hnjfo' kl/jt{g :yfgLo cg'sng...

hnjfo' kl/jt{g :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf

Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan for Action

5fª ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, tgx'F

-cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷) b]lv @)&^÷)&& ;Dd_

tof/ kfg]{ M

5fª ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no,

5fª, tgx'F

@)&!÷@)&@

of]hgfsf] gfdM hnjfo' kl/jt{g :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf

of]hgfsf] c+u|]hL gfdM Climate Change Local Adaptation Plan for Action

tof/ ul/Psf] jif{M @)&!÷@)&@

of]hgf cjlwM @)&@÷) b]lv @)&^÷)&& ;Dd

tof/ ug]{÷k|sfzsM 5fª ufFp ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, tgx'F

k|flalws ;xof]uM xl/of] jg sfo{j|md÷s]P/ g]kfn

;dGjo ug]{M hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf ljkb\ hf]vLd Joj:yfkg ;dGjo ;ldlt

s[t1tfM g]kfn ;/sf/, lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, tgx'F

of] cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf USAID sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;+rfnLt xl/of] jg sfo{j|md dfkm{t tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

cfj/0f kmf]6f] :yflgo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf tof/L sf qmddf ;xeflux?sf] ;fd'lxs

tl:a/

hhnnjjffoo'' kkll//jjtt{{gg ::yyffggLLoo ccgg''ss""nngg ssffoo{{ooff ]]hhggff,, 55ffªª uufflljj;;,, ttggxx'' FF

:yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] ;f/f+z

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ tyf o;sf k|efjx¿;Fu cg's"lnt x'g g]kfn ;/sf/n]

/fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd -gfkf_ @)^&, hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^* Pj+ :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf

-nfkf_ sf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf @)^* tof/ u/L :yfgLo :t/sf] cg's"ngnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFdf h:t} tgx'Fsf] 5fª uflj;df klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nIf0f tyf k|efjx¿ b]vf

kg{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df uflj;sf] ;dGjo / USAID sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf xl/of] jg

sfo{qmd, s]P/ g]kfndfkm{t nfkf k/fdz{bftf, :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmx¿sf] ;xhLs/0fdfkm{t ;/sf/L dfu{

bz{gn] to u/]sf] k|lqmof / r/0fx¿nfO{ cjnDag ub}{ tgx'F lhNnfsf] ;ª\s6f;Gg cj:yfdf /x]sf] o;

5fª ufla;sf nflu :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgf @)&@ tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; uflj; cGtu{t tof/

ePsf @ j6f ;d'bfo :t/Lo cg's"ng of]hgfx¿ klg o; of]hgfsf dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/x¿ x'g\ .

lhNnfsf] uflj;x¿sf] hf]lvd :t/Ls/0f cg';f/ ;d]t of] uflj; pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f :jLs[t nfkf ;+/rgf cg';f/sf ljlwx¿ cjnDag u/L uflj;sf gf} j6} j8fx¿df

:yfgLo ;d'bfo :t/df 5nkmn u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;

uflj;nfO{ hnjfo'' kl/jt{g cg's"lnt agfpg ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ klxrfg u/L cfufdL % jif{sf

nflu hnjfo' kl/jt{g :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

o; of]hgfsf] ;f/ ;+If]k lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

zLif{s ljj/0f

uflj; 5fª

l;dfgf k"j{df hfd'g] uflj;, klZrddf ledfb uflj;, pQ/df dgkfª / z'Snf

u08sL g kf / blIf0fdf l/l;ª /fgLkf]v/L / dfemsf]6 uflj;

If]qkmn %)=*( ju{ lsdL

e" pkof]u v]tL of]Uo hldg -s[lif_, jghª\un, r/g If]q, gbLgfnf, af6f]3f6f], vfnL

hldg

hg;+Vof &^!@dWo] #&!# dlxnf / #*(( k'?if -uflj;sf] ;+lIfKt kfZj{lrq

@)^*cg';f/_

xfjfkfgL÷hnjfo' ;dzLtf]if0f

k|d'v hLljsf]kfh{gsf

cfly{s cfwf/ s[lif, j}b]lzs /f]huf/, Jofkf/, Hofnfbf/L, gf]s/L,

d'Vo hnjfo' k|sf]kx¿ kz'/f]u, s[lifdf /f]u ls/f, ldrfxf k|hflt ,cl;gf, cfunfuL xfjfx'/L ,

r6\ofª, v8]/L, klx/f]

j8f ;ª\s6f;Ggtf

hnjfo' ;ª\s6f;GGtfsf] :t/ j8fx¿

clt pRr hf]lvd ! / @

pRr hf]lvd & / (

dWod hf]lvd $ / *

Go"g hf]lvd ^, % / #


;ª\s6f;Gg 3/w'/L

*( clt pRr 3/w'/L (V4), !%$ pRr 3/w'/L (V3), #*@ dWod 3/w'/L

(V2), $*@ lgDg 3/w'/L (V1)

cfzfltt pknlAw ;d'bfosf] cg's"ng Ifdtfdf a[l4 eO{ hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug]

of]hgfsf] kl/sNkgf s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff j[l4, hn ;|f]tdf ;'wf/, hnjfo' kl/jt{g x'g]

k|sf]ksf] c;/ Go"gLgs/0f, hg :jf:Yo, Eff}lts k"jf{wf/df ;'wf/, Ifdtf

clej[l4 tyf ;zQmLs/0f x'g] cfwf/df ljsf;

of]hgfsf] cjlw % cfly{s jif{ -@)&@÷ b]lv @)&^÷&&_

of]hgfsf] s'n ah]6 g]=¿=!,^%,!),)))-cIf¿kL g]=¿= Ps s/f]8 k}F;7\7L nfv b; xhf/_ dfq

of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf

d'Vo e"ldsf÷;xof]u

ug{ ;Sg] lgsfox¿

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lhNnf kz'

;]jf sfof{no, l;FrfO l8lehg sfof{no, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO l8lehg

sfof{no,, lhNnf jg sfof{no, lhNnf e" ;+/If0f sfof{no, lhNnf dlxnf

tyf afnaflnsf ljsf; sfof{no, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no, lhNnf

k|zf;g sfof{no, u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿

of]hgfsf] ;dfof]hg cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfnfO{ j8f g+=ful/s d~r xF'b} :yfgLo ljsf; of]hgfdf

;dfof]hg u/L uflj; kl/ifb\df lg0f{o u/L cg'df]bg Pj+ kfl/t ul/g] 5 .

uflj;sf] jflif{s of]hgfdf ;dfj]z gePsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ uflj;dfkm{t

ljifout sfof{nox¿df k7fOg] 5 . s]Gb|Lo :t/df lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf

jftfj/0f dGqfnodfkm{t /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf ;dfof]hg ul/g] 5 .

of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ lhNnf :t/df :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yf Pj+

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljz]if e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;dGjosf

nflu / pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf Pj+ bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf

;~rf/ k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . cfjZostf, ljifo ljz]if1tf tyf bIftfsf]

cfwf/df k|lt:kwf{sf] u/fO{ ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu s/f/ tyf ;Demf}tf u/]/

sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .

cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg

k|lqmof

cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg cfjZos of]hgf tof/ u/L

cfjZostf cg';f/sf] lhlj;, uflj; / ;d'bfo:t/df cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg

ug{ ;d"x u7g ul/g] 5 . :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf] ;"rs,

a];nfOg tyf nIo lgwf{/0f u/L cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] cg'udg k|lqmof ;'¿

ul/g] 5 / k|To]s r/0fsf] clen]v Joj:yfkg ug{], ;fj{hflgs ;'g'jfO{, k|ult

k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|:t't x'g] 5 . cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] ;Dk"0f{

k|ltj]bg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lnlvt tyf df}lvs Pj+ ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;fj{hflgs

;"rgfdfkm{t hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ 5 .

Dffly pNn]lvt ljj/0fx¿ o; :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . ;d'bfonfO{ cg's"lnt

agfO{ pgLx¿sf] kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg{ oL sfo{of]hgfx¿ tof/ kfl/Psf x'g\ . o;sf] sfof{Gjog /

lbuf] k|efjsf] nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf,

;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;dfj]zLs/0f of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ cª\usf] ¿kdf

klxrfg u/L, cª\uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;kmn, k|efjsf/L / ju{d'vL sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhNnf ljsf;

;ldlt, lhNnf :t/Lo ljifout lgsfo uflj; jf cGo ;]jf k|bfos Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf]

Ifdtf ljsf; Pjd\ pgLx¿sf] jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ;dfof]hg u/L PsLs[t ljlw cFufNg

ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .


;d"bfosf] ;+s^f;Ggtfsf] gS;f

ljleGg ;|f]tx¿sf] cWoog tyf :ynut cg'udg ;fy} ;d'bfosf] ;Í6f;Ggtfsf] ljZn]if0f

ubf{ 5fª uflj;sf] pkNnf] e]u dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] cefj tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sdL ePsfn] ;Í6f;Gg

b]lvG5 eg] tNnf] e]udf v8]/L tyf hnhGo k|sf]ksf] ;d:ofn] a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;

e]usf] d'Vo k];f s[lif ePsfn] ds} afnL, wfg afnL tyf cGo gub]afnLdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/n]

b]lvPsf] cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 tyf v08j[li6sf sf/0f ;d'bfosf] ljkGg tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{nfO{

hf]lvddf kf/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ldrfxf k|hfltn] klg p:t} c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . s[lif / kz' kfng d'Vo

hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]t /x]sf] x'Fbf v8]/L tyf klx/f]n] kf/]sf] c;/ d'Vo ¿kdf b]lvPsf c;/x¿ dWo]sf

Ps x'g\ .

ljifout If]q cg"¿k cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgsf d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljj/)f

ljifout If]q cg's"ngsf sfo{qmd

s[lif tyf vfb\o

;'/Iff

Dff6f]sf] k/LIf0f

h}ljs ljifflb agfpg] tflnd tyf ;fdu|L ljt/0f

pTs[i6 lap ljt/0f -:yfg cg';f/_

Knfl:6s kf]v/L lgdf{0f

sL6gfzs cf}iflwsf] ;'/lIft k|of]u

l;FrfO s'nf]sf] dd{t tyf ;+jw{g


hn;|f]t / pmhf{ lkpg] kfgL d'xfg dd{t tyf kfOk ;'wf/

;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf] lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu ;xhstf{ tflnd

a;f{tsf] kfgL ;ª\sng ug]{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yf

hg :jf:Yo hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf To;sf] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf k|efj ljZn]if0f

;lxtsf] hg r]tgf

k|sf]k;Fu h'Wg cfsl:ds sf]ifsf] :yfkgf

;'wfl/Psf] r'Nxf] lgdf{0f ;lxt uflj;nfO{ 3/ leqsf] w'jfFd'Qm uflj;

3f]if0ff ug{ kxn

hnjfo' hGo

k|sf]k

hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g / Ifdtf

clej[l4

k|sf]k;Fu h'Wg cfsl:ds sf]ifsf] :yfkgf

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{ h}ljs t6aGwg

jg tyf h}ljs

ljljwtf

hgr]tgf

h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|f]T;fxg

d'xfg ;+/If0f ug{] x]t' jg hª\unsf] ;+/If0f

ldrfxf k|hflt pv]n]/ agfpg]

;+/If0f kf]v/L lgdf{0f

I


ljifo;"lr

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] ;f/f+z I

kl/R%]b 1 M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf]

cf}lrTo tyf dfGotf 1

1=1 :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo tyf dfGotf 1

1=2 :yfgLo ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo / dfGotf 2

1=3 :yfgLo cg"s'ng of]hgf / ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg lar cGt;{DaGw 2

kl/R%]b 2M %fª uflj;sf] k[i&e"ld 3

2=1 ef}uf]lns cj:yf 3

2=2 ;fdflhs cj:yf 4

2=3 cfly{s cj:yf 4

2=4 hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ 5

2=5 jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf 5

kl/R%]b 3 M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] nIo, pb\b]Zo tyf ljz]iftf 6

3=1 nIo 6

3=2 pb\b]Zox¿ 6

3=3 PsLs[t of]hgfsf] ck]lIft pknlAwx¿ 6

3=4 cg"s'ng of]hgfsf] ljz]iftf 6

Kfl/R%]b 4 M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf -nfkf_ tof/Lsf r/)fx¿ 8

4=1 hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l$ 8

4=2 hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;ª\s^f;Ggtf tyf cg"s'ng n]vfhf]vf 9

4=2=1 ;Dd"vtfsf] ljZn]if)f 9

4=2=2 ;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljZn]if)f 15

4=2=3 dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg tyf lk%l*Psf ju{x¿df k/]sf hf]lvdx¿sf]

k|efj ljZn]if)f 24

4=2=4 ljifout If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj 26

4=2=5 cg"s'ng Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if)f 32

4=3 cg"s'ng sfo{x¿sf] k|fyldsLs/)f 37

4=4 cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] lgdf{)f 42

kl/R%]b 5 M cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] ;dfof]hg, sfof{Gjog tyf cg"udg 60

5=1 :yfgLo tyf /fli «̂o of]hgfdf cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] ;dfof]hg 60

II


5=1=1 k|efjsf/L ;dfg"sngsf nflu n}lu+s ;zQmLs/)f 60

5=2 cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog 61

5=3 cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg"udg tyf d"Nofª\sg 61

5=3=1 cg"udg of]hgfsf] tfls{s vfsf 63

kl/R%]b 6= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 65

kl/R%]b 7M cg";'lr 66

cg";'lr 1M %fª ufp+ hnjfo" kl/jt{g cg"s'ng / ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

;dGjo ;ldltsf] gfdfjnL 66

cg";'lr 2M %fª ufp+ hnjfo" kl/jt{g cg"s'ng / ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

