

o ! l r u " : j ; ^ V > 5 & ' i . ' ' i ' ' ' k ' ) •<,*'• ^ ^ • • ; , 2 ' l ^ ^ '

.' : M

•', -..'„ t '

' - ^ ' ' 4 -'"-.s(l

' ' • • • .'>r,-

• ^ • g ' i - : -, :•• ''•'• J - J --t'i\i-a

• ^ l ' i - ^ f t | ^ ; v 3 f M

J'tl^-.V--

ootential as an'insect-

Q-ieldnn . ^ ' , . « •

Aldrin, because of its rapid conversion to dieldrin and its for bioaccumulatiofi and carcinogenicity, has been banned for use icide in the United "States by the U. S. Environmental Protection! Agency (Metcalf and Sanborn 1975). Aldrin is metabolically converted via epoxida-tion to dieldrin fry aquatic organisms (USFPA 1976). Metcalf and Sanb.orn (1975) found dieldrin to be slightly more water soluble than aldrin and therefore to exhibit slightly lower bioaccumulations in fish. Residue accumulation of aldrin and its epoxide is well documented, with concentration i factors of up to 100,000 reported for fish taken from Lake Michigan (USEPA 1976)'.

Endrin is the- endo, endo-isomer of diel'drm that endrin is hi.ghly

bioconcentrated) in the micro- ,'

and IS less persistent in the aquatic environment than is dieldrin. Despite the fact water-insoluble, it was'accunjul ated (i,e ecosystems of Metcalf and Sanborn (1975) to'a large denree. They reported", .water concentrations of 1-2 ug/1 toxic to Daphn;a, mosoui to-larvae, and fis+i. Jensen and Gaufin (1966) repor'ted levels of 0.035 ug/1 toxic to the stoneflv naiad, Acroneuria-pacifica. The U. S, Environmental Protection Agency has

'• suspended the use and production of dieldrin (USEPA 1976)

Aldnn and endrin were not detected in any of the sediment samples analyzed for these compounds.

Five hundred and thirty-four sediment samples were analyzed for dieldrin.. Only half the samples analyzed contained concentrations above the minimum detectable level of'1 ug/kg. The grand mean dieldrin concentration was <5.03 ug/kg.

Highest dieldrin concentrations found in Illinois stream sediments were generally associated with municipal wastewater treatment facilities or urban areas. (Figure 24b), The highest detected concentration (.160 ug/kg) was found in Crooked Creek 0.5 miles downstream from the Salem MlJWTP discharge^in 1978 (Figure 25). Only thirty-six samples contained nore than 20 ug/kq dieldrin with most collected from the, Kaskaskia and Oes'Plames'Basms (Figure 24a).. Mean dieldnn concentrations calculated for each river basm and sample category did ,not exceed 7 ug/kq and in 1979 and'1980 no individual sediment s^ple exceeded 1-5 ug/kg.

\ _ _ Polychlorinated Biphenyls f

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are compounds produced by chlormation of biphenyls; the degree of chlorination determines their chemical oroperties PCBs a re highly stable, non-flammable compounds which are extremelv resistants * to heat (USEPA 1976) Due to their heat resistant properties PCBs a re well suited to a multitude of industrial aopl ications. The fi-ve.most common uses prior to 1970 wef-e for dielectric fluids m capacitors, olasticiser applications, transformer fluids', he'at transfe.r fluids, and hydraulic fluids and' lubricants (Sport-F.ishenes Inst.itute 1977). f'onsanto was the sole oroducer of PCBs in the United States and marketed'the product under the trade name AROCLOP. '

••S' ; 82 Hi*,.,,

. i ^ ' '

• j .

SM:. iy

r-

j IM

BASIN SiMOOlS M0915

A

8

C 0

E

r c H

ffj'g Muddy

ftntrat Miss Oes P l a i n e s Fox

I 11 ino 1 s kankakee

Kask i i s k i a N o r t h Ci?n Miss

I '

J k

L M

N

0

N o r t h M iss

Ohio Rock

S<ingdiiion South Cen

South / l i s s Mabash

M I S S

rit

CI I t cc ct

cc cc

cc OC CC^ ' i kk CC kk tc «, cc cc

n

SAMPU ,'-':,-,rii^N o r t i O R i

i' "^uni: pa', iMUwlPl

3 . i,-,ccr I -I re •1 ,jrniin

6 '^1 s r f I ,aneous 7 : n , i u ' . t r i a l , I'ww'lP; H : i ' SorCer S I te

I I.- w u ' II 55

?? l l l l l l n lY . ' I I

11

I I t k t t t « C«IN n ,» ta' !• I t I I ! • rt

1- -. )

B /•

'piGiJRE 24. rist'^ib'.ul'Tn of -cJielclrln iLf i /^-:; ,ii 'jv ('J,' .;csi;i 'ind ro) Scrole ^L' ;J ; ' ,^ I

/

11 !-04S s;-e?^ se'l; •;-,'ecur,

• e " : S1I i^tes

"1 ^ / f i l '

.£G£..

y ^ Ml. >4AA*<

Q if O ug/kg seoiment dry weight

O 51 - 110 ug/kq seuinent dry weight

© 31 - 50 ug/kg sediment dry weight

© 21 - 30 ug/kg sediment dry weight

-'.;:z.."yx-

r ijm.01 l-aiO« n3»t -MOiB

• - I — - v ^ . .

^-^^

F IGLRE 25 The*"cfl's t r i bu t ibn of elevated di e ldr in concentrations found in I l l i n o i s stream sediments col lected 1974-1980,

« i i ^ 84

^

t - ' t l

h <' te»S ' ' t l

4 ri- ' ,

1 * /f-

r Tip iif

syltems'" Sport Fisheries

Monsanto voluntarily restricted sales in 1971 to only "closecil applications (i.e., electrical capacitors and transformers) •Institute 1977). The toxic substances act of 1976 (PL 94-46^) prohibited manufacture of PCBs aftersiiDecembe'r 31, 1978 and prohibited processing and distribution after July 30, 1979 (uSEPA 1976). 1 '

^ \ ...

