History of the U.S. Marine Corps in WWII Vol V - Victory ... · 734 VICTORY AND OCCUPATION...

APPENDIX A

Marine POWs 1

CAPTURE

All but four of the 2,274 Marines whobecame prisoners of war in World WarII were taken by the Japanese. Theknown exceptions were Marines as-signed to the Office of Strategic Services ,better known as the OSS, who wer ecaptured in 1944 by German forceswhile engaged in covert activities i ncompany with the French underground .

Of the remainder of the Marines whowere captured, 268 died en route to o rin prison camp, and 250 men, who wereknown to have been captured but are

1 Unless otherwise noted, the material in thi sappendix is derived from : 4th Mar Unit Hist ,Philippine AreaOp, and POW, WWII Files ,all in HistBr, HQMC ; Col Gregory Boyington ,USMC (Ret), Baa Baa Black Sheep (Ne wYork : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1958), hereafte rBoyington, Black Sheep ; Martin Boyle, Yank sDon't Cry (New York : Bernard Geis andAssociates, 1963) hereafter Boyle, Yank sDon't Cry, excerpts reprinted with the permis-sion of Bernard Geis Associates from YanksDon't Cry by Martin Boyle . ©1963 by MartinBoyle ; Kenneth W. Condit and Edwin T .Turnbladh, Hold High the Torch : A Historyof the 4th Marines (Washington : HistBr, G–3Div, HQMC, 1960), hereafter Condit and Turn-bladh, Hold High the Torch; James P. S .Devereux, The Story of Wake Island (Phila-delphia : J . B. Lippincott Company, 1947), here-after Devereux, Wake Island; Col JackHawkins, Never Say Die (Philadelphia : Dor-rance & Company, Inc ., 1961), hereafte r

Hawkins, Never Say Die ; Hough, Ludwig, andShaw, Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal ; Lodge ,The Recapture of Guam ; Shaw, Nalty, an dTurnbladh, Central Pacific Drive .

otherwise unaccounted for, are pre-sumed to have died . A total of 1,756 cap-tured Marines returned to the juris-diction of the United States ; a verysmall number of these were escapees ,and the rest were liberated at the end o fthe war . 2 The majority of the MarinePOWs had been captured early in thewar. The rest, mostly aviation person-nel, fell captive to the Japanese afte rthe beginning of Marine air operation sin the Allied South Pacific drive .

On 8 December 1941 (Manila Time) ,Japanese forces took their first Marineprisoners of war—the officers and menof the American Embassy Guard, Pei -ping, and of the Marine Legation Guard ,Tientsin . A detail of 22 men from theTientsin detachment was captured whilestockpiling supplies at the Chingwang-tao docks in anticipation of an immedi-ate evacuation . The North China Ma-rines were scheduled to depart Ching-wangtao on 10 December 1941 in thePresident Harrison, which had evacu-ated the 4th Marines from Shanghaiduring the last week of November .

At approximately 0800 on the 8th ,however, about 1,000 Japanese troop ssurrounded the Tientsin barracks, whil ethree enemy planes circled overhead .The Marine gate sentry phoned his com-manding officer, Major Luther A . Brown,and stated that a Japanese officer wante d

2 Casualty figures provided by Reports an dStatistical Unit, Personnel Services Branch ,Data Systems Division (APB/5) HQMC, n.d .

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VICTORY AND OCCUPATION

to speak to him . 3 The officer, a MajorOmura who was well known to Brown ,brought a written proposal that all of-ficers and men be assembled in one placein the barracks compound, and all o ftheir weapons and equipment in another ,while the Japanese took over . The al-ternative to surrender was "that theJapanese would enforce their proposa lwith the troops at hand ." 4

Brown told the major that he wouldsign the proposal only if the Japanes eaccorded his men the privileges duethem under the Boxer Protocol to whichJapan and the United States had beensignatories . Following a telephone con-versation with the local Japanese com-mander, Lieutenant General Kyoj iTominaga, with whom Brown had bee nfriendly in prewar days, Major Omurastated that Tominaga agreed to the stip-ulation and that Japan would honor it i fvalid . Brown believed that this stipula-tion should have guaranteed the repatri-ation of his men . 5

General Tominaga arranged fo rBrown to telephone Colonel William W.Ashurst, senior Marine officer in Nort hChina and commander of the America nEmbassy Guard in Peiping . Ashurst toldBrown that he was accepting a similarJapanese proposal and advised theTientsin Marine commander to do thesame.° The embassy and legation guards

'Col Luther A. Brown ltr to Hd, HistBr ,G—3 Div, HQMC, dtd 50ct66, hereafter Brownltr.