;dGjo ;ldlt u&g tyf ;~rfng vfsf 66

cg";'lr 3M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf tof/Ldf ;xefuL ;+Vof 74

cg";'lr 4M ;ª\s^f;Gg j*fsf clt pRr ;ª\s^f;Gg #/w'/Lx¿ 74

cg";'lr 5M %fª uflj; cGtu{t tof/ ePsf hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;d"bfo :t/Lo

cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf -sfkf_ sf] ljj/)f 75

cg";'lr 6M ;ª\s^f;Gg juL{s/)fsf Go'gtd cfwf/x¿ 75

VII


tflnsf ;"lr

tflnsf 1 M df};dL kfqf] 10

tflnsf 2 M afnL kfqf] 11

tflnsf 3 M P]ltxfl;s ;do /]vf 12

tflnsf 4 M hnjfo" pTkGg k|sf]kx¿n] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df kf/]sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if)f 17

tflnsf 5 M ;ª\s^f;Gg j*fsf clt pRr ;ª\s^f;Gg #/w'/Lx¿ 18

tflnsf 6 M s[lif kfl/l:yltso k|)ffnLdf k/]sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if)f 20

tflnsf 7 M jg kfl/l:yltlso k|)fnLdf k/]sf] hf]lvd 21

tflnsf 8 M j*fut k|fyldsLs/)fåf/f hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿ dflysf] k|efj ljZn]if)f 22

tflnsf 9 M dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg tyf lk%l*Psf ju{x¿df k/]sf hf]lvdx¿sf] k|efj ljZn]if)f 24

tflnsf 10 M %fª uflj;df lhljsf]kfh{g ;|f]t dfly hf]lvdx¿sf] k|efj ljZn]if)f 26

tflnsf 11 M ljifout If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj 27

tflnsf 12 M ;+# ;+:yfsf] cg"s'ngdf e'ldsf ljZn]if)f 34

tflnsf 13 M ;d"bfo:t/sf] Ifdtf clej[l$sf nflu k|:tfljt lqmofsnfkx¿ 36

tflnsf 14 M cg"s'ng lqmofsnfksf k|fyldsLs/)f 37

tflnsf 15 M %fª ufljl;sf] hnjfo" kl/jt{g :yfgLo cg's"ng tyf ljkb\

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf 43

tflnsf 16 M cg"s'ng lqmofsnfksf cg"udg of]hgfsf] tfls{s vfsf 63

tflnsf 17 M %fª uflj;sf] cg'udg of]hgf 64

VIII


lrqx? M

lrq g+= 1 M %fª uflj;sf] gS;f 3

lrq g+= 2 M ;fIf/tf 4

lrq g+= 3 M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf -nfkf_ th{'df k|lqmof 8

lrq g+= 4 M tgx+"sf] bzssf] cf};t clwstd tfkqmd -1984 b]lv 2013_ 14

lrq g+= 5 M tgx"+sf] bzssf cf};t Go"gtd tfkqmd -1984 b]lv 2013_ 14

lrq g+= 6 M tgx"+sf] cf};t dfl;s jiff{ -1984 b]lv 2013_ 15

lrq g+= 7 M uflj;sf] hff]lvd, ;ª\s^f;Ggtf / ;|f]t gS;fª\sgsf] gS;f 16

lrq g+= 8 M uflj;sf] j*f g+= 2 l:yt ldrfxf k|hfltsf] k|sf]kn] v]tdf k/]sf] c;/ 19

lrq g+= 9 M j*fx¿sf] ;ª\s^f;Gg cj:yf :t/Ls/)f 23

file:///C:/Users/Munal_New/Desktop/Final/4.%20Chhang%20by%20Samjhana%202%20OCT(1).docx%23_Toc432168739

1


kl/R%]b 1M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo tyf dfGotf

1=1 :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo tyf dfGotf

ljZjdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;qmd;Fu} hnjfo' tLj| ultn] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] j}1flgs cWoogx¿n]

b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ . d'VotofM sf]Onf, vlgh t]n / UofF; tyf gjLs/0f ug{ g;lsg] pmhf{sf] cTolws

k|of]un] pT;{hg ePsf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 h:tf xl/tu[x UofF;sf] dfqf jfo'd08ndf j[l4 ePsf sf/0f

ljZj pi0fLs/0f eO{ jfo'd08nLo tfkqmddf j[l4 / jiff{sf] ;do tyf dfqfdf ljifdtf b]Vg ;lsG5 .

o:tf c;/x¿n] a;]{gL g]kfndf af9L, klx/f], xfjfx'/L, cl;gf, ;'Svf, v8]/L, h:tf hnjfo'hGo k|sf]kx¿,

logLx¿sf] dfqf / cjlwx¿ klg a9L/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] k|fs[lts ;|f]t, h}ljs ljljwtf / hLljsf]kfh{gsf

;|f]t ;fwgdfly k|ToIf c;/ kfg{ yfn]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu} cfPsf] clglZrttf Pj+ ljifdtf;Fu

h'Wg] :yfgLo pkfox¿sf]]] k|efjsfl/tf sd x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 / cfufdL lbgdf o;sf] c;/ cem a9\g ;Sg]

b]lvG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 aRg ljZj hutn] ljz]if sbdsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cg's"ng of]hgf k|lqmofsf] yfngL ug{ /fli6«o

cg's"ng sfo{qmd, gfkf (National Adaptation Programme of Action, NAPA) @)^& ;fn efb|df

tof/ kf/L cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf kg]{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf]

cg's"ng Ifdtf j[l4n] dfq jf:tljs ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] s'/f dx;'; u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg's"ngsf

nflu pknAw ah]6sf] *) k|ltzt :yfgLo txd} nufgL ug{] gLltut lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] / ;f] k|fjwfg gfkf

@)^& / hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^* df ;'lglZrt ul/of] . o;sf] nflu :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf,

nfkf (Local Adaptation Plan for Action, LAPA)dfkm{t :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cg's"ngsf sfo{qmd tyf

ah]6 k'¥ofpg] of]hgf agfOof] / @)^* ;fn sfl{t{{s @( ut] nfkfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/of] . ;f]xL

;+/rgf cg'¿k o; :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf]] xf] .

nfkf th{'df ug{ nfkfsf rf/ lgb]{zs l;4fGt -pmWj{ufdL, ;dfj]zL, tTk/tf, nlrnf]_ nfO{

cjnDag u/L, :yfgLo Pj+ /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;dfof]hgsf] nflu pko'Qm PsfO klxrfg u/L

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo, dfGotf / dxTTjnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL hnjfo' ;dfg's"ngsf cj:yf

l;h{gf ug{ PsLs[t sfo{of]hgfx¿ nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/n] kfl/l:yltsLo

k|0ffnL / ;d'bfo :t/df kf/]sf k|efjx¿;Fu h'Wg :yfgLo :t/df hfgL ghfgL cg's"ng / ljkb\

Joj:yfkgsf sfdx¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\ tyflk of]hgfj4 ta/af6 ePsf] kfOFb}g . of]hgfx¿ tof/L ubf{

ljsf;sf of]hgfx¿n] s]xL cg's"ngsf sfdx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] eP klg jf:tljs ;ª\s6f;Ggtf

;d'bfo / 7fpFx¿nfO{ x]/L of]hgfx¿ tof/ ePsf] b]lvFb}g . of] cg's"ng of]hgf, To:t} ;+j]bgzLn 7fpF /

;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu th'{df ul/Psf] xf] .

of] of]hgf th'{df ubf{ cg's"ngsf ;"rsx¿ -;+j]bgzLntf, ;Dd'vtf / cg's"ng_ nfO{ cfwf/

dfg]/ d'Vo ;d:of ePsf] 7fpF tyf ;d'bfonfO{ n+}lus tyf ;fdflhs lx;fan] ;d]6]/ of]hgf th'{df

ul/Psf] xf] . of]hgf tof/ ubf{ ljleGg ljlw tyf k|lqmof cjnDag u/L ;"rgf ;ª\sng tyf cj:yf

ljZn]if0fsf ;fy} :yfgLo :t/df / lhNnf :t/df pknAw ePsf ;"rgfnfO{ ;d]t ljZn]if0f u/L tof/

ul/Psf] xf] . ;"rsx¿sf] k|of]udf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / n+}lus ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf]

5 . of] of]hgf th'{df ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgfsf r/0fx¿df

cfwfl/t /xL ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgf tof/Lsf] qmddf uf=lj=;=If]qdf /x]sf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿,

;ª\3;+:yf Pj+ ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

2


1=2 :yfgLo ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] cf}lrTo / dfGotf

g]kfn k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿ h:t} af9L, klx/f], lxdtfn lj:kmf]6, lxd klx/f] tyf ljgfzsf/L e""sDksf]

hf]lvddf /x]sf] d'n's xf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kg{] k|lts"n k|efjaf6 klg g]kfn ;+j]bgzLn

cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t æljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt,

@)^^Æ df Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf k"j{tof/L tyf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

sfo{nfO{ ljz]if dxTTj lbOPsf] 5 . ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] ;jfnnfO{ ljsf;sf of]hgf;Fu

d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L ljkb\\ pTyfgzLn ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{] qmddf lhDd]jf/ lgsfon] kxnsbdL lng cfjZos

eO;s]sf] 5 . o; kl/l:yltdf ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd la:tf/ u/L ;a}

txsf ljsf; gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{'kg{] oyfy{tfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} lbuf] ljsf;sf]

dfGotfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ k|efljt ;a} ju{ ;d'bfo Pj+ If]qsf] kxF'r / :jfldTj :yflkt x'g] u/L :yfgLo

;|f]t, ;fwg tyf Ifdtfsf] clwstd kl/rfng ub{} ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns, kf/bzL{

pQ/bfoL, ;dfj]zL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ sf] d"n efjgf

tyf dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% sf] bkmf @ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L

g]kfn ;/sf/n] æ:yfgLo ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgf th{'df lgb{]lzsf @)^*Æ :jLs[t u/L nfu' u/]sf]

5 . t;y{ ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ tyf :yfgLo ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgf

th{'df lgb{]lzsf @)^* sf] cfwf/df klg of] of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgf ;Fu} ;dfof]hg u/L ;+o'Qm

of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

1=3 :yfgLo cg"s'ng of]hgf / ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg lar cGt;{DaGw

:yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgf / :yfgLo ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo g]kfnn]

ef]lu/xg' kg]{ / bf]xf]l//xg] af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, cfunfuL, zLtnx/ h:tf ljgfzsf/L :fd:of tyf

hf]lvdx¿;Fu h'Wgsf nflu pTyfgzLn ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0f ug{' /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[lå

ug{', jt{dfg tyf efjL hf]lvd tyf k|efjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{' /x]sf] 5 . oL b'a} of]hgfx¿nfO{ g]kfn

;/sf/n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 .

sfo{of]hgf agfpbf k|efljt ;a} ju{ ;d'bfo Pj+ If]qsf] kxF'r / :jfldTj :yflkt x'g] u/L :yfgLo

;|f]t, ;fwg tyf Ifdtfsf] clwstd kl/rfngdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;fy} ;xeflutfd"ns, kf/bZfL{, pQ/bfoL,

;dfj]zL / lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5 .

:yfgLo hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng / ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:ykg of]hgf b'a} 5'§f5'§} eP tfklg o;sf]

pb\b]Zo, cfZfo, of]hgf th'{df, k|lqmof / ljlwdf vf;} leGgtf b]lvFb}g . lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfGotfnfO{

;'lglZrt ug{ oL of]hgfx¿nfO{ lgoldt ljsf;sf of]hgf;Fu d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo cg's"ng

of]hgfdf hnjfo'' pTkGg k|sf]k Pp6f If]q eP tfklg cGo ljkb\\ h:t} ljgfZfsf/L e""sDk / cGo ljkb\\

hf]lvdnfO{ ;Daf]wg gug{] ePsfn] :yfgLocg's"ng of]hgf / :yfgLo ljkb\\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgf

;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

of] of]hgf tof/ ubf{ hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]ksf ;fy} cGo ljkb\\ hf]lvdnfO{ klg dWogh/ u/L

tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . oL b'j} of]hgf ;dfof]hg u/]sf] v08df sfd gbf]xf]l/g'sf ;fy} vr{df klg ldtJolotf

x'g] b]lvPsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cGo of]hgfdf ;d]t ;dfof]hgsf] nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

3


kl/R%]b 2M %fª uflj;sf] k[i&e"ld

2=1 ef}uf]lns cj:yf

5fª uflj; klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q, u08sL c~rnsf] tgx'F lhNnfsf] blIf0f klZrd e]udf

cjl:yt 5 . o; uflj;sf] k"j{df hfd'g] uflj;, klZrddf ledfb uflj;, pQ/df dgkfª / v}/]gL6f/

uflj; / blIf0fdf l/l;ª /fgLkf]v/L / dfemsf]6 uflj; /x]sf 5g\ .

of] uflj; ljZj dfglrqdf @&)$('$*" b]lv @&)%#'@$" ;Ddsf] pQ/L cIff+z / *$))('!^"b]lv

*$)!*'))" k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd / ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 #^) ld6/af6 !)$@ ld6/ prfO;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .

%)=*( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] o; uflj;sf] If]qkmndWo] s'n s[lifof]Uo e"ld $@=* k|ltzt, hª\un If]q

$&=$* k|ltzt, emf8L, a'6\ofg / r/g If]q #=#* k|ltzt / vf]nfgfnf, cfjf; tyf cGo If]q ^=#$

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf ;b/d'sfd bdf}nLaf6 !% ls=ld= 6f9f /x]sf] o; uflj; kxf8L k|b]zsf] n] /

a]F;L If]qdf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 . o; uflj;df ;dzLtf]i0f k|b]zLo hnjfo' /x]sf] 5 .

lrq g+= 1 M %fª uflj;sf] gS;f

4


2=2 ;fdflhs cj:yf

o; uflj;sf] s'n hg;+Vof &^!@ dWo] #&!#-$(Ü_ dlxnf / #*((-%!Ü_ k'?if hg;+Vof /x]sf]

5 . hfltut cfwf/df x]bf{ o; uflj;df qmdzM hghflt ^*Ü, blnt !(Ü/ a|fxd0f, If]qL, 7s'/L, d'l:nd

/ cGo u/L !#Ü dflg;x¿ a;f]af; ub{5g\ . o; uflj;df du/ hfltsf]]] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . 5fª

uflj;df /x]sf] !#@) 3/w'/LdWo] !@&^ 3/w'/L lxGb' wdf{jnDaL, #$ 3/w'/L af}4, * 3/w'/L lqml:rog/ @

3/w'/L d'l:ndsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf afl;Gbfsf b;}+, efOl6sf, lth, xf]nL, hg} k"l0f{df cflb d'Vo

rf8kj{x¿ lxGb' wd{fjnDaLx¿n] dgfpF5g\ eg] af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿n] Nxf];f/, af}4 k"l0f{df cflb dgfpF5g\ .

o; uflj;sf] ;fIf/tf b/ *@=% /x]sf] 5 / dlxnf / k'?if ;fIf/tf k|ltzt t'ngf ubf{ dlxnf ;fIf/tf

$^=# k|ltzt / k'?if %#=& Kf|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n hg;+Vofsf] $$=# k|ltzt k'?if / #*=@ k|ltzt

dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf /x]sf] 5 . xfn o; uflj;el/sf] s'n ljBfyL{ ;+Vof @!*) dWo] !!@^ 5fq / !)%$

5fqf /x]sf] 5 .

lrq g+= 2 M ;fIf/tf

2=3 cfly{s cj:yf

5fª uflj;sf] d'Vo cfly{s ;|f]t s[lif /x]sf] 5 . d'Vo cGg afnLsf ¿kdf wfg, ds}, sf]bf], ux'F,

v]tL nufOG5 . uxt, e6df;, c8x/, d';'/, df; cflb bnxg afnL, cfn', n;'g, Kofh, lkF8fn', a]df};dL

tyf df};dL t/sf/L v]tLx¿ nufOG5 . d'Vo gub] afnLx¿df lnrL nufOG5 .

s[lif tyf kz'kfng, Jofkf/, gf]s/L tyf k]G;g, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / Hofnf dhb'/L o; uflj;sf]

cfly{s cfocfh{gsf] ;|f]t xf] . kz' kfngdf afv|f kfng, ufO{ uf]? kfng, e}F;L, ;F'u'/ kfng, s'v'/f, df}/L,

xfF; kfng cufl8 cfpF5 . o; uflj;df k/Dk/fut kz' kfng ljBdfg /x] tfklg Jofj;flos kz'

kfngdf s'v'/f / afv|f kfng d'Vo /x]sf] 5 . s[lifdf cfwfl/t cfly{s l:ylt /x]sfn] o; uflj;sf] nflu

xfn eO/x]sf] ;]jf ck'u b]lvG5 . o; uflj;df s]xL blnt ;d'bfo k/Dk/fut l;k -cf/g]_ k];fdf ;+nUg

x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] eg] xfn s[lif, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cflb k];fdf nfu]sf] kfOG5 .

38.213.1

44.3

4.4

:ffIf/ lg/If/

;fIf/tf

dlxnf k'?if

5


2=4 hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{

5fª uflj;df k/Dk/fut pmhf{sf ;|f]t tyf j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

Jofj;flos pmhf{sf] k|of]u klg o; uflj;df lgs} /x]sf] 5 . o; uflj;df sfnL u08sL hn ljB't\

cfof]hgfn] xfn o; uflj;sf] ljB'tLo cfk"lt{ k'/f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; uflj;df !#@) 3/w'/LdWo] ;a}

3/w'/Ln] /fli6«o k|;f/0faf6 k|fKt ljB't\ ;]jfsf]] pkof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . sf7, bfp/f, uf]a/ UofF; / yf]/}

dfqfdf PnlkhL UofF; vfgf ksfpgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .

2=5 jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf

5fª uflj; %)=*(ju{ ls=ld= hldgdf km}lnPsf] 5 . h;dWo] $&=$*^ k|ltzt hldg jgn]

cf]u6]sf] 5 . uflj;sf] k|d'v hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df v]tL of]Uo hldg / jg hª\un /x]sf] 5 . o;

uflj;df ;fn, lrnfpg], s6';, plQ;, dnfOtf], df}jf, lth', ;]tL sf7, sfkmn, ;f}/, rfFk, lanfpg],

nfnLu'/fF; cflb ?vx¿ kfOG5g\ . e[+uL/fh, cdnf, /fhj[If, s's'/ t?n, ;hLjg, Eofs'/, e's6L, sfkmn

af]qmf, P]]F;]n', bfnlrgL, l;:gf], ef]hkq, lgd, 3f]8tfk|], s'l/nf], x/f]{, a/f]{, st'jf cflb h8La'6Lx¿ kfOG5g\ .

uflj;df lrt'jf, d[u, jgla/fnf], b'D;L, afFb/, :ofn, v/fof] cflb jGohGt' kfOG5g\ . eFu]/f, 9's'/, lra],

lrn, nfdk'R5]|«, h'/]nL, GofpnL, lr/la/], ltqf], uf}FynL cflb r/fr'?ª\uL kfOG5g\ . o; uflj;sf] jg

Joj:yfkg lghL jg, ;/sf/L jg / ;fd'bflos jgsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

6


kl/R%]b 3 M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgfsf] nIo, pb\b]Zo

tyf ljz]iftf

3=1 nIo

;d'bfo :t/df ljleGg k|sf]k tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfg]{ hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;d'bfo tyf lj1fgdf

cfwfl/t 1fg, cg'ej Ifdtf / ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' cg's"ng of]hgf tof/

u/L ;f]sf] sfof{Gjoaf6 ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ub}{ ;d'bfodf / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf ;dfg's"ng Ifdtf

j[l4 u/L pTyfgzLn ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0f ug'{ g} o; of]hgfsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 .

3=2 pb\b]Zox¿

o; of]hgfsf lgDg pb\b]Zox¿ /x]]sf 5g\ M

!= :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hnjfo' cg's"ng ;DaGwL 1fg l;k / Ifdtfdf ljsf; ug]{ .

@= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cToGt} hf]lvdf /x]sf ;d'bfo / kfl/l:ys k|0ffnLsf] klxrfg ug]{ .

#= hnjfo'sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ ckgfO{ hnjfo' hf]lvd pTyfgzLn ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .

$= k|fljlws 1fg l;ksf] ljsf; u/L hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

3=3 PsLs[t of]hgfsf] ck]lIft pknlAwx¿

hnjfo' kl/jt{g, hf]lvdtf, c;/x¿ tyf cg's"ngsf pkfox¿sf Aff/]df ;d'bfo ;r]t ePsf x'g] 5g\ .

;d'bfon] ljleGg k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿ -s[lif, jg, hn;|f]t, hnhGo k|sf]k, :jf:Yo, af;:yfg cflb_

sf cg's"ngsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5g\ .

af9L, Kflx/f] tyf cGo k|sf]k / hf]lvdtf;Fu h'Wgsf] nflu ;d'bfon] ljleGg k|ljlwx¿ Tfyf ;|f]tx¿af6

of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f u/]sf] x'g] 5 .

;d'bfodf hLljsf]kfh{gsf cfofdx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ / ljsf; ePsf] x'g] 5 .

3=4 cg"s'ng of]hgfsf] ljz]iftf

o; of]hgfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ M

of]hgfnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L hgd'vL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg uflj;sf] cu'jfO{df ;a} j8f g+=ful/s d~r, :yfgLo j8f k|ltlglw, /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglw, :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;]jf k|bfos

;ª\3;+:yf, z}lIfs ;+:yfg / ;d'bfosf 3/w'/L :t/sf jf:tljs hf]lvd k|efljt / ljkGg ju{sf

;j{;fwf/0fx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] xf] .

of] of]hgf th'{dfsf] k|lqmof pWj{ufdL /x]sf] 5, h;df o; uflj; cGtu{t ;fd'bflos jg

pkef]Qmf ;d"xdf klxn] tof/ ul/Psf PsLs[t hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgfx¿;d]tnfO{

PsLs[t u/L of] of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf

c;/x¿af6 k|efljt dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg ju{sf 3/w'/Lx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] lyof] . h'g

ljifo :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf @)^* df ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

7


o; of]hgfn] s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff, jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{, hn pTkGg

k|sf]k, dfgj :jf:Yo / hLljsf]kfh{g, u|fdL0f a;f]af; tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of;

u/]sf] 5 .

o; cg's"ng of]hgfn] :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf ;|f]t ;fwgx¿nfO{ clwstd ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{

pb\b]Zo /fv]]sf] 5 . h;df :yfgLo >d, l;k, 1fg, k|ljlw, k|fs[lts ¿kdf /x]sf :yfgLo ;|f]t

;fwgx¿ kb{5g\ .

of] of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf s'g} Ps ;d"x, ;+:yf jf ;/sf/L lgsfosf] dfq ;xof]un] ;Dej gx'g]

ePsfn] uflj;, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no,

lhNnf jg sfof{no, lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no, lhNnf hg :jf:Yo sfof{no / xl/of] jg sfo{qmd

tyf cGo u};;x¿sf]] clwstd ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

of] of]hgfsf] cjlw % jif{ /x]sf]n] lbuf] ¿kdf k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfn]

sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . of]hgf sfof{Gjog cjlwdf ;'zf;gsf cEof;x¿ h:t} M

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vf k/LIf0f, ;DkGgtf :t/Ls/0fsf] cBfjlws, ;DkGgtfsf]

:t/Ls/0f cflb ;'lglZrttf ul/g'sf ;fy} n}lËs tyf ;dfj]zLd"ns tl/sfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g

cg's"ng of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g u/L nfu' ul/g] 5 .

of] of]hgfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ sd ug{, tL hf]lvdF+u h'Wg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug{ tyf :yfgLo k|ljlw / cEof;x¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

8


Kfl/R%]b 4 M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf -nfkf_ tof/Lsf

r/)fx¿ :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf -nfkf_ sf] th'{df nfkfsf] rf/ lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ tyf /fli6«o

;+/rgfdf pNn]lvt ;ft r/0f / tL r/0f cGtu{t ljleGg lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df /xL ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s

r/0fdf pb\b]Zo, sfof{Gjog, k|lqmof, ljlw Pj+ kl/0ffdsf] pkzLif{sdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5, h;sf] cfwf/df

nfkf th'{df k|lqmofut ¿kdf ;DkGg ul/of] . :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{

If]qut of]hgf, sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfdf hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ngsf kIfnfO{ PsLs[t ub}{

sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf JolQm, ;d'bfo / ;|f]tnfO{ hnjfo' cg's"lnt agfpg lgDg r/0fx¿ k|lqmofut ¿kdf

;DkGg ul/of] .

lrq g+= 3 M :yfgLo cg"s'ng sfo{ of]hgf -nfkf_ th{'df k|lqmof

-;|f]t M :ygLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] /fli6«o ;+/rgf, @)^*_

4=1 hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l$

:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] ;'?sf] r/0fdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/af/] uflj;

tyf j8f :t/df ;d'bfosf] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ 5nkmn ul/of] . o; qmddf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s

5nkmn, cGtlq{mof u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f / k|efj, cg's"ngsf cj;/, k|ljlw, /fli6«o cg's"ng

sfo{qmd, ;fGble{s gLlt, of]hgf / /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdaf/] :yfgLo ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d'bfo, :yfgLo lgsfo,

/fhgLlts bn, z}lIfs ;ª\3;+:yf, ;]jf k|bfos ;+3–;+:yf, lj1, blnt, hghflt, ls;fg, o'jf /

;j{;fwf/0f tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xefuLx¿df s]lGb|t eO{ hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . e]nfdf

;xefuLx¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf/] cled'vLs/0fn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ klxrfg u/L cg's"ngsf

pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{ ;xof]u x'g] 5 .

9


uf=lj=;= :t/df /x]sf ljleGg ;d"x÷:yfgLo tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿lar cfk;L ;xsfo{ / ;+:yfut

;'zf;g k|j4{g ub}{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng / ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg nufotsf ;DalGwt ljifox¿df

uflj; :t/df ;dGjofTds / ;xof]uL jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L o; uf=lj=;nfO{ ;dfg's"ng ;d'bfo agfpg

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;ldltsf] gfdfjnL cg';"lr ! df

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

o;/L tof/L uf]i7L j8f / uf=lj=; :t/df ljleGg :yfgLo cg's"ngsf cf}hf/x¿ df};dL kfqf], k|sf]k

gS;fª\sg, cg's"ng Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f, ;+:yfut gS;fª\sg cflb k|of]u u/L uflj;sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]

cj:yf, o;sf] k|efj / c;/, ;ª\s6f;Gg cj:yf cflbsf] ljZn]if0f / efjL of]hgfsf] tof/L ul/Psf] lyof]

.

4=2 hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;ª\s^f;Ggtf tyf cg"s'ng n]vfhf]vf

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/x¿, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf tyf cg's"ng Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vfn] cg's"ng

sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;ª\s6f;Ggtf tyf cg's"ng n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu ;a} j8fx¿sf]

;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns e]nf u/L ;Dd'vtfsf] ljZn]if0f, ;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljZn]if0f / cg's"ng Ifdtfsf]

klxrfg tyf ljZn]if0f ul/of] . o; uflj;df ;Dd'vtfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ P]ltxfl;s ;do /]vfljlw, df};dL

tyf k|sf]k kfqf] / afnL kfqf] ljlw, ;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ 3/w'/L :t/Ls/0f, hf]lvd, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf

/ ;|f]t gS;fª\sg ljlw, ;ª\s6f;Gg ju{ tyf ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg, k|sf]ksf] :t/Ls/0f ljlw k|of]u ul/of] .

o; uflj;sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf tyf cg's"ngsf] n]vfhf]vfaf/] lj:t[t ¿kdf tn JofVof

ul/Psf] 5 .

