I. თემა: ტრანსპორტის განვითარების ზეგავლენა ტურიზმზე

შესავალი

mgzavrTa gadaadgilebis etapi erT-erTi mniSvnelovania turizmis organizaciis saqmeSi. am etapis dagegmva, organizacia da gaZRola, turoperatorebisa da gadamyvanTa erToblivi saqmianobaa. erTis mxriv, gadaadgileba daniSnulebis adgilamde miRwevis saSualebaa, sadac xor-cieldeba mogzaurobis ZiriTadi faza (dasveneba, garToba da sxva), xolo meore mxriv, TviTon gadayvana (gadaadgileba) aris mogzauroba, xolo zogjer gadaadgilebis saSualebebi (gemi, matarebeli) warmoadgenen RamisTevis adgilebs. gadayvanis saSualebebis mizania ara marto turistebisa da mogzaurTa transportireba da maTi bargis gadatana erTi adgilidan meoreSi, igi gamoiyeneba agreTve rogorc garTobis, sportis saSualeba, samuzeumo koleqciebis sagani, modelirebis da vaWrobis sagani. gadaadgilebis TiToeuli xerxi da satransporto saSualebebis gamoyenebis meTodi gamosadegia turistuli produqtisa da turebis formirebisaTvis maTi mimarTulebis, miznebisa da adgilmdebareobis gansasazRvrad da warmoadgens turistuli saqmianobis sagans.

სასწავლო კურსი dayofilia Tavebad gadaadgilebis calkeuli saxeebisa da xerxebis Sesabamisad da satransporto saSualebebis Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad. gadmocemulia satransporto saxeebis formirebis istoria, Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da turizmis miznebisaTvis

maTi gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi. მოიცავს gadayvanis yvela SesaZlo meTodi da saSualeba, romelic gamoiyeneba turistuli produqciis realizaciis procesSi.

mogzauroba es aris adamianTa gadaadgileba drosa da sivrceSi, xolo adamiani, romelic mogzaurobs miznebis, mimarTulebebisa da gamoyenebuli satransporto saSualebebisa da drois Sualedisagan damoukideblad, ewodeba mogzauri. mogzaurobis miznebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba mogzaurs vuwodoT: fexiTmosiarule, mxedari, velosipedisti, iaxtsmeni, mezRvauri, kosmonavti, biznesmeni, naturalisti da sxva.

mogzauroba da turizmi travel & tourism – ori damoukidebeli cnebaa, romelic aRwers adamianis saqmianobis gansazRvrul saxes, iqneba es dasveneba, pasiuri Tu aqtiuri garToba, sporti, garemomcveli bunebis Secnoba, vaWroba, mecniereba, mkurnaloba da sxva mravali.

calkeuli individumebis, jgufebis da mravali xalxisaTvis mogzauroba cxovrebis wesia, romelic dadgenilia saukuneebis win da gamowveulia sacxovrebeli adgilis klimaturi TaviseburebebiT da garemoebebiT. AseTebs miekuTvnebian magaliTad momTabare tomebi – belujebi, beduinebi, boSebi, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulni da sxva. momTabareebi Tavis saqonlis jogebTan erTad gadaadgildebian saZovrebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebiT, maT ver aCerebT saxelmwifo sazRvrebic ki; belunjebi mudmivad migrireben pakistanidan avRanistanSi da piriqiT, amasTan icvlian klimats da saqonlisaTvis saZovrebis mdgomareobas; zogierTi samuSaos saZebnelad aSS-s samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken miemarTeba, yovelwliurad aTasobiT sezonurad momuSave soflis meurneobis muSaki gadaadgildeba erTi adgilidan meoreze mosavlis asaRebad.

amrigad, mogzauroba es aris adamianTa gadaadgileba drosa da sivrceSi; xolo adamians, romelic mogzaurobs miznis, mimarTulebis, gadaadgilebis saSualebisa da drois Sualedisagan damoukideblad, mogzauri ewodeba.

samecniero-teqnikur progresamde XIX da XX saukuneebSi mogzauroba grZeldeboda wlebis da aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. Tanamedrove satransporto saSualebebi ki adamians saSualebas aZlevs gadalaxos giganturi manZilebi sakmaod swrafad. adamianma Semoufrina da imogzaura mTvareze. zebgeriT sahaero lainerebs SeuZlia turistebi ramdenime saaTSi gadaiyvanos romelime kontinentze. swrafmaval sazRvao katamaranebs SeuZliaT gadalaxon atlantikuri okeane or dRe-RameSi. swrafmavali sarkinigzo matareblebi moZraoben 350 km da meti saaTis siCqariT.

samecniero-teqnikuri progresis epoqis dasawyisSi gadayvanebis (gadaadgilebis) sferoSi daiwyo turizmis era Cveni planetis milionobiT macxovreblebisaTvis. Turizmma ganviTarebis

met aqtiurobas miaRwia XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mZlavri samgzavro sahaero lainerebis SeqmniT, romelsac SeuZlia ganaxorcielos masStaburi gadazidvebi okeaneebs Soris.

dReisaTvis turizmi gaxda masobrivi movlena da turistul mogzaurobaSi monawileTa raodenobam 2 mlrd-s aRwevs (WTO).

turistis mizania umokle droSi Cavides mogzaurobis adgilas Tu qveyanaSi da daasrulos es mogzauroba aRniSnul turistul centrsa Tu regionSi, amasTan, gadaadgilebis mTavari etapi minimizebuli unda iyos droSi. gamonaklisia iseTi turistuli programebi, sadac gadaadgileba aris turis nawili, radgan turisti cxovrobs da ikvebeba satransporto saSualebaSi (avtobusSi, rkinigzis vagonSi, komfortabelur sazRvao an samdinaro lainerebSi).

saerTaSoriso turistul marSrutebze gadayvanis etapi მოიცავს რამდენიმე სხვადასხვა პროცეს,

კერძოდ, mas Cveulebrivad Tansdevs sabaJo, sasazRvro, fiskaluri da sanitaruli formalobebi,

am etapze შიძლება ადგილი ქონდეს garkveul diskomforts, romelic dakavSirebulia bargis gadatanasTan, transportSi mouxerxebel jdomasTan; uCveulo pirobebi xSirad iwvevs garTulebebs frenisas, dajdomisas, ryevebisas da sxva Sedegebis gamo; es ki, uaryofiTad moqmedebs mgzavris janmrTelobaze. yovelive amis gamo turisti iswrafvis minimumamde daiyvanos gadaadgilebis dro gansazRvruli komfortisa da danaxarjebis adeqvaturobis Sesabamisad.

MmaSasadame mogzaurobasi gadayvanis etapi aucilebeli realobaa da Cveni mizania misi efeqturi xerxebiTa da meTodebiT gadawyveta.e.i.is rac momgebiani aRmCndeba, rogorc turististvis aseve turistuli biznesisTvis.

1. მგზავრთა გადაყვანა - turistuli produqtiს ერთ-ერთი ძირითადი შემადგენელი

. turistuli produqti aris is, risi SeTavazebac SeuZlia turistisaTvis turistul centrs mogzaurobis miznidan gamomdinare. turistuli produqti ZiriTadad efuZneba daniSnulebis adgilis – destinaciis turistul resursebs – bunebriv-klimatur, istoriul, socialur-kultu-rul, samecniero-teqnikur da sxvas, romelsac SeuZlia daakmayofilos turistis moTxovnilebani mogzaurobis procesSi. arsebulma resursebma turistuli xasiaTi rom SeiZinos, unda gvqondes codnis mowesrigebuli sistema da turizmis sferoSi momsaxurebis gawevis profesionalizmi. saWiroa agreTve turistuli industriis sawarmoTa sistema da sxva sazogadoebriv socialluri da politikur-ekonomikuri pirobebi, romelic gansazRvravs resursebis xelmisawvdomobas da sazogadoebisagan mis moTxovnas. CamoTvlili wyaroebi warmoqmnian urTierTobaTa mowesrigebul struqturas, romlebic urTierTdakavSirebulni arian da calke arsebobisas isini turistul produqts ar qmnian.

turisti moxmarebul turistul პროდუქტისთვის ixdis fuls, e.i. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs finansur nakadebs, maT Soris ucxouri Tu erovnuli valutis realur fulad masas. turistebis momsaxureba destinaciis adgilobrov mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs samuSao adgiliT, rac Tavis mxriv avsebs erovnul biujets.

amrigad, turistuli produqti es aris rTuli kompleqsi, romelic moicavs:

turistul momsaxurebas, romelsac ewevian turindustriis sawarmoebi;

samuSaos, romelic xels uwyobs da Tan sdevs momsaxurebis moxmarebas;

saqonels (produqcia). momsaxurebis, samuSaos da saqonlis yvela es kategoria SeiZleba CarTuli iqnas turis SemadgenlobaSi da gadaxdili iqnas turistis mier winaswar, agreTve SeiZleba daijavSnos da turistis mier gadaxdili iqnas adgilze. momsaxurebis, samuSaos da saqonlis mniSvnelovani nawili turistis mier SeiZleba SeZenil iqnes destinaciaSi damoukideblad, Tavis Sexedulebisa-mebr.

mivakuTvnoT Tu ara sawarmo tipur turistul Tu aratipurs, wydeba sakmaod martivad. sawarmo miekuTvneba tipur tursawarmos kategorias Tu igi esadageba turindustriis sawarmos gansazRvrebas da misi saqmianoba turistTa momsaxurebaSi Seadgens samuSaoTa mTeli moculobis aranakleb 60%-s. sxva monaTesave sawarmoebi emsaxurebian mosaxleobis sxva kategorias, maT Soris turistebsac da eqskursantebsac (10-12% samuSaoTa moculobisa). e.i. turistuli produqtis generaciaSi TiToeuli monawile qmnis Sesabamisi donis produqtis Tavis elements.

SeiZleba gamovyoT turistuli produqti:

turoperatoris, tursaagentos;

daniSnulebis adgilis;

turistuli regionis an qveynis. mag., qarTveli turisti konkretuli firmisgan SeiZens sagzurs sankt-peterburgis turze, gadaixdis mgzavrobis, ganTavsebis, kvebis da saeqskursio momsaxurebisaTvis, muzeumebSi, kinoSi, kazinoSi da a.S. SesvlisaTvis, magram sank-peterburgis ZiriTad RirsSesaniSnaobebs, misi arqi-teqturuli ansamblebis iersaxes, mdinareebs, arxebs, “TeTr Rameebs”, nevaze xidebis akecvas igi dainaxavs zogadad rogorc destinaciis produqts.

sxvadasxva donis turproduqtis generaciis procesSi monawileoben turistul centris sxvadasxva sawarmoebi da administracia. es Tezisi garkveulwilad xsnis turistuli produqtis ekonomikur arss da misi calkeuli elementebisa da movlenebis efeqtianobas. turistuli firma asrulebs mxolod destinaciamde turistis gamcileblisa da turproduqtis mxolod nawilis moxmarebis organizatoris rols.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom turistuli industria aris sxvadasxva sawarmoTa da mewarmeTa urTierTdamokidebuli sistema, romelic turistebs uzrunvelyofs yvela aucilebeli turistuli momsaxurebiT, saqonliTa da samuSaoTi. msoflioSi masobrivi turizmis intensiurma ganviTarebam Sesabamisad gamoiwvia turindustriis momijnave dargebis, mecnierebis, kulturis da ganaTlebis sistemis adeqvaturi ganviTareba. aqedan gamomdinare, turistuli industria warmoadgens satransporto saSualebebis, ganTavsebis, sazoga-doebrivi (masobrivi) kvebis, garTobis, sportuli, samkurnalo, religiur-sakulto, SemecnebiTi, saqmiani da sxva daniSnulebis organizaciebis, turoperaturuli da saagento saqmianobiT dakavebuli da aseve turistul-saeqskursio da gid-Tarjimnebis momsaxurebis momwodebeli organizaciebis erTobliobas. aucilebelia, rom yvela es organizacia harmoniulad avsebdes erTimeores da momxmareblisaTvis yvela saWiro momsaxurebas axorcielebdes raodenobrivi, xarisxobrivi da turizmis calkeuli momsaxurebis saxeebis mixedviT.

2.satransporto saSualebebis saxeebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi

gadayvanis sistema, turistebis qveiTi gadaadgilebis gamoklebiT, ganisazRvreba teqnikuri progresis doniT da moxmarebis safuZvelze stabilurad mimdinareobs misi formireba. gadayvanis sxvadasxva saSualebebi SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegnairad:

cxovelebis – spiloebi, aqlemebi, cxenebi, virebi, ZaRlebi;

gadaadgilebis saxmeleTo meqanikuri saSualebebi (velosipedi, manqana, avtobusi, rkinigza);

gadaadgilebis sahaero saSualebebi:

wylis transporti – navebi, tivebi, mdinaris, sazRvao wylis zeda da wyalqveSa xomaldebi; dRes, civilizebulma qveynebma ganaviTares Cqarosnuli matareblebi (siCqare 360 km. sT-Si), romlebic zogierTi mimarTulebiT garkveul konkurencias aviaciasac uweven. pirveli asi weli, turizmi ZiriTadad gadayvanis sarkinigzo da sazRvao saSualebebs emyareboda (mag., Tomas kuki).

XX saukunis Sua periodSi teqnikuri progresma SesaZlebeli gaxada sahaero gadayvanebi ganxorcielebuliyo Tanamedrove avialainerebiT, romlebic 300 mgzavrs itevs da damatebiTi gamarTvis gareSe axorcieleben 12 aTas km-s. zebgeriTma TviTmfrinavebma mkveTrad Seamcira manZili kontinentebs Soris.

Tu sahaero saSualebebi momxmareblebs 5 klasis momsaxurebas sTavazobs, msxvil sakruizo gemze momsaxurebis 14 klasia. klasebis mixedviT ranJireba analogiuria sarkinigzo vagonebisTvis, avtobusebisTvisa da sastumroebisTvisac.

satransporto saSualebebis saerTaSoriso standartuli klasifikacia

kategoriebi Tanrigebi -sahaero transporti 1. reisebi ganrigis mixedviT;

2. reisebi ganrigis gareSe; 3. sxva sahaero gadazidvebi.

-sawyalosno transporti 1. samgzavro xazebi da tivebi; 2. kruizebi; 3. sxva.

-saxmeleTo transporti 1. sarkinigzo transporti; 2. saerTaSoriso da saqalaqo avtobusebi, sxva sazogadoebrivi transporti; 3. kerZo avtomanqanebi 8 adamianis tevadobiT; 4. saavtomobilo saSualebebis gaqiravebiT; 5. saxmeleTo transportis sxva saSualebebi

cxrilSi aRniSnuli transportis saxeebi mocemulia Zalian SekumSulad. Tu TiToeul kategorias ufro farTod warmovadgenT, maSin:

sahaero transporti Sedgeba: - sahaero burTebisa da diriJablisagan, planerebisa da deltaplanerebisagan, paraSute-

bisagan; - vertmfrenebisagan; - mcire aviaciis tviTmfrinavebisagan, hidroTviTmfrinavebisagan, farTofiuzelaJisa da

zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavebisagan; - kosmosuri aparatebisagan.

samdinaro da sazRvao transporti moicavs: - tivebs da saniCbosno navebs; - ialqnian gemebs; - mcire flotis navebs da gemebs meqanikuri marTviT; - samdinaro da sazRvao gemebs; - gemebs sahaero baliSebze; - wyalqveSa navebs (gemebs).

mgzavrTa gadayvanis yvela saxes da qvesaxes aqvs maTi gamoyenebis mravali varianti da realizaciis teqnikuri saSualeba.

transportis TiToeul saxes gaaCnia Tavisi istoria, Camoyalibebis etapebi da ganviTarebis xerxebi, meTodebi, aparatebisa da saSualebebis konstruqciebi. gadaadgilebis saxe da saSualeba SeirCeva da gamoiyeneba aucileblobisa da racionalurobidan gamomdinare, gaiTvaliswineba garemo pirobebis Taviseburebebi, adgilis reliefi, klimaturi pirobebi, miznebi da daniSnuleba, siCqare da mgzavrTa tevadoba, agreTve momxmarebelTa gadaxdisunarianobis done.

amJamad turistebisa da mgzavrTa gadayvanebi msoflioSi mniSvnelovanwilad daaxloebulia da satransporto saxeebis mixedviT 40%-ze meti modis saavtomobilo transportze, 45%-mde – sahaero transportze, sarkinigzoze – 7% da sazRvao samdinaro transportze – 8%.

.სატრანსპორტო საშუალებების შერჩევა

normaluri adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri gadaadgilebisagan gansxvavebiT, yoveli mniSvnelovani gadaadgileba seriozuli moraluri da fizikuri datvirTvaa. es yvelasaTvis uCveuloa garda mosaxleobis im mcire jgufebisaTvis, romlebic keTilganwyobilni arian gada-yvanisa da gadaadgilebisadmi cxovrebis wesidan an saqmianobidan gamomdinare. aseT kategorias miekuTvnebian: komivoiaJerebi, satransporto sferos muSakebi - mZRolebi, pilotebi, bortgamcileblebi da sxva personali, romelic miekuTvneba c r e w -s kategorias.

gadaadgilebis SerCevisas turistisaTvis mTavaria:

mogzaurobis mTavari da Tanamdevi miznebi;

destinaciis mimarTuleba da adgilmdebareoba. alternatiuli variantis SerCevisas mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa:

sezonuroba;

daniSnulebis adgilas droulad miyvana (da ara satransporto saSualebis moZraobis siCqare);

komfortuloba, informatiuloba (fanjarasTan jdoma da yureba, rac mgzavrobasTan erTad informaciis miRebis saSualebas iZleva da sxva);

usafrTxoeba;

bargis arseboba;

momxmareblis gadaxdisunarianoba.

aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mogzauris fizikur mdgomareobas, mis asaks, SesaZleblobas, rom gadaitanos specifikuri datvirTva. rogorc wesi, yoveli mogzaurobisas gamoiyeneba gadaadgilebis sxvadasxva saxe, gansakuTrebiT, Soreul manZilze an adgilis rTuli reliefis pirobebSi, wylis sivrceebis gadalaxvisas, qalaqebSi gadaadgilebisas da sxva.

germaniaSi, gadaadgilebis saSualebebis SerCevisas, turistebisaTvis xelsayrelia Cqarosnuli rkinigziT gadaadgileba, vidre avtobusiT Cqarosnul avtomagistralze. avtobani xSirad gverdebze SemosazRvrulia 3-5 metris safariT da turisti garda am Robisa da oTx rigad moxmaure avtomanqanebisa da didi siCqarisa, verafers xedavs. Cqarosnuli matarebeli ki maT sTavazobs vagonSi simyudroves da metis danaxvis SesaZleblobas (miuxedavad supereqspresis didi siCqarisa – 250 km sT-Si).

gamoyenebuli satransporto saxeebidan შიძლება ბევრისთვის optimaluri varianti იყოს mogzauroba rkinigziT. mgzavri jdeba matarebelSi erTi romelime qalaqis centrSi da Cadis sxvagan isev qalaqis centrSi. rkinigzis sadgurebTanaa metrosadguri, tramvai, taqsi, romelic saSualebas iZleva swrafad mivides mgzavri daniSnulebis adgilas.