'Col Luther A. Brown interview withHistBr, G—3 Div, HQMC, dtd 29May58, here-after Brown interview .

Brown ltr .

Ibid.

thought that if they offered no resist-ance, they would be considered part o fthe diplomatic entourage and therefor ewould be repatriated . Unfortunately ,the basis for this belief was nonexistent .Because their initial treatment was rel-atively mild, and because they receivedrepeated informal Japanese assurance sthat they would be repatriated, theMarines made no attempt to escape . ?

Following the establishment of com-munications with the Japanese Govern-ment through Swiss diplomatic channel sfor the purpose of setting up the ex -change of Japanese and American con-sular officials, the United States at -tempted to get Japan to recognize thediplomatic status of the North Chin aMarines . In a telegram on 26 December1941, the Swiss Government was re -quested to inform Japan that "TheUnited States Government consider sthat its official personnel subject to thi sexchange includes . . . the marine guard sremaining in China and there underthe protection of international agree-ment. . . ." 8

In reply, Japan stated that "it i sunable to agree to include United StatesMarine Guards remaining in China a sthey constitute a military unit ." 8 TheUnited States was busy at this time set-ting up the exchange program overall ,

' MIS, G—2, WD, Escape Rpt Nos. 665, CaptRichard M. Huizenga, and 666, Capt James D .McBrayer, Jr ., both dtd 12Ju145 (NARS, FRC ,Alexandria, Va .), hereafter Escape Rpt, withnumber and name of individual concerned .

' U. S. Department of State, Foreign Rela-tions of the United States, Diplomatic Papers ,1942, v. 1 (Washington : GPO, 1960), p . 382 ,hereafter U. S. Diplomatic Papers, 1942.

Ibid ., p . 389.

MARINE POWS

733

and informed the Imperial Governmentthrough Swiss channels that it woul drevert to this point at a later date . Japaninferred from this statement that "th eUnited States Government do not insis tin inclusion of the Marine Guards in thepresent exchange." 10 This inferencewas incorrect because on 13 March,when it provided a list of the Americansto be repatriated, the Department ofState referred to what it had said previ-ously regarding the return of the Marineguards and stated that it expected theJapanese Government "to take cogni-zance of their true status as diplomaticguards." 1 1

Neither Major Brown nor ColonelAshurst, who had surrendered the Pei-ping guard at 1100 on 8 December, knewof this diplomatic interchange . On 3January 1942, the Peiping Marineswere brought to Tientsin and quartere dwith Brown's troops . At Major Brown' sintercession, Major Edwin P. McCaul-ley, who had retired and was living inPeiping but was recalled to active dut yas the Quartermaster for the PeipingGuard, was relocated by the Japaneseto a Tientsin hotel, and later returnedto the United States on the first ex -change ship . 1 2

On the 27th, the entire group ofMarines was moved, together with al lpersonal effects, by train to Shanghai ,where a Japanese officer told them inEnglish as they entered the prison camp ,that "they were not prisoners of waralthough they would be treated as suchand that North China Marines woul d

10 Ibid ., p . 402 .11 Ibid ., p . 404 .12 Brown ltr .

be repatriated ." 13 Until the exchangeships left without the Marines, the menbelieved that they would be repatriated .Brown said after the war that theywere convinced that they were at leastslated to be returned to the UnitedStates, but that the excuse the Japanes egave for failing to send them back wa sthat there was not enough room fo rthem on board the exchange ships . 14

This may have been a valid excuse, formany grave problems concerning ship-board accommodations arose whichthreatened the whole repatriation proc-ess . 1 5

On 2 February 1942, the North Chin aMarines arrived at Woosung prisoncamp, at the mouth of the WhangpooRiver near Shanghai, where they joinedthe Marine survivors of Wake Islan dwho had arrived on 24 January . Also atWoosung were a handful of Marines ,who, unlike the others, received diplo-matic immunity and were to be repatri-ated later in 1942. These men wereQuartermaster Clerk Paul G . Chandler ,First Sergeant Nathan A. Smith, Sup-ply Sergeant Henry Kijak, and StaffSergeant Loren O. Schneider, all mem-bers of the 4th Marines who had beenleft at Shanghai to settle governmentaccounts after their regiment had saile dfor the Philippines . 16 For some unknownreason, unless they had been gulled into

13 Brown interview .

14 Ibid.1" U. S . Diplomatic Papers, 1942, pp. 427f .10 LtCol William T. Clement (Fleet Marine

Officer, U. S. Asiatic Fleet) ltr to CMC, dtd6Apr42, Subj : Dispositions and employmentof U. S . Marines on the Asiatic Station durin gthe initial stages of the War (MiscRpts File ,Philippine Area Ops Files, HistBr, HQMC) .