4=2=1 ;Dd"vtfsf] ljZn]if)f

-s_ df};dL kfqf]

df};dL kfqf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ uflj;sf] ;Dk"0f{ j8fx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} e]nfdf udL{ x'g] ;do, hf8f] x'g]

;do, jiff{ x'g] ;do / j8fsf d'Vo d'Vo k|sf]kx¿ 36\g] ;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]

lyof] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ of] Ps pko'Qm ljlw xf] . df};dL kfqf]sf] cf};t ;dodf

cfPsf] kl/jt{g lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

10


tflnsf 1 M df};dL kfqf]

df};d ;fn j}zfv h]7 c;f/ ;fpg efb| c;f]h sflt{s d+l;/ k'; df3 kmfu'g r}t

udL{ klxn]

clxn]

jiff{ klxn]

clxn]

hf8f] klxn]

clxn]

xfjf

x'/L

klxn]

clxn]

v8]/L klxn]

clxn]

s'lx/f] klxn]

clxn]

cl;gf klxn]

clxn]

df};dL kfqf]n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ o; uflj;nfO{ klg k/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; uflj;df udL{ x'g] ;dodf j[l4 b]lvPsf] 5 / klxnfeGbf a9L udL{ dx;'; ug{

yfn]sf] ljZn]if0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . hf8f] x'g] ;do 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 / klxnfeGbf sd hf8f] dx;'; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . hf8f] ;dodf s'lx/f] klxnf nfUg] u/]sf]df clxn]

lgs} sdL cfPsf] / s'g} jif{ gnfUg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . dg;'g em/Lsf] jiff{ x'g] ;dodf klg Jofks clgoldttf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 ;fy} k';] em/L / df3] em/Lsf] jiff{

lgs} sd jf s'g} jif{ gkg{] u/]sf] 5 . d'Vo hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]kx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ v8]/L, klx/f] / cl;gf kg{] ;dodf kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 . v8]/Lsf] ;do

a9fpg lxpFb] jiff{ gkgf{n] db\bt u/]sf] eGg] k|:6 df};dL kfqf]n] hgfpF5 . ;fy}, cGo ljkb\\x¿ klg klxn]eGbf a9L / af/Daf/tf klg a9]sf] b]lvG5 .

11


-v_ afnL kfqf]

afnL kfqf] ljlwn] o; uflj;sf] afnLdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/sf] :t/ ljZn]if0f ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljlwdf klxn] / clxn]sf] afnL nufpg] tyf sf6\g]

;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{gaf/] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .

tflnsf 2 M afnL kfqf]

afnL ;fn j}zfv h]7 c;f/ ;fpg efb| c;f]h sflt{s d+l;/ k'; df3 kmfu'g r}t

ds} klxn]

clxn]

sf]bf] klxn]

clxn]

v]tsf]

wfg

klxn]

clxn]

r}q

wfg

klxn] klxnf gx'g]

clxn]

ux' klxn] klxnf gx'g]

clxn]

tf]/L klxn]

clxn]

cb'jf

lkF8fn'

klxn]

clxn]

5nkmn tyf cGtlq{mofaf6 k|:6 ¿kdf afnLdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ b]lvg yfn]sf] lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ds} klxnfeGbf !% lbg cufl8

kfSg] u/]sf] 5 / ds} 5g]{ ;dodf klg klxn]sf] t'ngfdf xfn s]xL cGt/ b]lvPsf] 5 . udL{ ofd nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg] x'Fbf l56f] kfSg yfn]sf] :yfgLo ;d'bfo

jtfpF5g\ . sf]bf]df, nufpg] ;do k5fl8 ;/]sf] tyf wfgdf Jofks kl/jt{g b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . jiff{sf] ;dodf x'g yfn]sf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ wfg v]tLdf c;/ b]lvg

yfn]sf] 5 . :yfgLo wfgsf] k|hflt h:t} 3}of cflb nf]k x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf nufOg] c8x/ k|hflt xfn nf]k ePsf] 5 . c8x/, uxt hfltdf

ls/f nfUg] / bfgf nfUg glbg] ePsf]n] xfn o;sf] :ofpnf kz'nfO{ vfg lbg gx'g] / pTkfbg gx'g] ;d:of cfPsf] 5 eg] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tdf x'g] ;'Gtnfdf klg

ls/f nfUg] / t'ngfTds ¿kdf clns l56f] kfSg] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ .

12


lxpFb] jiff{ nueu z"Go ePsf] x'Fbf ux'F v]tL lj:yflkt x'Fb} uPsf] :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . wfgsf] /f]Kg] ;do k5fl8 ;/]

tfklg sf6\g] ;dodf kl/jt{g gb]lvPsf] sf/0fn] :yfgLon] kl/jt{g cª\uLsf/ ug{ g;s]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

-u_ P]ltxfl;s ;do /]vf

o; uflj;df ljleGg ;dodf 36]sf d'Vo d'Vo hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]kx¿, logLx¿n] k'¥ofPsf ljleGg

hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿sf c;/x¿, :yfgLon] aRg k|of; u/]sf pkfox¿ cflbsf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

o; ljlwdf 5nkmn ul/Psf ljifoj:t' lj:t[t ¿kdf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf 3 M P]ltxfl;s ;do /]vf

;fn 36gf k|efj tyf Iflt k|efljt ;d'bfo

jf ju{

arfpsf

k|of;x¿

;+:yfut

;xof]u

;xof]

u

k|fKt

ug]{

@)$) klx/f] @ 3/sf] uf]7x¿ nu]sf] lr8L yfg Jf8f g+= @ 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)$) v8]/L ds}, wfgdf c;/ u/]sf], afnL nufpg

gkfPsf ;a} j8f 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)$! cfunfuL #* 3/ gf]S;fg ePsf]] j8f g+== $ 5}g vfb\o

;+:yfg kLl8t

@)%& cl;gf uf]?, afvf,tf]/L, r/f, xfF;, s'v'/f, cflb j8f g+== & 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)^) cfunfuL % 3/ hn]/ gi6 ;fsL{ ufpF j8f g+== @ 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)^% kz'df /f]u s'v'/f, afvf, e};L, ;Fu'/ Jf8f g+= ! 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)^& s'nf] nu]sf] ! hgf 3fOt] Jf8f g+= @ 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)^*

klx/f] ;fd'bflos jgdf %) eGbf a9L ?v

gf]S;fg j8f g+== & 5}g 5}g

5}g

klx/f] % ufO{ ! af5f] d/]sf] sf7]3/f Jf8f g+= @ 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)^(

cl;gf v]tL kftL gf]S;fg ePsf] j8f g+== # 5}g 5}g 5}g

klx/f] vfg] kfgL kfOk nu]sf], ! 3/ Iflt j8f g+== * 5}g 5}g 5}g

cl;gf ;'Gtnf gf]S;fg u/]sf] j8f g+== * 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)&)

xfjfx'/L :s'nsf] 5fgf] ,6fj/, # 3/ Iflt ePsf] j8f g+== ^ 5}g 5}g 5}g

xfjfx'/L @ 3/ p8fPsf], @ dlGb/ p8fPsf] j8f g+== @ 5}g 5}g 5}g

xfjfx'/L & 3/sf 5fgfx¿ p8fPsf] j8f g+== % 5}g 5}g 5}g

;'Svf v8]/L v]tLkftL gf]S;fg ePsf] j8f g+== ! 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)&!

v8]/L wfg afnLdf gf]S;fg j8f g+== @ 5}g 5}g 5}g

xfjfx'/L !% 3/ Ift ePsf] j8f g+== # 5}g 5}g 5}g

;'Svf v8]/L ds} afnL gi6 ePsf] j8f g+== % 5}g 5}g 5}g

cfunfuL kf]v/] 8fF8f ;fd'bflos jg j8f g+== % 5}g 5}g 5}g

v8]/L ds}, wfg afnL gi6 ePsf] j8f g+== $ 5}g 5}g 5}g

13


;fn 36gf k|efj tyf Iflt k|efljt ;d'bfo

jf ju{

arfpsf

k|of;x¿

;+:yfut

;xof]u

;xof]

u

k|fKt

ug]{

r6\ofª sfkmn :jfF/f ! dfG5] 3fOt] j8f g+== * 5}g 5}g 5}g

xfjfx'/L jg, 3/, uf]7df Iflt j8f g+== * 5}g 5}g 5}g

@)&!

xfjfx'/L * 3/w'/L 7'nf] hf]lvd, ?v jg

hª\undf Iflt j8f g+== &

/]8qm;,

lh=lj=; kLl8t

cfunfuL ! 3/ gi6 ePsf] j8f g+== & ;f=jg kLl8t

5fª uflj;sf] clwsf+z efu ef}uf]lns ¿kdf 8fF8fdf /x]sf] 5 . j8f g+== # sf] s]xL efuafx]s ;Dk"0f{

j8fx¿ 8fF8fsfF8f / le/fnf] If]qdf cjl:yt 5 . o; If]qdf w]/} h;f] klx/f]sf] k|sf]k 5 eg], ; ;fgf uN5Ldf

cfpg] af9Lsf] sf/0fn] klg of] If]q k|efljt 5 . ljut !) jif{ otfb]lv /f]uls/f, v8]/Lsf sf/0f kfgLsf d"nx¿

;'Sg], ldrfxf k|hfltsf] k|sf]k lgs} a9]sf] :yfgLo ;d'bfon] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . ;d'bfosf] leGg a'emfO tyf

cg's"ngsf kof{Kt cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ;|f]t gx'gfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 k|efljt b]lvG5 . hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf] ljleGg c;/x¿ dWo] o; uflj;df v8]/L, klx/f], r6\ofª, cl;gf, xfjfx'/L, jGohGt' tyf afnLgfnLdf

ls/f cflb d'Vo hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]kx¿ x'g\ . v8]/Ln] o; uflj;sf ;a} j8fdf c;/ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 / o;n]

uflj;sf kfgLsf ;|f]t, s[lif If]q, jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, kz' kfng tyf cGo ljleGg hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df

c;/ k'¥ofpg] u/]sf 5g\ . cfunfuLn] d'Vo ¿kdf jg tyf jGohGt' / h}ljs ljljwtfdf Jofks c;/ k'¥ofPsf]

b]lvG5 . afFb/ tyf b'D;Ln] cGg afnL tyf kmnk'mn v]tLdf c;/ k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 eg] r6\ofªn] ?v, 3/ / dfgj

Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 . cl;gfn] uflj;sf s[lif, kmnk'mndf c;/ k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . ds}df clwsf+z cl;gf k/]sf]

a]nf c;/ k'¥ofPsf] 5 . v8]/L tyf /f]uls/fn] d'Vo afnL dflgg] ds} tyf bnxg afnL nufpFg] ;do kl/jt{g

ePsf] b]lvG5 .

-#_ hnjfo' tYof+s ljZn]if)f tyf cf+sng o; 5fª uf=lj=;=sf] glhs hn tyf df};d lj1fg dxfzfvfsf] dfkg s]Gb| gePsf] x'Fbf tgxF', v}/]gL6f/

l:yt hn tyf df};d ljefusf] dfkg s]Gb|df dfkg ul/Psf] tfkqmd / jiff{sf] ljut #) jif{ -;g\ !(*$ b]lv ;g\

@)!# ;Dd_ sf] pknAw tYofÍnfO{ o; :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgf tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ sf]l;;

ul/Psf] 5 .

c_ tfkqmd

ljut #) jif{ - ;g\ !(*$–@)!#_ ;Ddsf] tfkqmdsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; If]qsf] ;a}eGbf udL{

dlxgfx¿df clk|n d] / h'g /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*$ b]lv ;g\ @)!# ;Ddsf] tYofÍnfO{ x]bf{ o; tgxF' lhNnfsf]

;a}eGbf pRr tfkqmd ;g\ @))( sf] clk|ndf #%=# l8u|L ;]lN;o; /]s8{ ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ;g\ !((( sf] clk|n

dlxgfdf #^=@ l8u|L ;]lN;o; /]s8{ ul/Psf] lyof] .

Munal_NewCross-Out

14


lrq g+= 4 M tgx+"sf] bzssf] cf};t clwstd tfkqmd -1984 b]lv 2013_

tgxF' lhNnfsf] cf};t clwstd tfkqmd a9\bf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . dflysf] u|fkmaf6 ljut # bzssf]

tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf};t clwstd tfkqmd udL{sf dlxgfx¿df emg\ emg\ j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] k|:6 b]lvG5 eg]

tgx'Fdf lxpFbsf dlxgfx¿df klg cf};t clwstd tfkqmd j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . o;sf] cfwf/df udL{sf

lbgx¿df ;'Svfsf] hf]lvd a9\g] h;n] ubf{ hghLjgdf k|efj kfg]{, vfg]kfgL]df ;d:of, cfunfuL cflb a9\g ;Sg]

k"jf{g'dfg u/L cg's"ngsf pkfox¿ vf]Hg' kb{5 .

lrq g+= 5 M tgx"+sf] bzssf cf};t Go"gtd tfkqmd -1984 b]lv 2013_

dflysf] u|fkmaf6 ljut # bzssf] tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf};t Go"gtd tfkqmd ;g\ !(*! Kl5sf bzsx¿df

h'nfO b]lv ;]K6]Da/;Dd a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 eg] gf]e]Dj/b]lv km]a|'j/L;Dd Psbd} 36]sf] b]lvG5 .

0

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1984-1993 1994-2003 2004-2013

0

5

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1984-1993 1994-2003 2004-2013

15


cf_ jiff{

hnjfo'hGo ptf/ r9fj Nofpgdf jiff{sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . hnjfo'hGo k|sf]kx¿ lgDTofpgdf jiff{

/ tfkqmdsf] 7'nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . tgx'F lhNnfsf] #) jif{sf] jiff{sf] ljj/0f tn u|fkmdf lbOPsf] 5 M

lrq g+= 6 M tgx"+sf] cf};t dfl;s jiff{ -1984 b]lv 2013_

dflysf ljut #) jif{sf] a;f{tsf] tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;g\ !(*$ b]lv !((# ;Dd clwstd jiff{ h'nfO{df x'g]

uYof]{ eg] ;g\ !((# Kl5 pRr jiff{sf] dlxgf h'g, h'nfO{ / cu:6df ;/]sf] 5 . . ;g\ @))$ kl5sf c;f/, ;fpg

/ efb| dlxgfx¿df clgoldt a;f{tsf] k|j[lQ a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . of] k|j[ltnfO{ x]bf{ a;f{tsf] clgoldttf efjL

lbgx¿df cem a9\g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 / o;nfO{ dWogh/ u/L jiff{sf] sf/0f x'g] k|sf]k tyf hf]lvdx¿nfO{

Wofgdf /fvL k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf cg's"ng sf pkfox¿ th{'df ug'{ kb{5 .

