ihe680_051111

Occupational Safety & Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers By David L. Goetsch

© 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 19 - Fire Hazards and Life Safety




FIRE HAZARDS DEFINED •  Three elements are required to start and sustain fire:

–  Oxygen –  Fuel –  Heat

•  Fire, or combustion—a chemical reaction—is the process by which fire converts fuel & oxygen into energy, usually in the form of heat. –  By-products of combustion include light and smoke.

•  A source of ignition, such as a spark or open flame, or a sufficiently high temperature is needed.




FIRE HAZARDS DEFINED

•  When a substance burns released carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide/monoxide. –  Carbon dioxide is produced when there is more oxygen

than the fire needs. –  Carbon monoxide—the result of incomplete

combustion of a fuel—is produced when there is insufficient oxygen to burn the fuel present efficiently.

•  In general, most fires have insufficient oxygen and produce large quantities of carbon monoxide.




FIRE HAZARDS DEFINED •  Hydrogen, found in most fuels, combines with

oxygen to form water. •  Synthetic polymers, found in plastics & vinyls, often

form deadly fumes when consumed by fire, or if they melt/disintegrate from being near fire or high heat.

•  Liquids & solids (oil & wood) do not burn directly, but must be converted to a flammable vapor by heat. –  Vapors will burn only at a specific range of mixtures of

oxygen & fuel, determined by the composition of the fuel.

•  A fire may be extinguished by removing the fuel source, starving it of oxygen, or cooling it below the combustion point.




FIRE HAZARDS DEFINED •  An explosion is a very rapid, contained fire.

–  When gases produced exceed the pressure capacity of the vessel, a rupture or explosion must result.

•  The simplest example is a firecracker.




FIRE HAZARDS DEFINED •  Spontaneous combustion is rare, but can happen. •  Organic compounds, decomposing through natural

processes, release methane gas, a fuel. –  The degradation—a chemical reaction—produces heat.

•  In a pile of oil-soaked rags—especially in a closed container—the fibers of the rags expose a large surface area of oil to oxidation. –  The porous nature of rags allows additional oxygen to

be absorbed, replacing the oxygen already consumed. •  When the temperature rises sufficiently, the surfaces of the

oil on the rags vaporize.




SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS Flash point is the lowest temperature for a fuel at which sufficient vapor concentrations are produced to allow flash in the presence of an ignition source. Fire point is the minimum temperature at which the vapors continue to burn, given a source of ignition.

Auto-ignition temperature is the lowest point at which vapors of a liquid or solid self-ignite with no source of ignition.




SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS

Ratings within each category are 0 to 4.

Flammability

Special Information

Health Reactivity

0 represents no hazard; 4, the most severe hazard.

The NFPA 704 system for quick identification of hazards presented when substances burn.




SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS The NFPA 704 system for quick identification of

hazards presented when substances burn.




FIRE DANGERS TO HUMANS •  Direct contact with flame is very dangerous to

humans —flesh, muscles & internal organs all burn. –  However, burns are not the major cause of death in a fire.

•  Most fire fatalities are from breathing toxic gases & smoke, and suffocation due to oxygen deprivation. –  The #1 killer is carbon monoxide—other gases may be

produced, and further react with other substances often present at a fire.




DETECTION OF FIRE HAZARDS •  Thermal expansion detectors use a heat-sensitive

metal link that melts at a specified temperature. –  Heat-sensitive insulation also melts at a specific

temperature, initiating a short circuit & activating the alarm.

•  Photoelectric sensors detect changes in infrared energy radiated by smoke, often by the smoke particles obscuring the photoelectric beam.

•  Ionization or radiation sensors use the tendency of a radioactive substance to ionize when exposed to smoke.

•  Ultraviolet or infrared detectors sound an alarm when the radiation from fire flames is detected.




Fire-Extinguishing Systems •  OSHA has mandated monthly/annual inspection

of fire extinguishers in industrial settings. –  Hydrostatic tests to measure the capability of a fire

extinguisher shell to contain internal pressures, and the pressure shifts encountered during a fire.




Fire-Extinguishing Systems

Portable fire extinguishers are classified by the types of fire that they can most effectively reduce.