SeiZleba arCeul iqnas mogzauroba TviTmfrinaviT. bunebrivia, TviTmfrinavis moZraobis siCqare Seudareblad maRalia, magram aeroportidan daniSnulebis adgilas misvlamde kidev damatebiTi droa saWiro, Tanac unda gaviTvaliswinoT sacobebi gzaSi, agreTve aeroportebSi mgzavrTa Casxdoma-gadmosxdomis procedurebi da registraciaSi gatarebis dro, romelic ramdenime saaTs moicavs. mokle manZilze frenisas droSi mogeba minimaluria, magram Sor manZilze sahaero gadaadgilebaSi TviTmfrinavs metoqeobas vercerTi transporti ver uwevs.

analogiuri situacia warmoiqmneba mag., parizidan londonSi gadasaadgilebeli saSualebis SerCevisas. superCqarosnuli eqspresi Euro Star-i, romelic miemgzavreba la-manSis srutis evrogvirabiT, seriozul konkurencias uwevs sahaero gadayvanebs am marSrutze. amave dros mog-zaurobis dro rkinigziT matarebel Euro Star-iT Seadgens mxolod 3 saaTs.

mokle manZilze momgebiania gadaadgileba fexiT an velosipediT. 5-dan 500 km-is manZilze ufro racionaluria gamoyenebuli iqnas saavtomobilo saxis transporti, 30-dan 1500km-ze – sarkinigzo transporti, xolo aviacia ararentabeluria 500 km-ze nakleb manZilze.

gadazidvebis efeqtianobisa da drois gonivruli SerCevis efeqtianobaze Sefasebis msjelobisas daculi unda iqnas principi - `gaaCnia sad, rodis, ratom da ramdeni~. zogierT adgilebSi ar aris satransporto saSualebebis alternatiuli saxis arCevis saSualeba. imierpo-lareTis bevr adgilas gzebi ar arsebobs, sawylosno transportis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia yinulebis gamo, amitom gamoiyeneba an vertmfreni, an mcire aviacia, an adgilobrivi gadasaadgilebeli saSualebebi – irmebiT an ZaRlebiT, an Tu mdebareoba xels uwyobs – yvelgan-mavlebiT da sahaero baliSebis gamoyenebul satransporto saSualebebiT.

aSS-Si mZlavradaa ganviTarebuli avtomobiliT tvirTebis gadazidva da mgzavrTa gadayvana. es qveyana arsebiTad avtomobilis samSobloa da msoflios sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT ufro metad aris avtomatizirebuli. saSualod TiToeul ojaxze modis ori msubuqi avtomobili. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom aSS-Si Casulma emigrantebma Tavdapirvelad unda miiRon marTvis mowmoba, Semdeg unda eZebon samuSao. sul qveyanaSi 6 mln. km-i saavtomobilo gzaa, maTgan 67500 km-i miekuTvneba sagzatkecilo gzebis ganrigis mqone sagzao qsels, romelic mTavar qalaqebs aerTianebs. es aris or da oTxzoliani gzatkecilebi SesaniSnavi asfaltis safariT. am gzebis saSualebiT xdeba aSS-s yvela saavtomobilo gadazidvebis 20%. gzebis nawili, daaxloebiT 7500 km-i warmoadgens fasians. es gzebi kerZo kompaniebis kuTvnilebaa, romelic SesaniSnavadaa movlili. aRsaniSnavia, rom evropaSi Cqarosnuli gzebis 40%-mde fasiania.

evropaSi ganviTarebulia saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo transporti. safrangeTsa da germaniaSi sarkinigzo magistralebis maRali simWidrovea. sul germaniaSi 2500 keTilmowyobili sarkinigzo sadguria. germaniis rkinigzas yoveldRe gadahyavs 30 aTasi mgzavri. sarkinigzo qseli aerTianebs qveynis 50 qalaqs. Cqarosnuli matareblebis mniSvnelovani nawili Zalian komfortabeluria, vagonebi aRWurvilia kondicionerebiT, mgzavrTa moxerxebulobisaTvis vagonebs aqvT didi mimoxilviTi fanjrebi. gaTvaliswinebulia momsaxurebis ori klasi (pirveli da meore – ufro iafi).

aris qveynebi, sadac rkinigza saerTod araa. esenia: avRaneTi, belizi da sxva qveynebi. norvegias ukavia sivrce skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze, sanapiros gaswvriv mTiani reliefiTa da Rrma xevebiT, amitom qveyanaSi ganviTarebulia ZiriTadad sahaero mimosvla.

mgzavrTa da turistTa gadayvanis sistemaSi sxva mniSvnelovani faqtoria mosaxleobis mobiluroba, rac damokidebulia tradiciebze, Cvevebze da cxovrebis saxeze, mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianobaze da qveynisa Tu regionis politikur da ekonomikur situaciaze.

3. მომსახურება მგზავრთა გადაყვანის პროცესი

drois aqtiuri cvlilebis paralelurad, Cndeba turistuli produqtis generaciis axali meTodebi da xerxebi, romelic pasuxoben droisa da turistebis moTxovnilebebs da samecniero-teqnikuri progresis SesaZleblobebs. Cndeba aqamde ucnob teqnikur saSualebebsa da meTodebze dafuZnebuli momsaxurebis axali saxeebi, axali turistuli marSrutebi da turebi.

turistuli marSruti aris geografiulad gansazRvruli gza turistis Tu turistTa jgufis gadasaadgileblad. marSruti detalurad aRwers turistebis gadaadgilebas, iTvaliswinebs gadaadgilebis saSualebas, gzas, adgilobriv reliefs, qalaqebis gegmas, sasazRvro gadasasvlelebs da a.S. cnobilia turistuli marSrutebis uamravi varianti Casvlis adgilebSi turistTa gadayvanis organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. marSruti SeiZleba iyos xazobrivi, wriuli, radialuri gadaadgilebiT da destinaciis ZiriTad wertilSi dabrunebiT. Turistuli marSrutis sxvadasxva etapebze SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas gadaadgilebis sxvadasxva meTodebi da saSualebebi.

turi aris momsaxurebis kompleqsi (paketi), dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mogzaurobis mizniT, droiT da momsaxurebis gawevis TanmimdevrobiT, moculobiT da xarisxiT.

turis formireba, turoperatoris saqmianobis arsia. igi adgens da gegmavs turs, aformebs xelSekrulebebs (kontraqtebs) momsaxurebis uSualo SemsruleblebTan an sxva turoperatorebTan. turi, turoperatoris ZiriTadi produqtia, igi warmoadgens destinaciis turproduqtis momsaxurebis kompleqsis nawils. turproduqtis elementis nawili, romelic pirdapir araa Sesuli turSi, aRwerilia gzamkvlevebSi da sainformacio bukletebSi.

turoperatori axorcielebs Tavisi turproduqtis winwawevis saqmianobas, magram amave dros aucileblad iTvaliswinebs mTlianad destinaciis turistul produqts. mag., sazRvao kurortebis turebSi zRva da pliaJi ar Sedis turis SemadgenlobaSi, igi igulisxmeba rogorc turis farglebs gareT arsebuli, magram ivaraudeba, rom turisti gamoiyenebs mzes, pliaJis momsaxu-rebas, ibanavebs zRvaSi da a.S. turistuli paketis RirebulebaSi turproduqtis es resursuli elementi ar Sedis, magram mas SeuZlia gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdinos turis RirebulebiT maCvenebelze – magaliTad, sezonurobis, klimatis, xelmisawvdomobis YTvalsazrisiT.

turoperatoris aucilebel saqmianobaSi Sedis agreTve turebis sabiTumo gayidva da maTi organizaciuli Sesruleba. erTeuli turistuli momsaxurebisa da turebis sacalo gayidva Sedis tursaagentoebis funqciaSi.

saerTaSoriso turizmTan dakavSirebiT sxva kontinentze, regionSi, qveyanaSi mogzaurobisas, gamoiyeneba cneba Gateway – WiSkari. es aris satransporto kvanZi, ufro sworad, aeroporti, sazRvao porti, sakvanZo rkinigzis sadguri, romelTa saSualebiTac destinaciaSi xorcieldeba ZiriTadi Semsvleli da gamomsvleli turistuli nakadebi. didi britaneTisaTvis es aris lon-doni da misi sami aeroporti: hitrou,romelic evropaSi udidesia, gatviki, stenli. safrangeTSi es aris parizi da aeroporti orli, aSS-s aRmosavleT sanapiroze – niu-iorki, dasavleT sanapiroze – san-francisko da los-anjelesi.

turistuli momsaxureba moicavs: momavali momsaxurebis dajavSnas gadayvanis (transportirebis) da ganTavsebis CaTvliT, savizo dokumentebis gaformebas da sxva formalobebs, transfers Sexvedrebisas da gacilebisas, kvebas, eqskursiebs da atraqciebs (turistuli Cvenebis obieqtebi da garToba), samedicino momsaxurebas da dazRvevas, gid-Tarjimnebis momsaxurebas da momsaxurebis sxva saxeebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom yoveli turis momsaxurebaTa nusxa erTimeorisgan gansxvavdeba calkeuli programebidan gamomdinare. amasTan, momsaxurebis yoveli saxeoba kidev mraval Semadgenel elements moicavs.

turizmSi momsaxurebis paketi aucileblad unda moicavdes mgzavris gadayvanas da RamisTevas (ganTavseba). turizmis organizatorebi cdiloben momsaxurebis ZiriTadi paketi ufro mravalferovani gaxadon da amave dros SesTavazon damatebiTi momsaxureba. am dros aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas yvela erovnebis turistisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mentalitetisa da qcevis faqtorebi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom turisti mogzaurobis dros gacilebiT did Tanxas xarjavs, vidre Cveulebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi. saerTaSoriso statistikis mixedviT turistebi, sazRvargareT yofnisas, kviraSi saSualod 600 aSS dolars xarjaven.

მგზავრთა გადაყვანის etapebi

turistebis gadayvanis momsaxureba erTi qveynidan meoreSi, ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba. pirveli esaa transferi, e.i. turistebis gadayvana jgufis Sekrebis adgilidan ZiriTadi gadamyvanis terminalamde (sarkinigzo sadguri, aeroporti, samdinaro Tu sazRvao navsadguri) da daniSnulebis adgilidan sastumromde, kurortamde da a.S.

meore, gadayvanis ZiriTadi etapi gulisxmobs turistis gadayvanas Tavisi mudmivi sacxovreblidan daniSnulebis adgilas (sxva qveyanaSi, adgilas, kurortze an turistul centrSi).

gadayvanis etapis efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba teqnikuri progresiT. mag., orTqmavlis gamogonebam da XIX saukuneSi rkinigzis mSeneblobam kacobriobas ududesi stimuli misca.

transportis calkeuli saxeebisa da masiuri turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis rkinigzis saSualebiT pirvelad gaxda SesaZlebeli dabal fasad xalxis masiuri da swrafi gadaadgileba.

transferi, romelic ufro xSirad avtobusis an msubuqi avtomobilis saSualebiT xorcieldeba da iTvaliswinebs turistebis miyvanas ZiriTad gadamyvanamde, aeroportis terminalidan sastumromde da sxva operaciebs, romelic turistebis samSobloSi dabrunebas ukavSirdeba;

turistTa gadayvana daniSnulebis adgilidan Sor manZilze;

gadayvanebi avtobusebisa da sarkinigzo turebze iseTi marSrutiT, sadac gadayvanis etapi sakuTriv turis ZiriTad elementad gvevlineba, gadayvanis saSualeba ki xSirad Ramis gasaTev adgils warmoadgens (sakruizo marSrutebi);

gadayvana saeqskursio marSrutze, qalaqis farglebSi, Tematur parkebSi da a.S.;

satvirTo gadazidvebi Sopin-turebisaTvis.

saaTobrivi sartyeli da adgilobrivi dro. aqve gverds ver avuvliT im metad mniSvnelovan moments, rogoricaa saaTobrivi sartyeli da adgilobrivi dro, romelic satransporto reJimis srulyofisaTvis da turistuli marSrutis dasagegmad aucileblad gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas TiToeuli qveynis tursawarmos mier. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom mzis sistemisa da planetaruli wyobis Taviseburebebis gavleniT, dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo. amasTan, dedamiwis brunva RerZis irgvliv da mzesTan mimarTebaSi, planetis zedapirze iwvevs adgilobrivi drois cvlilebebs da dResa da Ramis cvlas. dedamiwis mTeli zedapiri pirobiTad dayofilia 24 saaTobriv sartyelad. TiToeuli saaTobrivi zonis sigane 15 gradusis xangrZlivobisaa. termini Universal time – UT, 1928w. SemoiRes astronomebma. drois es Skala - UT2 efuZneba grinviCis meridianidan mzis drois aTvlas. 1964w. aRniSnuli Skala aRiares da SemoiRes cneba Coordinated Universal Time – UTC. saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad nulovani meridiani zero meridian-i gadis q. grinviCze inglisSi (londonis gareubanSi). dros am saaTobriv sartyels uwodeben – grinviCis mixedviT saSualos. saaTobrivi sartyelebi mxolod pirobiTad gadian meridianebze. Realurad, qveynebi adgenen saaTobrivi sartyelis sazRvrebs administraciuli teritoriebis sazRvrebis adeqvaturad.

qveyanaTmcodneobis an turistul literaturaSi transportis moZraobis ganrigebSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT sxvadasxvanair terminebs adgilobrivi da standartuli drois gansasazRvrad. magaliTad:

- Atlantic Standard Time (New York) – standartuli atlanturi dro (niu-iorki, aSS); - Bering Daylight Time – saaTobrivi drois sartyeli meridianze, romelic gadis beringis sruteSi; - British Summer Time – britanuli zafxuli dro; - Central Winter Time – centraluri amerikuli zamTris dro da mravali sxva. saerTaSoriso turizmSi adgilobrivi dro local time Cveulebrivad miuTiTebs aTvlas grinviCidan. Adgilobrivi drois codna aucilebelia turis dasagegmad, destinaciaSi Camosvlis an iqidan wasvlis dros, turistebis aklimatizaciisaTvis drois sartyelis mniSvnelovani sxvaobis gamo. TviTmfrinavis (an sxva satransporto saSualebis) gafrenisa da Camofrenisas mieTiTeba adgilobrivi dro. did siZneleebs iwvevs drois aRricxva Soreul manZilze gadafrenisas. magaliTad, aziidan amerikaSi.

zogierT qveyanaSi SemoaqvT adgilobrivi standartuli drois regulireba saxelwodebiT: Daylight Saving Time – DST – eleqtroenergiis ekonomiis mizniT drois sezonuri gadaweva. evropis qvynebSi sezonuri drois gadaweva Cveulebrivad xdeba martSi da seqtemberSi erTi saaTiT. es aucileblad unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli turistuli marSrutis dagegmvisas, turistuli jgufis Casvlisa da gamgzavrebis drois sauwyeblad.

droSi sxvaoba gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas TariRis gansazRvrisTvisac ki. wynar okeaneSi 180 gradusze gadis meridiani, romlis mixedviTac miRebulia TariRis Secvlis saerTaSoriso

xazi – International Date Line. mogzaurebi, romlebic gadakveTen am meridians dasavleTis mimar-TulebiT westward, amateben erT kalendarul dRes; xolo mogzaurebi, romlebic miemarTebian aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT eastward, kargaven erT kalendarul dRes.

droiTi Sualedebisa da manZilis aRsaniSnavad gadamyvanTa terminologiis praqtikaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas Semdegi terminebi:

- Day – dRe, dRis dro, dRe-Rame. - About day – erTi dRis mere; - In day out – mTeli dRe; - Day off – gamosasvleli dRe; - All day – mTeli dRe; - Astronomical day or nautical day – astronomiuli dRo, romelic aRiricxeba dRis 12 saaTidan; - Before day – ganTiadamde; - Even days – luwi dReebi; - Mid week – kviris Sua (oTxSabaTi); - Midsummer – zafxulis Suaxani da sxva.

transportis roli turizmsa da qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi

bunebrivia, rom satransporto saSualebebisa da gadazidvebis ganviTareba did gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze. am dros aqtiurdeba sakomunikacio kavSirebi, warmoeba, meurneobis yvela dargis intensifikacia, iqmneba samuSao adgilebi, izrdeba safnanso saxsrebis multiplikaciis efeqtianoba da mosaxleobisa da turizmis ganviTarebis mobiluroba.

transports ukavia mniSvnelovani adgili turistuli produqtis SemadgenlobaSi da moaqvs didi Semosavali ToToeuli qveynisaTvis.

saqartveloSi 2018 wels turizmis seqtorSi damatebuli Rirebuleba ZiriTadad Seiqmna turistul kompaniebSi (+30.1%), saidanac yvelaze didi wili transportze modis (sahaero transportis zrda +43.8%, sxva transporti zrda +17.7%), kvebis saSualebebSi (+16.3%) da ganTavsebis saSualebebSi (+12.4%). TavisTavad, gzebis mWidro qselis Seqmna zrdis qveynebs Soris da TviT qveynis SigniTac ekonomikuri da komunikaciuri kavSirebis gafarToebis SesaZleblobas, xels uwyobs sagzao mSeneblobis industriis ganviTarebas da mis eqsploatacias, qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs. gzebi akavSireben qalqebsa da dasaxlebul punqtebs, zrdis regionebis marTvis operatiulobas, rac mniSvnelovania saxelmwifosaTvis, amaRlebs turistuli regionebisa da turobieqtebis xelmisawvdomobas, xels uwyobs turistuli nakadebis mozidvas regionsa Tu destinaciaSi. amasTan, gzebis Seqmnisas gaiTvaliswineba samxedro strategiuli, samoqalaqo dacvisa da ekonomikis miznebi.

gadaadgilebis ganxorcielebisas, transportis saxesTan damokidebulebaSi aqtiurdeba tranzitis roli (SesaZloa moklevadiani gaCerebebi, mocemuli qveynis kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare tranzitis Sesaxeb). gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad vlindeba tranzitis gavlena saavtomo-bilo gzebze, romelic gadis dasaxlebul punqtebze. Satranzito moZraobis intensifikaciasTan erTad izrdeba tranzitis mniSvneloba adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, esaa: sxvadasxva informaciis miReba, saqonlis yidva-gayidvis SesaZlebloba, gzispira industriis Seqmna (motele-bis, maRaziebis, kvebis punqtebis, momsaxurebis sadgurebis da sxv.). yvela erTad axdens samuSao adgilebis generirebas da fuladi saxsrebis mozidvas.

amave dros transportis teqnikuri saSualebebi TandaTanobiT viTardeba. gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba ukanaskneli ori aswleuli, romlis drosac:

gaizarda gadaadgilebis siCqare da Semcirda mogzaurobis dro;

gaizarda mgzavrTa gadayvanis usafrTxoeba;

amaRlda mogzaurobis komfortuloba;

Semovida momsaxureba klasebis mixedviT avtobusebze, rkinigziT, TviTmfrinavze, sawylosno transportze;

gaizarda satransporto erTeulze mgzavrTa tevadoba (avtobusSi 70 kacamde, rkinigzis matarebelSi – 1500 kacamde, TviTmfrinavSi – 300-500 kaci, sazRvao gemze – 2500-3500 kaci, samdinaro gemze – 300-500 kaci);

masobriobis zrdasTan erTad gaiafda gadayvanis Rirebuleba;

Seiqmna axali, maT Soris Cqarosnuli satransporto magistralebi.

garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, samoqalaqo aviaciis bevr TviTmfrinavs aqvs msgavsi prototipi, romelic gamoiyeneba samxedro miznebisaTvis. cnobili samgzavro TviTmfrinavi - Boeing-i es aris mZlavri bombadmSenis samoqalaqo varianti.

rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, mosaxleobis midrekileba da SesaZlebloba gadaadgilebisadmi mniSvnelovnadaa ganpirobebuli gadaxdisunarian moTxovnaze, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia mosaxleobis SemosavlebTan. rac ufro ukeTesad cxovrobs mosaxleoba, miT ufro meti SesaZleb-loba aqvs gadasaadgileblad.