4=2=2 ;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljZn]if)f

o; uflj;sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu hf]lvd, ;ª\s6f;Ggtf / ;|f]t gS;fª\sg ljlw,

;ª\s6f;Gg ju{ tyf ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg, k|sf]ksf] :t/Ls/0f ljlw cflb ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

0

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

1984-1993 1994-2003 2004-2013

16


-s_ hf]lvd, ;ª\s^f;Ggtf / ;|f]t gS;fª\sg hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]kn] ;a}h;f] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df c;/ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;aeGbf a9L c;/ k/]sf]

lrq g+= 7 M uflj;sf] hff]lvd, ;ª\s^f;Ggtf / ;|f]t gS;fª\sgsf] gS;f

If]qdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/, cfly{s ;|f]t / k|s[lts ;|f]t /x]sf 5g\ . v8]/L tyf clgoldt jiff{sf sf/0f ds}, wfg,

sf]bf], ux'F, h:tf cGgx¿ /f]Kg] / kfSg] ;dodf klg km/s x'g'sf ;fy} pTkfbgdf klg sdL cfPsf] 5 . lxpFb] jiff{

gkgf{n] casf jif{x¿df lxpFb] afnLx¿ tyf ljleGg t/sf/Lx¿ Go"g pTkfbg x'g] l:ylt b]lvG5 . klx/f] / af9Ln]

v]taf/L tyf kfgLsf d'xfgx¿ aufpg] tyf k'g{] ug{fn] s[lif hldg 3l6/x]sf] 5 . kfgLsf d'xfgx¿ v8]/Lsf sf/0f

;'Sg] u/]sf 5g\ . cl;gf / x'/Ln] ds} tyf jgsf af]6 la?jfx¿ efFr]/ of] ufpFdf Iflt ul//x]sf] 5 . hnjfo'

pTkGg k|sf]kx¿n] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df kf/]sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0fsf] lj:t[t ¿k tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

ljz]if u/L v8]/L tyf klx/f]sf] k|efj o; uflj;df s[lif tyf kfgLsf d'xfgx¿df a9L b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .

nfdf] ;do;Dd v8]/L tyf crfgs kg]{ jiff{n] lgDTofpg] klx/f]sf] ;d:ofn] af6f]df Iflt x'g], d'xfgx¿ aufpg],

3/ aufpg] tyf kz'x¿df ;d]t c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . nfdf] ;dosf] v8]/Lsf sf/0f ls/fx¿n] klg k|>o kfO/x]sf]

cj:yf 5 . cl;gfsf] k|efj klg uflj;df dx;'; ul/P tfklg cGo k|sf]ksf] t'ngfdf o;sf] Iflt Go"g x'g]

u/]sf] 5 .

17


tflnsf 4 M hnjfo" pTkGg k|sf]kx¿n] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df kf/]sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if)f

qm=;+

=

k|d'v

hLljsf]kfh{gs

f ;|f]tx¿

v8]/L klx/f] cfunfuL /f]uls

/f af9L cl;gf

ldrfxf

k||hflt xfjfx'/L

r6\of

ª jGohGt'

s'n

cª\s

1 k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿

1.1 hldg 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 0 0 15

1.2 kfgLsf] ;|f]t 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 8

1.3 jg hª\un 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 0 1 13

1.4 jGohGt' 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 12

2 cfly{s ;|f]tx¿

2.1 s[lif 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 0 2 18

2.2 kz'/f]u 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 0 17

2.3 j}b]lzs /f]huf/

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 8

2.4 k]G;g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 8

2.5 Jofkf/ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 8

3 ;fdflhs ;|f]tx¿

3.1 cfdf ;d"x 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6

3.2 afn Sna 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6

3.3 o'jf Sna 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6

4 ef}lts ;|f]tx¿

4.1 af6f] 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 11

4.2 ;fd'bflos ejg

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10

4.3 vfg]kfgL 3 3 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 12

4.4 ljBfno ejg 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 7

4.6 l;FrfO 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 13

5 DffgjLo ;|f]tx¿

5.1 lzIfs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10

5.2 :jf:Yo :jo+ ;]ljsf

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10

5.3 ljBfyL{ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10

s'n cª\s 33 34 27 24 23 21 22 16 6 6 212

18


gf]6 M tflnsfdf hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ubf{ w]/} k|efj k/]sf] eP #, dWod k|efj k/]sf] eP @ / Go"g c;/ k/]sf] eP ! cª\s k|bfg u/L

;a} j8fdf cPsf] cª\ssf] cf};t cª\s o; tflnsfdf lbOPsf] xf] .

o; k|sf/n] hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]k tyf hf]lvdx¿sf sf/0f hLljsf]kh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df k/]sf] k|efj

ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L c;/ klx/f]n] ubf{ / bf];|f] a9L c;/ ;'Svf v8]/L], af9L t];|f], /f]u ls/f rf}yf], ldrfxf

k|hflt kfrf}+, cl;gf 5}6f}+, cfunfuL ;ftf}+, xfjfx'/L cf7f}+ / r6\ofª gjf}+ :t/df k|efj kfg{] k|sf]kx¿ /x]sf b]lvG5g\

. To;/L g} ;Dk"0f{ hf]lvdx¿sf] c;/sf] hf]8fut cª\snfO{ hLljsf]kh{gsf ;|f]tx¿df bfFHg'kbf{ cfly{s ;|f]tdWo]

s[lif hldgnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L c;/ b]lvPsf] 5 eg] bf];|f] a9L c;/ k/]sf]df jghª\un / To; kl5 qmdzM kz'

kfng , l;FrfO, ?vla?jf, jGohGt' / cGo /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} ef}lts ;|f]tx¿df ;~rf/, l;FrfO ahf/, vfg]kfgL,

dfgjLo ;|f]tx¿df Jofj;flos s[ifs, b}lgs dhb'/L, :jf:YosdL{ tyf cGo cfly{s ;|f]tx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L c;/

s[lif tyf kz' kfng / qmdzM b}lgs dhb'/L, gub art, Jofkf/ cflbsf ;fy} ;fdflhs ;|f]tx¿df qmdzM

;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf tyf ;+/rgfx¿df c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;ª\s6f;Gg 3/w'/L klxrfg

;fdflhs tyf cflys cj:yfM cfo, Joo, ef}lts ;DklQ cfbL -3/w'/L_ cfwf/df clt ljkGg, ljkGg, dWod,

;DkGg df ljefhg u/L $, #, @ / ! cÍ k|bfg u/Lof] / hnjfo' hf]lvdtfM af9L, klx/f], v8]/L, cfunfuL /

cGo hnhGo k|sf]ksf] cfwf/df 3/w'/L ;Dd'vtf tyf hf]lvd, Go'g hf]lvd, dWod, pRr hf]lvd, clt pRr

hf]lvddf ljefhg u/L !,@,# / $ cÍ k|bfg u/Lof] . cfPsf] cÍnfO{ cf}ift lgsfnL #=@^ b]vL $ ;DdnfO{ clt

pRr hf]lvd 3/w'/L (V4_, @=%! b]vL #=@% ;DdnfO{ pRr hf]lvd 3/w'/L (V3), !=&^ b]vL @=%) ;DdnfO dWod

hf]lvd 3/w'/L (V2), / ! b]vL !=&% ;DdnfO{ Go"g hf]lvd 3/w'/L (V1) df laefhg u/L ;Í6f;Gg ;a}

j8fx?sf ;Dk"0f{ 3/w'/Lx?sf] ;"rgfx? ;+sng u/LPsf] lyof] . ;+sng u/LPsf ;"rgfx? o; k|sf/ tlnsfdf

k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf 5 M ;ª\s^f;Gg j*fsf clt pRr ;ª\s^f;Gg #/w'/Lx¿

j8f g+ clt pRr hf]lvd 3/w'/L (V4)

pRr hf]lvd

3/w'/L (V3) dWod hf]lvd

3/w'/L (V2) Go"g hf]lvd 3/w'/L

(V1) hDdf 3/w'/Lx?

j8f g+ ! @) @* @%

#! !)$

!)$ j8f g+ @ ^ !! !# $@ &@

j8f g+ # % @@ %( !%^ @$@

j8f g+ $ ! @ @! *) !)$

j8f g+ % & @# !* @! ^(

j8f g+ ^ & !( $ @& %&

j8f g+ & !@ !^ !* !% ^!

j8f g+ * ^ * !!) %$ !&*

j8f g+ ( @% @% !!$ %^ @@)

hDdf *( !%$ #*@ $*@ !!)&

19


o; ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/ o; uflj;df ePsf hnjfo'hGo k|sf]kx?af6 uflj; leq slt ;d'bfo s:tf] cj:yfdf

5g\ eGg] ljZn]if0f u/LPsf] 5 . uflj;sf] !!)& 3/w'/L dWo] klxrfg ePsf dWo] *( clt pRr hf]lvd

3/w'/L (V4_, !%$ pRr hf]lvd 3/w'/L (V3), #*@ dWod hf]lvd 3/w'/L (V2), / $*@ Go"g hf]lvd 3/w'/L

(V1 ) klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; tyofÍsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f cg';'lrdf k|:t't ul/osf] 5 .

-v_ s[lif kfl/l:yltsLo k|)ffnLdf k/]sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if)f

s[lif kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]ksf c;/ ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu o;

uflj;df s[lif k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, s[lif e"lddf af; ug]{ hLjhGt' kl/jt{g, s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] cj:yf tyf

u'0f:t/df kl/jt{g / s[lif kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu cª\s k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

s[lif kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf /f]uls/f / v8]/Lsf sf/0f ;aeGbf w]/} k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 / qmdzM klx/f], cl;gf,

xfjfx'/Lsf] /x]sf] 5 . s[lif kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf k/]sf] hf]lvd

ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|To]s hf]lvdn] k|fKt u/]sf] cf};t cª\s

b]vfOPsf] 5 .

o; uflj;df clwsf+z s[ifsx¿ k/Dk/fut s[lif

k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /xL hLljsf]kfh{gsf lglDt v]tL ub{5g\ eg]

o; If]qdf xfn gub]afnLsf ¿kdf cb'jf, s]/f v]tL u/]sf]

kfOG5 . o; uflj;sf s[ifsx¿n] a9\bf] dfqfdf /f;folgs dn

tyf ljifflb k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . s[ifsx¿ xfn ev{/} dfq

lelqPsf k|ljlwx¿df cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . uflj;df a9L

dfqfdf xfOla|8 tyf pGgt hftsf] lapsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5

. vf; u/L wfg, ds}, ux'F, cGo t/sf/L afnLdf xfOla|8 hftsf

afnL nufpg yfn]sf 5g\ . uflj;sf s]xL ls;fgn]

6g]n÷Knfl:6s 3/df v]tL u/L a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{

cu|;/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] sdL tyf 9'jfgLsf] c;'ljwfn] ubf{ o; uflj;sf ls;fgx¿

a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

xfn o; If]qdf afFb/, d';f / b'D;L h:tf jGohGt'x¿n] ds}, wfg / kmnk'mn cflbdf c;/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

pko'Qm hgzlQmsf] sdLsf] sf/0f o; If]qsf v]tL of]Uo hldg afFemf] hUufdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 h;df jgdf/f

tyf ldrfxf hfltsf] k|sf]k Jofks ¿kdf /x]sf]] 5 . s[lif e"lddf af; ug{] hLjhGt'df w]/} kl/jt{g cfPsf]] b]lvG5 .

klxnf eGbf s[lif If]qdf ls/f km6\ofª\u|fdf a[l4, x'gfsf ;fy} gofF gofF lsl;dsf ls/fx¿ klg b]lvPsf 5g\ . nfxL

ls/f, 89'jf, kt]/f], uxt], vk6], hfFt]ls/f, 5]kf/f], 3]/f] r':g], v'd|] ls/f, sfG5L cDnf], k6]/f], lrKn]ls/f, ;+v]ls/f,

vf]O/f], /ft], ;]t], /ftf] sldnf, k'tnL, sfnf]kf]sf], 9';L clb o; uflj;sf b]lvPsf /f]uls/fsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

xfn o; If]qsf s[ifsx¿ k/Dk/fut s[ifsx¿ s[lifdf x|f; cfPsf] atfpF5g\ eg] Jofj;flos ¿kdf ul/g]

kmnk'mn, skmL tyf t/sf/L v]tLtkm{ cfsif{0f a9]sf] kfOG5 . v8]/L, klx/f], af9L, ls/fkm6\ofª\u|f cflb k|sf]ksf

c;/;Fu} clgoldt jiff{sf sf/0f s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf ;d:of cfPsf] 5 .

lrq g+= 8 M uflj;sf] j*f g+= 2 l:yt

ldrfxf k|hfltsf] k|sf]kn] v]tdf k/]sf] c;/

20


tflnsf 6 M s[lif kfl/l:yltso k|)ffnLdf k/]sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if)f

qm=; hf]lvdx¿ v]tL k|0ffnLdf

kl/jt{g -!–#_

s[lif e"lddf

a;f]af; ug]{

hLjhGt' k|hfltdf

kl/jt{g -!–#_

s[lifhGo pTkfbg

u'0f:t/ -!–#_

s[lif kl/l:yltsLo

k|0ffnLsf] ;]jfdf

kl/jt{g -!–#_

hDdf

! v8]/L # # # # !@

@ xfjfx'/L @ @ @ @ *

# r6\ofª ! ! ! ! $

$ s[lifdf /f]uls/f # # # # !@

% ldrfxf k|hflt

@ @ # # !)