\ }

i . World attention was focused on potential tOxic effects 6f PCBs when 29 deaths occurred among 1291 patients treated for the accidental ingestion of PCBs contaminated rice m Yusho, Japan in 1968 Concentrations of PCBs in the contaminated rice oil averaned 2^500 ppm, which was well above the Recommended 5 ppm set for fish flesh by the FDA. It was later found that the contaminated rice oil also contained 5 ppm chlorinated di'benzofurans, which are estimated to be at least- 200 times more toxic than PCBs; as a result, it was difficult to attribute the toxic effects of the rice oil to PCBs alone (SFI-1977). PCBs cause skin-lesions and increase liver enzyme activity which may have a secondary effect on reproduction,' They bioaccumulate in the food web and collect m the fatty tissues of man and other animals (USEPA- 1976).

In 1974 and 1975, sediments were analyzed for PCB-1254 and "beginning in 1976 samples were anal-zzed for PCBs (total of all isomers), A few samples collected m 1978 'were analyzed for PCB-1254 and PCBs, The change from analysis for PCB-1254 to PCBs was appropriate since recommended water quality criterion was based on PCBs and not PCB-1254'concentrations. However, the American Fisheries Society review of the USEPA criterion (Thurston et a'l . 1979) suggested that perhaps criterion should be based on available forms of PCBs, noting that "appreciable parts of the PCBs a re associated with susoended particulate matter and a re not totally available to aquatic organisms for bioconcentration "

PCB-1254

P C B - 1 2 J 4 , apnarenfly one of the more toxic isomers (e.g., see Nebeker et al. 1974), was below the minimum detectable level (2 ug/kg) in '71 of the -194 sediment samples analyzed, Onlv 2^ samples contained concentrations »

„^q.reater than 25 ug/kg (Figure 26). The single highest ^concentration, 1000 'ug/kg, occurred m a sample taken from t*-e Illinois Ri-^er south of Seneca, Illinois. One sample contaming 373 ug/kq was-taken from the Des Plaines River, no other sample contained more tnan 200 ug/^g- Several samples from the Skokie ^iver collected m 1978 contained between 100 and 200 ug/kq

•-Ji ,' <

3C3s , ' - '

A total of 353 samples have t een analyzed for PCBs,-42'i of the samples • contained less than the minimum detectable concentration of 10 yq/kq. Twentv-two of 24 sediment samples with concentrations oreater than 100 uq/kq occurred m the Des Plaines Basin; the two other elevated values were found in sediments taken from Casey Fork downstream from " t! Vernon,, Illinois, Although no statistical analysis was attempted due to the large number of samples that contained less tnan the minimum detectable concentration, elevated levels '.-/ere generally associated with MWWTP and urban discharges. The distribution of elevated PCB concentrations (i e , greater, than 500 uq/kg) is shown in Figure 27

85

-,.£!?

.V htd " , ^\<,;4 ' f ^^ i r^^ - :

i»t^A.fC»

1 » •

LLLL I L V I , L L L L HAim

J J J J 1 1 1 !

- !*w*i M M . * i L L L ! • * * < L L L L * • * • L L L L !•<••< I I I I

BASIN SYMBOLS

I N o r t h Cen Miss

• - s :v f . i , - i ' : , j ' ^ ' ^ i r iJ

f'-'vi

'J

8 C 0 t

F G H

B i g Muddy

C e n t r a l Miss Oes P l a i n e s Pox 11 1 i n o i s Kankakee Kaskask l a

J K

, L M H 0 P

N o r t h Miss

Oh'O Pock J Sangamon . Sou tn Cpn South Ml 55 (Jabash

M I S S

H » * 4 * • « # « '

t r r f F F f f OOOO DOPP OOOO OOOO DOOO OOOO

cccc

CC£& uxc M f f

F r f F

t C f C OODO OOOO

LLLL LLLL [111 ••••*

»*M4 OOOO LLLL LLLL U U , OOPp OOOO **•»» oooo QDOD ODOO OODO OODO OOOO

*e «9 99

A

LLLL COOO' OOOO

OD B

c>ff

<s

; r r , U U CtU t s u »M0 ni ta »«• «444

n i l n i l I I U l U I n i l I I I ! n u u n MM • n n n i t n i l i n i i n i n n t i n m i n i l n i l n i l i n i n i l 11II 1 I I1 MM M i l I I 1 1 n i l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I I 1

4

TTTT TTTT

WM n n t n t »M5 » « s k k k k

n i l m t n i l n i l m t t i l l u n t m u n t i n n n n i l n n 111 1 I I 1 1 1111

t' ^ iL

^ j W

* r

• * ',-

i

WW n w • 4 4 4

n i l i r a i m t n t m i

» » MOB n n m t t m t m 1 I I I

•

j£^

J^ ' M ^ jxSnf

TM|s

m i t n t n i l JJJJ

t t n

t n t

SAMPLE LOCATION CATEGORT

1 Background 2 M u n i c i p a l ;MWWTP1 ! Laqoon

4 Mine 5 Urban

6 M i s c e l l a n e o u s ' I n d u s t r i a l ''rrfWTPl 3 111 Border 5i te

t m l i l t

m l i n i n n

i n i n u

U M t t n n n i m i n i

FIGURE 26. Dlstributmn of PCB 1254 iun''',n). m illlncls srream sediment scifmies by (0)'Basin and (b) Somnle Locotion Cotenory