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VICTORY AND OCCUPATIO N

believing so, the Japanese thought thatthese last four were part of the U . S.consular staff at Shanghai and there-fore entitled to diplomatic immunity .

Chandler and the other three Marinesbecame prisoners on 8 December, andwere transferred several times to otherprisons in the Shanghai area beforethey, too, arrived at Woosung. This wasa former Japanese Army camp, approxi-mately 20 acres overall, and completel yenclosed with two electrified fences . Thebuildings were all frame structure andunheated. Most of the prisoners werenot dressed warmly enough to with-stand the biting Chinese . winter, andall were insufficiently fed . '

The second group of Marines to be-come captives of the Japanese were th e153 members of Lieutenant Colonel Wil-liam K . MacNulty's Marine Barracks ,

" Capt Paul G . Chandler interview in Colum-bus, Ohio, Citizen, 16Sep42. A thorough chec kof known available sources does not indicatethat any other Marine besides McCaulley an dthe quartet from the 4th Marines was repatri-ated . This group was taken from Woosung on9 June ; and together with other diplomati cpersonnel being exchanged they boarded eithe rthe Japanese Asama Maru or the Italian Cont eVerde, which departed Japan on 25 June 1942 .On 22 July, these liners arrived at the Portu-guese Southeast African port of LourencoMarques. Here, the Swedish liner S . S.Gripsholm had arrived a short time before withJapanese officials to be returned to theircountry. On 24 July, with the repatriates onboard, the Gripsholm steamed for the Unite dStates and arrived there on 25 August afterhaving stopped at Rio de Janeiro to drop offSouth American diplomats and their families.Because discussions for a second exchange ofthis type were then underway, the returneeswere requested to keep their statements to th epress regarding their conditions of imprison-ment while in Japan to a minimum .

Sumay, Guam, including the 28 Marine sassigned to the Insular Patrol (Police) .Saipan-based Japanese bombers hit th eisland of Guam on 8 December (Manil aTime) and again on the 9th . The GuamMarines took up positions in the butts o fthe rifle range on Grote Peninsula and ,after making all possible preparation sfor a stiff defense, awaited the antici-pated Japanese assault.

It was not long in coming, for earlyon the 10th, two separate enemy force slanded, one above Agana, and the mai ngroup below Agat. Aware of the over-whelming superiority of the enemy an din order to safeguard the lives o fGuamanian citizens, Captain George J .McMillin, USN, Governor of Guam, sur-rendered the island to the Japaneseshortly after 0600 . Scattered fightingcontinued throughout the day as theenemy spread out over the island andmet isolated pockets of opposition .

Nonetheless, the defenders could offeronly token resistance to the well-arme dJapanese, who quickly had control o fthe entire island .

On 10 January 1942, the America nmembers of the Guam garrison wereevacuated to prison camps in Japan .After a five-day sea voyage, the pris-oners arrived at the island of Shikokuand were imprisoned at Zentsuji, 1 Swhere they remained until they wer etransferred in June 1942 to Osaka on

18 Of interest is the fact that Zentsuji Priso nCamp was built to house German prisoners ofthe Japanese in World War I . Upon the re-lease of the Germans, the camp was inactivateduntil it was reopened to hold Guam Marines i n

1942. CWO Earl B. Ercanbrack ltr to Hd ,HistBr, G—3 Div, HQMC, dtd 210ct66, here -after Ercanbrack ltr 1966 .

MARINE POWS

NORTH CHINA MARINES, en route to prison camp in Shanghai, are paradedthrough the streets of Nanking by their captors on 10 January 1942 . (Photographcourtesy of Colonel Luther A. Brown)

POW QUARTERS at Fengt'ai, where the Woosung prisoners were held for a shorttime before being transferred to camps in Japan . (Photograph courtesy of ColonelLuther A . Brown)

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736


Honshu. First Sergeant Earl B. Ercan-brack, as senior Marine noncommis-sioned officer of the Guam men, became

camp leader at Osaka from the date o f

their capture until October, when Japa-nese Army authorities turned the POW s

over to the tender mercies of civilia nguards and work supervisors . Until thattime, the Marines were treated fairly .