^ jGohGt' cftª\s # # # # !@

& cl;gf kfgL # @ @ @ (

* cfuf]nfuL ! ! ! ! $

cf};t !*÷* = @=@%

!&÷* = @=!@

!*÷* = @=@%

!*÷ 8 = @=@%

o; uf=lj=;sf] s[lif kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hf]lvd tyf c;/x¿ ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L c;/

v8]/L, /f]uls/f, jGohGt'åf/f k/]sf] b]lvof] . To;kl5 s[lifdf uGw], ysfOnf], sfF8f tyf n'F8] sfF8f h:tf ldrfxf

k|hfltsf] c;/, cltj[li6, xfjfx'/Ln] c;/ k/]sf] kfOof], h;n] ubf{ oxfFsf] s[lif kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf x|f; cfPsf]

/ v]tL k|0ffnL tyf s[lif pTkfbg kl/jt{g cfPsf] s'/f o; ljZn]if0fn] hgfPsf] 5 .

-u_ jg kfl/:yltsLo k|)ffnLdf hf]lvd ljZn]if)f

kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ubf{ jg If]qdf k/]sf hf]lvd / c;/x¿ jg k|hfltdf kl/jt{g,

jgdf jf; ug]{ hLjhGt'df kl/jt{g, jgsf] u'0f:t/ cj:yf, ;+of]hg / jgsf] kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf ;]jfdf

kl/jt{gsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu cª\s k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . jg kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf w]/} hf]lvd kfg]{ hnjfo'

pTkGg k|sf]kx¿df cfunfuL, klx/f] / ldrfxf k|hfltsf] /x]sf] 5 . o; uflj;df v8]/L / cl;gfn] klg qmdzM

c;/ kfg{] hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]kx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf k/]sf] hf]lvd

ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf cf};t cª\s tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

o; uflj;df jgIf]q klxnfsf] bfFhf]df 36]sf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf ljz]if u/L j8f g+=+ % df v'Nnf

rl/r/gsf sf/0f jgsf] If]qdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf jgdf cfunfuLsf sf/0f jg If]qdf lgs} x|f; cfPsf]

5 . b'lwnf], a]/f}nf, cfvfkf]sf], a'uLkm'n h:tf k|hfltx¿ klxnfsf] bfFhf]df 36\b} uPsf] 5 . To:t} cGodf hd'gf,

r'qf], sfkmn, nfnLu'/fF;, cflb /x]sf 5g\ . jgdf/f emf/sf] cTolws a[l4 / b'lwnf]sf] af]6 36\g yfNg'df oL b'O{

36gfsf] dVo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . lrnfpg], s6';, plQ; Hf:tf ¿vx¿ a9\g yfn]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf lghL tyf

;/sf/L jg /x]sf]n] ubf{ :yfgLoaf;Lx¿n] ;f] If]qdf ;'Gtnf tyf 8fn] 3fF;sf] a'6\6f nufpg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;

If]qdf ;fn la:tf/} dflyNnf] e]udf ;b}{ uPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf km6]+u|f h:tf ls/fx¿ x/fpFb} uPsf] / gofF gofF

ls/fx¿ h:t} kt]/f ls/f, 8fF7ls/f, nfdv'6\6], cflbsf] k|sf]k b]lvPsf] cg'ej :yfgLoaf;Lsf] /x]sf] 5 . o;

21


uflj;df r/fr'?ËL tyf jGohGt' 36\b} uPsf] 5 . kmfk/] r/f, nfdk'R5]« r/f cflb x/fPsf] / ;f/f}F, sf]sn] r/f

h:tf r/fx¿ a9]sf] cg'ej :yfgLoaf;Lsf] /x]sf] 5 .

o; uf=lj=;=df hnjfo' pTkGg k|efjx¿ tyf To;sf ;Defljt hf]lvdx¿n] jg hª\un tyf

ToxfFsf] h}ljs ljljwtfdf s] slQsf] c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 egL kQf nufpg of] ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

;d"xut 5nkmn Pj+ cGtlq{mofaf6 hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . jg k|hflt, hLjhGt' k|hflt tyf

jgsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g / To;sf ;+of]hg tyf kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;]jfdf s] sltsf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5

egL hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ! b]lv # qmdz M Go"g, dWod / pRr hf]lvd 5'6\ofO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf 7 M jg kfl/l:yltlso k|)fnLdf k/]sf] hf]lvd

s|=; hf]lvdx¿ jg k|hfltdf

kl/j{gg -! #_

hLjhGt' k|hfltdf

kl/jt{g !–#_

jgsf] cj:yf÷

u'0f:t/

-!–#_

;+of]hg

jg kfl/l:yltsLo

k|0ffnLsf] ;]jfdf

hDdf

! af9L @ @ @ # # !@

@ v8]/L # # # ! # !#

# xfjfx'/L # @ # ! @ !!

$ r6\ofª ! ! ! # ! &

% dxfdf/L

^ s[lifdf

/f]uls/f

@ @ @ @ @ !)

& ldrfxf k|hflt # # # ! # !#

* jGohGt' cftª\s

! ! @ ! %

( cltj[li6 @ ! @ # @ !)

!) cl;gf kfgL ! ! @ # @ (

!! cfuf]nfuL @ @ @ # # !@

!@ zLtnx/ ! ! ! @ ! ^

cf};t @)÷!@=!=^& !*÷!@=!=%* @@÷!@=!=*# @$÷!@=@ @#÷!@=!=(@

o; uf=lj=; sf] jg kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf hf]lvdx¿sf] c;/ ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L c;/

ldrfxf k|hflt / v8]/L sf] b]lvof] eg] bf];|f] a9L c;/ k'¥ofpg] k|sf]kdf af9L / cfuf]nfuL /x]sf] / To;kl5

qmdzM xfjfx'/L, /f]uls/f, cl;gf kfgL cflbn] ubf{ klg jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 .

22


-#_ k|sf]ksf] j*fut :t/Ls/)f

tflnsf 8 M j*fut k|fyldsLs/)fåf/f hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;|f]tx¿ dflysf] k|efj ljZn]if)f

jf8{x¿ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( :t/Ls/0f

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1

@ @ @ @ @ & @ @ 2

# $ % ^ & * ( 7

$ $ ^ $ ( $ 4

% ^ & * ( 6

^ & * ( 5

& & & 2

* ( 5

( 3 hDdf * ^ ) $ ! # ^ # %

o; uflj;sf] j8f :t/Lo hf]8fut ljZn]ifaf6 j8f g+= ! / @ clt pRr, ( / & pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf]

kfOPsf] 5 . c¿ j8fsf] bfFhf]df j8f g+=+ ! / @ df ljkGGf blnt 3/w'/L a9L /x]sf] / To;df klg klx/f] tyf

af9Lsf] k|sf]k, o'jf hgzlQmsf] sdL, ef}lts ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt / ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fusf] kx'Frdf sdL /x]sf]

5 To;} u/L j8f g+=+ $, @, & / * df klg klx/f] tyf af9Lsf] k|sf]k tyf blnt 3/w'/L w]/} /x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf c;/n] kf/]sf] k|efj;Fu ;lhn}l;t cg's"ng x'g eg] Tolt ;xh 5}g . ;a}

j8fx¿dWo] j8f g+=+ #, % / ^ df :jf:Yo rf}sL, ;fgf ahf/ glhs} /x]sfn] c¿sf] bfFhf]df ;'ljwf o'Qm EfPsf]

sf/0fn] ubf{ c¿ j8fx¿eGbf oL j8fx¿ sd hf]lvddf b]lvG5g\ .

o;sf ;fy} j8fx¿sf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] :t/Ls/0f V1 clt pRr hf]lvd, V2 pRr hf]lvd, V3 dWod hf]lvd /

V4 Go'g hf]lvd lgDg jdf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;ª\s6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ ;Ss6f;Ggtfsf] sf/0f -cg's"ng Ifdtfx¿ n]Vg]_

! / @ clt pRr (V4) vf]nfsf] 5]p, ;b/d'sfdb]lv 6f9f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] kx'Fr af6

6f9fsf sf/0f a9L hf]lvd b]lvPsf]

& / ( pRr (V3) d"n ;'Sg' h:tf ;Dofx¿n] hg hLjgdf sl7gfO tyf

;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fusf] kx'Frdf sdL

$ / * dWod (V2) gbL s6fg h:tf ;d:ofx¿

^, % / # Go"g (V1) d"n ;'Sg] h:tf hf]lvd t/ kx'Frsf] lx;fan] ;an /x]sf]

23


hL= cfO= P;= (GIS) k|lalwaf6 j8fx¿sf] ;ª\s6f;Gg cj:yf :t/Ls/0f

To;}u/L, j8fx¿ sf] hf]lvd / ;ª\s6f;Ggtf Pad cg's"ng Ifdtf nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfgL dfly j8f

:t/Ls/0faf6 cfPsf] cÍnfO{ hL= cfO= P;= k|lalwaf6 klg s'g s'g j8f slt hf]lvddf k5{g\ eGg]af/]

d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] 5 . j8f :t/Ls/0faf6 cfPsf] cÍnfO{ k|of]u u/L hL= cfO= P;= k|lalwaf6 Equal

Interval sf] cfwf/df 4 class df classify u/L cfPsf] o; gS;fª\sgsf] ljZn]if0f ub{f j8f g+= ! / @

clt pRr hf]lvd -V4_ df k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L j8f g+= & / ( pRr hf]lvddf -V3_, j8f g+= $ /

* dWod hf]lvddf -V2_, / j8f g+= ^, % / # j8f g+=o"g hf]lvddf -V1_ k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

lrq g+= 9 M j*fx¿sf] ;ª\s^f;Gg cj:yf :t/Ls/)f

24


4=2=3 dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg tyf lk%l*Psf ju{x¿df k/]sf hf]lvdx¿sf] k|efj ljZn]if)f

Dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg tyf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{x¿df k/]sf] hf]lvdx¿sf] k|efj ljZn]if0fsf] d'Vo pb\b]Zo,

o; ;d'bfodf s'g–s'g hfthfltsf] a;f]af; 5 / s'g ;d'bfo ;a}eGbf a9L ;ª\s6f;Gg cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ /

To;df klg s'g ju{df To;sf] c;/ a9L 5 < s'g pd]/ ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf 5g\ < To;sf] klxrfg u/L

pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgf th'{df ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf 9 M dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg tyf lk%l*Psf ju{x¿df k/]sf hf]lvdx¿sf] k|efj ljZn]if)f

hnjf

o'

pTkGg

k|sf]kx

¿

k|efljt

hLljsf]kfh{

gsf

;|f]tx¿

k|sf]ksf c;/x¿

hf]lvd ;ª\s6f;Gg ju{

afn

aflnsf

o'jf

jo:s

k|f}9

dlxnf

k'?if

ljkGg

dWod

;DkGg

km/s 9+un] ;Ifd

Psn dlxnf

bln

t

hghflt

j|fXd0f

cGo

dfgjLo

;|f]t dfgj Iflt 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 2

klx/f]

hldg -

s[lif_

wfg afnL, ;'Gtnfsf] a'6\6f dl;Psf],hldg

aufPsf] 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

jg hª\un

tyf h}ljs

ljljwtf

jg jg:klt tyf jGohGt' aufPsf], agdf/f

emf/sf] j[l4 ePsf] 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 –

kfgLsf]

;|f]t d'xfg k'l/Psf], kfOk aufPsf] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

af6f] af6f]sf s]xL efu aufpg] u/]sf] 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2

af9L

dfgjLo

;|f]t 3/ tyf JolQm aufPsf]] 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

hldg -

s[lif_ v]t tyf l;rfO{ s'nf] aufPsf] 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2

af6f] af6f]sf s]xL efu aufpg] u/]sf], cfjt

hfjtdf sl7gfO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

kfgLsf]

;|f]t d'xfg aufPsf] 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 2

v8]/L

hldg -

s[lif_

hldgsf] lr:ofgdf sdL / ;'Svfkg, ;dodf

/f]Kg gkfOPsf], /f]uls/fsf] k|sf]k, s[lif

pTkfbgdf sdL, kmnk'mn pTkfbgdf sdL

1 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 –

kfgLsf

;|f]t,

vfg]kfgL

of]hgf

d"nsf] kfgL ;'Sg] u/]sf] 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 –

jg hª\un ?v ;'Sg] u/]sf], cfunfuL a9]sf] 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 –

25


hnjf

o'

pTkGg

k|sf]kx

¿

k|efljt

hLljsf]kfh{

gsf

;|f]tx¿

k|sf]ksf c;/x¿

hf]lvd ;ª\s6f;Gg ju{

afn

aflnsf

o'jf

jo:s

k|f}9

dlxnf

k'?if

ljkGg

dWod

;DkGg

km/s 9+un] ;Ifd

Psn dlxnf

bln

t

hghflt

j|fXd0f

cGo

kz' kfng 3fF;kft ;'Sg] u/]sf]], j:t'nfO{ v'jfpg] kfgLdf

sdL 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

l;FrfO s'nf] s'nfsf] kfgL ;'Sg] u/]sf] 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 2

–

ldrfx

f

k|hflt

hldg -

s[lif_ jgdf/f lgnf] t'yf] cflb emf/sf] j[l4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

jg hª\un jgdf/f a9]sf] 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

cfunf

uL

jg hª\un

tyf h}ljs

ljljwtf

clwsf+z ?v tyf jg:klt gi6 x'g] u/]sf],

jGohGt' hNgfsf ;fy af;:yfg tyf vfB

;fdu|L gi6 x'g] u/]sf]