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mdgomareoba da misi gadaxdisunarianoba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens :

masobrivi turizmis ganviTarebaze (daSorebul regionebSi);

mogzaurobis sixSiresa da Soreuli mogzaurobis zrdaze;

samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze – transportisa da sagzao qselebis sistemaSi;

mosaxleobis mobilurobis zrdaze;

qalaqis mosaxleobis cxovrebis wesis Secvlaze (gadasaxleba qalaqgareT);

turizmis sferoSi aqtiurobis zrdaze – gamosaSveb dReebSi mogzaurobaze;

mosaxleobis xelmisawvdomobaze kulturul centrebTan da dedaqalaqebTan (istoriul-kulturuli resursebi, saqoneli, momsaxureba, ganaTleba, kultura).

roca transportis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT, unda aRvniSnoT is negatiuri movlenebic, romelic am dargis ganviTarebas Tan sdevs ekologiuri saSiSroebis TvalsazrisiT. garemosa da adamianis janmrTelobis dacva am mxriv prioritetuli unda iyos.

saqarTvelos qalaqebSi atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba gamowveulia Semdegi ZiriTadi mizezebiT:

avtosatransporto saSualebaTa udides nawils Seadgens smoZvelebuli manqanebi da ucxoe-Tidan importirebuli, amortizirebuli (saSualod 10-15 wlis) avtomobilebi, romelTagan mavne nivTierebaTa gamonabolqvebis done mravaljer aRemateba dasaSveb normebs. avtomobilTa umetesobas ar gaaCnia katalizuri gardamqmnelebi. bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi transportis Semcireba xels uwyobs kerZo avtotransportis mzard gamoyenebas, rac zrdis transportirebis erTeulze (kaci/km, t/km) gamonabolqvis dones;

avtosatransporto saSualebebisaTvis gamoiyeneba dabali xarisxis sawvavi, rac iwvevs mavne nivTierebaTa maRali koncentraciiT emisias;

gzebis dabali xarisxi da satransporto sacobebi xels uwyobs mavne gamonabolqvebis zrdas;

saqarTvelo satranzito qveyanaa. saxmeleTo gzebi gamoiyeneba gadazidvebisaTvis CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken da aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken. amasTan am gzebis umravlesoba qalaqebSi gadis, rac kidev ufro auaresebs atmosferuli haeris xarisxs;

satransporto saSualebebidan gamonabolqvebze kontrolis sistema cudad aris ganviTarebuli da sustia saxelmwifo kontroli;

თემა II. საჰაერო ტრანსპორტი

საჰაერო ტრანსპორტის სახეები;

საჰაერო ფრენათა უფლებრივი ასპექტები და რეგულირება;

მგზავრთა და ტურისტთა საჰაერო მომსახურება;

ტრანზიტი, ჩარტერი და მგზავრთა გადაყვანის კომპლექსური მომსახურება;

მგზავრთა მომსახურება თვითმფრინავის ბორტზე;

აეროპორტების მომსახურეობები;

1. sahaero transportis saxeebi და მათი განვითარების ისტორია

mgzavrTa sahaero gadazidvebis cnobil saSualebebidan, ganvixiloT isini, romlebic dakavSirebulia turizmTan da mogzaurTa gadayvanasTan. esenia: sahaero burTebi da diriJablebi, paraSuti da deltaplani, vertmfrenebi da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad gankuTvnili, yvela saxis TviTmfrinavi. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

sahaero burTebi da diriJablebi pirveli sahaero burTi Seqmnes Zmebma mongolfebma 1783 wels safrangeTSi. amave wels moxda adamianebis pirveli gafrena sahaero burTiT.

TandaTanobiT ZneladsamarTavi sahaero burTebi, rekonstruirebul iqna da ase Seiqmna – diriJabli, marTvis rTuli sistemiT.

diriJablebis genialuri konstruqtori gaxldaT ferdinand cepelini. romelmac diriJablze muSaoba daiwyo 1871 wels. mis mier Seqmnil xomaldebs cepelinebi ewodeboda. es diriJablebi saaTSi 130 km siCqariT moZraobdnen. yvelaze didi xomaldis sigrZe 245 m, xolo sigane (diametri) 41 m iyo. mas sigaris forma hqonda, SeeZlo gadaeyvana 50 mgzavri, ekipaJianad – 60 adamiani, gadaetana tvirTi – 215 tonamde. 1910 wels cepelinma daaarsa kompania, romelmac 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi sahaero xomaldebiT 14 aTasze meti mgzavri gadaiyvana. am xomaldebma dafares 161 aTasi km sivrce avariis gareSe.

1919 wels diriJablma pirvelad gadalaxa atlantis okeane, xolo 1929 wels diriJabliT ,,grafi cepelini" ganxorcielda umagaliTo mogzauroba (gadafrena), dedamiwis garSemo. gadawyda regularuli reisebis gaSveba diriJablebiT evropidan – amerikamde, atlantis okeaneze gadafreniT. magram Zalian xSiri iyo avariebi. mag., 1937 wels aSS-Si diriJabli Hindenburg–i afeTqda aerodromze. 97 mgzavridan daiRupa 35, daiRupa TviTon konstruqtoric. 1935 wlidan didi diriJablebi ukve aRar Sendeboda, magram muSaoba mis srulyofilebaze, dResac grZeldeba.

planeri, deltaplani, paraSuti idea, miebaZa CitebisTvis da frTebis saSualebiT gadaadgilebuliyo sahaero sivrceSi, adamians uZvelesi droidan aRelvebda.

albatrosma, romelic saaTobiT moZraobs haerSi, ubiZga mezRvaur Jan maria le briss (Jean

Marie Le Bris) Seeqmna safreni aparatis modeli (Citis msgavsi).

haeris gvelis sawyisi konstruqcia cnobili iyo CineTSi, igi dRemde erovnul gasarTob saSualebad gvevlineba. magram sahaero aparatis Seqmna, romelic adamians gadaiyvanda haerSi motoris gareSe, Seiqmna mxolod XIX saukunis bolos.

Tavidan Seiqmna safreni aparatis planeris konstruqcia – glider-i. igi iyo aerodinamiurad srulyofili, haerSi moZraobda haeris nakadis Zalis daxmarebiT da uxmod moZraobda haerSi saaTobiT.

planerizmis pioneri iyo germaneli oto lilientali (otto Lilienthal) – (1848-96w.). man ZmasTan gustavTan erTad 1867 wels daiwyo muSaoba, Seeqmna safreni aparati. 1991 wels Seiqmna pirveli planeri. daaxloebiT amave dros jon mongomerim (aSS), aago planeri, romelsac sahaero burTidan uSvebda safrenad. mogvianebiT 1896 wels amerikelma gamomgonebelma oqtav Canutim (Octave Chanute) Seqmna msubuqi da gamZle marTvadi planeri. misi konstruqcia warmatebuli gamodga, man Seasrula 2000 gafrena avariis gareSe. Semdeg xdeboda gamomgoneblebis mier planeris srulyofa misi frTebisa da kudis regulirebis xarjze. bolos planerma miiRo CvenTvis dRes cnobili TviTmfri-navis forma.

1935 wlidan dRemde samecniero aparaturiT aRWurvil planerebs farTod iyeneben aeronavigaciisa da meteorologiuri miznebisaTvis.

uxmo planerebs iyenebdnen meore msoflio omis drosac patara sadazvervo jgufebisa da desantis gadasayvanad.

omis Semdeg Seiqmna planerebisaTvis aerodinamiurad srulyofili formebi. 1-2 adgilian planerebs iyeneben sportuli Sejibrebebisa da garTobisaTvis. frenis maqsimaluri distanciaa 700-1000 km orive mxares frenisas.

yuradRebis gareSe ver davtovebT im faqts, rom mimdinare wels saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirvelad Sedga siTburi aerostatiT Tavisufali gadafrena TbilisSi. am gadafreniT gaixsna regularuli turistuli sahaero mogzauroba Cvens dedaqalaqSi.

gadafrenis organizatorebi arian aviakompania “pirveli haernaosnobis klubi” da kompania ” Toyota Caucasus” – am movlenis mosamzadeblad dedaqalaqis caSi frenisaTvis saWiro iyo pilotebis momzadeba, specialuri sanavigacio da radio aRWurviloba da rasakvirvelia, xelisuflebis organoebis nebarTva.

am frenis ganxorcielebiT saqarTvelo SeuerTdeba im evropuli qveynebis Tanamegobrobas, romelsac aqvs ganviTarebuli turistuli industria da romlis dedaqalaqebSi nebadarTulia aerostatebiT frena.

sahaero buStiT turistuli frena msoflios erT-erTi ulamazesi qalaqis – Tbilisis caze ara marto axali RirsSesaniSnaobaa, aramed Cvens qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebis, misi saerTaSoriso prestiJis zrdis da mSvidobiani iersaxis Camoyalibebis damatebiTi impulsicaa.

paraSuti aris mowyobiloba mkvrivi naWrisagan, romelic haerSi qolgis msgavsad iSleba. gamoiyeneba nivTis an adamianis Senelebulad dasaSvebad miwaze. is gamoigones dazianebuli safreni aparatebidan adamianebis gadarCenis mizniT. am mizniT igi dRemde gamoyeneba, ar gamo-iyeneba mxolod samoqalaqo aviaciaSi.

deltaplani XX saukunis bolos Seiqmna da swafad gaxda popularuli. igi Sedgeba deltas formis (10-15 m) mkvrivi naWris msubuqi frTebisagan, romelic gadaWimulia aluminis milebis karkasze. piloti trosiT hkidia frTebs Sua qvemoT, mas SeuZlia areguliros frTebi, agreTve Semxvedri haerisa da sakuTari sxeulis moZraobis saSualebiT daaregulirebs frenis mimarTuleba.

vertmfreni TviTmfrinavisagan gansxvavebiT, vertmfrens ara aqvs frTebi. vertmfrens SeuZlia gadaiyvanos mgzavrebi, an gadazidos tvirTi. samgzavro vertmfrenebi 3 kategoriad iyofa. pirvels SeuZlia gadaiyvanos 2-5 mgzavri, meores – 5-12 mgzavri, mesame kategorias gadahyavs 12-40 mgzavramde, romelic gamoiyeneba komerciul gadazidvebSi. pirveli vertmfreni frangebma lainoum da benvenim Seqmnes 1784 wels. es iyo Tanamedrove vertmfrenis prototipi. 1843 w. ingliselma keileim Seqmna pirveli orTqlis vertmfreni, magram konstruqcia iseTi uzarmazari da mZime iyo, igi miwidan mxolod 1 m simaRleze SeeZlo aweuliyo.

1907 wels frangma pol kornma Seqmna vertmfreni, romelic iweoda haerSi da ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi ekida miwis zeviT, magram misi moZraoba SeuZlebeli iyo. gamocdis dros, vertmfrens bagirebiT abamdnen miwaze.

1911 wels avstrielebma Seqmnes aparatis axali konstruqcia, mas pilotis gareSe SeeZlo aweuliyo miwidan 200 m simaRleze, sadac 1 sT Cerdeboda. magram es aparatic bagirebiT iyo mibmuli miwaze.

vertmfrenis konstruqciis srulyofisaTvis intensiurad muSaobdnen mraval qveyanaSi. mxolod 1938 wels Seiqmna vertmfreni, romelmac 3000 m. simaRles miaRwia da asrulebda erT saaTian frenas pilotiT.

vertmfrenebis mSenebloba aqtiurad ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg. Seiqmna ramdenime warmatebuli konstruqcia, maT Soris yvelaze mZlavri vertmfreni – МИ-26, romelsac SeuZlia 40 tona tvirTis aweva.

dRes vertmfrenebi gamoiCevian maRali saimedoobiT, aqvT unari didxans dahyon haerSi, gamoiyenebian rTul meteorologiur pirobebSi safrenad.

vertmfrenis siCqarem miaRwia 200-220 km/sT. frenis maZilis sidide damokidebulia sawvavi avzebis tevadobaze.

1982 wels vertmfreniT ganxorcielda mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo, romelsac 29 dRe da 3 saaTi dasWirda. frenis siCqare saSualod 55 km/sT iyo.

vertmfrens mravali miznisaTvis iyeneben. igi mravalmiznobrivi manqanaa. konstruqciis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, igi aris: kompaqturi, aqvs vertikalurad afrenisa da dajdomis unari, misTvis specialuri aerodromis dasajdomi moednebi ar aris saWiro, SeuZlia mgzavrTa da tvirTis gadayvana-gadazidva Zneladmisadgom raionebSi. didi saimedooba gansazRvravs misi gamoyenebis farTo speqtrs, rogorc samxedro, aseve samoqalaqo miznebisaTvis. vertmfreni efeqturad gamoiyeneba: samxedro moqmedebebisas, patrulirebisas, miwaze da wyalze samaSvelo operaciebisas, medpersonalis, avadmyofebisa da daWrilebis operatiuli gadayvanisaTvis.

erovnul meurneobaSi, igi gamoiyeneba xalxis da tvirTis gadasazidad, rodesac sxva saxis sagzao mimosvla ar arsebobs.

farTod gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, sagzao da saxanZro patrulirebisas. gamoiyeneba adgilebisa da obieqtivebis fotogadaRebisaTvis, kinogadaRebisaTvis – kinostudiebSi. agreTve farTod da efeqtianad gamoiyeneba turistTa gadayvanis saqmeSi.

TviTmfrinavebi mgzavrTa gadamyvani TviTmfrinavebi iyofa Zravis tipis mixedviT, esenia: xraxniani, turboxraxniani, turboventilaciiT, turboreaqtiuli.

xolo TviTmfrinavebi tevadobis, asafren-dasajdomi maxasiaTeblebiT da safreni manZilis siSoriT gvxvdeba:

adgilobrivi aviacia, gruntian da Tovlian safren bilikebze dasajdomad.

Soreuli da zeSoreuli aviacia.

hidroTviTmfrinavebi. TviTmfrinavebis mTavari kriteriumi, maTi usafrTxoeba da saimedoobaa. isini eqspluataciaSi avariebis gareSe imyofebian 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi,. tvirTmzidaoba – 100 tonamdea. mgzavrTa tevadoba 560 adamianamde. frenis manZili, sruli datvirTvis dros, sawvavis Camatebis gareSe 12000 km-mdea, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania transokeanuri gadafrenebisas. sxva kriteriumad iTvleba asafren-dasajdomi bilikebis sigrZe. Seqmnilia TviTmfrinavebi, romelTac asafrenad Zalian mokle asafreni biliki sWirdebaT, agreTve TviTmfrinavebi vertikalurad afrena-dajdomis unariT. aris giganturi avialainerebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT afrena da dajdoma gruntian safren bilikze. aseTs ganekuTvneba samxedro-satransporto TviTmfrinavebi romlebic samgzavro gadazidvebisaTvis ar gamoiyeneba.

zebgeriTi samgzavro TviTmfrinavebi

Concorde - konkordi – msoflioSi erTaderTi zebgeriTi samgzavro reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavia SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT (SST). igi Seiqmna anglo-safrangeTis konsorciumis mier, specialurad samoqalaqo aviaciisaTvis. TviTmfrinavs aqvs berZnuli aso deltas magvari aerodinamikuri forma da aRWurvilia oTxi ZraviT. es uZlieresi Zravebi specialurad am proeqtisaTvis daamzada firmam Bristol Siddelay (Roll-Royce) da SNECMA–m (safrangeTi). TviTmfrinavi moZraobs 2125 km/sT siCqariT, rac orjer metia bgeris siCqareze. bargis raodenoba (simZime) mkacrad limitirebulia (ara umetes 20 kg).

2000 wlamde eqspluataciaSi Sevida sul 13 am tipis manqana. frenaTa programa mTlianad xorcieldeboda didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis saxelmwifo finansuri mxardaWeris safuZvelze.

pirveli frena ganxorcielda 1969 wlis martSi, xolo 1976 wlidan dadginda regularuli reisebi atlantikaze gadafreniT. amas mohyva xangrZlivi konkurenciuli brZola. mag., aSS cdilobda aekrZala frenebi ekologiuri mosazrebiT, mizezi didi xmauri iyo. dRes yvela uTanxmoeba regulirebulia da frenebi atlantikaze xorcieldeba regularulad.

erT-erTi zebgeriTi TviTmfrinavi ,,konkordi" – firma Good Travel – gamoiyeneboda mdidari klientebis Carteruli reisebiT momsaxurebaSi. maTTvis SemuSavebuli iyo unikaluri wliuri programa msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mogzaurobisaTvis (amJamad “konkordi” moxsnilia eqsploataciidan). ,,konkordis" anglo-franguli proeqtis Seqmnamde erTi wliT adre, ssrk-Si 1968 wels Seiqmna amave klasis TviTmfrinavi ТУ-144. TviTmfrinavma warmatebiT gaiara yvela gamocda da garkveuli droiT eqspluataciaSi iyo moskovi-alma-ata-s xazze. igi siswrafiT aRemateboda ,,konkords", frenis masimaluri siCqare iyo 2587 km/sT. magram ori katastrofis Semdeg es TviTmfrinavi moixsna eqspluataciidan. erTi katastrofa moxda safrangeTSi 1973 w, saaviacio Souze. dRes igi samuzeumo eqsponatia. proeqtze muSaoba Sewyda, mTavari mizezi iyo is, rom samamulo, adgilobrivi mgzavrebisaTvis am klasis TviTmfrinavis bileTis fasi xelmiuwvdomeli iyo.

2000 wlis ivlisSi Air France–is erT-erTma TviTmfrinavma ganicada avaria, igi afeTqda afrenisas. mas unda ganexorcielebina transatlantikuri gadafrena aSSi da gadahyavda 100 turisti.

es iyo ,,konkordis" pirveli katastrofa, 25 wlis eqspluataciis manZilze. SemdegSi am lainerebis sistemis usafrTxoebis damuSavebaze daixarja 2,5 mlrd dolari.

aerobusi aerobusi – farTofiuzelaJiani (TviTmfrinavis korpusi – frang.) samgzavro TviTmfrinavia, rogorc wesi or iarusiania da gaTvaliswinebulia mgzavrTa didi raodenobis gadasayvanad (380 adamianamde). yvelaze gavrcelebuli variantia A-300. es TviTmfrinavi Seqmna kompania AirBus Industrie–m. pirvelad igi warmodgenili iyo saaviacio salonSi – q.burJe (safrangeTi) 1969 wels. saerTa-Soriso konsorciumi uSvebs samgzavro lainerebis farTo speqtrs (107 adgilidan 380-mde). korporaciis produqcia ikavebs msoflio bazris 26%-s. koncernis warmoebebsa da ofisebSi dakavebulia 37 aTasi adamiani. dRes koncerni 25-mde msxvil lainers uSvebs (amzadebs) TveSi.

Mimdinareobs samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi lainerebis usafrTxoebis daxvewaze, sawvavis nakleb danaxarjebze, xmauris Semcirebaze, komfortis gaumjobesebaze. praqtikaSia 800-1000 mgzavrisaTvis aerobusebis Seqmna.

aerobusebis kategorias ekuTvnis TviTmfrinavi Boeing 747, romelic yvelaze didi samgzavro TviTmfrinavia msoflioSi. es laineri iseTi STambeWdavi zomebisaa, rom mas moixsenieben zedmeti saxeliT – “jambo” (yvelaze didi spilo). es sahaero giganti, eqspluataciaSi 1989 wels Sevida, kompania – Nord-West Airlines (aSS). frTebis sigrZe – 64,9 m. frenis siSore (sigrZe) – 13340 km. Boeing 747 iRebs bortze 566 mgzavrs.

hidroTviTmfrinavebi – es aris mfrinavi navi, aRWurvilia wyalgaumtari korpusiT da tivtivebiT frTebze, romelic wylis zedapiridan afrenisa da wyalze dajdomis saSualebas aZlevs. farTod gamoiyeneba turistebis gadasayvanad patara tropikul kunZulebze, agreTve tbebze. rogorc wesi, hidroTviTmfrinavi mcire zomis xraxniani konstruqciaa, magram gvaqvs magaliTebi hidroTviTmfrinavebisa turboreqtiuli ZraviT.

TviTmfrinavebis specialuri tipebi CrdiloeTis ganedebSi, gruntiani aerodromebis mSenebloba da Senaxva, garTulebulia, amitom iyeneben Tovlis datkepnil (gamagrebul) asafren bilikebs. TviTmfrinavebs gankuTvnils Tovliani aerodromebisTvis, Tvlebis magivrad aqvT specialuri Txilamurebi. ZiriTadad esenia adgilobrivi aviaciis TviTmfrinavebi.

msubuqi TviTmfrinavebi baby plane. ufro xSirad xraxniani motoriT, mono an biplanebi, 1-dan 10 adamianamde tevadobiT. maT iyeneben adgilobrivi, soflis meurneobis, safosto, sportuli da kerZo aviaciisaTvis.

aerodromebi da eroportebi

aerodromi – es aris sainJinro mowyobilobaTa kompleqsi da Senobebi, romlebic emsaxureba TviTmfrinavis afrenasa da dajdomas.

aerodromis mTavari mowyobilobaa asafreni bilikebi, agreTve teritoria manevrirebisaTvis da TviTmfrinavebis sadgomebi.

asafreni bilikebi aRWurvilia navigaciis eleqtronuli saSualebebiT. Tanamedrove aerodromebze, saTanadod aRWurvili laineri, SeiZleba davsvaT avtomaturi reJimiT, pilotis monawileobis gareSe.

aerodromisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs asafreni bilikis sigrZes. Tanamedrove aeroportebSi, asafreni bilikis sigrZe aRwevs 4 km-s, rac aucilebelia didi lainerebis asafrenad da dasajdomad.