Fire-Extinguishing Systems •  Standpipe and hose systems provide the hose

and pressurized water for firefighting. –  Hoses for these systems vary from 1” to 2.5” diameter.

•  Automatic sprinkler systems are an example of a fixed extinguishing system, because the sprinklers are fixed in position. –  Water is the most common fluid released from sprinklers.




OSHA Regulations for Fire Brigades •  OSHA 29 CFR 1910.156 Fire Brigade Regulations:

–  Scope - While not required, if an employer does organize a fire brigade, the requirements of this section apply.

–  Prefire planning - Conducted by the local fire dept. or the workplace fire brigade to become familiar with hazards.

–  Organizational statement - A description of the duties brigade members are expected to perform; line of authority and number of brigade officers & training instructors.

–  Physical capability - A requirement applied to brigade members who perform interior structural firefighting.

•  Employees who cannot meet the requirement may be members of the fire brigade, but not perform interior structural firefighting.

•  “Physically capable” can be defined as being able to perform duties specified in training requirements of Section 1910.156(c).





–  Training and education - Commensurate with functions the brigade is expected to perform.

•  At a minimum, hands-on training is required annually. –  Firefighting equipment - Fire equipment, except portable

fire extinguishers & respirators, must be inspected at least annually.

•  Portable extinguishers & respirators to be inspected monthly. •  Remove & replace damaged/unserviceable equipment.

–  Protective clothing - Adequate protection for brigade members who may be exposed to fires in an advanced stage, smoke, toxic gases, and high temperatures.

•  Reflecting hazards that may be encountered by the fire brigade.





–  Respiratory protective devices - Required by brigade members working in buildings or confined spaces where toxic products of combustion or an oxygen deficiency are likely—also in emergencies involving toxic substances.




Disaster Preparations •  Training employees may be the most successful

lifesaving preparation for a fire disaster. –  Regular fire drills for all personnel are also necessary.

•  Community disaster relief agencies such as the police, fire department, Red Cross, and hospitals should be consulted and informed of company disaster preparation plans.




LIFE SAFETY •  Life safety involves protecting vehicles, vessels,

and lives of people in buildings and structures from fire. –  The primary reference is NFPA Life Safety Code.

•  Applied to new & existing buildings, it addresses construction, protection, and occupancy features to minimize hazards of fire, smoke, fumes, and panic. –  A major part is devoted to minimum requirements for

design of egress, to ensure that occupants can quickly evacuate a building or structure.




Basic Requirements •  Among factors considered in providing structures

with means of egress & fire protection safeguards: –  Character of occupancy. –  Capabilities & number of occupants. –  Available fire protection. –  Height of the structure & type of construction.

•  No lock or other device may obstruct egress in any part of a structure at any time that it is occupied. –  Exceptions to this requirement are mental health

detention and correctional facilities.




Basic Requirements •  Some criteria for exits in structures:

–  Clearly visible or marked in such a way that an unimpaired individual can readily discern the route of escape.

–  All routes to a safety must be arranged or clearly marked. –  All appropriate steps must be taken to ensure occupants

do not mistakenly enter a dead-end passageway.




FLAME-RESISTANT CLOTHING •  OSHA’s standards relating to flame-resistant

clothing are found in CFR 1910.269, paragraph 1. –  Employers shall train employees exposed to the hazards or

flames or electric arcs in the hazards involved. –  The employer shall ensure employees do not wear

clothing that could increase extent of injury that would be sustained by the employee.

•  Acetate, nylon, polyester, rayon, is prohibited, unless treated to withstand conditions that may be encountered or worn in such a manner as to eliminate the hazard involved.

–  When installing/removing fuses with one or both terminals energized at more than 300 volts, or with exposed parts energized at more than 50 volts, employers shall ensure tools/gloves rated for the voltage are used.




Planning •  OSHA requires an emergency fire safety plan to

have at least the following components: –  Emergency escape procedures and routes. –  Critical “shutdown” procedures. –  Employee headcount procedures. –  Rescue and medical procedures. –  Procedures for reporting fires and emergencies. –  Important contact personnel for additional information.

•  Once the plan is in place, it should be reviewed at least annually, and updated as necessary.