Although the Marines were assigned t o

heavy manual labor both at Osaka andZentsuji, none of the men felt that th e"work was unfair or the treatment otherthan just and honorable ." 19 This situa-tion changed after the middle of October

when the POWs were treated "as crim-inals, subjected to ridicule and humilia-

tion, and . . . suffered cruel and unjus t

'0 Marine Gunner Earl B . Ercanbrack ltr toInternational Red Cross Representatives, dtd30Aug45, Subj : Report of Treatment whil eheld as Prisoners of War, hereafter Ercan-brack ltr I . To explain the discrepancy betwee nErcanbrack's rank noted in the text and tha tgiven in this citation, he stated in a report t othe Commandant that he assumed the warrantrank of Marine Gunner in February 1945. Hetook this action because "Realizing the re-sponsibility resting on me [as Camp Leader ]should I act in taking over the camp . . . andfurther realizing that the situation of the warwas developing where American invasio nseemed possible and imminent," he believedthat this rank would give him the fuller author-ity of a commanding officer . lstSgt Earl B .Ercanbrack ltr to CMC, dtd 12Nov45, Subj :General Report of Commanding Officer, Inde-pendent Detachment of American Forces Heldas Prisoners of War, Osaka Prisoner of Wa rCamp, Hirohata Sub-Camp, for the period60ct43-2Sep45, hereafter Ercanbrack ltr II .

Ercanbrack vacated the warrant rank whe nhe was liberated but upon his return to th eUnited States, he was officially promoted to th erank of Warrant Officer, with the appointmentbackdated to 31 January 1943 .

punishment without opportunity to offerprotest or seek justice . " 2 0

Some of the Guam prisoners believedthat it was not entirely proper to wor kso hard for the enemy, and a numbe rof the POWs at Osaka "formed a some-what informal, loose group or factionwho felt that it was our duty to slow downthe National (Jap) War Effort. Wenever seemed to properly understan dthe Jap guards, we stumbled, spilledbags, caused minor damage and bettere dour own morale but did little real dam-age to their war effort ." 21 In October1942, 80 men of the Osaka camp wer ecalled out of formation, advised thatthey had been observed by prison au-thorities, who had decided that th eAmericans were non-cooperative an dtherefore to be transferred to a moresevere camp. "So this group, halfUSMC and half USN (known thereafte ras the `Eighty Eight Balls') were sent t oHirohata to work as stevedores shovel-ing coal and iron ore at Seitetsu Stee lMills ." 2 2

Perhaps some insight into the reason sunderlying Japanese treatment of pris-oners may be found in the followin g

statement made by a senior enemy offi-cer to Ercanbrack's group on the da ythat it was transferred to Hirohata

camp, west of Osaka . The Japanese

colonel told the Americans that :

We were cowards, else we would hav ekilled ourselves as brave Japanese soldier swould have done, that he could not forgetthat our comrades in arms were killingJapanese brothers and husbands, that w e

2° Ercanbrack ltr I .=' Ercanbrack ltr 1966 .== Ibid.

MARINE POWS

737

chose the disgrace of a cowardly surrenderand that we must suffer. 2 3

As Japanese war reverses mounted an dAllied planes began bombing the HomeIslands, the lot of the POWs grew worse .

After a heroic stand against tremend-ous odds, on 23 December the defender sof Wake Island surrendered to becomethe third group of Marines to be cap-tured by the enemy. The Wake prisoner swere comprised of the survivors of the1st Defense Battalion detachment an dVMF–211 . 24 Also taken at the sametime with these Marines and a fe wArmy Air Corps and Navy personnelwere some 1,100 civilian contract em-ployees who were actively engaged inconstructing new and extensive defense son the island when war struck.