TviTmfrinavebis manevrirebisaTvis, damatebiT aris paraleluri bilikebi, raTa igi moemzados asafrenad, an mivides terminalamde. asafreni bilikis samsaxurebi, gansazRvraven aeroportis gamtarunarianobas.

aeroporti – aris mowyobilobaTa kompleqsi, Senobebi gaTvaliswinebuli sahaero xomaldebis (lainerebis mirebisa da gamgzavrebis momsaxurebisaTvis, mas kompleqsSi aqvs, aerodromi, aerosadguri, lainerebis teqnikuri momsaxurebisaTvis saWiro saxmeleTo mowyobilobebi.

Sida aeroporti – emsaxureba mgzavrebis Sida gadayvanebs, Sida reisebs. saerTaSoriso aeroporti – emsaxureba saerTaSoriso frenebs (reisebs).

aeroportebis samsaxurSi Sedis: mgzavrTa gadayvanis momsaxureba, tvirTisa da fostis gadazidva, frenaTa regularuli da usafrTxo momsaxurebis uzrinvelyofa, meteorologiuri dakvirvebebi, kavSirisa da signalizaciis saSualebaTa saTanado samuSaoebi. xorcieldeba

lainerebis (TviTmfrinavebis) teqnikuri daTvaliereba, momsaxureba da maTi sawvaviT uzrunvelyofa. aqvea tualetebisa da nagvis (gadayra) samsaxurebi.

mniSvnelovani operaciaa yvela reisze, kompaqturi sakvebis drouli miwodeba, aeroportSi mobilizebulia mgzavrTa da maTi bagaJis registraciis samsaxurebi, bargis, tvirTisa da fostis Senaxvis samsaxurebi.

msoflios udides aeroportebs miekuTvneba “o’ hara int”, emsaxureba weliwadSi TiTqmis 60 mln mgzavrs (Cikago, aSS); “parsfild atlanta int”- 48 mln-s (atlanta, aSS); “los-anJelesi”- 45 mln-s (los-anJelesi, aSS); “hitrou”-35 mln-s (londoni, didi britaneTi); “jon kenedi int” – 31 mln-s (niu-iorki, aSS); “tokio int” – 30 mln-s (tokio, iaponia); “san-francisko int” -30 mln-s (san-francisko, aSS) da sxvebi.

turistul gadayvanaTa umetesoba xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso da erovnuli aviakompaniebis mier, romelTac aqvT Sesabamisi saxelwodeba – kodebi. mag., zogierTi msxvili saerTaSoriso aviakompaniebia: AA – American Airlines; DL – Delta Airlines(aSS-Si); AF – Air France; BA – British Airlways da sxva.

aeroporti iRebs da emsaxureba sxvadasxva aviakompaniebis sahaero xomaldebs, axorcielebs teqnikur uzrunvelyofas: – momaragebas, teqnikur profilaqtikas da remonts. samsaxurebi miwaze, axorcieleben kontrols, sahaero frenaTa regulirebasa da mgzavrTa gacilebas.

gadafrenebi, mgzavrTa gadazidvis mizniT, xorcieldeba mtkice ganrigis mixedviT (wliuri an sezonuri). es aris regularuli frenebi ganrigis mixedviT, an uganrigo reisebi SekveTiT – Carteruli gadazidvebi.

regularuli reisebis sixSire, damokidebulia mgzavrTa nakadze ama Tu im mimarTulebiT. aris yoveldRiuri reisebi, reisebi kviraSi erTxel, an reisebi, ramdenjerme dReSi. mgzavrTa nakadis mkveTri zrdis SemTxvevaSi, iniSneba damatebiTi reisebi konkretuli mimarTulebiT.

ansxvaveben agreTve dRisa da Ramis reisebs. dRis reisebi, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mokle manZilebze xorcieldeba, xolo Ramis reisebi xorcieldeba Soreuli transokeanuri gadafrenebisas.

pirdapiri marSrutebi da marSrutebi SepirapirebiT. pirdapiri marSruti – es aris gadafrena erTi wertilidan meoreSi, erTi an ramdenime dajdomiT (sxvadasxva aeroportebSi) TviTmfrinavis Secvlis gareSe. amasTan teqnikuri mizezebis gamo gauTvaliswinebeli dajdoma, ar unda gaxdes mgzavris, an turistis pretenziebis sababi.

SeuTanxmebeli aviamarSrutebi (reisi SepirapirebiT) – es aris mgzavrobis elementi, romelic iTvaliswinebs mgzavrebis gadasxdomas erTi TviTmfrinavidan meoreSi. magaliTad, gadasxdoma sxva aviaxazze an gadasxdoma adgilobrividan saerTaSoriso aviaxazebze.

kompaniebi, dainteresebulni arian daxarjon rac SeiZleba naklebi dro Sepirapirebuli reisebis organizaciisas. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba specialuri (safirmo), swrafi saavtobuso reisebi, swrafi matareblebis reisebis ki - sxva aerodromze mgzavrTa transferisTvis. Tu dros intervali didia (1 dRe-Rameze meti), maSin aviakompaniebi sTavazoben mgzavrebs dasamaxsovrebel turistul serviss (transferi, dasveneba, kveba, eqskursiebi da sxv.), es yvelaferi xSirad gadafrenis RirebulebaSi Sedis.

turistuli momsaxurebis sferoSi, aeroporti sTavazobs momsaxurebas rogorc mgzavrebs, aseve momsaxure personals, ekipaJis wevrebs, esenia: momsaxureba sakvebiT, TviTmfrinavis bortze, aseve mosacdel darbazebSic, avtomobilebis sadgomebi, ganTavsebis saSualebebiT (sastumro) uzrunvelyofa.

aeroportebis teritoriaze ganlagebulia maRaziebi, fosta, dacva, bankis ganyofilebebi, aviakompaniis warmomadgenloba da sxv. aqvea mgzavrTa gamgzavreba da CamosvlisTvis gankuTvnili didi aerovagzlebi, sastumroebi mgzavrebisa da bortpersonalisaTvis.

aerovagzali – es aris mosacdeli darbazebi, mgzavrTa da bagaJis registracia da gagzavna, teqnikuri da momsaxurebebis sxva rTuli kompleqsi.

saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi iqvea ganlagebuli, sabaJo, sanitaruli da sasazRvro samsaxurebi, salaroebis darbazebi, administracia, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, maRaziebi, restorani, bari, bargis Sesanaxi kamerebi. gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri darbazebi SemxvedrTaTvis.

aeroportebi da terminalebi aRWurvilia audio da video – sainformacio samsaxurebiT, mgzavrTa transferis racionaluri organizaciisaTvis. aeroportis terminalebTan kavSirSia saavtomobilo magistralebi, rkinigza, xandaxan metroc ki. mag., aeroporti Heathrow– didi brita-neTi.

2. საჰაერო ტრანსპორტით mgzavrTa momsaxurebis Taviseburebani

sahaero gadazidva – es aris mgzavrebisa da maTi bagaJis, tvirTis da fostis transportireba sahaero xomaldebiT, sahaero gadazidvaTa wesebisa (erovnuli da saerTaSoriso) da gadazidvis xelSekrulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.

sahaero gadamzidi, es aris aviakompania Air line company, romelic axorcielebs mgzavrebisa da tvirTis gadazidvas (regularuli an Carteruli). aviakompania Sedgeba sahaero xomaldebisagan (sakuTari an arendiT), da mfrinavi SemadgenlobiT – bortpersonaliT, romelic emsaxureba mgzavrebs, rogorc frenis dros, aseve miwazec.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, sahaero gadamzidvelebi mgzavrebs uweven rogorc myari ganrigiT regularul reisebze, ise uganrigod Carterul reisebze. aviakompaniebis umetesoba muSaobs ganrigiT, rac niSnavs, rom TiToeuli gafrena da dajdoma warmoebs mkacrad gansazRvruli drois monakveTSi. aeroportebSi operatiuli informacia avia reisebze aisaxeba eleqtronul sainformacio tabloze, romelic moicavs: TviTmfrinavis gamgzavtrba-Camosvlis dros da TariRs, reisis nomers, terminals registraciisaTvis. aqve qveyndeba informacia reisebis Seferxebis Sesaxeb. myari ganrigi (Time table) qveyndeba agreTve calkeul beWdur gamocemebSi, masobrivi infor-maciis saSualebebSi da raTqma unda internetis saSualebiTac.

xandaxan, adgili aqvs aviagadazidvebis araregularul reisebs mokle manZilebze – msubuqmotoriani TviTmfrinaviT – aerotaqsiT. (airtaxi) aerotaqsis momsaxurebiT xSirad sargebloben saqmiani adamianebi, agreTve turistebi kunZulovan kurortebze gasamgzavreblad.

rogorc cnobilia dedamiwa Tavisi formiT mrgval burTs warmoadgens, amitom marSrutis arCevisas iTvaliswineben mraval faqtors, aqedan mTavaria umoklesi gza. mag., marSruti moskovi-niu-iorki gadis CrdiloeT polusze da ara atlantikaze. gadazidvebisas mniSvnelovania agreTve gaviTvaliswinoT frenis namdvili dro saaTobrivi sartyelebis mixedviT.

sahaero frenebi didadaa damokidebuli bunebriv pirobebze (amindze). jer-jerobiT adamiani ver marTavs aminds, amitom meteorologiuri cvlilebebi atmosferoSi did gavlenas axdens sahaero frenaze.

Tanamedrove samgzavro lainerebi axorcieleben frenas daaxloebiT 10 km simaRleze, es ki RrubelTa safaris zeviTaa, sadac ar aris haeris masebis Zlieri moZraoba da naleqebi. miuxedavad amisa, Semxvedri an zurgis qarebi did gavlenas axdenen frenis gaangariSebul droze, gansa-kuTrebiT mravalsaaTiani frenisas. amis Sedegad icvleba sawvavis xarjvis raodenoba da Camofrenis dro. SeiZleba moxdes marSrutis aragegmiuri (gauTvaliswinebeli) Secvla.

mag., siciliaze frenisas vulkan etnas gaaqtiurebisas, kvamlis Sleifi vulkanis yelidan, icvlis mimarTulebas qaris mimarTulebasa da intensivobasTan dakavSirebiT. aeroporti ,,katani"

mdebareobs Zalian axlos vulkanTan, TviTmfrinavebi am dros iZulebulni xdebian Secvalon marSruti da gaakeTon didi wre, rom Semdgom usafrTxod daeSvnen safren bilikze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove navigaciis saSualebebs SeuZliaT asafreni da dasajdomi operaciebi srul sibneleSi ganxorcielon, mainc Zlieri Tovli, nisli, Tavsxma wvima da elWeqi, Zlieri qari, safreni bilikis moyinva da sxva meteorologiuri movlenebi, arTuleben da xSirad SeuZlebelsac ki xdis usafrTxo frenaTa ganxorcielebas. es garemoeba frenaTa Seferxebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi obieqturi mizezia.

meteorologiuri pirobebis gamo, xandaxan aeroportebi ramodenime dRiT ixurebian.

uamindobis garda, sahaero xomaldebis reisebis Seferxeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxva mizezebmac: TviTmfrinavis mowyobilobaTa da aerodromis mowyobilobaTa teqnikurma gaumarTaobam, Seferxebebma safren bilikze, agreTve iseTi saorganizacio xasiaTis Seferxebebma, rogoricaa dokumentaciis moumzadebloba, sakvebis mitanis dagvianeba, ekipaJis dagvianeba. teqnikuri mizezebis gamo sahaero xomaldi SeiZleba Seicvalos sxva xomaldiT.

bunebrivia dagvianeba TviTmfrinavis afrenisas, iwvevs mis dagvianebas daniSnulebis punqtSi. regularuli reisebis Seferxebisas, prestiJuli aviakompaniebi mgzavrebs kompensaciis mizniT uxdian garkveul Tanxas, romlis odenobac damokidebulia frenis manZilsa da droze.

saerTaSoriso aviagadazidvebi ZiriTadad xorcieldeba Crdilo amerikas, iaponiasa da aziis qveynebs Soris da Seadgens msoflio mgzavrTa gadayvanis 75%-s. maT Soris 30%-s axorcieleben aSS-s kompaniebi da 10%-s didi britaneTis kompaniebi. aSS-s aqvs dagegmili aviagadazidvbis yvelaze msxvili bazari, romelic moicavs msoflio Sida gadazidvebis 20%-ze mets.

Crdilo atlantika yvelaze datvirTuli marSrutia msoflioSi da msoflio mgzavrebis 22%-ze mets moicavs. yvelaze datvirTuli marSrutebi perspeqtivaSi mimarTuli iqneba aziaSi, sadac turizmisa da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis zrdis tempebi bevrad meti iqneba evropul marSrutebze.

amJamad, datvirTuli evropuli marSrutebi saTaves iReben londonSi da moicaven london-parizs, london-niu-iorks da london-amsterdams.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mgzavrTa da aviakompaniebis urTierTdamokidebuleba saerTaSoriso gadazidvebisas regulirdeba 1929 w. varSavis konvenciiT “saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidvebis wesis unificirebis Sesaxeb”, romelSic cvlilebebi Setanil iqna 1959 wels(hamburgis wesebi).

tranziti, Carteri da mgzavrTa gadayvanis kompleqsuri momsaxureba

tranzitis Tavisuflebaze konvencia da statusi (Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit) miRebul iqna erTa ligis egidiT barselonaSi (espaneTi) 1921 w. 20 aprils. konvenciis monawileni pasuxismgeblobas iRebdnen daxmarebodnen erTmaneTs satranzito gadazidvebis ganxorcielebaSi, rogorc rkinigziT, aseve sahaero mimosvlis saSualebiT.

tranzitulad iTvlebian mgzavrebi da maTi bagaJi, tvirTi, samgzavro da satvirTo vagonebi, xomaldebi da sxva satransporto saSualebebi, Tu maTi gadaadgileba xdeba im teritoriis gavliT, romelic imyofeba konvenciis monawile qveynis suverenitetis qveS. am dros es teritoria warmoadgens mxolod gadasaadgilebeli gzis nawils, romelic iwyeba da mTavrdeba im saxelmwi-fos sazRvrebs gareT, romlis teritoriazec xorcieldeba satranzito gadazidva.

SepirapirebiTi reisebis tranzituli mgzavrebi, romlebic imyofebian aeroportis teritoriaze Casxdomis molodinSi, specialur satranzito vizas ar saWiroeben.

Tu mosacdeli dro aWarbebs garkveul sazRvrebs, maSin formdeba tranzituli viza, romelic iTvaliswinebs mgzavris mocemul saxelmwifoSi yofnis uflebas.

Carteris qveS igulisxmeba sahaero xomaldisa da misi ekipaJis fraxti (daqiraveba), erTi reisis an frenaTa garkveuli programis Sesasruleblad myari ganrigis gareSe. Carterul reisebs organizebas ukeTeben kompaniebi, romlebic asruleben regularul gadazidvebs, magram arian aviakompaniebi, romlebic mxoloddamxolod Carterul reisebze arian specializebulni (charter

airline an air charter company).

Carteri, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba SekveTebis pirobebis Tanaxmad. risks, mgzavrTa naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, SemkveTi (damqiravebeli) eweva. mgzavrTa ukmarisobisa da bargis wonis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, aviakompania itovebs uflebas gadaiyvanos mgzavrebi, fosta an tvirTi. am dros Carteris damkveTi aranair kompensacias ar iRebs.

aviakompania, gafrenis win asrulebs yvela mosamzadebel samuSaoebs marSrutisaTvis. esenia frenasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva formalobebis SeTanxmeba, ekipaJisa da sxva pirebis vizebis gaformeba da sxva.

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom daugegmavi aviagadazidvebi Seadgens saerTaSoriso mgzavrTa gadayvanis 17%-s. Carterul kompaniebs da regularul gadamyvanebs ukaviaT erTnairi wili saerTaSoriso sahaero transportis bazarze.

Carteruli sahaero gadazidvebi warmoiqmna 50-ian wlebSi Crdilo amerikasa da evropaSi, roca SvebulebaSi myofni CrdiloeTis civi klimaturi zonebidan miemarTebodnen floridis, karibis zRvisa da xmelTaSua zRvis mzian, tropikul centrebSi.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Carteruli aviareisebi kargadaa adaptirebuli aviatransportis moTxovnaze krizisis periodSi. mag., gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daugegmavi gadazidvebis wili evropis turistul bazarze gaizarda 5%-iT da Seadgina yvela evropuli saerTaSoriso gada-zidvebis 40%-ze meti.

arsebuli mdgomareobisa da moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, frenis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, aviakompanias SeuZlia gadados an moxsnas reisi. reisebis gadadeba-gauqmeba xdeba meteorologiuri pirobebis gamoc. miuxedavad amisa, aviakompania Rebulobs pasuxis-mgeblobas dagvianebebze, gafrenisa da daniSnulebis misvlis dros.

sahaero gadazidvebis saerTaSoriso wesebis mixedviT, reisis Seferxebebisas Carteruli aviakompaniis mizeziT, aviakompania SemkveTs uxdis garkveul Tanxas, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia Carteris xelSekrulebiT.

mag., gafrenis erTi saaTiT da metiT dagvianebisas, aviakompania arasaimedoobisaTvis ixdis jarimas, erTi safreni saaTis Rirebulebis 20%-s, Tu reisis Seferxeba xdeba SemkveTis mizeziT, maSin yvelanair sajarimo sanqciebsa da danaxarjebs, anazRaurebs es ukanaskneli.

Carteruli reisebi xSirad xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac aviaxazebis gegmiuri reisebi veRar umklavdebian datvirTas (sezonuri datvirTva), an rodesac mocemul punqtSi ar aris pirdapiri reisebi, kidev konferenciebis, yrilobebis, delegaciaTa vizitebis dros da sxv. (turistuli programebi).

Carteris damkveTad xSirad gvevlineba turistuli sawarmo, an sawarmoTa jgufi. adgili aqvs ramdenime turoperatoris mier Carteruli reisis erTobliv arendas (fraxti). gadamzid kompaniebs, urCevniaT saqme hqondeT erT SemkveTTan, ra Tqma unda am SemTxvevaSi naklebia problemebi.

gadamzidavisaTvis Carteri yovelTvis xelsayrelia, radgan igi Rebulobs winaswar Tanxas mTlian (srul) Carterze da ar aris damokidebuli TviTmfrinavis an vertmfrenis datvirTvaze.

turoperators, romelic ramdenime SemkveTis saxeliT moqmedebs, konsolidatori hqvia. es operatori ukeTebs organizacias da axorcielebs sxvadasxva turistuli firmebis mier erTi Carteruli reisis gamoyenebas.

Carteris programas or an met ports Soris ewodeba bach – to - bach, romelSic dagegmilia gaCerebis minimaluri dro, ama Tu im aeroportSi Cafrenisas, mgzavrTa dalodinebisa da imave marSrutiT ukan gadafrenis mizniT.

aseTi, jaWvuri programa gamoiyeneba sezonurad, msxvili turistuli programebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. pirveli Carteri mifrinavs: a) iqiT – savse da ukan carieli brundeba; b) frenaTa sixSire turistuli jgufebis moZraobis drois adekvaturia, mag., erTi kvira mTliani datvirTviT – orive mxares. g) es ukanaskneli mifrinavs, iqiT – carieli, brundeba – savse. ase, rom gamodis erTi gadafrena iqiT da ukan (orive mxares), datvirTvis gareSe; es aris is wageba, romlis Tavidan acilebac SeuZlebelia, amitom wageba nawildeba programis yvela Carterul reisebs Soris. rac metia frenaTa raodenoba, programis mixedviT, miT metia mogeba.

kompaniebi yovelTvis cdiloben gamoiyenon e.w. ,jaWvuri Carteruli reisebi, rom gamoiricxos ,,carieli” frena.