Explosives-Related Concepts •  A flammable substance is any substance with

a flash point below 100.04 deg F, and a vapor pressure of less than 40 psi at that temperature. –  These Class I liquids tend to be composed of hydrogen

and carbon, such as crude oil and its by-products. •  A combustible substance has a flash point of

100.04 deg F, or higher—called Class II liquids. •  The oxygen limit is the amount of oxygen required

in a vapor-air mixture for an explosion to occur. •  Volatility is evaporation (vaporization) capability of

a given substance. –  The greater the tendency to vaporize, the more volatile.




Other Health Hazards of Explosive Materials •  Potential for serious injury or death from the force

of a blast or from burns is very high. •  Other hazards associated include skin irritation,

intoxication, and suffocation. –  Skin irritation can range from minor to severe, depending

on substance, concentration, and the duration of contact. –  Intoxication can—occurring when an employee breathes

the vapors—can cause impaired judgment, performance, and reaction time, and, result in an accident.

–  Vapors can accumulate in confined spaces making air both toxic and explosive, adding hazards of suffocation to those associated with explosives.




OSHA FIREFIGHTING OPTIONS •  While some companies prefer to have employees

evacuate in the event of a fire, for some the potential for fire is so much a part of daily operations that they prefer to equip their employees to fight fires. –  Follow manual firefighting guidelines set forth by OSHA.

•  There are three options available, each with its own set of requirements. –  All employees are involved. –  Only designated employees are involved. –  Only employees who are part of an established fire

brigade are involved.




HOT WORK PROGRAM •  OSHA defines hot work as involving welding,

cutting, chipping & use of tools that cause sparks. –  Brazing, cutting, soldering & thawing pipes; using heat

guns; torch applied roofing; chipping operations.

•  A foundational precautionary measure: –  “Flammable, combustible, or ignitable materials should

be kept a minimum of 20 to 35 feet away from the hot work, or those materials should be covered with a flame-retardant covering for protection.”




HOT WORK PROGRAM - Components •  Components include safety equipment, fire watch

work practices, contractor requirements & permits. –  Fire safety equipment in place, operable, properly

maintained, fire retardant tarps or thin sheets of metal for covering combustible/ignitable materials in the work area.

–  An individual should be posted to watch for and respond immediately to fires.




HOT WORK PROGRAM - Components •  Components include safety equipment, fire watch

work practices, contractor requirements & permits. –  Contractors in your facility should have their own hot

work program that your organization approves or they should be required to follow yours.

–  An in-house permit should be developed so safety personnel & other stakeholders can assure themselves that all proper steps in the plan have been taken and signed off on before hot work begins.




END




OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE •  Industrial hygiene is concerned with:

–  Predicting –  Recognizing –  Assessing –  Controlling –  and Preventing

…workplace environmental stressors that can cause sickness or serious discomfort to workers. –  An environmental stressor is any factor that can cause

enough discomfort to result in lost time or illness. •  Gases, fumes, vapors, dusts, mists, noise, and radiation.




OSH ACT AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE •  OSH Act requirements relating to industrial hygiene:

–  Warning labels & other means to make employees aware of potential hazards, symptoms of exposure, precautions, and emergency treatment.

–  Prescription of appropriate personal protective equipment and other technological preventive measures.

–  Tests to determine effect of stressors on employees. –  Accurate records of employee exposures to environmental

stressors required to be measured and or monitored. –  Accessibility of monitoring tests & measurements, and their

records to employees on request. –  Notification of employees exposed to stressors beyond the

recommended threshold and corrective action being taken.




OSHA Process Safety Standard •  Key elements of the Process Safety Standard

–  Coverage - Any company that uses the threshold amount of a chemical listed in the standard.

•  Or 10,000 lb or more of a flammable material at one site in one location.

–  Employee participation - Employees must be involved in all aspects of the process safety management program.

–  Process safety information (PSI) - Organizations must establish and maintain process safety information files.




OSHA Process Safety Standard •  Key elements of the Process Safety Standard

–  Process hazard analyses (PHAs) - for all processes covered by the standard.

•  To identify potential problems so that prompt corrective action or preventive measures can be taken.

–  Standard operating procedures (SOPs) - Written standard operating procedures for using chemicals safely.

•  Handling, processing, transporting, and storing chemicals.