I,/,•!'?-;• ^•,. " ' I , , ! ' , ; ' . ! ;

86

v-:^'^'SII'

i%ijiT,'j:;r,V'..;ar-SSslii'lii-S." -••

j,a^'V'V3,5>;:^ '•'.'r" ,l.--"i.;iK'-f A \ M-

O 5000

• 1000

• 5'00

LEGEND

10000 ug/kg sediment dry weight

•5000 ug/kg '^euiment dry weight

1000 u'5/kg sediment dry weiqht

FIGURE 27 'ne distribution jt -ele^Jt.?: "1 Illinois s'reai" st'ii-'Pn's

8 7

'-:: ^ .. j n c e r ' r j t ions found

?u::i?Jfe;Si«^"

id '

• i . 1

r, 1

^-

' i

i'.S\

SECTION VI .DISpUSSION

COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Data^presented inlthis report summarizes stream sedimen of samples taken from 1974, when this Agency first began ana through 1980. Through;experience gained in the collection a of sediment samples over several years, it was apparent that existed in obtaining sediment of uniform consistency. While •'ob.]ective was to collect a quantity of recently deposited fi matter, the consistency, types of material and particle size sjderably from sample to sample. Some samples contained a h of organic debris while others contained considerable quanti sand particles.

It was evident after-an .analysis of sediment samples co Illinois lakes in 1979 (Kelly and Hite 1981) that-more relia could be obtained from sediment analysis if particle size wa field sampling techni^ques. H, R. Feltz (personal corimumcat Geologi-cal Survey, suggested that chemical analysis be perfd particular size fraction,-less than 62 microns and possibly microns. Similar comments noting the desirability of analyz size fraction were also expressed in a letter by J. K. Stame U. S. Geological Survey. *

t inaTyses lyZing sediment, nd analysis problems , the stated

ne particulate . varied con-igh percentage ties of fine

1lected from 63 . ble information s considered in ion 1982), U. S. rmed on a less than 20 inb a particular r (May 3, 1982),

As a consequence of^our experience with lake sediment data- and' following the suggestions of Feltz and Stame^, the lEPA has recently developed fiSid sampli'hg methodology designed to collect the <62u size fraction. By adhering to techniques requiring field sieving, sediment collected will be restricted to a known particle size (i,e,, <62u). Adopting this new method will eliminate subjectivity of field personnel in finding "sediment". Presumably, this methodology will-^so result in a reduction in vanatbility between replicate samples, and thus' faci1itate data analysis (e.g., m trend analysis). The newly adopted sediment sampling procedure is outlined in - 'AppendTx A, _ ^

' ' % ' ' i ' ^^^^ ANALYSIS

Trend Analysis

Originally it was anticipated that selected data could be subjected to trend^ana•lysis. in particular* it was expected that decreasing concentra-trions of those organic constltutents whose uses had been banned or restricted (e.g,, DOT, PCB) would be detected. However, the nature of the data presented several obstacles in th>s regard. The non-random sampling distribution eliminated much of the data set 'from this analysis. To establish trends, one of two sampling designs was necessary either 1) a 'large ra/idom sampling each year, or 2) repetitive sampling at designated ^sites on a yearly basis.

The USEPA CORE sites represented the only block of monitormq locations sampled frequently enough to attempt trend analysis. Several o1;her problems, however, were encountered in attempting trend analysis of CORE station sediment data. Because of the-change in analytic procedures

»

89

>J

V'il'

'J 1

, i ^

t I

'fo r a few of the compounds-(e.g., from DDT to total DOT, from PCB-f !54 to PCBs), insufficient data were available fbr i long enough period to permit trend analysis. Compounding*the problems of trend analysis, minimum detectable levels were raised (i.e.,, the level of "sensitivity decreased) over the. 1974-^1980 period. These changes in detection Timits ^ obscured trends potentially- apparent at lower concentration ranges. A CORE site fou-nd to contain 6 ug/kg PCS m 1977 (when the minimum detectable level was 5 ug/kg), for example, could not be compared 'to a sample ^coVlected in 1978 when the reported concentration was <10 ug/kq (the 1978 minumum detectable level). Additional problems were noted at sites where replicate samples were taken; results a t these s u e s sometimes varied considerably. These differences mav have been attributable to> precision, of the analytic method or i^anation jn/ield sa'bolmg technidues.

>-i?''"'^!3Sjfi

r r

'jiV,' l l .'• •

r-ii'I'tf''--••',-•

.#*-i-'^ 1'. i!',=l,.'V,^^^",' --I'ff-Sfe'Jt'lS--. •i-'*;v.';VS%i.,

' i i4$f ' ' :-i>:;

• ^ • ^ : ^

- K^ %*^ •

As far as repetitive sampling is concerned, continued sediment*' sampling'at CORE sites offers the greatest potential for trend analysis, many of the parameters monitored, however, a re below detectable levels at the majority of these sites. For purposes of establishing trends, it is probably, desi rabl e to continue CORE sediment m o m tormg and initiate sanpTing at additional .sites strategically located throughout the state. Eventually, yearly means could be compared and trends- determined,

Des Plairtes River Basm Contamination

Clearly apparent throughout this reoort a re the highly elevated constituent concentrations character!stic-of O^s Plaines Basm sediment samples. The reader should also appreciate ^ a t given the sampling methodology u-sed, Des Plames Basm means would Likely nave been higher had the <62u size fraction been anal'vzed How ,Tiuc.h higher, of course, would have been determined by the relative propo tiofl'-,:ir sedi«§^t <6.2u m eaQh sample. It should be noted that while the Des Plames Basm means for a aiven -parameter were generally high, mdividuaj sediment sasioles collected within the basm had A considerable rancjg in concentrations. Considering 'the potential of b'ota to accumulate toxic Substances from their environment, some follow up sediment sampling with concomi tant .'col lee t ion of associated biota (e.g,\ fish) is-probably desirable m known."hot spot" areas as noted in this report, particularly within the Des Plames B a s m (assuming fish are available), Suc.'h sampling would have important public health implications and generate much needed information regard-mq sediment-biota dynamics as it affects bioaccumulation