Carteruli reisebis organizacia, yovelTvis dakavSirebulia did mosamzadebel samuSaoebTan: mfrinavTa Semadgenlobam unda Seiswavlos axali marSrutis Taviseburebani, sazRvargareTis aeroportebis saxmeleTo samsaxurebis pirobebi, SekveTa da nebarTvis miReba mesame qveynis zeviT derefaniT sargeblobaze, da sxv. amitom Carteruli reisebi yovelTvis ufro Zviria gegmiur reisebze, ramdenadac igi xorcieldeba erTjeradi kontraqtiT da dakavSirebulia farTo mosamzadebel samuSaoebTan.

xSirad xorcieldeba Carteruli reisebi, rodesac TviTmfrinavi yovndeba portSi, turistuli jgufebisa an delegaciis mosvlamde. es ufro arasezonis dros xdeba, rodesac TviTmfrinavebis datvirTva ar aris maqsimaluri.

am SemTxvevaSi, aviakompania ixdis garkveul Tanxas TviTmfrinvis aeroportSi gaCerebisaTvis, agreTve nazRaurdeba danaxarjebi ekipaJze, portSi yofnisas (transferi, dabinaveba, samjeradi kveba).

sahaero gadayvanebisas, gamoyofen momsaxurebis ramdenime saxes: satransporto momsaxurebis ZiriTadi saxe – wminda sahaero gadazidva + momsaxureba, romelic dakavSirebulia gadafrenasTan, am momsaxurebiT sargebloben individualuri turistebi, turistuli jgufebi da mgzavrTa sxva kategoriebi. sahaero gadazidvebi sakmaod speciafikuria. aeroportebs sWirdebaT didi teritoriebi, rTulia organizaciuli TvalsazrisiTac, avialainerebis frena iwvevs xmaurs, amitom isini ganlagebulia qalaqgareT, qalaqidan moSorebul teritoriebze. aeroportebi axorcieleben damakavSirebel funqciebs qveynebsa da kontinentebs Soris, xolo mgzavrebis Semdgomi gadaadgileba xmeleTze an wyalze daniSnulebis punqtamde, xorcieldeba sxva gadamyvanebis mier (wylis transporti, rkinigza, avtomobili). mogzaurTa momsaxurebis gafar-Toebis mizniT, sahaero gadamyvanebi klientebs sTavazoben gadayvanis kompleqsur saxeobebs. amisaTvis saWiroa SeTanxmebebi sxvadasxva turistul sawarmoebTan da gadamyvanebTan. Fly and drive – es kompleqsuri samsaxuri popularulia biznesmenebs Soris (saqmiani wreebi). gadafrenis garda, momsaxurebis paketSi Sedis avtomobili arendiT. avialaineris aeroportSi CasvlisTanave, mgzavs elodeba avtomobili, mis mier aRebuli arendiT, romlis gasaRebsac mas gadascems kompania rent–is agenti (rent a car). es sagrZnoblad amcirebs mgzavrobis dros, rac mniSvnelovania saqmiani pirisaTvis. arendirebuli avtomobilis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, mas abruneben gaqiravebis imave saagentoSi, an sxva qalaqSi. Analogiurad, momsaxurebis paketSi SeiZleba Sediodes mgzavris gadayvana rkinigziT (fly and rail) an sazRvao transportiT fly and see. xSirad paketSi Sedis dabinaveba da sxva turistuli momsaxurebani.

gadayvanis (gadazidvis) momsaxurebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis saxmeleTo samsaxurebis muSaoba reisis momzadebisaTvis; bargis da mgzavrebis registracia, lodini reisze, gacileba avialaineramde, dacva da raRa Tqma unda mTavari momsaxureba – sahaero gadayvana.

frenis damTavrebisTanave iwyeba mgzavrTa gadmosxdoma da aranakleb sanerviulo operacia, vidre Tavad frena – esaa bargis miReba da transferi destinaciaSi (daniSnulebis adgilze).

sahaero gadazidvaTa momsaxurebaSi Sedis agreTve, mgzavrobis faqtiuri xangrZlivoba, aq Sedis gadafrena da gadasxdoma (gadajdoma) erTi reisidan meoreze (Tu aseTi SemTxvevebi iqneba) da wminda safreni dro, saxmeleTo operaciebze daxarjuli drois gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

3. mgzavrTa momsaxureba TviTmfrinavis bortze.

momsaxureba bortze, TviTmfrinavis salonSi, Sedis aviabileTis RirebulebaSi. aris damatebiTi gadasaxadebic.

salonebis klasi. mravaladgiliani TviTmfrinavis saloni dayofilia nakveTurebad, momsaxurebis klasis Sesabamisad.

zogierTma msxvilma saerTaSoriso kompaniam SemoiRo momsaxurebis sakuTari wesebi, magram arsebobs momsaxurebis saerTo niSnebic.

biznes-klasis cneba – (businessclass), es aris servisis is klasi, romelic imyofeba pirvelsa da ekonomikur (turistul) klasebs Soris. 2000 wels aviakompania British Airways–ma SemoiRo Sualeduri klasi – World travel Plus - es aris saSualo ekonomiursa da biznes-klass Soris, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia meti Tavisufali sivrce savarZlis garSemo, gaumjobesebuli kveba. maRali klasis salonebSi momsaxurebac maRalia. maRalia momsaxureba kvebaze, sadac Sedis spirtiani sasmelebic ki, aris radio, televizori, agreTve maRalia saxmeleTo momsaxureba, aq Sedis specialuri mosacdeli darbazebi bufetiT, calke daxli sabaJo samsaxurSi, bileTebis registraciisaTvis, calke gasasvleli TviTmfrinavSi Casajdomad, bargis miReba da sxv. (privilegiebi). momsaxurebis donis mixedviT, dgindeba bileTis fasic.

damatebiT gamoiyeneba kodebi: G - javSani, romelic aucilebelia gamovisyidoT gansazRvrul dromde; U – reisi mokle manZilze garantirebuli adgiliT. E – reisi mokle manZilze SeuTanxmebeli adgiliT (adgilis nomeri mtkicdeba registraciis dros). zogierT lainerebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki biznes-klasisa da pirveli klasis salonebSi aris faqsi, teleqsi, sxva saxis kavSirebi, agreTve elitaruli, ZviradRirebuli zogierTi damatebiTi momsaxureba. SesaZlebelia bavSvTa gacileba - momsaxureba ufrosis gareSe, emsaxurebian avad-myofebs, invalideba, damatebiT samsaxurs sTavazoben CvilbavSvian dedebs, mgzavrebs cxovelebTan erTad. sazRvargareT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba usinaTlo (brma) mgzavrebs, romelTac hyavT gamcilebeli ZaRlebi (ZaRli ufasod mgzavrobs).

saerTod, TviTmfrinavebis klasebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSania savarZlis komfortuloba, kvebis xarisxi da ufasod gadasatani tvirTebis zoma. ekonomikuri klasis savarZlebi viwroa. pirveli klasis TviTmfrinavebSi iseTi savarZlebia, romelic iSleba sawolis-magvarad da Soreuli frenisas hqmnis damatebiT moxerxebulobas, komforts.

zogierT aeroportSi pirveli da biznesklasis registracia calke warmoebs, mgzavrebisaTvis calkea mowyobili mosacdeli darbazebi, sadac mgzavri komfortul pirobebSi SeiZleba daelodos Tavis reiss da aperitivic ki Sesvas ufasod..

pirveli klasis mgzavrebs aviakompaniebis umetesoba reisis dasasruls Cuqnis suvenirebs, zogjer – ZviradRirebulsac. Soreul aviaxazebze, prestiJuli klasis mgzavrebs meti komfortulobisaTvis urigdebad “Custebi”, romelic reisis dasasruls SeuZlia Tan waiRos. mokled, aviakompaniebis menejerTa fantaziebi ganusazRvrelia da damokidebulia konkretul aviakompaniaze, mimarTulebaze da sxva, magram did rols TamaSobs agreTve kompaniebs Soris konkurenciac.

ramdenadac aviakompaniebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven da konkurenciis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaa, ukve Zneli xdeba klasebis mixedviT sxva ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba. bevr mimarTulebaze pirveli klasi saerTod ar

arsebobs, aris mxolod biznes-klasisa da ekonom-klasis adgilebi. amasTan, biznes-klasis momsaxureba Seesabameba pirveli klasis dones.

registracia da Semowmeba Casxdomis win. – TviTmfrinavSi Casxdomis win, aeroportSi xorcieldeba mgzavrebisa da maTi bargis saguldagulo registracia. am proceduris regulireba xdeba saerTaSoriso wesebisa da normebis mixedviT. sahaero xomaldze moxvedra SeuZlia mxolod registrirebul mgzavrs da tvirTs, rac nakarnaxevia mkacri normebiTa da moTxovnebiT frenaTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.

registraciamde an registraciis Semdeg xorcieldeba sabaJo Semowmebebi, piradi da xeliT gadasatani nivTebisa da bargis Semowmeba, saerTaSoriso reisebze xorcieldeba sasazRvro kontroli (pasportebisa da vizebis Semowmeba). es procedurebi xSirad did dros moiTxovs.

iTvaliswineben ra registraciisaTvis saWiro xangrZliv periods, mosacdel darbazebSi ganlagebulia sxvadasxva maRaziebi, sadazRvevo kompaniaTa jixurebi, barebi da sxva. aviakompaniebi, gansakuTrebiT ki mokle da adgilobriv reisebze, cdiloben Seamciron registraciis dro.

mgzavrebi mxolod xelis bargiT, romlebic mgzavroben pirveli da biznes-klasis salonebiT, sargebloben privilegiebiT, maT SeuZliaT gaiaron registracia telefonis saSualebiT da gamocxaddnen 10-20 wuTiT adre gamgzavrebamde.

gamcileblebi. samgzavro TviTmfrinavs emsaxureba mfrinavTa Semadgenloba da aviakompaniis bortgamcilebeli.

avialaineris bortze mgzavrebsa Tu turistebs emsaxurebian “stiuardesi” qalebi da “stiurdi”-kacebi. didi laineris bortze, zogjer erTdroulad 20-mde adamiani muSaobs. xSirad gamcilebelTa Soris imyofebian usafrTxoebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebic.

stiuardesebisa da stiuardebis samuSao sakmaod rTuli da specifikuria. maT SesarCevad aviakompaniebi atareben konkursebs, mimdinareobs specialuri swavleba. am samsaxurisaTvis kargad uxdian da sakmaod prestiJuladac iTvleba. praqtikaSi ufro xSirad gvxvdebian axalgazrda, gasaTxovari, lamazi da momxiblveli da saTanadi fizikuri gamZleobis mqone qali-stiuardesebi. maT ician ramdenime ucxouri ena, SeuZliaT pirveli samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCena.

bortpersonalis movaleobebSi Sedis: mgzavrTa swrafi ganTavseba salonebSi, TavianTi adgilebis mixedviT. reisis dawyebamde momsaxurebis klasis mixedviT maT mgzavrebs unda Seuqmnan saTanado komforti, unda uzrunvelyon informaciiT, gaacnon specmowyobilobaTa xmarebis wesebi, Seamowmon misabmeli Rvedebi, daarigon Jurnal-gazeTebi, xolo Soreul reisebze ki mgzavrebs awvdian saWmels, wvenebs (sxvadasxva sasmels), saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi pirvel daxmarebas uweven. TviTmfrinavidan gasvlis organizacias frenis damTavrebisTanave mgzavrebs exmarebian TviTmfrinavidan gasvlaSi.

bortpersonali valdebulia zrdilobianad da yuradRebiT epyrobodes mgzavrebs. amave dros mgzavrebic valdebulni arian gaufrTxildnen da daafason bortpersonalis Sroma.

frenis dawyebis win, bortgamcileblebi valdebulni arian miawodon mgzavrebs mokle informacia frenis Sesaxeb, misi xangrZlivobisa da pirobebis, mowevis akrZalvis an mosawevi adgilis Sesaxeb, tualetebis ganlagebaze, kvebis ganrigze da eqstremalur situaciebSi moqcevis wesebis Sesaxeb.

frenis dros yvela mgzavrs sTavazoben axal periodul gamocemebs, gazeTebs, agreTve aviakompaniis mier gamocemul da lamazad gaformebul saborto Jurnalebs, bukletebs.

kveba. mokle reisebis dros, rodesac frena Sedgeba mxolod TviTmfrinavis afrena da mokle droSi dajdomisagan, mgzavrebs sTavazoben Saqaryinuls, kanfetebs, gamagrilebel wvenebs, mineralur wyals, Cais da yavas.

Tu frenis xangrZlivoba aRemateba 3 saaTs, maSin yvela mgzavrisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri kveba. kvebis miwodebis moculoba da sixSire damokidebulia reisis xangrZlivobasa da momsaxurebis klasze. Soreuli magistraluri da transkontinenturi reisebis dros mgzavrebs yoveli 4 saaTis intervaliT, miewodebaT cxeli saWmeli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mgzavrobis xangrZlivobasTan dakavSirebiT icvleba TviTmfrinavSi kvebis formebi. kerZod, B (breakfast) – sauzme, L (lanch) – meore sauzme, D (diner)- sadili, S (snack) – msubuqi kveba,

X (More than one meal) – mravaljeradi kveba. aviakompaniebis umetesoba mgzavrTa kvebisaTvis icavs Semdeg sqemas: 2-3 saaTis frenisas – civi sauzme 3-6 saaTis frenisas – cxeli kveba 6 saaTze meti frenisas – ori cxeli kveba 12 saaTze meti frenisas – ori cxeli kveba, erTi civi sauzme. ukanasknel periodSi aviaxazebze SemoiRes e.w. “specialuri kveba”, romelic damokidebulia mgzavrTa janmrTelobaze, Cvevebze an erovnulobaze. TviTmfrinavSi saWmlis kompaqturad miwodeba erTdroulad warmoebs 200-300 da xandaxan 500 adamianze, Semdeg ki gamoyenebuli WurWlis alageba, dasufTaveba – sakmaod rTuli samuSaoa stiuardebis jgufisaTvis. didi yuradReba eqceva sakvebis Semadgenlobasa da xarisxs. kveba prestiJul klasebSi ufro uxvia da xSirad kerZebs asarcevad sTavazoben. sasadilo mowyobiloba metalisaa da ara erTjeradi plastmasis. pirvel da biznesklasebSi spirtiani sasmelebis arCevani mravalferovania. zogierTi aviapompania TviTmfrinavSi xsnis Ria bars. mgzavrs SeuZlia misTvis sasurvel dros isargeblos romelime sasmeliT. maRazia – saerTaSoriso reisebze frenisas mgzavrebs bortpersonali sTavazobs parfiumerias, Tambaqos nakeTobebs, spirtian sasmelebs, kanfets, Sokolads da turistuli asortimentis sxvadasxva sagnebs. formalurad es aris maRaziis filiali – bortze. turistebi siamovnebiT yiduloben saqonels, gansakuTrebiT ki spirtian sasmelebs mogzaurobidan ukan dabrunebisas, Tu ra Tqma unda mogzaurobis Semdgomi ganwyobileba kargia da Tu adgilobrivma vaWrebma mogzaurobisas sul ar daaxarjines turistebs TavianTi fuli. turistma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom SeiZleba Seferxdes reisi, an Seicvalos amindi, TviTmfrinavi dajdes sxva aeroportSi da sxv. am SemTxvevebisaTvis, gamocdili turisti aucileblad gadainaxavs garkveul Tanxas.

radio, televizia. maRali klasis TviTmfrinavTa salonebi radioficirebulia da uzrunvelyofilia televiziiT. savarZlebis yovel 5 rigze gaTvaliswinebulia erTi momcro zomis televizori. reisis procesSi mgzavrebs SeuZliaT naxon kinofilmebi, aCveneben agreTve frenis marSrutis rukas, Tu sad imyofeba TviTmfrinavi frenis mocemul momentSi da sxv.

pirveli da biznes-klasis salonebSi televizori gaTvaliswinebulia yvela adgilisaTvis, programis amorCevis SesaZleblobiT.

kavSiri. saerTod TviTmfrinavis bortze akrZalulia sargebloba radiomimRebebiT, magnitofonebiT, telefonis aparaturebiT (maT Soris fiWvuriTac), da agreTve kompiuterebiT.

Tanamedrove lainerebSi gamoyenebulia specialuri satelefono kavSiri (airphone). mgzavrebisaTvis telefonebiT sargebloba TviTmfrinavebis bortze, daiwyo 1984 wlidan. dResdReobiT, ormxrivi satelefono kavSiriT sargeblobs amerikuli TviTmfrinavebis – 70%. sistema saSualebas iZleva mgzavrebma darekon da miiRon zari (satelefono) miwidan, gagzavnon faqsimiliebi da telegramebi. SeiZleba damyardes kavSiri TviTmfrinavebs Soris. ZiriTad liderad gvevlineba kompania – GTE -Airfone, romlis momsaxurebazec xeli moawera 100 aTasze metma mgzavrma da biznesmenma, da ara marto aSS-Si.

jer-jerobiT teqnikuri SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare, abonentTa xazebis raodenoba SezRudulia. TviTmfrinavis mgzavri gaivlis registracias GTE –s sistemaSi, Semdeg ki sargeblobs am sistemiT.

abonentis registracia da nebismieri kavSiri, gamoZaxeba – fasiania.

kompiuteri. bevri saqmiani adamiani, romelic xSirad imyofeba mivlinebebSi, TviTmfrinaviT frenis dros iyenebs kompiuters muSaobisaTvis. Tanamedrove samgzavro TviTmfrinavebSi gaTvaliswinebulia kvebis saborto qseli, portatuli kompiuteris (note-book) SesaerTeblad.

saborto Jurnal-gazeTebi. frenisas TviTmfrinavis salonebSi mgzavrebs sTavazoben axal Jurnal-gazeTebs. yvela soliduri kompania gamoscems sakuTar, ilustrirebul saborto Jurnalebs. maTi SeZena SeiZleba TviTmfrinavis bortze, aviasalaroebSi da aviakompaniis warmo-madgenlobaSi.

tualeti. mgzavrebisa da ekipaJisaTvis, TviTmfrinavis bortze mowyobilia tualetebi. Cveulebriv salonebSi mgzavrebisaTvis mowyobilia manaTobeli tablo, romelic niSans iZleva dakavebulia Tu ara tualeti. tualetebSi Tambaqos moweva sastikad akrZalulia.

Tambaqos moweva. aviakompaniebis umetesoba reisebis dros salonebSi Tambaqos mowevas kategoriulad krZalavs. moweva nebadarTulia mxolod amisaTvis gankuTvnil specialur salonebSi. zogierTma aviakompaniam akrZala Tambaqos moweva nebismier reisze.

xangrZlivi Ramis reisebis dros, mgzavrebs SeuZliaT gadaswion savarZlebis sazurge da daiZinon. msurvelebze gaicema msubuqi pledebi. es gadasafareblebi inaxeba sabargo ganyofilebaSi, an savarZlis zeviT Taroze. saborto kompleqti iTvaliswinebs gadasafareblebis raodenobas yvela adgilze salonSi.

varjiSi - xSirad frena ramodenime saaTs grZeldeba. savarZelSi jdoma xangrZlivi frenisas damRlelia, es ki iwvevs diskomforts. am dros adamians sWirdeba welSi gamarTva, kunTebis gavarjiSeba, raTa Tavi ukeT igrZnos. TviTmfrinavis salonis pirobebSi es uxerxulobas iwvevs. amitom SemuSavebulia varjiSebis specialuri kompleqsi xangrZlivi frenisas. es varjiSebi saSualebas iZleva Sesruldes garkveuli moZraobebi savarZlidan audgomlad: wriuli moZraoba TaviT, xelebisa da xelis mtevnebis moZraoba, mxrebisa da fexis terfebis wriuli moZraoba, fexebis Semokecva xelebis daxmarebiT da sxv. detalurad aseTi varjiSebi aRwerilia saborto JurnalebSi, romlebsac frenisas sTavazoben mgzavrebs.

eqstremaluri pirobebi - frenisas, mgzavrTa gadayvanisaTvis Seqmnilia usafrTxoebis maqsimaluri pirobebi. frenas, yvela mgzavri ver itans normalurad. zogierTs (gansakuTrebiT afrena-dajdomisas, an ryevisas) ewyeba Tavis tkivili, an gulisreva, amitom maTze gaicema specia-luri higienuri paketebi (parkebi). Jangbadis ukmarisobisas, mgzavrTaTvis gankuTvnilia individualuri Jangbadis aparatebi. im mgzavrebisaTvis, romlebsac eSiniaT simaRlis, fanjarasTan (iluminatorTan) jdoma rekomendirebuli ar aris. akrZalulia masiuri moZraoba salonebSi,. dauSvebelia nebismieri panika frenisas

sahaero xomaldis bortze ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli paraSutebi. teqnikuri gaumarTaobis, an sxva eqstremalur SemTxvevebSi, rodesac frenis gagrZeleba SeuZlebeli xdeba, xorcieldeba avialaineris avariuli dajdoma miwaze an wyalze.

avariuli dajdomis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi, mgzavrebma unda Seikran damcavi Rvedebi, rac SeiZleba mWidrod, am dros rekomendebulia savarcxlis, avtokalmis, nebismieri basri nivTis tansacmlidan amoReba. agreTve unda moiSoron saTvaleebi, halstuxi, maRalqusliani fexsacmlebi da sxv.

mgzavri Rebulobs Semdegnair pozas: igi mjdomare ixreba win, xelebs SemoaWdobs muxlebs, xolo TaviT ixreba win xelebisaken.

avariuli dajdomis SemTxvevisTvis da mgzavrTa TviTmfrinavidan gadmoyvanisaTvis miwaze an wyalze, salonebSi mowyobilia ramodenime avariuli gasasvleli (lukebi), mzadyofnaSia gasaberi trapebi, romlis saSualebiTac mgzavrebi swrafad Cacurdebian miwaze. wyalze dajdomisas, yvela mgzavrs eZleva gasaberi maSveli Jileti, romlebic Senaxulia sabagaJo ganyofilebaSi, an mgzavris savarZlis zemoT Taroze (an savarZlis qvemoT). TviTmfrinavis bortze SeiZleba iyos gasaberi maSveli navic.