OSHA Regulation for Chemical Spills •  Regulation for chemical spills, 29 CFR 1910.120,

is called the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard, or HAZWOPER.

•  Organizations have two options for responding: –  The first is to evacuate all employees in the event of a spill

and to call in professional emergency response personnel.

–  The second option is to respond internally.




HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE •  Environmental stressors on which industrial

hygiene focuses can be divided into the following categories: –  Chemical –  Physical –  Biological –  Ergonomic




HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE •  Typical chemical hazards include mists, vapors,

gases, dusts, and fumes. –  Inhaled or absorbed through the skin or both.

•  Physical hazards are noise, vibration, temperature extremes of temperature, and excessive radiation. –  Electromagnetic or ionizing.

•  Biological hazards come from molds, fungi, bacteria, and insects, via sewage, food waste, water, etc.

•  Ergonomic hazards relate to workplace design and condition.




Environmental Stressors •  Noise is sound that is unwanted or that exceeds

safe limits, and can cause problems ranging from annoyance to hearing loss. –  OSHA mandates that an employee’s exposure level be

limited to 90 decibels (dB) calculated as an eight-hour, time-weighted average.




Environmental Stressors •  Temperature control is the most basic way to

eliminate environmental hazards—people function efficiently in a very narrow body temperature range. –  Fluctuations in temperatures exceeding about 2 deg F

below, or 3 deg F above, normal temperature impair performance markedly.

•  If this five-degree range is exceeded, a health hazard exists.




Environmental Stressors •  Radiation hazards are increasingly prevalent in the

age of high technology. •  Five kinds of ionizing radiation:

–  Alpha, beta, X-ray, gamma, and neutron. •  The greatest risk for nonionizing radiation in the

modern workplace comes from lasers.




Environmental Stressors •  The now-famous outbreak of what has come to be

known as Legionnaire’s disease is an example of what can result from biological hazards. –  It first appeared at an American Legion convention, where

numerous participants became sick and soon died. •  The cause was eventually traced back to bacteria

that grew in the cooling/air-moving systems serving the convention center. –  That bacterium has since been named Legionnella.




Environmental Stressors •  Ergonomic hazards are conditions that require

unnatural postures and unnatural movement. –  The human body can endure limited amounts of unnatural

postures or motions, but repeated exposure to such conditions can lead to physical stress and injury.

– http://engineerphillip.blogspot.com/2008/09/issues-with-laptop-ergonomics.html




TOXIC SUBSTANCES DEFINED •  A toxic substance is one that has a negative effect

on the health of a person or animal. •  Toxic effects are a function of several factors

including the following: –  Properties of the substance and route of entry. –  Amount of the dose and level of exposure –  Resistance of the individual to the substance.

•  Response can vary widely and might be as little as a cough or mild respiratory irritation or as serious as unconsciousness and death




ENTRY POINTS FOR TOXIC AGENTS

The most common routes of entry into the body for toxic agents.




AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS

– The most common types of airborne contaminants.




EFFECTS OF AIRBORNE TOXICS – Airborne toxic substances are classified according to the type of effect they have on the body.

– Concentration and duration of exposure are critical concerns.




EFFECTS OF AIRBORNE TOXICS •  Irritants cause irritation to skin, eyes & inner lining

of the nose, mouth, throat, and upper respiratory tract—but produce no irreversible damage. –  A primary irritant exerts little systemic toxic action.

•  Either because the products formed on the tissues are nontoxic or because the irritant action is far in excess of any systemic toxic action.

–  A secondary irritant produces irritant action on mucous membranes, but is overshadowed by systemic effects resulting from absorption.




EFFECTS OF AIRBORNE TOXICS •  Asphyxiants—which may be simple or chemical

in nature—can disrupt breathing so severely that suffocation results. –  A simple asphyxiant is an inert gas that dilutes oxygen

in the air to the point that the body cannot take in enough air to satisfy its needs for oxygen.

•  Carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, etc. –  Chemical asphyxiants interfere with passage of oxygen

into the blood or the movement of oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.

•  Carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide.