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

kz'kfng 8fn] 3f;, v/le/ hNbf ufO{ j:t'sf] 3fF; klg

hNg] u/]sf] 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 2

/f]u

ls/f

s[lif wfg, ds}}, ux'F, cfn', cflb ljleGg afnLdf /f]u

ls/f nfUgfsf sf/0f pTkfbgdf sdL 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 2 2

e08f/g s[lif pkhx¿ e08f/0f ul/ /fVbf lrN;f, tyf

cGo ls/fx¿n] ;d:of 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2

jg hª\un ¿v lj¿jfdf /f]u nfUg] u/]sf] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

cl;gf

s[lif ds} afnLdf Iflt, t/sf/L afnLdf Iflt,

;'Gtnfsf] km"n emfg{] u/]sf] 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1

kz'kfng 3fF; k|hfltsf ?vsf kft emg{] u/]sf] 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1

xfjfx'/

L

ljBfno

ejg

;fd'bflos ejg tyf ljBfnosf] 5t p8fpg]

u/]sf] 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2

s[lif ds} afnLdf Iflt x'g] u/]sf], ;'Gtnfsf] km'n

emfg{] u/]sf] 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1

jg hª\un ?v la?jfsf] xfFuf efFRg] u/]sf] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ufpF a:tL 3/df Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1

jg hª\un ?v la?jfdf Iflt kUg] u/]sf] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1

hf]lvd ;ª\s6f;Ggtf ju{ #

^

#

^

#

*

$

^

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ljZn]if0f M

dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ kfgLsf] d'xfg ;'Sg], klx/f]n] d'xfg k'l/g', l;FrfOsf] nflu kfgL gx'g' tyf s'nf]

aufpg', ldrfxf k|hflt, r6\ofª, cl;gf, xfjfx'/L tyf gofF /f]usf] k|sf]k, cToflws kfgL k/]/ tyf cl;gf k/]/

26


afnLgfnLdf Ifltn] ljz]if u/L dlxnf, blnt, ljkGg afnaflnsf, Psn dlxnf / km/s 9+un] ;Ifd ju{nfO{ a9L

dfqfdf c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . v8]/L, ldrfxf k|hflt ;fy} /f]uls/fn] kfgLsf] ;|f]t ;'Sg], s[lif kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnL /

kz'kfng Jofj;fodf w]/} 7"nf] c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . v]tLof]Uo hldg afFemf] a:g', pTkfbg 36\g] tyf kfgLsf

d'xfgx¿ ;'Sb} hfg] x'bfF To;sf] k|ToIf c;/ dlxnf, blnt, afnaflnsf tyf ljkGg ju{nfO{ k/]sf] k|:6;Fu b]lvG5 .

cfunfuL / jgdf/fsf] k|sf]ksf ;fy} ;'Svf If]q a9\gfn] jg ljgfz tyf jg k}bfjf/sf] pknAwtfdf x|f; cfPsf]

sf/0fn] jg k}bfjf/ ;ª\sng sfo{df oL ju{nfO{ a9L dfqfdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . cl;gf / r6\ofªn] klg ef}lts

;|f]tdf s]xL dfqfdf c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] r6\ofªn] ljz]if u/]/ dflg; tyf kz'nfO{ a9L c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

lgisif{ M

o; ;d'bfodf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/n] ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf, k|f}9, ljkGg, km/s Ifdtf ePsf], dlxnf

/ Psn dlxnfnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sfn] tL ju{x¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} pgLx¿sf] x}l;ot ;'wf/ x'g] /

hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'Ug] vfnsf] ;r]tLs/0f / k|ToIf nfe x'g] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cj;/ lbO{ ;xefuL

u/fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

tflnsf 10 M %fª uflj;df lhljsf]kfh{g ;|f]t dfly hf]lvdx¿sf] k|efj ljZn]if)f

4=2=4 ljifout If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj

o; ljlwaf6 uflj;df ljut #) jif{df hnjfo'df b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gn] ljleGg If]qut k|efj tyf xfnsf] cj:yf /

eljiosf] cg'dfg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxn]sf] cj:yfaf6 jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ePsf] kl/jt{g / eljiodf kfg{ ;Sg]

gsf/fTds c;/sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 cg's"ng x'g ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿sf]

k|fyldsLs/0f / n]vfhf]vf ug{ db\bt ePsf] 5 .

hf]lvdx¿ hLljsf] kfh{sf] ;|f]tx¿

klx/f]

ldrfxf k|hflt

cfunfuL

vf]nf s6fg

;'Svf v8]/L

/f]u ls/f tyf

kz' /f]u

r6ofª

cl;gf

xfjfx'/L

dfgj /f]u

ef}lts ;fdflhs k|fs[lts dfgjLo cfly{s

#

!

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27


tflnsf 11 M ljifout If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj

#) jif{ cufl8sf] cj:yf xfn ;Dd dx;'; ul/Psf k|efj eljiosf] cg'dfg dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfdf

kg{ ;Sg] k|efj

s[lif tyf hLljsf]kfh{g

k/Dk/fut ¿kdf t/sf/L nufpg],

Wffg, ds}, sf]bf] dfq} nufpg] u/]sf]

lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu kz' kfng ug]{

ufO{j:t' v'Nnf 5f]8\g]

h}ljs v]tL x'g]

cfsfz]kfgLdf v]tL lge{/

c8x/, uxt, df; nufOg] u/]s]f

l;FrfOsf] cefjn] ubf{ s[lif ug{ ufx|f]

cTolws v8]/Lsf] sf/0fn] ljleGg /f]usf ls/fx¿sf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ lap

pd|g gkfpg]

cfw'lgs 6g]n v]tLsf] ;'?jft ePsf]

c8x/, uxt, ux'F dfl;Psf]

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]un] pAhgL a9]sf],

;'Gtnf, s6x/, skmL Jofj;flos ¿kdf ug{ yfn]sf]

v]tL af/L w]/} afFemf] /x]sfn] 3fF; / k/fnsf] sdL, xfOla|8 3fF; nufOg

yfn]sf]

k/Dk/fut ta/n] kz'kfngdf sdL

v'Nnf r/Lr/0fsf] cefj, a:t'efpnfO{ 3fF;sf] cefj

ljsf;] 3fF;n] sfGnf] sdhf]/ u/]/ v]tLdf c;/ u/]sf]

;]tf] ;fgf] k'ntL, lemFuf, df}/L, a};]nL, v'd|] ls/f, nfxL ls/f, sfG5L

cf}Fnf], /ftf] vkt] ls/f, /ftf]

V]ftLdf sdL x'g]

Aff6f] a9\gfn] klx/f] a9\g]

l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf eP v]tL Jofj;flos ¿kdf hfg ;Sg]

df6f] ;'wf/ ePg eg] klxn] h:tf] pAhgL x'g d'l:sn x'g]

v]t afFemf] x'g ;Sg]

Dff6f] hf]ufpg], /f;folgs kbfy{sf] af/]df 1fg lbg g;s]

s[lif w/fkdf kg]{

Organic farming ug{ ;Sg] Kff]v/L vg]/ kfgL hDdf ug]{

;f]rdf

;xof]u kfP kfOk lsg]/ ;a} j8fdf ljt/0f ug]{

Jofj;flos s[liftkm{ ;d'bfo cfslif{t x'g;Sg]

s[lif pTkfbgn] cfly{s qmflGtsf] ;Defjgf ePsf]

hnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]ksf] ;dod} ;dfwfg gePdf cGo k|If]k0f

t/sf/L v]tLn] sfdsf] nf]8 a9\bf]

sfo{af]em dlxnfdf a9\g ;Sg]

afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{

cToflws ljifflbsf] k|of]un] zf/Ll/s ckfËtf

cfpg ;Sg]

ck|ToIf ¿kdf lx+;f a9\g ;Sg]

28



kg{ ;Sg] k|efj


sldnfn] sfFqmf, uf]ne]F8f, s]/fp

cflbdf c;/ u/]sf]

Jfiff{ ;dodf geP/ /f]kfOF ug{ gkfOPsf]

lgnf] uGb], d/7L emf/n] c;/ u/]sf]

df6f]sf] cDnLokg a9]sf]

Hybrid lapsf] k|fof]un] nf]sn lap dfl;Psf] t/ pTkfbgdf j[l4

ePsf]

hgzlQmsf] cefj / pTkfbgdf sdL ePsf]

ufO{, e}F;L, afv|f s'v'/f Jofj;flos ¿kdf kfNg] u/]sf]

klx/f]n] w]/} s[lif of]Uo hldg sf6]sf]

c;kmn x'g]

jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf

Jfgdf ¿v sf6\g s'g} ;d:of gePsf]

Hf8La'6Lsf] dfqf w]/}

pTkfbgzLn jg /x]sf]

Kflxn]eGbf clxn] ¿vsf] kft l56f] emg]{

Jfg a9\bf] t/ kfgLsf] d'xfg ;'Sbf]

Jfgdf;f kfFr s6\6] / lgnf] uGb]n] jg 9fs]sf]

afFb/, d';fsf] ;+Vof / ;d:of a9\bf]

89]nfn] jg glhs 3/ ePsfnfO{ ;d:of

afFb/n] afnaflnsf, dflg;nfO{ 6f]Sg] lryf]g]{

ck|fljlws k4ltn] hyfefjL af6f] vGg] sfdn] jg tyf h}ljs

ljljwtfdf c;/

sfF65fF6 u/L Joj:yf gul/P clxn] h:t} /xg]

cfuGt's af]6 la?jfn] ;d:of

Jfg a9]sf] sf/0fn] :jR5 xfjf x'g]

cGo ;|f]tsf] ljsf; x'g]

;+/lIft jgn] ko{6gsf] ljsfz x'g]

kfgLsf] d'xfg ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{g x'g]

29



kg{ ;Sg] k|efj


klxnfeGbf ¿vsf] 3gTj sd ePsf]

hg;+Vof j[l4sf sf/0f jg ljgfz

kz'k+IfLsf] ;+Vof a9]sf]

b'lwnf] 3fF; x/fpFb} uPsf]

emf/kftx¿ ;'Sg], a'6f dg]{ h:tf ;d:of b]vf k/]sf]

ug{ ;Sg]

Hfnjfo' pTkGg k|sf]k

;fgf] klx/f] hfg]

cfunfuL x'g]

rf]/L lgsf;L x'g]

w]/} nfk/afxL

af9L klx/f] sd hfg]

Nffdv'6\6] a9]sf]

dfgjLo Iflt ePsf]

Jfg kfvf v]tdf ;fgf] klx/f] uPsf]]

89]nf]n] ;tfpg]

/f]usf] ls/fn] e08f/gdf ;d:of

t'iff/f]n] cfn'df ls/f nfUg], emf/kft ;'sfpg]

cl;gfn] s[lifdf ;d:of

a]df};dL kfgLn] af9L klx/f]sf] ;d:of a9]sf]

k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt x'g ;Sg]

cltj[li6 tyf cgfj[li6sf] dfqf tyf af/Daf/tf j9\g ;Sg]

:yfgLo hg;d'bfodf cg's"ngsf] pkfo af/] hfgsf/L

gx'g]

ljsf; tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f hnjfo' cg's"lnt gx'g]

afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kg{ ;Sg]

dlxnfdf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s tgfj nufot

cGo sfo{af]em a9\g]

dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s

ljsf; c:jfefljs x'g

;Sg]

ljleGg gofF /f]un] ;aeGbf klxn] dlxnf

tyf afnaflnsf nfO{

cfqmd0f ug]{

30



kg{ ;Sg] k|efj


Dffgj :jf:Yo

lg/f]uL dfG5]sf] ;+Vof w]/}

yfxf gePsf] /f]un] dfG5] a9L u|l;t

wfdL emfFqmLåf/f pkrf/ ul/g]

SofG;/, l6aL, lgdf]lgof, cN;/ h:tf gofF /f]u b]vfk/]sf]

;f]nf/, ljB'tLo ;fwgsf] k|of]u a9L

pkrf/sf] nflu c:ktfn hfg]

vfg] s'/fdf ljifflb ePsf]

zf}rfno ;kmf k|of]u ug]{

kf]l;nf] vfgfdf sdL

cfw'lgs v]tL k|0ffnL ePdf ljifflb k|of]u a9L gug]{

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{ g;s] /f]u emg} a9\g]

n'nfnË8f ;':t dgl:yltsf aRrf hGdg ;Sg]

;fdflhs lx+;f a9\g ;Sg]

gofF gofF /f]un] a9L ;tfpg]

sd pd]/df lax] u/]sfn] dlxnfs]f

:jf:Yodf ;d:of

kfgL / udL{n] 5fnf / lrnfpg] /f]u a9L

b]lvPsf]

/f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf lu/fj6

cfPsf]

dfgl;s /f]u a9\g]

Hfn;|f]t / pmhf{

Vffg]kfgL k|z:t ePsf]

kfgL lng 6f9f hfg kg]{

jgaf6 bfp/f Nofpg ;d:of gePsf]

wf/f s'jf / kfgLsf] d'Vo ;|f]t w]/} ePsf]

kfgLsf d'xfg, s'jf kFw]/f] efl;Fb} hfg] qmddf

l;lnG8/ UofF;, uf]a/ UofF; k|of]u x'g]

Water lifting sf] of]hgf j8f g+= & df aGb} / j8f g+=+ ( sf] cfk"lt{,

;a} j8fdf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{,

slxst} cfsfz] kfgL ;ª\sng u/L kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ k'/f ul/Psf]

3/leqsf] w'jfF d'Qm kfg{ g;s]sf]

kfgLsf] ;d:of b]lvg] uf]a/ UofF;sf] a9L k|of]u x'g ;Sg]

v8]/L cTolws a9]/ vfBfGg ;+s6 cfpg ;Sg]

dflyNnf] e]udf ;8s gx'gfn] pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ ahf/ lbg

g;s]sf]

dlxnfd}qL pks/0f gx'gfn]] dlxnfdf emg\

;d:of ylkPsf]

b"lift kfgLn] afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yodf

k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf]

31



kg{ ;Sg] k|efj


3/3/df wf/f eP tfklg kfgL gePsf]

v8]/Ln] tNnf] e]udf a9L c;/ u/]sf]

;x/L ÷u|fdL0f a;f]af; tyf k"jf{wf/

;'/Iffsf] sdL

lzIff, oftfoftsf] ;d:ofn] ufpF 5f8\g] u/]sf]

åGbåsfnLg ;d:ofn] ubf{ a;fOF ;/fOF a9L

ufpFsf] a:tL ufpFd} ePsf]

;x/L a;f]af; a9\bf]

cfly{s cj:yf ;DkGGf ePsf dfG5] ;x/ uP/ uffpFsf]

ljsf; sfo{ ug{ sl7gfO

oftfoftsf] nflu ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{ cJoj:ylt

kSsL 3/ lgdf{0f j[l4 t/ 9'jfgLdf ;d:of

cem} a;fOF ;/fOF a9\b} hfg]

ljb]zL nufgLdf xf]6n lgdf{0f sfo{ a9\b} hfg]

uflj;sf] hg>d ljb]lzg]

cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f a9\g] kmn:j¿k ljleGg /f]u a9\b}

hfg]

dlxnfx¿ zf/Ll/s lx+;fsf] l;sf/

x'g'kg]{

afnaflnsfd}qL ;x/Ls/0f gx'gfn]

dfgl;s j[l4df

c;/ kg{ ;Sg]

lgisif{ M ljifout If]q #) jif{ cufl8sf] cj:yf, xfn;Dd dx;'; ul/Psf k|efj, Efljiosf] cg'dfg, / dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿df k/]sf] / kg{ ;Sg] k|efj

cWoog ubf{ s[lif tyf hLljsf]kfh{g / Hfn;|f]t / pmhf{ If]qdf a9L k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, hnjfo'af6 pTkGg k|sf]k, Dffgj :jf:Yo,

Uf|fdL0f a;f]jf; tyf k"jf{wf/df ;d]t pNn]Vo kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 .