Comparisons with other s°tudie^. ° *

Finally, Table''S presents a conoanson r5f Illinois stream sediment data and'results from otfier studies 'ost cf the 3tudies presented concerned a single r \ M ^ r sys-tem, and m neneral, sample sizes were small j;elative to the data presented tigre Cons-dennq the r i n n e m type of SI te,s. sampled witn rjes'pect to Sischar'^iers, -t'is, rot surDnsmg,-th^t sediment concentra.t-ion ranges for 111-no is stream data general Ty encompass al T~ other* stu^-y ranges, the reader -yiil note the vanabi 11 ty m sediment

.j»>

A. -

90 *,

.'M.''^\^s^-'L''-?A^.' '.'V---'.'*'

V-• m .

^^ • ' ^ ^S i f i . .

• 'L / r "- t'lî^-t ^--•^l^ '- i i^Bis?

^ iB lE 4 5 ;3*T)4" io i ^ . j3 f inavy ' • t d l - . c ^ c f i * . . - * ' ^ ' 1 " " . e ' - ' s e d ' - n ! - . ) ^ , i - l r o i - c f i t r j * . ' ; - i - i j r f j v r t i i TX;'-î l i t a i « » P t 3ry B e i r u t - i c l t j ' t e r / i T . ' i n i na - 41V • ? ' ' - ' ' . ' I ' : * ai-* " V n i L i r t . ^ ' I ^ t t i -1 ; 5 . - c * ' " - i - . .n t r e ~^-ên mrar I * 4 ' 1 a 0 l e *-

4!

SEJJMHII :iijOCE ' H t ^ g r t o c t l

•drO'Ten 34^ : , ' 4 l e i o n t f ) ; ; ,

. d r o ' ^4r. i i f ' ^ ^4l<% Jj^-'Cl J M '

= n ' n , .

^ < l t J i ' T l i ' - / iarâ'. e : i i

i J s t i - : - t " f . - K » i : f ; :==ji "AH'-^Vit: ; - E ^ ' . S i .'!hC "JUljR ' O L L U T ' O K A L SOUKCE

- • 6 ;s

• I f .•-.-1 I M I

• " / , ' •

StDIlENT FWCTIOd ' i n -jfli)

' o i ^ l

• o t 4 l

' •»!«*.•-t :: ' s - -

' a i t f - a .

' ^ i G r < , i ' 4 e " D i ' p •:

i l l

Q

'

< ^

J -, • ^ t ' '

' * .«r, " l innf ' o t « .

1 * ( n t ' -.^ • • . f ' ; a i - > s - i f . . . , J

' d . v : - * Jr

' ' t \ \ t ) - ;

• 1 * r « •?

91

',- -*

^? ; i

^waf'AtKsSv'':!;®^;??''.'?; j ^ ' ^ - •• -';,5f35^'i&^-'?:wi:-*'^:?- V '

••rr-^-V'.-; f?KF^^ Ti^imJ^f?!'

'-,jp;.-'*'

I ' pa r t i c le siae fractions, analyzed which.,undoubtedly affects th^Val ic f i ty of between-stjdy comparisons due to d i f ferent ia l sorption.accord|ing to par t ic le.s ize (e..g.-,'Hwang et a l . 197.5, Hwang et al.-'197&) o f ou r backarniinH Hafj* CT^ ih io / i c i . . i - u - * • • -

' i

coflipari son ^an is,' • of o(^r background data (Table45) with sf t i i lar data foi-'Michip^., ,^.. y

•info'r^nafive. (Hesse ar>a Evans 1972>i In general, background levels estab lished for I l l i r to is are 's i ight jy greater than Michigan's, and this may be attr ibutable to agricultural 1) , impacted si'tes allowed by defiirntion into the I l l i no i s backgroLKid s i t^ category, ' • '

V

•*

f-.>•%'

v

>

• * i

92' :1'i -, >

^fvij;-'^ ,'{"*',;•'-';••-,;'':•,Y -,*--,'' 9-'i • ^

Mb''> - ' • r V /I/'-'.' ,-

I ' ^ - ' -^ r - ' ' •••" '-tsi-fc'"' ' '

\.

•-" " L-ITERATURE CITE J, ' / ' "' ' " ' •

Allaway, W. H. 1968. Agronomic tontrols oveHthe environmental cycling \ of trace elements, Ijn A. n, Norman, ed. Advances in Agronomy 20:235-2/4. N. Y. Academic Press.. " ' ' • ' \

'Andersen, V. H. 1974. Nitrogen and phos^phorus budgets anfl the role of \' sediments in six shallow Danish lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 74:528-550.

• • • Aston, S. r., I. ThortonT J. S, Webb, J. &. Purves anct B. L. Mil ford >, 1974.

'Stream sediment composition: an aid to water quality assessment. iWater, Air and Soil Pollution 3:321-325.

Banat, K., V. Forestner, and f\. Muller. 1972. Heavy metals in the sediments of the Rivers Danube, Rhine, Ems, Weser and" Elbe in the Federal RenubHc-of Germany. Maturwissen Schaften 59-525-528. '

Barganz, R. 1975d. 1974. Sediment survey program .reoort. In house report. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.

Barganz, R. 1975b. Memo dated June 11, 1975. Subject; sediment sampling program-1975. Inter-office correspondence. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.