EFFECTS OF AIRBORNE TOXICS •  Carefully controlled dosages of Narcotics and

anesthetics can inhibit normal operation of the central nervous system with no serious, irreversible effects—valuable in a medical setting. –  If the concentration of the dose is too high, narcotics and

anesthetics can cause unconsciousness and even death. •  Widely used narcotics and anesthetics include acetone,

methyl-ethyl-ketone, acetylene hydrocarbons, ether, and chloroform.




EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS •  A carcinogen is any substance that can cause a

malignant tumor or a neoplastic growth. –  A neoplasm is cancerous tissue, or tissue that may

become cancerous. •  Other terms are tumorigen, oncogen, and blastomogen.

•  While medical researchers are not sure how certain chemicals cause cancer, a number of substances are known or strongly suspected, to be carcinogens. –  Coal tar, pitch, creosote & anthracene oils, soot/lamp

black, lignite, asphalt, bitumen waxes, paraffin oils. –  Arsenic, chromium, nickel compounds, beryllium, cobalt,

benzene, and various paints, dyes, tints, pesticides, and enamels.




ASBESTOS HAZARDS – Asbestos, once thought a miracle material because of many

useful characteristics, was widely used in commercial and industrial construction from 1900 to the mid-1970s




ASBESTOS - Removal and Containment •  When asbestos is found, safety/health

professionals are faced with the question of whether to remove it or contain it—involving the following factors: –  Is there evidence that the asbestos-containing material

(ACM) is deteriorating? –  What is the potential for future deterioration? –  Is there evidence of physical damage to the ACM? –  What is the potential for future damage? –  Is there evidence of water damage to the ACM, or

spoilage? –  What is the potential for future damage or spoilage?




ASBESTOS - Removal •  Recommended procedures for Asbestos

abatement—the removal of asbestos: –  The area in question must be completely enclosed in

walls of tough plastic. –  The enclosed area must be ventilated by high-efficiency

particle absolute (HEPA) filtered negative air machines. –  The ACM must be covered with a special liquid solution

to cut down on the release of asbestos fibers. –  ACM must be placed in leakproof containers for disposal.




ASBESTOS - Enclosure and Encapsulation •  Enclosure of an area containing ACMs involves

completely encapsulating the area in airtight walls, using the following recommended procedures: –  Use HEPA-filtered negative air machines in conjunction

with drills or any other tools that may penetrate or otherwise disturb ACMs;

•  Construct the enclosing walls of impact-resistant.

•  Encapsulation involves spraying the ACMs with a special sealant that binds them together, thereby preventing the release of fibers. –  The sealant hardens into a tough, impact-resistant skin,

and is generally used only on acoustical plaster and similar materials.




ASBESTOS - PPE for Asbestos Removal •  Clothing should be disposable and should cover all

parts of the body, and respirators should be: –  High-efficiency cartridge filter type (half-and fullface

types). –  Any powered-air purifying respirator. –  Any type C continuous-flow, supplied-air, pressure-

demand respirator, equipped with an auxiliary positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.




ASBESTOS - Medical Records and Examinations •  Employees who handle ACMs should undergo

periodic medical monitoring—including front/back chest X-rays at least 7” x 14”, with records kept current and maintained for at least 20 years. –  Available on request to current/past employees, health

care professionals, employee representatives, and OSHA.

•  Examinations should also test pulmonary function, including forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume at one second.




INDOOR AIR QUALITY/SICK-BUILDING SYNDROME

•  A “sick” building is one that makes people sick because it has become infested with mold, mildew, spores, and other airborne microorganisms. –  EPA estimates as many as 30% of buildings in the U.S.

have air quality problems. •  Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) can cause a variety

of health problems from temporary to long term. –  Allergic reactions, respiratory problems, eye irritation,

sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.




TOXIC MOLD AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY •  Toxic mold as an issue relating to IAQ is

complicated by at least two factors. –  There are thousands of types of molds—only a few toxic. –  Different people have different levels of sensitivity to

mold. •  In instances in which molds are toxic, they can

cause coughing, atypical asthma, nasal congestion, sinusitis, rhinitis, skin rashes, and fatigue. –  In severe cases, toxic molds can be deadly.




HAZARD RECOGNITION AND EVALUATION •  Hazard recognition procedures:

–  Determine exposure threshold for each hazardous substance, including airborne contaminants.