32


4=2=5 cg"s'ng Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if)f

-s_ ;d"bfosf] cg"s'ng Ifdtf ljZn]if)f

o; uflj;df ;fj{hflgs ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] kx'Frdf sdL, ;~rf/ dfWodsf] sdLsf sf/0f hnjfo'

kl/jt{g cg's"ng Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ gofF gofF cg's"ngsf 1fg / k|ljlwsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;

uflj;sf clwsf+z ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf, k/Dk/fut 1fgdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf !! M ;d'bfosf] cg's"ng Ifdtf ljZn]if0f M

hnjfo'

pTkGg

k|sf]kx¿

k|efljt

hLljsf]kfh{gsf

;|f]tx¿

k|sf]ksf c;/x¿

;d'bfon]

ckgfPsf h'Wg]

pkfox¿

s] tL

pkfox¿n]

sfd

u/]sf] 5g\

<

s] tL

pkfox¿

lbuf] 5g\

<

j}slNks

cg's"ngsf

pkfox¿

v8]/L

hldg -s[lif_

hldgdf lr:ofgsf]

sdL / ;'Svfkg,

;dodf /f]Kg

gkfOPsf], /f]uls/fsf]

k|sf]k, s[lif pTkfbgdf

sdL, kmnk'mn

pTkfbgdf sdL

j}slNks cfly{s

;|f]tsf] vf]hL, w]/}

ls;fgn] ljifflbsf]

k|of]u

5 5}g

cfsfz]kfgL

;ª\sng kf]v/L,

l;FrfO kf]v/L

lgdf{0f, cfsf;]

kfgL k'ge{/0f

kfgLsf] ;|f]t,

vfg]kfgL

of]hgf

d"nsf] kfgL ;'Sg]

u/]sf]

j}slNks kfgLsf]

;|f]taf6 kfgL

;ª\sng

5g\ s]xL

lbuf] 5g\

l/ha{ 6\ofÍL, k'gM

lgdf{0f, kfgL

;+/If0f kf]v/L,

j[Iff/f]k0f

jg hª\un ¿v ;'Sg] u/]sf],

cfunfuL a9]sf] - - 5}g

j[Iff/f]k0f, jg

Joj:yfkg tflnd

kz'kfng

3fF;kft ;'Sg] u/]sf]],

j:t'nfO{ v'jfpg]

kfgLdf sdL

v]t af/Ldf pGgt

hftsf] 3fF;

nufpg] tyf lghL

jgaf6 cfk"lt{

5g\ 5}g

8fn] 3fF;, kfv'/L

h:tf 3fF; v]tL,

3fF; e08f/0f

l;FrfO s'nf] s'nf]sf] kfgL ;'Sg]

u/]sf]

s'nf] dd{t u/L

kfgL ;+/If0f

u/]sf]

5}g 5}g

s'nf] ;'wf/, s'nf]

dd{t, tyf j[xb\

s'nf]sf] :t/f]Gglt

klx/f]

hldg -s[lif_ wfg afnL aufPsf]

s]xL efu k'g

;'wf/ u/L v]tL

u/sf]

s]xL sfd

u/]sf] 5}g

j[Iff/f]k0f, u/f

;'wf/, s[lif jg

jg hª\un

tyf h}ljs

ljljwtf

jg jg:klt tyf

jGohGt' aufPsf],

agdf/f emf/sf] j[l4

ePsf]

- - - Uoflag jfn /

j[Iff/f]k0f -

afof]OlGhlgol/ª_,

kfgLsf] ;|f]t OG6+]sdf c;/, kfOk

aufPsf]

s]lx efu k'g

;'wf/

s]lx sfd

u/]sf] -

Uoflag jfn /

j[Iff/f]k0f -

afof]OlGhlgol/ª_

af6f] af6f]sf s]xL efu

aufpg] u/]sf] k'glg{df{0f u/]sf]

s]lx sfd

u/]sf]

Uoflag jfn /

j[Iff/f]k0f -

afof]OlGhlgol/ª_

af9L

s[lif -hldg_

hldg aufPsf], klx/f]

lgDTofPsf], s'nf]

aufPsf]

k'gM ;'wf/ u/L

v]tL u/]sf] - -

s[lif jg, Uoflag

jfn, j[If/f]k0f

af6f] af6f] aufPsf], af9L

cfpFbf lxF8\g c;lhnf]

9'Ëfsf] kvf{n

agfpg] u/]sf] - -

Uoflag jfn,

j[Iff/f]k0f

33


hnjfo'

pTkGg

k|sf]kx¿

k|efljt

hLljsf]kfh{gsf

;|f]tx¿

k|sf]ksf c;/x¿

;d'bfon]

ckgfPsf h'Wg]

pkfox¿

s] tL

pkfox¿n]

sfd

u/]sf] 5g\

<

s] tL

pkfox¿

lbuf] 5g\

<

j}slNks

cg's"ngsf

pkfox¿

cfunfuL

jg hª\un

tyf h}ljs

ljljwtf

clwsf+z ?v tyf

jg:klt gi6 x'g]

u/]sf], jGohGt'

hNgfsf ;fy

af;:yfg tyf vfB

;fdu|L gi6 x'g] u/]sf]

jg hª\unsf]

;+/If0fsf nflu

cfuf] lgefpg]

u/]sf],

s]xL sfd

u/]sf]

s]xL

sfd

u/]sf]

jg Joj:yfkg

tflnd, cfunfuL

;r]tgf cleofg

kz' kfng v/le/, 8fn] 3fF;

hNbf 3fF;sf] ;d:of

cfˆg} af/Ldf 8fn]

3fF;, pGgt

hftsf] 3fF;

s]xL sfd

u/]sf] s]xL

sfd

u/]sf]

cfˆg} af/Ldf 8fn]

3fF;, kfv'/L h:tf

3fF; v]tL

/f]u ls/f

s[lif

wfg, ds}}, ux'F, cfn',

;'Gtnf cflb ljleGg

afnLdf /f]u ls/f

nfUgfsf sf/0f

pTkfbgdf sdL

ljifflbs]f k|of]u s]xL sfd

u/]sf] 5}g

h}ljs ljiflb

k|of]u, /f]u

k|lt/f]wfTds

hftsf afnL

nufpg], IPM tflnd

e08f/g

s[lif pkhx¿ e08f/0f

ul//fVbf lrN;f, tyf

cGo ls/fx¿n]

;d:of

;'Vvf e08f/g

s]xL

xb;Dd

sfd

u/]sf]

5}g

e08f/0f 3/sf]

cfw'lgs

k|ljlwåf/f Joj:yf

jg hª\un ?v lj¿jfdf /f]u

nfUg] u/]sf] - - - j[Iff/f]k0f

ldrfxf

k|hflt

s[lif v]tL ug{ ;Df:of 5}g 5}g lbuf] pGd"ng

hª\un Jfgdf/fn] ubf{ jg

IfoLs/0f - 5}g 5}g lbuf] pGd"ng

cl;gf

s[lif

;'Gtnf v]tLdf Iflt,

ds} afnLdf Iflt,

t/sf/L afnLdf Iflt,

;'Gtnfsf] k'mn emfg{]

u/]sf]

- - - hnjfo' sf]if, s[lif

tflnd, kmnk'mn

v]tL tflnd

hª\un

?v la?jfsf] xfFuf

efFRg] u/]sf] / kft

emg{] u/]sf]

- - - jg Joj:yfkg,

clUg/]vf

kz'kfng 3fF; k|hfltsf ¿vsf

kft emfg{] u/]sf] - - -

8fn] 3fF;, kfv'/L

v]tL

xfjfx'/L

ljBfno ejg

;fd'bflos ejg

ljBfnosf] 5t

p8fpg] u/]sf]

k'gM lgdf{0f ug{] s]lx sfd

u/]sf] 5}g 5t :t/f]Gglt

s[lif

ds} afnLdf Iflt x'g]

u/]sf], ;'Gtnfsf] k'mn,

bfgf emfg{] u/]sf], xfuf+

eflrg],

- - 5}g

6g]n k|ljlwsf]

k|of]u, j}slNks

kmnk'mn v]tL,

s[lif tflnd,

jg hª\un ¿v lj¿jfsf] xfFuf

efRg] u/]sf] - - 5}g

jg Joj:yfkg

tyf tflnd

r6\ofª

dflg; dflg; 3fOt] agfpg]

u/]sf] - - -

cly{ªsf] Joj:yf

ug]{

ufpF a:tL 3/df Iflt k'¥ofpg]

u/]sf] - - -

cly{ªsf] Joj:yf

ug]{

jg hª\un ?v la?jfdf Iflt

k'Ug] u/]sf] - - -

cly{ªsf] Joj:yf

ug]{

34


-v_ ;]jf k|bfos ;+# ;+:yf ljZn]if)f

tgx'F lhNnfdf cjl:yt tyf o; uflj;df sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfos

lgsfox¿df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, k|fs[lts k|sf]k

p4f/ ;ldlt, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO l8lehg sfof{no, lhNnf jg sfof{no, ;]S6/ / Onfsf jg

sfof{no, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfo{fno, s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|, lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, kz' ;]jf s]Gb|, l;FrfO

l8lehg sfof{no, lhNnf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljsf; sfof{no, xl/of] jg sfo{qmd, km]sf]kmg, /]8qm;,

pk:jf:Yo rf]}sL, Onfsf x'nfs sfof{no / ;[hgzLn s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf cflb /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;]jf k|bfos

lgsfo, ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n] o; uflj;df k|ToIf k/f]If ljleGg ;]jf, ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf hLljsf]kfh{g psf:g]

sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . oLafx]s j8f g+=ful/s d~r, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, cfdf ;d"x, o'jf Sna, afn Sna /

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x sfo{/t /x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 cg's"lnt x'g uflj;sf] Ifdtf

clej[l4sf ;jfndf cfly{s, k|fljlws tyf ;xhLs/0f ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] ;ª\3;+:yf tyf lgsfox¿ tyf tL

;+:yf tyf lgsfon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf e"ldsfx¿ / ;d'bfosf] ck]Iffx¿ klxrfg u/L ;f] ;+:yfx¿sf]

;Defljt e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/of] . ;]jf k|bfos ;ª\3;+:yf ljZn]if0f lj:t[t ¿kdf tflnsf !@ df

lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf 12 M ;+# ;+:yfsf] cg"s'ngdf e'ldsf ljZn]if)f

qm=;+ ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿ ;+:yfn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf e"ldsfx¿ ;d'bfosf ck]Iffx¿

1 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ljsf; lgdf{0fdf

cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u, emf]n'ªu]

k'n cfbL==

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ljsf; lgdf{0fdf cfly{s

tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u

2 lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no

af9L, klx/f] tyf e"Ifo lgoGq0fsf nflu

PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg

af9L, klx/f] tyf e"Ifo lgoGq0fsf nflu

PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg

3 lhNnf k|zf;g

sfof{no, k|fs[lts

k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt

k|sf]k tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;xsfo{ tyf p4f/ Joj:yfkg

4 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO l8lehg sfof{no

vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] nflu cfly{s tyf

k|fljlws ;xof]u

vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] nflu cfly{s tyf

k|fljlws ;xof]u

5 lhNnf jg sfof{no,

;]S6/ sfof{no, Onfsf

jg sfof{no

j[Iff/f]k0f, g;{/L Joj:yfkg tyf tflnd /

hg r]tgfsf] nflu k|fljlws ;]jf,

;d'bfosf] jg Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u

j[Iff/f]k0f, g;{/L Joj:yfkg tyf tflnd /

hg r]tgfsf] nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u

6 lhNnf s[lif sfof{no, s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|

s[lif ;]jf, afnLgfnL ljsf;, lap lahg

ljt/0f, s[ifs Ifdtf j[l4,

s[lif ;]jf tflnd, afnLgfnL ljsf;, lap

lahg ljt/0f

7 lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, kz' ;]jf s]Gb|

kz' :jf:Yo tyf kz'k+IfL kfng ljsf;

8 l;FrfO l8lehg sfof{no

l;FrfO kf]v/L, s'nf] lgdf{0f tyf

cfof]hgfsf] nflu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws

;xof]u

l;FrfO kf]v/L, s'nf] lgdf{0f tyf cfof]hgfsf]

nflu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u

9 lhNnf dlxnf tyf

afnaflnsf ljsf;

sfof{no

art tyf C0f, Ifdtf, clej[l4, sfg'gL

k/fdz{ aRrfx¿sf] :jf:Yo x]/rfx s[lif

;DaGwL tflnd, dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf

ljsf;

art tyf C0f, Ifdtf, clej[l4, sfg'gL

k/fdz{ aRrfx¿sf] :jf:Yo x]/rfx s[lif

;DaGwL tflnd, dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;

10 xl/o

hnjfo' kl/jt{g :yfgLo cg'sng...

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Transcript of hnjfo' kl/jt{g :yfgLo cg'sng...