4. dazRveva da frenaTa usafrTxoeba

rogorc nebismier transports, aseve sahaerosac emuqreba esa Tu is safrTxe. dazRvevas eqvemdebarebian mgzavrebi, maTi bargi, ekipaJi da TviTon sahaero xomaldic. calke izRveva gadamzidis pasuxismgebloba da mesame pirTa zarali, romelic SeiZleba warmoiqmnas avariis Sede-gad.

saerTo sakiTxebi - sahaero transportis saSualebaTa dazRveva dazRvevis saxeTa erTobliobaa, romelic iTvaliswinebs damzRvevis valdebulebebs sadazRvevo gadasaxadebze. es aris sruli an nawilobrivi kompensacia im zaralze, romelic ganicada dazRveulma.

dazRvevis obieqtad gvevlineba im pirTa qonebrivi interesebi, romelTa dazRvevisTvisac ideba xelSekruleba (dazRveuli pirisa), romelic dakavSirebulia sahaero xomaldis flobasa da moxmarebasTan. sadazRvevo pirobebi iTvaliswineben sahaero xomaldis dazianebas an ganadgurebas (gataceba, moparva). aq Sedis motorebi, aveji, Sida mopirkeTeba (xomaldis), mowyobilobebi da sxv.

aviaciam myarad daikava Tavisi adgili mgzavrebisa da tvirTis gadazidvis saqmeSi. teqnikis Tanamedrove done safreni aparatebis maRali saimedoobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas iZleva.

avariebis analizisas irkveva, rom avariebi sahaero transportze naklebia, vidre rkinigzis transportze, magram am dros sahaero katastrofebi, rogorc wesi mZime SedegebiT mTavrdeba.

yvela sahaero xomaldi, agreTve mgzavrebisa da tvirTis gadazidvebi eqvemdebareba dazRvevas.

saaviacio dazRveva – es dazRvevis calke dargia. igi moicavs ara mxolod sahaero xomaldebisa (TviTmfrinavi, vertmfreni da sxva teqnikuri saSualebeba) da aeroportebis dazRvevas, aramed izRveva pasuxismgebloba mgzavrTa mimarT maT sicocxleze, janmrTelobaze da bargze. agreTve izRveva pasuxismgebloba mesame pirTa mimarT, sahaero xomaldebis eqspluataciis Sedegad miRebul zaralze.

sadazRvevo xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos, rogorc garkveuli vadiT, aseve erT gafrenazec (reisze). agreTve dazRveva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, saaviacio teqnikis gamofenis organizaciisas da sademonstracio frenebisas.

kosmosuri programebi. kosmosuri teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad, warmoiSva dazRvevis axali saxeoba – kosmosuri riskebis dazRveva.

turistul momsaxurebaTa bazarze gaCnda individebis moTxovnebi kosmosur frenebze, gasarTobi turistuli programis farglebSi. jer-jerobiT fasi sakmaod maRalia – 20-50 milionamde ($), da yvelasTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi. mTlianobaSi kosmosuri programebi warmoadgenen gansakuTrebul sadazRvevo sferos.

sahaero xomaldebis mflobelTa mimarT pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva moicavs:

sahaero xomaldebis usafrTxo Senaxvas;

xomaldebis saxmeleTo momsaxurebas;

xomaldebis sawvaviT uzrunvelyofas;'

sahaero moZraobaTa marTvas;

mesame pirTa mimarT pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevas;

mgzavrebis usafrTxoebas da momsaxurebas;

tvirTis Senaxva-damuSavebas;

saaviacio produqts, saqonels da momsaxurebas;

saborto kvebiT uzrunvelyofas. samxedro-sadazRvevo kompania sTavazobs da farTod axorcielebs sahaero xomaldebis dazRvevas.

sahaero gadazidvaTa bazarze bevri sadazRvevo kompania moqmedebs. mgzavrebs sTavazoben dazRvevis specialur saxeebs konkretul aviareisze, turistis (mgzavris) dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamyvanis dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi. dazRveva SeiZleba SeiZinoT sadazRvevo an turistuli kom-paniebis saagentoSi. rogorc wesi, sadazRvevo kompaniebis ofisebi ganlagebulia aeroportebis teritoriaze, registraciis darbazebSi da sTavazoben TavianT samsaxurs mgzavrebsa da turistebs.

frenaTa usafrTxoebis dros mTavaria xomaldis saTanado teqnikuri mdgomareoba da frenaTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa.

pirveli miiRweva, xomaldis konstruqciis mudmivi damuSavebiTa da srulyofiT, teqnikuri saSualebebis prevenciiTa da remontiT. meore ki - mfrinavi Semadgenlobis maRali moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi momzadebiT, maTi profesionalizmiT.

sahaero gadazidvebi iTvleba ufro usafrTxod, vidre gadazidvis sxva saSualebebi. avariebi da katastrofebi xdeba, magram naklebad vidre sxva transportiT gadazidvebisas. erTi kia, Tu eqstremalur situacias mivyavarT sahaero xomaldis Camovardnamde mcire simaRlidanac ki, maSin gadarCenis Sansebi, praqtikulad ar arsebobs (xdeba saswaulebic).

usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi axorcieleben eqstremaluri situaciebis kontrols, rogorc haerSi, aseve miwaze,

TviTmfrinavi warmoadgens momxiblvel obieqtebs rogorc turistebisaTvis ise teroristebisaTvis. gvxvdeba agreTve rogorc SizofreniiT Sepyrobili, aseve mousvenari-moCxubari mgzavri (xSirad zedmeti alkoholis mirebis mizeziT), xSiria TviTmfrinavis xelSi Cagdebis SemTxvevebi, teroristebis an sxva pirTa mier. teroristebi xSirad axaerxeben iaraRis atanas xomaldis bortze. Amitom saxmeleTo samsaxurebi atareben prevenciul-operatiul RonisZiebebs. pirvel rigSi xorcieldeba sahaero xomaldebis saguldagulo kontroli mis teqnikur mdgomareobaze. portSi xomaldebs icaven, darajoben yvela TviTmfrinavs gaCerebebsa da boqsebSi, sadac isini gadian teqnikur daTvalierebasa da remonts.

aeroportebSi, registraciis etapis dros, xdeba mgzavrTa rogorc vizualurad Semowmeba, aseve metalismaZiebliT an sxva teqnikuri saSualebebiT. narkotikebis aRmosaCenad iyeneben specialurad gawvrTnil ZaRlebs.

usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi aqtiurad iyeneben kompiuterul bazas, sadac mocemulia sxvadasxva pirTa monacemebi, eseni arian pirebi, romlebic ZebnaSi imyofebian (gamocxadebulia Zebna), an Setanili arian e.w. ,,Sav siaSi" – sxvadasxva mizezebiT. aviakompaniebi awvdian aseT ,,Sav siebs" erTmaneTs.

sahaero xomaldebis dacvis mizniT, tardeba mgzavrTa da maTi bargis Semowmeba registraciisa da reisze Casxdomis dros. miuxedavad amisa xSiria teroristebis mier TviTmfrinavebis dakavebis faqtebi – haerSi, agreTve xomaldis gataceba sxva mxares.

samoqalaqo aviaciis organizaciis dawyebidan (gamoricxulia omis periodi) registrirebulia 1000-ze meti teroristuli aqti da sahaero xomaldebis gataceba. es yvelaferi daiwyo 1931 wels, rodesac xelSi Caigdes perus avialaineri. 1948 wlidan daiwyo TviTmfrinavebis aqtiuri gatacebebi, romelTa 40% modioda sabWoTa kavSirsa da CineTze. gansakuTrebiT ki 1969-1976 wlebSi, 1990 wels ganxorcielda 41 teroristuli aqti sahaero xomaldebze.

dRes yvela aeroportSi organizebulia da mzad arian samuSaod Semyrobi, damkavebeli mebrZoli jgufebi. teroristebis an gamtaceblebis Sepyroba, dakaveba didad sarisko saqmea. operaciebis dros safrTxe emuqreba mZevlebis, mgzavrebis, Tavad mebrZoli damkavebeli jgufis wevrebis sococxles. Tavisi Sedegebis mixedviT, es yvelaferi gacilebiT ufro dramatulia, vidre amas “kinoboevikebSi” aCveneben. operaciebis Sedegad xSiria msxverpli (orive mxridan). xSirad am operaciebis Tanmimdevrobas aCveneben televiziiT (molaparakebaTa msvleloba da sxv.). didi jafa awevT fsiqologebs, romlebic awarmoeben molaparakebebs.

Lთემა III. საჰაერო ტრანსპორტი (გაგრძელება)

1.საჰაერო ტრანსპორტის მომსახურების გაყიდვები aviakompaniebi, reisebze aviabileTebis gayidvis mizniT, ayalibeben saagentoTa farTo qsels, iseTebs rogoricaa centraluri saagento, transsaagento, damjavSnavi saagentoebi da turistuli saagentoebi.

aviabileTis gayidvisas tursaagentos unda hqondes Semdegi informaciebi:

reisis nomeri;

momsaxurebis klasi;

gamgzavrebis TariRi;'

gamgzavrebis adgili;

adgilebis saWiro raodenoba;

mgzavrTa gvarebi, inicialebi, pasportis nomrebi (saerTaSoriso reisebze);

samsaxuris an saxlis telefonis nomeri, operatiuli kontaqtisaTvis;

agentis gvari, saxeli an im turistuli saagentos dasaxeleba, romelic marSrutis formirebiT aris dakavebuli;

transferis aucilebloba, an sxva saxis momsaxureba miwaze (SekveTa avtomobilebis daqiravebaze, gadazidvebi da sxv.);

fasdaklebaTa pirobebis CamonaTvali. bileTi – dadgenili formis personificirebuli dokumenti, gadayvanis xelSekrulebis dammowmebeli. bileTi aZlevs uflebas mgzavrs, gadafrindes bileTSi miTiTebul or obieqts Soris miTiTebul marSrutze. bileTi adgens (miuTiTebs): gadamyvanis movaleobebs; gadayvanas dadgenil droSi, manZilsa da momsaxurebis klass. BileTi warmoadgens imis mtkicebulebas, rom formuliarSi miTiTebuli Tanxa gadaxdilia. maSi mocemulia mokled sxvadasxva wesebi (bileTis dabruneba, anulireba).

saerTaSoriso sahaero samgzavro gadayvanisaTvis gamoiyeneba formulari, romelic dadgenilia IATA–s mier (saerTaSoriso organizacia).

Sida gadazidvebisaTvis, aviakompaniebs SeuZliaT daadginon da gamoiyenon bileTebis sakuTari formuliari, magram ufro xelsayrelia standartuli formuliarebis gamoyeneba, am dros saWiro aRaraa sakuTari sabileTo formularis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba.

bileTi SeiZleba gamoiweros rogorc erT pirze, aseve pirTa jgufzec. magaliTad SeRavaTian saojaxo tarifze. am SemTxvevaSi bileTi gamoiwereba ojaxis ufrosze, sadac miTiTebuli iqnebian is pirebi, romlebic masTan erTad imgzavreben.

zog SemTxvevebSi xdeba bileTis anulireba, xolo sanacvlod gaicema axali, sxva bileTi (mag., Secdoma bileTSi mocemul informaciaze). aseT bileTze keTdeba Stampi warweriT ,,gamocvlilia" – "exchanged".

ubileTo frena - bortpersonalis daudevrobisa an sxva mizezebiT, SesaZlebelia sahaero xomaldis bortze aRmoCndes ubileTo mgzavri. aris meore, sakmaod realuri variantic, mgzavris mier bileTis dakargva Casxdomis processi, an terminalze registraciis gavlis Semdeg. es eqstremaluri situacia gvardeba Sida xazebze mgzavrTa sahaero transportiT gadayvanis erovnuli wesebiTa da normebiT.

saerTaSoriso gadayvanis dros, Tu mgzavrs ar aRmoaCnda bileTi an sxva dokumenti (sabagaJo qviTari an sxv.). am SemTxvevaSi gadamyvanis pasuxismgebloba da valdebuleba izrdeba. problemis gadawyveta xdeba saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidvaTa wesebze dayrdnobiT.

aviabileTebis gasayidi saagento. aviakompaniebs, yvela punqtebSi, sadac ki frena xorcieldeba, yavT TavianTi warmomadgenlobebi, romlebic organizacias uweven aviabileTebis gayidvasa da gafrenaTa organizacias.

aviabileTebis gayidvis sistema sakmaod srulyofilia, arsebobs safirmo saagentoebi, romlebic mxolod konkretuli aviakompaniis bileTebs yidian, da saerTo saagentoebi, romlebic yidian aviabileTebs sxvadasxva aviakompaniaTa reisebze. Tanamedrove saagentoebi aRWurvilia dajavSnis sistemis avtomatizirebuli kompiuteruli qselis terminalebiT da specialuri mowyobilobiT standartizirebuli bileTebis formuliaris gasaformeblad. arsebobs agreTve bileTebisa da Casasxdomi talonebis gaformebis avtomatizirebuli sistemebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad faqti aviabileTis dajavSnisa ar gvevlineba bileTis gayidvis faqtad. nebismieri javSani ZalaSia mxolod aviabileTis gamoweris Semdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu klienti uars ambobs javSanze, agenti valdebulia Caabaros ganTavisuflebuli adgili kompanias. mas ara aqvs ufleba damoukideblad mihyidos es adgili sxva klients.

Tu javSnis qselSi ar aris Tavisufali adgili, klientis ganacxads am dros afiqsireben mosacdel furcelze. Tavisufali javSnis gamoCenisTanave igi kmayofildeba.

praqtikaSia mgzavrTa Camateba aviareisze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoCnda Tavisufali adgili. winaswar aviakompania aranair garantiebs ar iZleva.

reisebi SepirapirebiT. aviasaagento valdebulia daakmayofilos mgzavri dajavSnis alternatiuli variantiT, gzis im monakveTze, sadac gaurkvevelia sxva reisze gadasajdomi dajavSnili adgilis saqme.

Direkt sell. dRes yvela civilizebul qveyanaSi ganviTarebulia turistul momsaxurebis klientze pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi. maT Sorisaa avia bileTebic – direkt sell. dajavSnis da sxva momsaxurebaTa axali meTodologia realizebulia kompiuterul da sxva qselebSi, romelic is iTvaliswinebs momsaxurebaTa dajavSnas uSualod klientis mier, saagentos an turistul firmis Carevis gareSe.

bavSvebis gadayvana. bavSvad iTvleba 2-dan 12 wlamde asakis. mozardi - 11-dan 16 wlamde (11-16). bavSvebi 2 wlamde adgilobriv aviaxazebze gadaiyvanebian an ufasod, an 90%-is fasdaklebiT. 2-dan 12 wlamde bavSvebs ekuTvniT fasdakleba – 50%-iT.

Tu ramdeni bavSvis mgzavroba SeiZleba fasdaklebiT, amas aviakompaniebi sxvadasxvagvarad adgenen.

Carterul reisebze bavSvebisaTvis 2-dan 12 wlamde, romlebic ikaveben calke savarZels, rogorc wesi fasdaklebebi ar aris.

invalidebi, bavSvebi gamcileblis gareSe, avadmyofebi. invalidebi SezRuduli moZraobebiT, invalidebi etlebiT, gadaiyvanebian winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. avadmyofebs axlavT eqimi an gamcilebeli.

28 kviraze (7 Tve) meti xnis orsuli qalebi frenaze ar daiSvebian eqimis nebarTvis gareSe.

usinaTlo mgzavrebi Cveulebriv gamcileblis TanxlebiT mgzavroben, zogierT aviaxazebze Tanmxlebi pirisaTvis dadgenilia 50%-iani fasdakleba.

SesaZloa 3-12 wlis bavSvebis mgzavrobdnen Tanmxlebi piris gareSe. aseT SemTxvevaSi bortgamcilebels ahyavs bavSvi xomaldis bortze, zrunavs masze frenis periodSi, saerTaSoriso reisebze ki exmareba deklaraciebisa da dokumentebis SevsebaSi. Semdeg acilebs bavSvs sadguris

terminalamde, gadis masTan erTad yvela formalobebs da gadascems mas damxvedr pirs. aseTi samsaxuri moiTxovs damatebiT gadasaxads da misi SekveTa xdeba winaswar.

arasasurveli mgzavrebi. aviakompaniebi awarmoeben da awvdian erTmaneTs specialur arasasurveli mgzavrebis ,,Sav siebs" (ayalmayalis amtexni, loTebi, xulignebi), romelTac negatiurad gamoavlines TavianTi Tavi frenisas, an momsaxurebis dros.

zogierTi aviakompania uars acxadebs patimarTa gadayvanaze, romelTac SeiaraRebuli badragi axlavs. nebismieri am saxis gadayvanebis dros, kompaniis xelmZRvanelobis mier gaicema specialuri nebarTva.

turistuli saagentos profesiuli eTika, aviabileTebis dajavSnis dros. saqmianobis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis yvela profesias gaaCnia Tavisi eTikuri wesebi.

dajavSnis procedurebis racionalurad organizebisa da klientebis maRali operatiuli da xarisxiani momsaxurebis mizniT, turistuli an satransporto saagentos mosamsaxure valdebulia eyrdnobodes Semdeg wesebs:

bileTebis dajavSnis proceduris wesebis dacva. wesebi dadgenilia mocemuli aviakompaniis mier;

ar SeukveTos ormagi javSani erTi da igive klientisaTvis;

nebadarTuli ar aris gamoiweros ori bileTi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu cnobilia, rom mgzavri erTi maTganiT ar isargeblebs;

aucilebelia yovelTvis hqondes saTanado informacia klientTan operatiuli kavSirisaTvis, ganrigis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi an sxva;

javSnis anulirebis SemTxvevaSi (klientis mier), dauyovnebliv unda moixsnas javSani aviakompaniaSi;

aviakompaniis mier Tanxmobis mowodebamde, ar unda gamoiweros aviabileTi garantirebuli adgiliT;

gadasafrenad dajavSnili adgili, unda iyos wesebTan SeTanxmebuli da saTanadod dokumentirebuli.

varSavis konvenciis Tanaxmad, samgzavro bileTis dakargvisas mgzavri kargavs mgzavrobis uflebas, Tumca misi aRdgena SeiZleba garkveuli drois Semdeg

sahaero gadazidvaTa saSualo fasebis regulireba xdeba saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis – IATA-s principebiT.

pirveli da mTavari principi, romelic axasiaTebs mgzavrebis an tvirTis gadazidvebs, gansakuTrebiT ki turizmSi, es aris mgzavroba orive mxares. gadazidvebi orive mxares momgebiania, amitom aseTi mgzavroba ufro iafi jdeba, vidre cal mxares mgzavroba – klients SeuZlia dabrundes Tundac erTi wlis Semdeg, oRond unda gadaixados tarifiT ,,orive mxares" (iqiT da ukan mogzaurobis Rirebuleba).

isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom TviTmfrinavi 1%-iT iqneba datvirTuli Tu 100%-iT, reisis Sesasruleblad misTvis erTnairi raodenobis sawvavia saWiro. amitom, TviTmfrinavis datvirTvas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs transportis rentabeluri funqcionirebisaTvis. bevr qveyanaSi farTodaa danergili datvirTvis stimulirebis meTodebi: bileTis winaswari SeZenis SemTxvevaSi SeRavaTian fasebSi realizacia, mgzavrobisas damatebiTi momsaxureba, momsaxurebis maRali done, mgzavrTa dasaCuqreba. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa im bileTebis dabal fasebSi gayidva, romelic mgzavrs Caiyvans daniSnulebis adgilamde da ukan daabrunebs nebismier dros. amas inglisurad “round trip” bileTi ewodeba. am saxis bileTebze fasebis Semcireba xorcieldeba e.w. “one way” – erTi mimarTulebiT bileTis gaZvirebis xarjze. mag., Tu TviTmfrinavi itevs 100 mgzavrs da TiToeuli bileTis saSualo Rirebuleba 200 dolaria, bazris Seswavlam aviakompanias uCvena, rom mgzavrebis 60% Cadis daniSnulebis adgilas da ukan brundeba. swored momxmarebelTa am kategoriis SesanarCuneblad aviakompania iZleva 25% SeRavaTs, raTa maT winaswar SeiZinon orive gzis bileTi. e.i. gamodis, rom e.w. wriuli bileTis Rirebuleba iqneba: $150 +$150 =$300. rogorc

avRniSneT, es 25%-iani SeRavaTi vrceldeba mgzavrebis 60%-ze orive mimarTulebiT mgzavrobisas. e.i. sul 120 bileTze (60+60). Tu gasaSualebuli fasiT am 120 bileTidan aviakompanias unda mieRo Semosavali $24000(120 x $200), SeRavaTis micemis SemTxvevaSi igi miiRebs $18000 (120 x $150). es Seqmnili deficititi $6000 ($24000 - $18000) Seivseba erTi reisis bileTebis fasebis momatebis gziT. Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi maTi raodenoba TiToeul reisze aris 40. xolo orive reisze 80 mgzavri. namati TiToeul aseT bileTze martivi gaangariSebiT iqneba $6000 : 80 = $75. es Tanxa emateba reisis saSualo fass: $200 + $75 =$275. e.i. Tu mgzavri SeiZens wriul bileTs, igi daujdeba $300, xolo erTi mimarTulebiT - $275 (ekonomia aseTi mgzavrobisas udris $250 ($275+$275 - $300).

satarifo politika

costzucted fares – fasebi, romlebic gansxvavdeba ekonomiuri da turistuli klasis fasebisagan, damatebiTi servisiTa da momsaxurebiT. mag., biznes-klasi da sxv.

joint fares – saSualomde dayvanili, SeTanxmebuli fasebi, gamoiyeneba mgzavrTa gadayvanis organizaciisas, romelSic monawileobs ara erTi, aramed ori an meti gadamyvani (gadamzidi).

normal fares – Cveulebrivi satarifo fasebi regularul reisebze, mocemulia ganrigSi an preiskurantSi. isini naCvenebia nebismieri fasdaklebis gareSe, amitom maqsimalurad maRalia. klients SeuZlia amoirCios tarifi fasdaklebebiT da iyidos bileTi dabal fasSi.

sectional fares – amorCeuli an gamoyenebuli tarifis fasebi momsaxurebis klasis gaTvaliswinebiT. iTvaliswinebs: fasdaklebas, gadazidvis gansakuTrebul pirobebs, sxva gadamyvanTa fasebs, romlebic monawileoben gadazidvaSi. es SeiZleba iyos fasi saerTo reisis Sualedur punqtamde.

through fares – ganrigSi miTiTebuli gadazidvis saerTo fasi, sawyisi punqtidan daniSnulebis punqtamde. yvela aviakompanias gaaCniaT specialuri satarifo ganyofileba, romelic axdens satarifo politikis principebis formirebas, axorcielebs tarifebis gaanga-riSebas. Nebismier agents, saWiroebisamebr SeuZlia daukavSirdes ganyofilebas da daazustos saWiro monacemebi, gadazidvis fasebis gasaangariSeblad. bileTebis gayidvis sistemisTvis gamoicema specialuri satarifo cnobari, cxrilebis nakrebis saxiT, romelic saSualebas iZleva advilad daviangariSoT mgzavrobis tarifi sasurveli mimarTulebiT. advilad iangariSeba rTuli marSrutis tarific.

fasebis formirebisas saerTo principebi SegviZlia warmovadginoT Semdegnairad:

gadazidvebis fasi damokidebulia gadafrenis man Zilze da sezonze. tarifebis amaRleba, saerTaSoriso reisebisaTvis gamoricxulia;

yoveli wyvili qalaqisaTvis, sabazro tarifis CarCoebSi dgindeba frenis maqsimalurad dasaSvebi manZili. Tu safreni manZili didia Sualeduri gaCerebebis (dajdomebis) xarjze, maSin tarifi izrdeba;

tarifis gaangariSebisas adgili aqvs maRali tarifis siWarbes. mag., Tu bileTis Rirebuleba or Sualedur wertils Soris, rTuli marSrutis dros ufro maRalia, vidre Rirebu-leba sawyis da saboloo punqtebs Soris, maSin mgzavri ixdis gadafrenisaTvis ufro maRali tarifiT;

gamWoli tarifis gaangariSebisas, ramdenime punqts Soris gadafrenisas, gadafrenis sabazro Rirebulebas wyvil qalaqebs Soris fasi emateba;

frenaTa tarifebis gaangariSeba sxvadasxva qveynebis gadamzidvelebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba gaangariSebaTa neitraluri erTeulebis gamoyenebiT. 1989 wels IATA-m (sahaero gadamzidebis saerTaSoriso asociacia) – miiRo valutis konvertaciis msoflio sistema, romlis mixedviT fasebis gaangariSebisas, valutis kursis meryeobis gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli;

Sualeduri gaCereba. mgzavrs aqvs ufleba Sewyvitos reisi mocemuli marSrutis Sualedur gaCerebaze, dahyos am punqtSi ramdenime dRe da Semdeg gaagrZelos mogzauroba mocemuli marSrutiT. am operacias hqvia Stopover, da igi registrirebuli unda iyos satranzito biuroSi (tranzitis salaro), satransporto an turistul saagentoSi. Tu turistma zustad icis Tavisi mgzavrobis gagrZelebis TariRi, maSin mas ejavSneba adgili mocemul reisze, Tu ara, maSin mas kidev erTxel mouxdeba mimarTos tranzitis salaros. samgzavro gadayvanebisas gamoiyeneba SeRavaTiani tarifebi:

(APX) – Advance Purchase Excursion Fare. mgzavrTa gadazidvbis specialuri SeRavaTiani tarifi. mgzavrs, romelmac gadawyvita am tarifiT sargebloba, ar SeuZlia dajavSnis TariRis Secvla. am dros dgindeba garkveuli periodi - deadline gadazidvis dawyebamde (7-dan 28 dRemde), romlis Semdegac am tarifiT bileTebis gayidva akrZalulia. bileTis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, deadline-is moqmedebis dawyebamde, bileTis Tanxa anazRaurdeba mTlianad, xolo dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi daericxeba garkveuli jarima. ganasxvaveben (APX)-is tarifis oTxi ZiriTadi saxesxvaobas: 1) AP1M – tarifi (APX) – 1 Tvis vadiT. bileTebi gaiyideba araugvianes dadgenili vadisa. bileTebis TariRi - ,,orive mxares" fiqsirdeba bileTis gayidvis dros. gafrenis TariRis Secvla, marSrutis Secvla, fulis dabruneba frenaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mxolod mogzaurobis dawyebamde, sajarimo dakavebebiT, mxolod moqmedi tarifis mixedviT. 2) AP2M – es aris APX-is tarifi 2 TviT. 3) AP3M – es aris APX-is tarifi 3 TviT. ufro didi SezRudvebi dgindeba yvelaze iafi tarifebisaTvis. SUPER APRX- sxvadasxva marSrutebze. es tarifebi sxvadasxvanairad dgindeba. aseTi tarifis magaliTia: PX1M, SX1M – tarifi ,,superpeksi" – 1 Tvis vadiT. dajavSna da bileTebis gayidva xdeba erTidaimave dRes. frenis TariRis Secvla SeuZlebelia. sahaero gadazidvebze mravalnairi tarifi arsebobs, maTi nawili gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yvelgan, xolo nawils ki iyeneben calkeuli aviakompaniebi.

komforti da siswrafe, romelic sahaero transporttisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, Cveulebrivi studentisaTvis sakmaod Zviri saimovnebaa. axalgazrduli da studenturi asociaciebi am problemis mogvarebas specialuri fasdaklebebis saSualebiT axerxeben. isini student-axalgazr-dobas specialur SeRavaTian tarifebs sTavazoben saerTaSoriso da Sida aviaxazebze. es SeRavaTebi mxolod dabali tarifiT ar Semoifargleba. am kategoriis mgzavrebs uamrav SeRavaTebsa da momsaxurebas sTavazoben. dajavSnis, Sesyidvis da gamoyenebis pirobebis mixedviT aseTi bileTebis tarifi TiTqmis utoldeba biznes-klasis bileTebs.

axalgazrduli tarifebi farTod gamoiyeneba im turistuli kompaniebis mier, romlebic specializebulni arian am kategoriis mogzaurTa bileTebis gayidvaze.

studenturi fasdaklebis safuZvels warmoadgens studbileTi. studentebsa da axalgazrdebs fasdaklebis garda sTavazoben sxvadasxva SeRavaTebs. mag., marSrutis arCevis Tavisufleba, damoukideblobis maqsimumi, marSrutebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba.

axalgazrduli tarifis ZiriTadi pirobebia:

- bileTi ZalaSia 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi; - dajavSna SeiZleba ganxorcieldes 350 dRiT adre, yidva ki – gafrenis dResac; - SesaZlebelia gamgzavrebis TariRis Secvla; - SesaZlebelia bileTis Secvla nebismier axalgazrdul saagentoSi sazRvargareT.

maqsimaluri sajarimo sanqcia – 25 USD $ (dolari); - SeiZleba bileTis SeZena erT mxares. aseTi bileTis fasi Seadgens mTliani tarifis (,,orive

mxare") – 50%-s; - SesaZlebelia bileTebis SeZena erT qalaqSi Cafrenisa da sxva qalaqidan gadmofrenis

uflebiT, maSinac ki, Tu is sxva saxelmwifos teritoriazea; - SesaZlebelia marSrutebis kombinireba;

- gamoricxulia ,,dasvenebis dRis" wesi da fasi sagrZnoblad naklebia Cveulebriv bileTTan SedarebiT. mag., londoni, tarifi ,,orive mxares – 320 $, erT mxares - 160$. (SedarebisaTvis – Cveulebrivi bileTi - ,,orive mxares" - 350$, cal mxares - 225$ ). axalgazrdul tarifebze, aviakompaniebi adgenen sxvadasxva saxis SezRudvebsa da wesebs am tarifis bileTebis SeZenasa da moxmarebaze, dajavSniss damtkicebis wesebsa da vadebze da sxv.

studenturi bileTis mflobelebi TviTmfrinavSi TavianT adgils ikaveben ekonomklasis adgilebze da sargebloben bortze srulyofili momsaxurebiT. studenturi tarifiT aviabileTebis SeZenis aucilebeli pirobaa ISIC an Go 25 baraTis floba, romelic msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi mogzaurobis saSualebas iZleva. ISIC (International Student Idenity Card) – saerTaSoriso studenturi organizaciis damadasturebeli sabuTia. analogiuri sabuTi gaicema ara marto studentebze, aramed 25 wlamde axalgazrdebzec da studenturi jgufis gamcilebel (Tanmxleb) maswavleblebzec.

baraTis mflobelebs transportis bileTebze SeuZliaT miiRon garkveuli SeRavaTebi. magaliTad, aviatarifebs STA –s da KILBOY-s sakmao fasdaklebebi gaaCniaT, amasTan, maTi moqmedebis vada erTi welia marSrutis Secvlis uflebiT, aseve ar aris limitirebuli bileTis yidvisa da dajavSnis vadebi. Tumca, mas vinc uars ganacxadebs gafrenaze, mcireodeni jarima mainc ekisreba. ISIC baraTis mflobelebi ucxo qveyanaSi, saWiroebisas sargebloben samedicino, finansuri da sxva saxis daxmarebiT.

siyalbisagan dazRvevis mizniT ISIC 1999 aRWurvilia Semdegi niSnebiT:

studentis monacemebisa da fotosuraTis damcavi myari holografiuli safariT;

mikrobeWdiT da oTxferovani dizainiT;

magnituri lentiT;

baraTis mflobelis xelmowerisaTvis gankuTvnili adgiliT;

U nikaluri saidentifikacio nomriT. GO 25 baraTis moqmedebis vadac erTi welia. am baraTis miRebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi informaciis mireba SeiZleba International Student Idenity Card Handbook-is gamocemidan an internetis qselis meSveobiT. studentTa mcire nawilisaTvis SesaZlebelia mogzaurobis minimaluri danaxarjebi transportze evropis da didi britaneTis 14 qveyanaSi diskonturi programis EUROBUS –is saSualebiT. evrosabWos (EC) qveynebSi SeRavaTebi mogzaurobaze Semdegi saxisaa: sarkinigzo bileTebze 33%-dan 50%-mde; 50% fasdakleba EC da evropis 2000 qalaqis saerTaSoriso sarkinigzo xazebze. 33%-mde fasdakleba saerTaSoriso avtobusis bileTebze; 50%-mde – muzeumebis, cixe-simagreebis da sxva RirsSesaniSnaobaTa bileTebze. mravali muzeumi kviraSi erTi dRe ufasod emsaxureba damTvaliereblebs, 25-45%-mde fasdaklebiT turistul eqskursiebze da sxva..

aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva qveynebis erovnuli kanonebis mixedviT SemoRebulia sxvadasxva mosakreblebi saxelmwifo sazRvris gadalaxvaze. gadasaxads amoiReben sazRvarze, saxelmwifoSi Sesvlisas an gamosvlisas. es gadasaxadi SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyos gadazidvis RirebulebaSi avtomaturad. mag., aerodromis mosakreblebi rogorc wesi ar exebaT ucxo qveynis oficialur warmomadgenlebs, gaeros TanamSromlebsa da maTi ojaxis wevrebs, satranzito mgzavrebs, romlebic Cafrenis dResve gadafridebian imave TviTmfrinaviT, ar exebaT agreTve bavSvebs 2-10 wlamde.

2.ბარგის გადაზიდვის წესები

aviaciaSi bargis wona da zoma SezRudulia TviTmfrinavis saxisa da momsaxurebis klasis mixedviT. Cveulebriv es aris wona 30 kg pirveli klasebisaTvis xolo 20 kg dasaSvebi wona sxva klasebisaTvis.

saerTaSoriso gadazidvebze teqnikuri xasiaTis problemebis garda arsebobs sabaJo SezRudvebic. erovnuli wesebiT bargis wona dgindeba nivTobrivi da raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT, romelic SeiZleba gaitanos sabaJo gadasaxadis gareSe.

msxvili paketirebuli bargi Cemodnebi, CanTebi, parkebi gadian specialur registracias (TviToeuli adgili) da bardeba TviTmfrinavis sabargo ganyofilebas. wvril-wvrili piradi nivTebi da sagnebi mgzavrs Tan miaqvs salonSi. bargi gaivlis mkacr kontrols, igi mTlianad unda gaSuqdes, zog SemTxvevaSi Tu amis saWiroeba gaCnda, saqmeSi usafrTxoebis samsaxuri erTveba.

yvela calkeuli paketirebuli nivTi gadis registracias, maT miakuTvneben identifikaciur nomers, bargis yvela erTeuls (adgils) miewebeba saWde, reisis nomriT, adgiliT, bileTis nomriT, Cveulebrivi savaldebulo dazRvevis moculobaSi Sedis bargis dazRvevac, magram anazRaureba, dakargvisa an dazianebis SemTxvevaSi sahaero gadazidvebis dros ar aRemateba rogorc wesi 100 $ (dolars).

mgzavris mier gadazidvisaTvis Cabartebuli bargi iyofa ufasod gadasatan da damatebiT gadasaxadian bargad. satransporto kompaniebi zRudaven ara marto wonas, aramed gadasazidi bargis gabaritebsac. usafrTxoebis mizniT SemoRebulia SezRudvebi bargis Semadgenlobazec.

turistebis gadamyvan zogierT Carterul reisebze, bargis wonis zRvruli norma SeiZleba iyos 50 da 199 kg-c ki. zedmeti wonis bargisas mgzavri, ixdis damatebiT tarifs, romelic gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva aviaxazebze.

aeroportSi Cafrenisas, mgzavrebze bargis gacemis procedura sakmaod rTulia. pirvel rigSi xdeba bargis swrafi gadmotvirTva TviTmfrinavidan da misi mitana saTanado darbazSi (sapasporto kontrolis gavlis Semdeg).

satranzito mgzavrebis bargis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneba specialuri Sesanaxi kamerebi.

xSirad adgili aqvs mgzavrTa bargis dazianebas, dakargvas, Cemodnebi da CanTebi ziandeba, xsnian mtvirTavebi, ikargeba Zvirfasi nivTebi, SeiZleba bargi SecdomiT aRmoCndes sxva reisze, sxva portSi, an sulac qveynis meore mxares, sxva qveyanaSi da a.S. aseTi usiamovnebebi emarTebaT, rogorc Cveulebriv turistebs, aseve cnobil mogzaurebsac. es SeiZleba moxdes nebismieri aviakompaniis nebismier reisze.

dakargul bargze cxaddeba Zebna. SeiZleba igi erTi an ori kviris Semdeg moinaxos. raRa Tqma unda mgzavri iTxovs kompensacias, magram Tu bargi dazRveuli ar aris, kompensacia ar aRemateba 100 dolars, moralur zaralze kompensaciebis miReba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. ImisaTvis, rom bargi ar daziandes mtvirTavebisa Tu sxva mizeziT, SemoRebulia Cemodnebisa Tu CanTebis SefuTvis specialuri samsaxuri. maT Sekraven, gaamagreben mwebavi tipis lentiT an sxva meTodiT.

pirveli klasisa da biznes klasis, an ,,xSiradmfreni mgzavri"-s klubis wevrTa bargi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveSaa.

bargis mitana sasurvel adgilamde mniSvnelovani operaciaa. yvela aeroportSi praqtikulad, ar aris mebargulTa samsaxuri. mgzavrebs aeroportebi sTavazoben moxerxebul sabargo urikas, romlebic mravladaa aeroportis yvela darbazSi. urikebs, rogorc wesi sTavazoben ufasod. zogierT qveyanaSi aseTi urikebi fasiania, an iTxoven giraos.

im sagnebze, romlebic akrZalulia sahaero gadazidvebis dros gadazidvis wesisa da frenis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT, SemoRebulia mTeli rigi akrZalvebi da SezRudvebi sxvadasxva nivTebisa da sagnebis sahaero gziT gadazidvaze. dadgenilia im saxifaTo nivTierebebis CamonaTvali, romelTa gadatanac bargiT akrZalulia. esenia: sxvadasxva saxis gazebi (SekumSuli, gayinuli an Zlier gaciebuli) sawvavi, butani, Jangbadi, Txevadi azoti. akvalangistebis datumbuli balonebi, mwvave (mZafri) nivTierebebi, mJava, tute, tyvia da akumulatorebi.

gansakuTrebiT gamoiyofa asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi, sasignalo maSxalebi da bengaluri maSxalebi, pistoletebi, revolverebi, sabrZolo vaznebi da sxv.

gadazidvisTvis akrZalulia agreTve advilaalebadi nivTierebebi an nivTebi, radioaqtiuri, damagnitebuli agresiuli da gamaRizianebeli nivTierebani, sanTebela, sanTeblis dasateni (dasatumbi) balonebi; asanTi an sanTebela (jibis), mgzavrs SeuZlia ar iqonios salonSi.