Barganz, R. 1975c. Memo dated July 16, 1975">--4u^bject- suggested procedure for sediment sampling. Inter-office correspondence. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. - \

Berry, W. L. and A. Wallace. 1974. Trace elements in the environment-their role and potential toxicity as related to fossil fuels - a nreli'JTilnary study (mimeograph). Univ. of Califoraia. Lab of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology. Atomic Energy Cormission Contract AT{04-1) nEN-12'. Los Angeles, California. 66 pp. • •

Brandvold, D , C. J, Poppand, and L, Brandvold 1981 Transport mechanisms in sediment rich streams, heavy metal and nutrient load of the Rio SanJose - Rio Puerco systems. Project No. B-062-MMEX. New f'exico Water Resources Research Institu"te, 34 on.

Carroll, R. E 1966. The relationship of cadmium m' the air to cardiovascular disease death rate. J. American Med. Assn. 198 267-269,

Cherry, D. S. , S. R, Larrick, R, K. ''^uthne, _E M Davis, and F F. Sherberqer 1979. Recovery of invertebrate and vertebrate nopulations in a coal ash stressed drainage svstem. J Fish Res, BO, Canada 36 - 10B9-''.096

Oourdof-f,' P. and M. Katz. 1953. Critical review of literature of toxicit.v of industrial wastes and their'components to fish Sew and Ind, r;astes 25:802.

/|

1".':,

;i^;!cLiW?J/^i-K;'-.

93

m

•i-l-rf r-' <^ r r J * H - .i'4'\/,i-'r'; ''-''W'«-l'?'!Hiii--;,r"',':, ' i ' J ^ t l V f f •'• ^<'i!f-.ii^\\-:f-î;ir%-f'^^^^^

•\ -„•;.•'' /''"J.'--"? ;!.''js••*''• \'' I' "r-''''-"i-f''-'' '•'' •/! ?''!'! J T - V * - ' ! ) * ' A'"'ihf)•!''•:

Feltz, H R T982. Letter to M. Kelly. Dated March 12, 1982J

Gql^schm^dt, V. H. 1'954. Reochemlstry. 'Oxford Univ. Press. 912 pp.

V Harrisbo, W.,- E.^T. Kucera, C, Tome, and L. S. Van Luik. 1981.

of "bottom sediments from the Cal-Sag Channel and the DesPl Illin'ajs R W e r s between Joli-et and Havana, lllinpis. A N L / I E S - 1 1 2

Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois. 59 pp.

•'€'?: !

''•I«

Chemistry aines and

Hem, J. D. 1970. Study and interpretation of. chemical characteristics of natural water, rêological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 1473. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 363 pp.

Hesse, . and E. Evans. 1972. Heavy metals in surface Waters, sediments and fish -fn Lake Michigan. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Water Resour-ees-CoiTiTiisslon. SB pp.

Howarth, R. S. and J. B Sprague. 1978. Copper lethsli'ty to rainbow trout in waters of various hardness and pH. Water i'Pesearch 12-455-462.

Huang, P. M-, and W K. Liaw. 1978. Distribution and fractionation of arsenic In*selected fresh water lake sediments. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 63(4).533-543,

Hutchinson, fi. E, 1957. A treatise on ''limnology. Vol, 1. rneography, physics and chemistry John Wiley and Sons,^New York, N. Y. 10)5 pp.

Hwang, C. P.. P M,, Huang, and T. H. Lackie, 1975, Phosohorus distribution in Blackstrap Lake sediments. Jour. Wat. Poll. Contrl, Fed. 47(5): 1081-1005. ,

Hwang, C. P., T, H. Lackie, and P, M, Huang, 1976, Adsorntion of inorganic phosphorus by lake sediments. Jour. Wat, Poll, Control Fed. 48(-t2):

• 2754-2760. ;

Jensen, L D, and A R,. Gaufin. 1966, Kcute and long term effetts of organic! insecticides on two species of stonefly naiads. -Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed. 38-1273,

' . - c, Jones, A. S. G 1973. The concentration of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium

m' shallow water sediments Cardigan Bay, Wales Mar Geol. 14 171-179,

Kelly, M. and R. Hite, 1981 Chemical analysis of surficial sediments from 63 Illinois lakes, surrmer 1979 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 92 pp .

King, M. M ' 19-75 Memo dated June 17, 1975 Subject suggested o. rocedur-e for sediment sampling. Inter-office co'rresoondence, fllvnbis Environmental Protection agency

K-»ng, M. M and R Barqanz 1975 'êmo dated October 28, 1975 Subject: procedure for sampling recently deposited sediment m slow areas of flowing streams Inter-office correspondence Illinois Environmental Protection Agency

uM. -.t „ :'

94

' i f l l " '

If''* . L

t-\ i

i

u •> •^ • r

~4 - - I -- -"X. -1 'Js.'-'tr ••> l l , S 1

4,

o î ,-^ ' r

^:'lai

n-ation in the Krbnfeld,'J..arid J.-'Havrot. 1974. "Transition metal contam Oishon River system; Israel.' Environ. Polliit. 6:281-2^

Lee, G.. J-, %. A. Jones, 8.'A. Manniy, J. G. Pearson;'a. L. Siwanson, R.,* . ^W^tzel/and J. t. Wright. 1979. Phosphorus. Pages 2;:9-235. ']£:" A revigyi/ of the EPA Red Book: Qua.l.lty criteria for wai;er. R. V. Thurst-on, R. C. Russo, C M . Fetterolf,- Jr., T., A. Edsill, and Y. M. ' •Barber, Jr, (Eds.'}' Water Quality Section, American* Fisheries Society, -

- • , eethe^da, HO. 313 p. - •- ' t . • • ^

Q , ft , •

Lisk, 0. S. 1972. Trace metals in soils, plants, and animals. Advances in Agronomy 24:267-325, ' ' . ' • ,

f, . • • ,

Matsunaga, W. and P. Murphy 1979. An intensive survey of the Skokie River, Apr11-D?cember,. 1978. niinois Environmental Protection Agency."„

'68 pp. ' . ' ' • . - .