Immediately following the capitula-tion of the Wake Island garrison,25 themen were subjected to numerous indig-nities regardless of rank . By sunset of23 December, all of the Americans o nthe island had been rounded up. Com-mander Winfield S . Cunningham, theisland commander, Major James P . S.Devereux, the senior Marine officer o n

"' Ibid."° Actually, "VMF—211 was represented on

Wake Island by only 12 aircraft, 13 pilots, and ,if I remember correctly, 13 of its own enliste dmen plus 27 Marines from the other squadron sof the parent Group, and 1 hospital corpsman ;in short, 50% of its aircraft, approx. 40% ofits pilots and about 10% of its own enlistedpersonnel . It was `the squadron' only in th esense that its CO was present ." BGen Paul A .Putnam ltr to Hd, HistBr, G—3 Div, HQMC ,dtd 170ct66, hereafter Putnam ltr .

" 6 For the events leading up to and includin gthe surrender, see Devereux, Wake Island, andHough, Ludwig, and Shaw, Pearl Harbor toGuadalcanal, pt III, "The Defense of Wake,"pp. 95—149 .

Wake, and eight others were confined i na one-room cottage. Most men of th eMarine detachment had been taken a ttheir defense positions, but not beforethey had dismantled and destroyed thei rpersonal weapons and had damaged be-yond any further use their crew-servedpieces. Those wounded prior to 23 De-cember and those who had been hos-pitalized for other reasons had bee nplaced in an underground ammunitio nmagazine for protection from Japanes ebombs .

Both the wounded and others cap-tured after the enemy landings wer eheld under guard at the VMF–211 air -craft parking area until dusk on 2 5December, when they were marche daround the island to the vacated civilianbarracks . At this time, the wounded wh owere completely unable to walk weretaken to the improvised hospital men-tioned above. "During this period ofapproximately 54 hours, there was n omedical attention of any kind, no formof protection from the sun by day andcold rain by night, no food, and almos tno water." 2 6

On 11 January 1942, the American swere alerted that they would be evac-uated to prison camps shortly . A groupof regulations, violation of any one ofwhich could result in the death penalty ,was read to the prisoners . Amongst theheinous crimes for which they could b eexecuted were such things as : "talkingwithout permission and raising loudvoices, " "carrying unnecessary baggagein embarking," and "using more tha ntwo blankets ." 2 7

Putnam ltr .

Devereux, Wake Island, p . 211 .

738


Early on the morning of 12 January,

the prisoners were herded aboard the

Nitta Maru, a relatively new Japanese

passenger liner ; enlisted Marines,sailors, and civilians were placed in th eholds, while the officers and the senio rcivilian supervisor were locked in th email room. Left on the island wer eapproximately 300 civilian constructio nworkers, who were to rebuild installa-tions there, and another 100 or s ocivilians and servicemen who were tooill to be moved . Most of those who re-mained were later evacuated to prisoncamps in either China or Japan . Tragi-cally, nearly 100 of the civilians werelined up on a beach on Wake the nigh tof 7 October 1943 and executed by amachine gun firing squad. For thiscrime, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakai-bara—the Japanese commander ofWake—and a number of his officer swere tried, found guilty, and hangedafter the war's end . 2 8

Dressed in whatever tattered tropi-cal clothing they could find 29 and carry-ing only the barest minimum of per-sonal possessions allowed by their cap -tors, the Americans spent 12 days onboard the ship under very difficult con-ditions. They were systematically de-prived of their valuables, fed onlysporadically, not permitted to talk t oone another, and given no room fo rexercise . On 18 January, the shiparrived at Yokohama, where the squad-ron commander of VMF-211, MajorPaul A. Putnam, and a number of othe r

28 See pt III, chap 3, supra.""Most of the POWs had been stripped o f

all clothing during the capture." BGen Joh nF. Kinney ltr to Hd, HistBr, G—3 Div, HQMC ,dtd 20ct66 .

men were removed and taken to camp s

in Japan. Six days later, the Wakeprisoners arrived at Shanghai . Herethey were told that they would beparaded through the city and marche dout to the Woosung camp. Somehow th eparade did not materialize . 30 Major

Devereux particularly remembered th ebitter cold the prisoners felt at Yoko-hama and Shanghai, for they were onl ypartially clad in khaki uniforms andnot acclimated to the change from th etropical weather of Wake . 3 ' Once theAmericans arrived at Woosung, theJapanese Navy relinquished its respon-sibility for the POWs to the Army.Most of the Wake prisoners remaine dat Woosung until they were transferredin December to Kiangwang, five milesaway. In May 1945, they began a jour-ney that was, for most of them, to endeventually in Japan . 3 2

' 0 Escape Rpt No. 667, lstLt John F . Kinney,dtd 12Ju145 .