–  Determine exposure level of each hazardous substance. –  Determine which employees are exposed to each

hazardous material, how frequently, and for how long. –  Calculate Time Weighted Averages to the exposure

thresholds identified.




PREVENTION AND CONTROL •  Most prevention and control strategies can be

placed in one of the following four categories: –  Engineering controls –  Ventilation –  Personal protective equipment –  Administrative controls.




Engineering Controls •  The category of engineering controls includes

–  Replacing a toxic material with one less hazardous. –  Redesigning a process to make it less stressful. –  Reduce exposure to hazardous materials or conditions. –  Isolating a hazardous process to reduce the number of

people exposed to it.




Personal Protection from Hazards •  PPE imposes a barrier between the worker and the

hazard but does not reduce or eliminate the hazard. –  Typical equipment includes safety goggles, face shields,

gloves, boots, earmuffs, earplugs, full-body clothing, barrier creams, and respirators.

•  Occasionally, eyes or skin will be accidentally exposed to a contaminant, and it is critical to wash away or dilute the contaminant as quickly as possible.




Personal Protection from Hazards – Specially designed eyewash and emergency wash stations should be readily available & accessible

in any work setting where contaminants may be present.




Administrative Controls •  Administrative controls involve limiting the

exposure of employees to hazardous conditions. –  Rotating schedules, required breaks, work shifts, and

other schedule-oriented strategies.




NANOSCALE MATERIALS & INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE •  A development of industrial hygiene to confront

safety professionals in the years to come is how to prevent hazards in the workplace relating to toxic nanoscale materials. –  There no OSHA standard for nanoscale materials yet.

•  Regulatory agencies are still grappling with two key issues relating to nanoscale materials: –  Defining exposure limits –  Developing methods for accurately measuring

exposure




NANOSCALE MATERIALS & INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Relative size of Nanoscale Materials:

– Nanoscience is the study of matter at the scale of one-billionth of a meter. Image courtesy of the National Cancer Institute.




CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS •  A confined space is any area with limited means of

entry and exit, large enough for a person to fit into but is not designed for occupancy. –  Vaults, vats, silos, ship/train compartments, sewers,

tunnels, etc. •  Their potential to trap toxic and explosive vapors and

gases makes confined spaces hazardous.




CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS •  To ensure a confined space is safe, the following

questions should be asked and answered in the affirmative before allowing entry: –  Are access and exit equipment such as ladders and

steps in good working condition? –  Has the confined space been properly purged of the

toxic vapors and other toxic substances? –  Are lines that transport hazardous substances into or

through the confined space turned off & properly capped? –  Are all moving equipment and moving parts of equipment

in the confined space shut down and locked out?




CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS •  To ensure a confined space is safe, the following

questions should be asked and answered in the affirmative before allowing entry:

..continued…

–  Has proper ventilation (natural or mechanical) been provided?

–  Has the atmosphere inside the confined space been checked by appropriately sensitive detection devices?

–  Have provisions been made to monitor continually the atmosphere inside the confined space during work?




OSHA CONFINED SPACE STANDARD •  OSHA confined spaces standard 29 CFR

1910.146 mandates that an employee must have a written permit to enter a confined space.

•  A supervisor, a safety or health professional, or some other designated individual should: –  Shut down equipment/power. –  Test the atmosphere and ventilate the space. –  Have rescue personnel stand by, maintain

communication, and use a lifeline.




Rescue Preparation •  The time to think about getting injured employees

out of a confined space is well before they enter the space in the first place. –  With the right planning and training, employees can be

quickly and effectively rescued from confined spaces.

•  Planning should answer the following questions: –  What injuries/incidents may occur in a given space? –  What types of hazards may be present in the space? –  What precautions should be taken by rescue personnel

entering the space (lifelines, hoist, respirator)? –  How much maneuvering room is in the confined space? –  What if the victim needs first aid before he/she can be

moved?




CONFINED SPACE MANAGEMENT POLICY •  Organizations that expose workers to confined

spaces in their jobs should adopt a comprehensive confined space management policy, and cover at least the following areas of concern: –  Administrative controls. –  Training for all applicable personnel –  Permitting procedures –  Work-team requirements.

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