,McCaun, J. and J ."Crossland. 197'4.^ Water Pollution Environmental Issue Series, Scientist's Institute for Public Infomation Harcoust Brace Jovanoruch, Inc. flew 'York. 206 pp. , ^

McFarlane, G. A. and W. G. Franzin. 1978. Elevated heavy metals: a stress on a population of white suckers, Catostomus commersonl, in Hamel Lake, Saskatchewan. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 35(7):963-970.

McNee>y, R. N., V. P. -Neimanis and L Dwyef. 1979. Water quality sourcebook, a guide to water quality parameters. Inla-nd Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 89 pp.

Metcalf, R, L. and J, R, Sanborn.- 19'75, Pesticides and environmental quality in Illinois ' Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 31(9): 381-436.

Moore, J, R. 1968, Recent sedimentation in northern Cardigan Bay, Wales. Bull, Brit. Mus, (Nat-. Hist, L_.mneiial-^2) -19-131

Musselman, R 1979' Health effects of chlordane. Illinois Institute of Natu,ra*l Resources, Document No. 79/42. ^27 pp.

•'National Institute of Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden. 1971. Methyl mercury in fish. Nordisk Hygienisk Tidskrift, Supplementum 4. 364 pp.

Oliver, B, G. 1973. Heav.y metal levels of Ottawa and Rideau River sediments. Environ Sci, and Technol, 7-135-137.

PaS;temak, K. 1974. The influence of the pollution of a zinc plant at Miasteczko Slaskie on the content of micro-elements 'in the environment of the surface waters. Acta bydrobiol, 16-273-297

-Patrick, F M. , M. w. Loutu, 1978. °a%%aê of metals to freshwater fish , from their food Water Research 12 395-398

Reay, P F 1972 The accumulation of arsemc from arênic-rich'natural /, waters of aquatic plants' -v..

95

K&!:îj;!l'::;',>CL

p^^y..,.^^^^ .^

^ j f ^ t ^ J.

l ! t ? a ^ ' . ^ " t 5 .^

T

1

V ^ 3-^,1 V

Richardson, C. W,, J. Si. Price and E. Burnett. 1978. Arsenic conrcentra'tions In surface runoff from small watersheds in Texas. Jo4r, Environ. Oual, 7(2):189-192.

Rickert , .0. A., V. C. Kennedy, S. W. McKenzie ind W. r,. Hirles. 1977. A synoptic survey of trace metals in bottom sediments of the Willamette River, Oregon. Geological Survey Circular 715-F. U.^. Department of Inter ior . 27 pp. '

SASTnsTftOtF.""Tgigi SAS User's Guide, 1979 edi t ion. SAS Inst i tu te Inc. 4 9 4 p p . " • -

Schacht, R. 1978. A water quality survey of the f^rand Calumet River from • the Indiana'State Line to Burnham, Illinois. lEPA. Springfield, Illinois. 41 op. • '

Schroeder, H. A. and J, J. Balassa. 1961. Abnormal trace metals in man:-cadmium, J. Chron-ic Diseases 14:236-258,

Sefton, D. F,, M H Kelly and M, Meyer. 1980. Limnology of 63 Illindls Lakes, 1979. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Soringfield, I111nois'. . 247 pp.

Sport Fishing Institute. 1977. PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls. SFI ' Bulletin No. 288:1-3.

Stamer, J. K. 1982, Letter to K. Rogers, Illinois Environmental, Protection Agency. Dated May-3, 1982.

"Thurston, R. V., R. C. Russo, C. M Fetterolf, Jr., T. A. Ebsall, and Y. M. Barber, Jr. (Eds.) 1979. A review of the EPA Red Book: Ouality criteria for water. Water Quality Section, American Fisheries Soc. , Bethesda, MD. '313 pp.

Unfted States Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Ouality criteria for Water. Washington, 0. C. 256 pp. •-•

Vivian, C. and K. Massie. 1^77. Trace metals in waters an.d sediments of Rive"r Tawe,-~-South Wales, in relation to local sources. Environ, Pollut. 14-47-61.

Wagemann, R. and J, Barica. 1979. Sneciation and rate of loss of copper from lakewater with implications to toxicity. Water Research 13-515-523,

i

Zuels, E. E., G. L. Ryan, D. B, Peart,'and K. K.,Fitzqerald. 1981. Hydrology of Area 35, Eastern Region, Interior Coal Province, Illinois and Kentucky. U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation 81-403. Urbana, Illinois. 68 pp, ,

-96

APPENDIX A

-J 'VM

River and Stream Bottom SediRient M o n l t o r l ng

* ^

(taken from IJlino.is Environmental Protecton Agency, Division of Water Pollution Control, Field Methods Manual, 1980 + updates)

/

!fr it'

^ • i t

''•.^••iP\ -p

97

I^ipiiipplps'ifpp^

«»

Introduction and Objectives

Bottom sediments are, for purposes of this method, defined as settleable i solid materials, formerly in suspension, which have accumulated or| the j bottom of a river'or stream. These sediments coffrionly consist of isilt, clay, fine organic materials, and larger particles, e.g., sand. In a -stream, these formerly suspended materials generally settle to the bottom in pools and other sites of reduced >yater velocity, e.g., downstream from s'and and gravel bars, logs, or other obstructions to flow.

Objectives _

1. A major objective of this method is to collect a sample,of bottom sediments which are representative of recent runoff from the watershed. Thus, samples are to be collected from genuine deposits of formerly suspended materials. As a further step to assure a representative sample, 1t is recomnended that each sample be a composite of sediments from available sediment deposits at each sampling'stat.ion, or sampling reach of stream.