Sl Because of the extreme cold and their lac kof proper clothing, the Wake prisoners made apractice of wrapping blankets over thei rshoulders when they were marched into th ecamp compound for exercise . Ishihara, one o fthe civilian interpreter-guards soon put a sto pto this . According to one of the former pris-oners, the conversation went as follows : "Ishi :(Infuriated, waving his saber) `Why you takeblankets from bed, you stupid individualists? '(His supreme insult) . Marine : `We're cold! 'Ishi : ` It 's wintertime, you 're supposed to b ecold! No more blankets!'" SgtMaj Robert R .Winslow ltr to Hd, HistBr, G—3 Div, HQMC ,dtd 190ct66, hereafter Winslow ltr .

a= A number of the Wake Marines and civil-ians had been shipped to Japan previously .One detail was sent in the spring of 1943, an d"If I remember correctly, my detail wasshipped to Osaka in August 1943. We wereplaced in barracks located in the shipyard are aand worked as stevedores and longshoreme nuntil early spring of 1945 ." Ibid.

MARINE POWS

739

Chronologically, the next group of

Marines captured belonged to the Ma-rine detachment of the USS Houston .This heavy cruiser, together with the

Australian light cruiser HMAS Perthand two other Allied naval vessels, hadbeen ordered to block the Japanese in-vasion of Java and to destroy the enemyattack force headed for Banten Bay o nthe northwest corner of the Dutchcolonial possession. Shortly after mid-

night of 28 February, Perth andHouston, outnumbered in a punishingengagement with Japanese warships

guarding the landing force, were sunkwithin 40 minutes of each other . Of themore than 1,000 men on the Houston ,

only 368 survived ; 24 of this numberwere Marines from the 74-man detach-ment .

Even before their capture, the lot of

the survivors was not an easy one . Oil-soaked and half-drowned—many o fthem wounded—they remained in thewater or on life rafts for eight hours o rmore. Some of the men were picked upby Japanese landing craft betweendawn and 0800 on 1 March . They weretaken to the beach on St. NicholasPoint, Banten Bay, where they wer epressed into unloading enemy transportsand hauling supplies . 33 Many of th e

as Article 31 of the Geneva "Convention o fJuly 27, 1929 Relative to the Treatment o fPrisoners of War" states in part : "Laborfurnished by prisoners of war shall have n odirect relations with war operations . It isespecially prohibited to use prisoners formanufacturing and transporting arms or muni-tions of any kind, or for transporting mate-rial intended for combatant units ." S . Doc. No .134, 75th Cong ., 3d sess, Treaties, Conventions ,International Acts, Protocols, and AgreementsBetween the United States of America an d

310-224 0 - 69 - 48

men had neither clothes nor shoes an dwere covered from head to toe with fuel

oil from the ships that had been sunk.

These men became badly sunburned, an dto aggravate matters, they were given

little or no medical attention or food

and "no water . . . as the Japs didn' thave any themselves . There were a few

cases of beating to hurry up the work—this was the main Japanese landing an dthe invaders were obviously pressed fo rtime." 3 4

The captives were fed rice and meatballs late that night and the followin g

morning, when the officers were sepa-rated from the enlisted prisoners and

trucked to the town of Serang . On 2

Other Powers, 1923-1937, v . IV (Washington ,1938), p . 5234, hereafter Geneva Conventio nwith article number .

The Geneva Convention of 1929 was ratifiedby the United States on 16 January 1932, andby other countries before and after this date .Although not one of the states which hadratified this code before the war, Japan in -formed the Swiss Government in February1942 that it "is strictly observing Red CrossConvention as a signatory state" and whil eit didn't consider itself bound by the Conven-tion relative to the treatment of prisoners ofwar, it would apply "provisions of that Con-vention to American prisoners of war in it spower. " U. S . Diplomatic Papers, 1942, p. 382 .

A review of the depositions taken for, th etestimony given at, and findings of the court ofnumerous trials of the Far East War CrimesTribunal indicate that Japanese officials incharge of prisoner of war activities observedneither the spirit nor the letter of any of thearticles of this treaty .

a .' 1st Lt Edward M . Barrett POW Rpt, n .d .(POW WWII (USS Houston) File, HistBr ,G–3 Div, HQMC) . One of the four officers o fthe ship's Marine detachment, Lieutenant Bar-rett presumably made this report shortly afte rhis liberation from prison camp on 7 Septembe r

1945 .