TviTmfrinavebiT akrZalulia portfelebisa da keisebis (sasignalo mowyobilobiT) gadatana.

saxelmwifoTa sabaJo kanonebiT, agreTve akrZalulia an SezRuduli im nivTierebebis da sagnebis gadatana, romelic kontrabandad iTvleba. esenia: normaze meti saqoneli, piradi moxmarebisaTvis, valuta, narkotikebi da wamlebi, agreTve cxovelebi, romelTa gayvana-Semoyvana specialuri nebarTvebis gareSe akrZalulia.

mgzavrTa registraciis dros, rogorc gamgzavn, aseve mimReb aeroportebSi xorcieldeba bargis Semowmeba, misi gaSuqeba specialur terminalze. garkveuli eWvis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi xdeba bagaJis saguldagulo Semowmeba, SesaZlebelia Catardes piradi Cxrekac ki.

bargis gadazidvis wesebis darRvevisaTvis mgzavri SeiZleba mieces administraciul, samoqalaqo an sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaSi.

saerTaSoriso reisis Camosvlisas zogierT qveyanaSi dadgenilia gasvlis (mgzavris) ori varianti: a) sakontrolo punqtis ,,mwvane derefani" – Semowmebis gareSe; b) ,,wiTeli derefani" – SemowmebiT. mgzavri Tavad irCevs gasasvlels, magram sakontrolo samsaxurs aqvs ufleba gaaCeros nebismieri mgzavri da Seamowmos rogorc bargi, aseve piradad mgzavric. piradi Semowme-bisaTvis (mgzavris) arsebobs specialuri oTaxebi. saWiroebisamebr mimdinareobs videogadaReba. piradi SemowmebisaTvis gankuTvnilia eqimi da personalTa orive sqesis warmomadgeneli. mgzavrebi mowmdebian agreTve metalismaZiebel karebSi gavliT, an xelis metalismaZieblis saSualebiT.

xelis bargi mowmdeba gaSuqebis saSualebiT, an vizualuri daTvalierebiT.

calkeuli mcire zomis Zvirfasi nivTebis da piradi moxmarebis sagnebi, mgzavrebs SeuZliaT Tan iqonion TviTmfrinavis salonSi. mgzavrebma SeiZleba Tan iqonion msubuqi Cemodani an sportuli CanTa. savarZlebs Soris bargis dalageba ar SeiZleba. es gasasvleli aucilebelia rogorc mgzavrebis, aseve bortgamcileblebis gadasaadgileblad, aseve sakvebis misatani urikisaTvis. TviTmfrinavis salonSi savarZlebis zemoT aris Taroebi – yuTebi. savarZlis qvemoTac aris cotaodeni Tavisufali adgili. Taroebze awyvia gadasafareblebi, maSveli Jile-tebi, rCeba mcireodeni adgili xelis bargisaTvis. NebadarTuli nivTebisa da aqsesuarebis raodenoba SezRudulia: qalis xelCanTebi, palto, qolga, labada da mosasxami, pledi, fotoaparati, binokli (durbindi, Wogriti), literaturis dasaSvebi raodenoba wasakiTxad, bavSvis sakvebi, bavSvis etli da sxv.

TviTmfrinavebiT masiuri tvirTis gadazidvisas, didi yuradReba eqceva tvirTis moculobas agreTve mis wonasac. es problema mkveTrad warmoiqmna e.w. ,,Sofing-reisebis" intensifikaciis Sedegad.

wvrili biTumad movaWreni qveyanaSi sxvadasxva saqonlis intensiuri Semomtani arian. zog SemTxvevaSi erTi mgzavris bargis wona erT tonas aWarbebs.

vinaidan arsebobs qveynebs Soris saqonelze safaso da asortimentuli gansxvavebebi, turizmis gamoyeneba wvrilsabiTumo vaWrobisa da maTi saqonlis transporttirebisaTvis sazRvarze yovelTvis iyo da momavalSic iqneba.

gadazidvis proceduris gamartivebis mizniT gamoiyeneba standartizebuli zomis satvirTo konteinerebi, romlebic Seesabamebian TviTmfrinavebis satvirTo nakveTurebs (adgilebs tvirTisaTvis).

mgzavrs aqvs ufleba konteineri aiRos arendiT da TviTon Caalagos iq Tavisi nivTebi, fuTebi, CanTebi, Cemodnebi, SeuZlia daayenos koduri saketi. yvela konteiners gaaCnia karebi tvirTis dasawyobad (Sesatanad), da aRWurvilia saimedo urduliT.

3.sahaero frenaTa uflebrivi aspeqtebi da maTi regulireba

rogorc cnobilia, dedamiwis xmeleTi (antarqtidis garda) aTvisebulia da gadanawilebuli sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs Soris. es saxelmwifoebi, nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso kanonebis ZaliT, floben suverenitets TavianT teritoriebze, sadac Sedis saxmeleTo teritoriebi, Sida wylebi da teritoriuli zRvebi da maT zemoT sahaero sivrce.

sahaero sivrcis arasanqcirebuli darRveva iTvleba mocemuli saxelmwifos suverenitetis darRvevad. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia adekvaturi zomebis miReba suverenitetis dacvis mizniT, SeiZleba sahaero obieqti ganadgurdes kidec.

aviacia – gadaadgilebis erT-erTi yvelaze ,,axalgazrda" saxeobaa. aqtiuri gadafrenebi da gadazidvebi 30-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo. meore msoflio omma moaxdina aviaciis ganviTarebis intensifikacia. Seiqmna mZlavri da rac mTavaria saimedo sahaero satransporto saSualebebi, romlebsac gadahqondaT ara marto tvirTi, aramed gadahyavdaT mgzavrebic.

saWiro gaxda Seqmniliyo frenaTa regulirebis saerTaSoriso normebi. e.i. sahaero samgzavro gadayvanebis organizaciis saerTaSoriso principebi, sadac Sedioda Tavisufali gadafrena sxva iurisdiqciaSi myofi qveynebis teritoriebze. am principebma miiRes ,,Tavisufali sahaero frenis" saxeli – Freedom of the Air. CikagoSi (aSS) 1944 w. 7 dekembers samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, romelic iTvaliswinebda msoflio sahaero sivrceSi Tavisufali frenis Semdeg principebs:.

1 – teritoriaze dajdomis gareSe gadafrenis ufleba.

2 –arakomerciuli miznebiT dajdomis ufleba.

3 – mgzavrTa Camosxma, fostis da tvirTis CamotvirTva, im qveynis teritoriaze, romlis uflebac xomalds gaaCnia.

4 – aiyvanos bortze mgzavrebi, aitanos fosta, tvirTi, im qveynis teritoriis daniSnulebis adgilamde, romlis uflebac sahaero xomalds ar gaaCnia.

dReisTvis ,,haeris Tavisufleba"-s daemata:

mgzavrTa, fostis da tvirTis gadamzidavebis ufleba, partnior qveynebsa da mesame saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebiT, romelic gaatarebs xomalds (TviTmfrinavs) Tavis teritoriaze, orive mimarTulebiT.

gadazidvebis ganxorcielebis ufleba partnior qveyanasTan erTad mesame saxelmwifosTan SeTanxmebiT (orive mimarTulebiT), rom gamoyenebul iqnas sahaero xazi, romelic ar gadis am qveynis teritoriaze.

gadazidvebis (mgzavri, fosta, tvirTi) ganxorcielebis ufleba xelSekrulebis qveynebis Sida xazebze. mag., germanuli kompania – “luftganza”, axorcielebs gadazidvebs aSS-s qalaqebs – niu-iorksa da los-anJeless Soris.

sakanonmdeblo (uflebrivi) TvalsazrisiT, wylis sivrceze sahaero gadafrenebis problemebi iyofa, Semdegnairad: Ria zRva, teritorialuri zRva da mimdebare zona, arqipelaguri wylebi da saerTaSoriso sruteebi.

frenis uflebebi regulirdeba zRvis kanonis konvenciiT, ori saxelmwifos SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, im teritoriebze gadafrenisas, romelic ekuTvnis suverenul saxelmwifos.

Ria zRvis sahaero sivrce, Tavisufalia nebismieri qveynis xomaldisaTvis. gadafrena teritoriul zRvebze, iseve rogorc Sida wylebze, igivea, rac saxelmwifos teritoriaze gadafrena, amitom nebarTva aucilebelia.

arqipelaguri gadafrena – normaluri gadafrenis ufleba arqipelagur wylebze da mis mimdebare teritoriul zRvebze, sazRvao dadgenili koridorebis (derefnebis), sahaero derefnebis saSualebiT, erTaderTi mizniT, swrafi, uwyveti da winaaRmdegobaTa gareSe tranziti Ria zRvis erTi nawilidan meoreSi. am uflebebiT sargebloben yvela safreni aparatebi, im pirobiT, Tu daculi iqneba frenis saerTaSoriso kanonebi.

sahaero xomaldebis frena da mgzavrebisa da bargis gadazidvaSida da saerTaSoriso reisebze regulirdeba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso normebiT.

Sida sahaero gadazidvebi, e.i. gadazidvebi gamgzavrebis punqtidan daniSnulebis punqtamde, xorcieldeba erTi qveynis teritoriaze. am gadazidvebis da gadamzidis pasuxismgeblobis wesebis regulireba xdeba erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mier.

saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidvebia – rodesac adgili aqvs sxva saxelmwifos sahaero sazRvrebis gadalaxvas, rodesac gamgzavrebisa da daniSnulebis punqtebi mdebareoben sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze, an adgili aqvs Sualedur dajdomas (gaCerebas), sxva qveynis teritoriaze; aseTi sahaero gadazidvebi regulirdeba 1929 wlis varSavis konvenciiT da yvela mimdinare damatebebiT, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia haagis oqmiT. damuSavebulia da miRebuli sahaero gadamzidebis saerTaSoriso asociaciis normebi da wesebi (IATA). erovnuli kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs varSavisa da haagis konvenciis normebs. saerTaSoriso normebis mixedviT gamoiyofa sahaero xomaldebis kategoriebi: samoqalaqo sahaero xomaldi da sazRvargareTis (ucxouri) sahaero xomaldebi.

samoqalaqo sahaero xomaldi Sedis erovnuli xomaldebis reestrSi, gaaCnia saTanado amosacnobi niSnebi.

ucxouri sahaero xomaldi Setanilia sazRvargareTis qveynis sahaero xomaldebis reestrSi.

1952 wlis romis konvenciis Tanaxmad xomaldi, romelic gadaifrens Ria zRvaze (e.i. sadac moqmedebs erovnuli iurisdiqciis normebi), iTvleba im qveynis teritoriad, romelsac ekuTvnis. xolo sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze gadafrenisas, am xomaldze vrceldeba am qveynis yvela kanoni.

saxelmwifos sahaero teritoria Sedis mocemuli qveynis saerTo teritoriaSi, es aris sahaero sivrce, romelic ganlagebulia, saxmeleTo, wylisa da sazRvao teritoriebis Tavze.

sahaero sazRvrebis simaRlis zRvari dadgenili ar aris, magram zogierTi qveyana emxroba princips, romlis mixedviTac es zRvari 100-110 km simaRlisaa msoflio okeanis donidan. nebismieri aparati, romelic dafrinavs am zonis zeviT ganekuTvneba kosmosuri aparatebis kategorias.

sahaero xomaldebis frenis wesrigisa da maTi usafrTxoebis mizniT (avariebi) mtkicdeba sahaero xazebi (trasebi), es aris pirobiTi derefani sahaero sivrceSi. gansazRvruli simaRlesa da siganeSi. sahaero koridorebis (derefnebis) dadgena xdeba da regulirdeba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT.

sahaero gadamzidTa saerTaSoriso asociacia IATA

zemoT naxsenebi sahaero gadamzidTa saerTaSoriso asociacia IATA- Seiqmna aviaciis ganviTarebis adreul etapze – 1919 wels. asociaciis damaarseblebi iyvnen inglisi, dania, germania, SvedeTi da norvegia. 1945 wels am asociaciis safuZvelze Seiqmna axali gaerTianeba - International Air Transport

Association - IATA, romelic arsebobs dRemde da iTvleba sahaero gadamzidTa erT-erT umsxviles

asociaciad msoflioSi. dRes asociaciaSi Sedian ara marto gadamzidebi, aramed sxva kompaniebic, maT Soris turistuli saagentoebic.

dResdReisobiT IATA- asrulebs Semdeg funqciebs:

teqnikuri: saerTaSoriso frenaTa organizaciis teqnikuri aspeqtebisa da moTxovnaTa regulireba da SeTanxmeba; meteorologiuri samsaxurebi, kavSiris sistemebi, kvebis organizacia da samedicino momsaxureba;

iuridiuli: saxelmwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebebi, konvenciebi, gadazidvaTa generaluri pirobebi, saagento SeTanxmebebi, sanavigacio da sxv.

gadazidvaTa saerTo politikis koordinacia saxelmwifoebriv doneze: satvirTo, samgzavro, safosto (gadazidvebi).

finansuri servisi: finansuri saqmianobis analizi, gadamzidTa urTierTagariSis regulireba, satarifo politikis SeTanxmeba, gaangariSebaTa avtomatizirebuli sistemebi da sxv.

gadazidvebis organizacia: mgzavrebisa da bargis momsaxurebis saerTo procedurebis SeTanxmeba, bargis daTvaliereba (Semowmeba) da kontroli, cxovelebis gadayvana.

saagento muSaoba: agentebis akreditacia bileTebis gayidvaze, specialistebis swavleba.

informacia: sainformacio biuletenebis, wesebis, normatiuli dokumentebis gamocema.

procedurebis standartizacia: sabaJo, saimigracio da sxva procedurebis gamartiveba da standartizacia.

usafrTxoeba: frenaTa usafrTxoebis sistemebi, dacvis, mgzavrebisa da bagaJis usafrTxoeba, fostis da sxv.

IATA- amuSavebs da nergavs standartebs yvela saerTaSoriso aviagadazidvebze, uwevs reglamenirebas sahaero gadazidvebis mravalricxovan wesebs, organizacias uwevs gadamzidTa urTierTobebs saqmianobaSi maT finansur urTierTangariSebs, dasajavSn momsaxurebas.

organizeba ukeTdeba specialistebis farTomasStabian swavlebas, maT Soris dajavSnis avtomatizirebul sistemebSi muSaobisaTvis.

turistuli saagentoebisaTvis bileTebis gayidvis organizaciisaTvis aucilebelia IATA-s serTifikati. IATA-s wesebiT, msoflios yvela aviakompanias gaaCnia erTgvari diapazoni, romlis SigniTac mas SeuZlia gamoavlinos TviTmyofadoba. am wesebis daucveloba ar SeuZlia arc erT kompanias. IATA-s wevri qveynebis asociaciebis TanamSromlebi sargebloben fasdaklebebiT. წeli-wadSi orjer, maT SeuZliaT isargeblon 75%-iani fasdaklebiT bileTebze, nebismier aviakompaniaSi, romelic warmoadgens IATA-s wevr aviakompanias.

სააქართველოს საავიაციო ბაზრის განვითარების ტენდენციები

2018 wels turizmis seqtorSi damatebuli Rirebuleba ZiriTadad Seiqmna turistul kompaniebSi (+30.1%), transportSi (sahaero transportis zrda +43.8%, sxva transporti zrda +17.7%), kvebis saSualebebSi (+16.3%) da ganTavsebis saSualebebSi (+12.4%).

2018 წლისათვის საქართველოში შსრყლდა 24.606 რეისი, ზრდამ შეადგინა 17,3%. ავიარეისებით

გადაყვანილ მგზავრთარაოდენობამ შეადგინა 5.033.313, ზრდა 23.5%. saqarTvelos saaviacio bazari saqarTvelos saaviacio bazari bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani zrdis tempiT gamoirCeoda. saqarTveloSi sami saerTaSoriso da ori Sida aeroporti funqcionirebs, romlebic srulad Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis

organizaciis (ICAO) standartebs. saqarTvelos saaviacio bazari umetes wilad saerTaSorisoa; frenebis umetesi nawili Tbilisis aeroportze modis. Tbilisisa da baTumis saerTaSoriso aeroportebs marTavs Turquli kompania TAV Airports Holding Co. aeroportebma funqcionireba Sesabamisad 2007 wlis TebervalSi da maisSi daiwyes. 2011 wels oficialurad gaixsna mestiis Tamar mefis saxelobis aeroporti, xolo 2012 wlis seqtemberSi quTaisis daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saerTaSoriso aeroporti. aRniSnul aeroportSi pirveli aviareisi ungrulma aviakompaniam Wizz Air-ma kievis mimarTulebiT Seasrula. saqarTvelos aviabazarze frenebs axorcielebdnen Semdegi dabalbiujetiani aviakompaniebi, romlebsac satarifo sqemebSi gaTvaliswinebuli aqvT dabali tarifebi: Wizz Air, Air Arabia, Pegasus, FlyDubai, Pobeda Airlines, Air Baltic, Buta Airways, Salam Air,

Flynas, Ukraine International Airlines, Skyup Airlines. saqarTveloSi arsebul aeroportebs 2017 wels ambrolaurSi kidev erTi adgilobrivi aeroporti daemata. saqarTveloSi aeroportebis ricxvi momavalSic gaizrdeba. mimdinareobs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi umoqmedo aerodromebis, vertodromebisa da asafren-dasafreni zolebis Seswavla da Sefaseba maTi samomavlo eqspluataciis mizniT. Tbilisisa da baTumis saerTaSoriso aeroportebis gamtarunarianoba 3,000 da 600 mgzavri/saaTia Sesabamisad, xolo quTaisis saerTaSoriso aeroportis 800 mgzavri/ saaTi. rac Seexeba mestiis da ambrolauris aeroportebs, maTi datvirTva Sesabamisad 50 da 100 mgzavria saaTSi. aviaxazebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo aviaciis saagentos Tanaxmad, Wizz Air Hungary aris umsxvilesi kompania, romelic saqarTvelos saaviacio bazarze saqmianobs da mgzavrebis yvelaze didi raodenoba hyavs. 2018 wels am kompaniis mier gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenobam 587,179 (11.9%) Seadgina. Turkish Airlines aris sididiT meore gadamyvani kompania 559,749 (11.3%) mgzavriT. mgzavrebis raodenobiT mas mosdevs Georgian Airways - 550,831 (11.1%); Ural Airlines - 294,000 (5.9%); FlyDubai - 250,296 (5.1%); Ukraine International Airlines - 223,106 (4.5%); Aeroflot - 194,675 (3.9%); S7 Airlines - 183,392 (3.7%); Pobeda Airlines - 178,783 (3.6%). 2018 wels 56 saerTaSoriso da ori Sida aviakompania sTavazobda mgzavrebs komfortul frenebs saqarTvelodan. saqarTveloSi moqmedi ZiriTadi aviakompaniebia: Wizz Air, Turkish Airlines, Georgian Airways, Ural

Airlines, FlyDubai, Ukraine International Airlines, Aeroflot, S7 Airlines, Pegasus, EL AL Israel Airlines, Qatar Airways,

Belavia, Yan Air, Azerbaijan Airlines, QESHM Air, Zagros Airlines, Air Astana, Luftansa, LOT Polish Airlines da sxva. 2018 wels erTi qarTuli da cxra axali saerTaSoriso aviakompania Semovida saqarTvelos saaviacio bazarze, maT Sorisaa: qarTuli aviakompania Myway Airlines, omanis aviakompania Salam Air, saudis arabeTis aviakompania Flynas, ukrainuli aviakompania Skyup Airlines, ruminuli aviakompania TAROM, quveiTis aviakompaniebi Kuwait Airways da Jazeera Airways, rusuli aviakompania UVT Aero da iranuli aviakompania Iran Air. Carterul reisebs asrulebdnen qarTuli aviakompania Myway Airlines da iordaniuli aviakompania Fly Jordan. es weli gamowvevebiT savse iqneba saqarTvelos saaviacio industriisTvis, radgan axali kompaniebi apireben bazarze Semosvlas, bevri moqmedi kompania gamoxatavs frenis sixSiris gazrdis interess. 2019 wels dagegmilia ramdenime axali aviakompaniis Semosvla saqarTvelos aviabazarze, romlebic gegmaven ormxrivi regularuli frenebis dawyebas. franguli aviakompania Air France regularul frenebs Tbilisidan parizis mimarTulebiT ganaxorcileben. aseve operirebas iwyeben induri aviakompania IndiGo da uzbekeTis aviakompania Uzbekistan Airlines. aviakompania Air Malta Tbilisidan maltas mimarTulebiT kviraSi erTxel ganaxorcielebs frenebs.