2. Bottom sediment samples will be restricted to the unoer layers (e.g., 1/2 inch) of recently deposited sediments. "This will help assure comparability of samples.

3. Particle sizes to be submitted to laboratories for analysis will be restricted' to 63 microns or less. This will assure further comparability of samples.

4. Contamination of samples will be avoided, by handling of samples with clean, uncontaminated equipment.

Field Method

^•.mM '"'.•'••^'•^TMM

• :,-'!'S';jl

if.-, i l ; |

m

Assure that all sediment sampling equipment is clean and has been rinsed with acetone. (Avoid contact of acetone w U b olastic lids . i from quart settling jars by lining with aluminum foil.)

Rinse all sediment sampling equipment with stream or lake water tp . remove any residual acetone. Retain and rinse, or reolacs' aluminum^ foil cap liner, .to prevent contact of the sample with the plastic l.ld.

Locate sediment deposits within the sampling reach," If possible, locate two o r more, sediment deposits, lying, under different water depths, ' •

Collect an adequate quantity (a composf'te^ of upper-layer bottom sediments, using sieve, large long-handled spoon, or.grab sampler, and a stainless steel pan.

f ' y ' . " . ) ' • ' ' ', ,('.CV J,',"'C'l , fc- ' , , ' / l , ^ - , . , ; . , '

/

98

r J ^ A \

• /

i .

I^

K ^ ^ ^ 7 ^ ^ • * " ^

/

!V •^-I-"!

p 1 -

t

5. Make written notes (and/or notes "on a field map) regarding location (with respectto a landmark, e.g., a bridge) and average depth of water at each sediment depdsft sampled.

6. Pour about 3vl/2 auarts of sieved stream or lake water into a stain\e,ss steel pah.-

7. P1ac,e about one heaping Urge Ibng-handled spoon of sediment at'a time, into a 63-m1cron (no. 230) stainless steel sieve. If sediment' is of heavy consistency., sieving can^be facilitated by suspending the sediment"in a jar-or water (from the stainless" pan) prior to sieving. -

8. Place the sieve'in the stainless oa^r, with the mesh below water level. Use short (l.ess than 1/2-Inch) pulsing strokes of the s>ev,e, to pulse water up and down through the sievje. Very gradually, after-'

• about 3 to 5 minutes, continue pulsing action and raise the sieve me.sh up and out of the'water. Most of the less-than-63-mic»Kin particles and all of the water will be deposited in the pan.' •

9. Rinse coarse particles and residue from the sieve, in stream oc lake water.

10. Sieve about 8 to 10 large spoonfuls to assure adequate quantity of sieved sediment.

11. Re-suspend sieved sediment .in the stainless steelxoan, and pour into four quart jars, using a stainless steel funnel.

12. Label and cool jars of suspended sediment.

13. Allow contents of jars to settle for several hours, or less if adequate settling occurs in a shorter time.

14. Decant supernatant from quart jars.

15. Scoop sediment from quart jars with a "small long-handle stainless steel, spoon, to'appropriate laboratory samole bottles, ^ssurmq that each 8-ounce bottle will be at least one-hal.f full of settled sediment (sufficient for .analysis). (Note: Transfer sediment to laboratory4r, sample bottles as soon as possible once adequate settling occurs.)

16.'. Freeze samples unti-1 laboratory analysis.

ip'\f ?

' A

.Cleaning Equipment

\

Wash all equipment (jars, lids, with a detergent "" '*" ' brush as needed.

wdsn i \ \ equipmenL u^rb, iiui, Stainless steel pans, with a detergent and de-ionized water solution, usino

sieve, etc.) a bottle scrub

99

feS'-J-;.t-''„-„',".fl-'.'.-, l i - • : • > -

T-:- . ^^f;^,;"'lK;?"F'-^'rA,:;(j*!i?s^'"'

fK:''-i' ' i ' '>-'^~'*••'• fi'f"-' ',i:''7'' - '-

.snSJiii;

•'•:iT'~.':'ivt5.iKii';i

''2; Rinse with de-ionized water, to remove deterge'n^^

3. Rinse with a small amount of acetone, assur'fng contiact of'acetone •. with the total surface. The same acetone mav be usied for a series Of' jars (dolfiot use acetone on plastic jar lids;.

4. Rinse with de-ionized water to remove contaminants which have been' dissolved by the acetone.. ' • .

5. - Allow jars to air dry if time permits.'

6. '-Line plastic jar lids with aluminum fbil. " . " •

^ Equipment Checklist

1.^ Stainless steel equipment •'•' a'. No. 230 sieve (63 micron mesh)

S,.,. Two 14" X 14" pans ., .. . - — c. Large Lpng-handle spoon d. Funnel _ " e'. Small long-handle spoon (e.g. Iced tea spoon)

2. Quart glass j^rs-; four per site

.,-' 3. Sample bottles: a. One 8-ounce glass bottle per sample for organics analysis b. One 8-ounce pUstic bottle per sample for nutrients, organic

carbon, and metals analysis , , ,

-- : Grab sampler: Petite Ponar or Eckman

'5. Acetone

1

100

: ? : < ^ -, ^ ! I -1 * r-^'

;

\ \

.•J'h:'^-' : ^

. d ^ tr

ILLQJOIS ENVlROlOffiHTAL PROTECTION ACEtiCY

' S«dloanC S«apl« lofonsatlon Sh««.t: '

SCrcab/Uke OtCa Time

Sevclon Code Uclcuda

Ldc«Clon- T -

Councy

/ R ts LongUude

Nearest Town (dlTaccloni and dlacance)

Topographic ,Hap

Landmark (d l racc loni and dlacance, u iua l ly froo brt,d:2e)

DrBln«8« Area aq , lallea <1J known)

lOQTIFIERS (aae maps on back) Baaln

L,,=-

CHECK If AfPLICABU •

1

A a b l a n t S i c e

COR£ S i c e

U k e S i t e . .

P r e v l o u a l y .Sampled •

h i t a n s l v e ^ Survjy

F a c i l i t y Survey

Sampl ing Tasks ?«r£o i

Water Q u a l i t y

Macro I o v e r t e b r a t e

, . H l t l l t a j . . „

DUchf l tge

F i s h n , e»h

D a D D D

• D

-med

.-a D ^

, D • -N

D ; a

Sed inen t -Sa i sp - l lng Conducted

SA. Ca tegory

Background

Wooded

A g r l c u l c u r a l

ttunlclpal (KWTP)

L.agaon

Mine

S u r f a c e

(Mdarground

Orb an

I n d u t t r t a l

, Other ( d e i c r t b e )

U l " " -Bai,der S i t e

KPLE

Q

a a D

'D D D D D D

Region

SAMPLE LOCATION CATEGORY D l i t a n e e to l?p»tre«m D l a c h a r g e r

Sieved n Onalavod Q ' Replicate CD Organic C ' l3 D

Additional Infotmatldh ( eg . , name of dlacharger , tvpe of troatment t a c i l l t v , average Jeil^r, cap 'ac lcy. 'aaspl lng e^ulpoent uaed, etc,)^ ' ,

ATTACHMENT- Append copy of topographical- map h ighl ight ing sampling location" WrS^fci'^lsj 101

,L-*'/i v p . . I--'' t. lo-i'.y

m^mmmf^:'^^'T'^^^^^'WW

TRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SEDIMENT SAMPLE INFOSMATION SHEET - I

Us« of this' font jflll «ld In the future evaliuiclon of sediment data, particularly la the assessment of discharger Impact on dbwnatreaa sediment quality. Geographical data v i . \ \ aid ln''-e8tabUshm^oC of regional standard* if significant regional varlacion Is found. This sheet Is not! intended to be a field sheet. Much of the Infonaattoti requested caa be generated at the office before or after sediment collection. Sample Location Category (discharger) Infottnatlon, particularly distance measurefflents, will involve some efforj). -Use a 7.S minute topographic map uh«n available to Indicate sampling location and measure scream miles. Pl'eaae record stream mile distances less than five miles to the nearest O.l mile, and distances greater than five miles to the nearest mile. Several disehargeri may be located above a sice, in the caiie of numerous dischargers, note only those nearest the site or thdse Judged moat likely to have the greatest impact. If available, particularly with regard to municipal waste water treatment, plants 0<WWTP), record tj^e of, treatment and volume of waste water treated. The type of mining operation (e.g., gravel, coal, etc.) should also be Included. Background glees may include non-point agricultural runoff, please distinguish between predominantly agricultural and wooded watersheds, however, by checking the appropriate box. If watershed Is equally wooded and agricultural, check both boxes. Point agricultural sources such at feedlot runoff should be noted In the "Other" category.

/

.4

/

• R C ^ ^ l N S PHYSIOWWHK i GlCKS

102

^• ' ' ; * ; l < ;>

fc^*i;'.-ir;?":;f''-'

/

f* ^ v / j f - ' ' ' ^ ' ' ^ ' ^ * - ' - ' • ' " " •"" ' ' " ' ' J ' " " . • Pi •

m

'- i:r$m^

y • ' • APPEHOtX C

^ • / - *'' s w u LOCflTiOff coots ^.^

Sdnoltng stat ionj i re icienti^"«d By an a lpri»»ntiTrfric code IndUidu*! Carole o^ta i r f * ^ « t T i e l Ojr theje '•ooes on :he enclosed - " icx runf l '^c foPlox'mg i l s t m g i *»nt l ' i«s :ne ^ i r i t :•<) ' e t t e r i jsed m theie codei iPd K i l l j i low c^e "-eadec *o le temne tnt t t re ia segrnent ^roo »tiicfi Sdiroles - c e 'aken The '^--st le t ter

SMT|0,1 :oc t

A

l l .

ar "

B

S£

91.ca

•JMO

LwSi : r

5 a i - n ( :

* d - d l h

Cnearrji

C00€

-.tie -dDJSft

BIYEJi

^Oyt^ T o n

' • d - ' < ! > «

'-«} : ' J " l f l

''jf-^nr ;r

, -• " iafi^ >

:oo f

• l l

.|C

.^R

• ' -

Hr

• ' - '

i

UC

80

^1

«J

J>

f l -

8"

J ' / f B

: ' : : \ t Hjuu/

- j " - ' c i i e c-

•*nJoie 'oi-^

'.d^kv F o r t '

' ^ i f i t ^ '

-•"Or i iS -

l i l u s i ^ a

? 'ch !dno Cr

- :> ! , (% r'.

S i o j l > "

'i-OOlpO : r

L*sr .'Ork

•-..rr c j n j Cr

- " ' t ' O r , C / i ^

^ ^

103

'zm^Mm^-- , ' .< '» - .

^ppf^êî5|3T>^ 'y ^^w^fm&s^mmf^^^

r- '' ^-

WA X

•APPENDIX D

The endorsed n>icrofiche contains on which this report was based.'

arranged into two listings. The data a listing of al] raw

"nese data are first listing provides

The

by metals and organochlorine compounds)

,.

>'

.•\

'^.i^}:-'Sî''''"-i -

IL EPA - EVALUATION OF ILLINOIS STREAM … H. Kelly and Robe^t~^:^4ite l * X \ MONITORING UNIT...

Documents

Transcript of IL EPA - EVALUATION OF ILLINOIS STREAM … H. Kelly and Robe^t~^:^4ite l * X \ MONITORING UNIT...