740


March, in a temperature of 100 degrees ,the enlisted sailors and Marines, bare-footed and lightly clad, were marche d

the nearly 30 miles to Serang over aconcrete highway, pushing Japanes eammunition and supply carts all of th eway.

Some Houston survivors were picke dup by a Japanese transport ship, whichtook them on board, searched them, an dthen returned them to their life rafts .One of the Americans put on a lif ejacket, swam to shore, and spent threedays in the coastal hills trying to joinAllied forces on Java . Unfortunatel yfor this Marine, natives found him an dturned him over to Japanese troops .Another life raft, with four Marine sand two sailors aboard, drifted fo rthree days around the northwest coas tof Java and through the Sunda Strait .On the afternoon of 3 March, it wasbeached at Laboehan (Labuan), and th esix Americans took to the jungles .After two days of thrashing about, the ymet Javanese natives who promised toguide them to Dutch forces, but instea dled them right to a Japanese machinegun position. 3 5

It was believed that many of the men

who survived the sinking of the Hous-ton reached the beaches of Java, only tobe killed outright by natives armed withknives. On the march from Serang to

Batavia, the natives stoned the POWsand otherwise abused them with little or

3v PFC Bert E. Page, Jr., POW Rpt, dtd24Aug45. Hereafter, all like reports by Marin esurvivors of the Houston will be cited Housto nPOW rpt and name of individual makin gstatement .

no interference from the Japanese

guards . 3 6

Before the end of the week followingthe loss of the Houston and Perth, al lAllied survivors of the naval engage-ment had been captured and detained i nSerang. Conditions here were very bad ;dysentery and malaria broke out amongthe prisoners, who were afforded littlemedical relief . The captives went almos tcompletely without food, and by the endof March, they began succumbing toberiberi and other diseases caused bymalnutrition.

Between 12 and 15 April, the POW swere removed from Serang to Batavia ,where they were interned in a formerDutch military cantonment known be -fore the war as the Bicycle Camp, forsome unknown reason. Under vastlyimproved conditions, the prisoners re-mained here until October, when after atransfer first to Shanghai, they wereagain transferred, this time to Burmawhere their real ordeal began .

When they were captured, member sof the 4th Marines experienced some-what different circumstances than hadthe Houston Marines. Following itswithdrawal from Shanghai, the 4th Ma-rines landed on 30 November and1 December 1941 at the U . S. Naval Sta-tion, Olongapo, on Subic Bay, Luzon ,Philippine Islands . Immediately afte rthe Japanese attack on the Philippines ,the regiment was committed to actio nalong with other forces which had bee nstationed in the islands. After an epic ,four-month-long stubborn resistance ,the American and Filipino defenders ofBataan were forced to surrender o n

ae Houston POW rpt, Cpl Howard R . Charles .

MARINE POWS

741

9 April 1942, and the men on Corregidor ,nearly a month later on 6 May. 37 Col-lectively, the number of Marines take nprisoner in the Philippines formed thelargest Marine contingent the Corpslost at any one time .

Included in the ranks of the 4th Ma-rines captured in the Philippines weremen from Marine organizations whichhad been stationed in the islands whenthe 4th arrived from China. These units—Marine Barracks, Olongapo, and 1stSeparate Marine Battalion, Cavite —were absorbed by the regiment in De-cember 1941 and January 1942. As thefighting progressed, the 4th detachedsome of its units for commitment wherefighting was heaviest and they wereneeded—and where they were finallycaptured .

At the end of the war, after Marin eCorps authorities had checked all pos-sible sources, official Marine record slisted 105 Marines captured on Bataa nand 1,283 on Corregidor . Of this num-ber, 490 men never survived for a num-ber of reasons. Some succumbed t owounds received during the fighting ,others died because of malnutrition,beatings, and various diseases . Finally,a number of men were executed for il-legal or real violations of Japaneseprison regulations, some were killedwhen American aircraft bombed enemyships transporting prisoners to Japan,and still others were outrageously mur -

" See Condit and Turnbladh, Hold High th eTorch, pp . 195—240 ; Hough, Ludwig, and Shaw ,Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, pp. 155—202 ;and Hanson W. Baldwin, "The Fourth Marinesat Corregidor," Marine Corps Gazette, vols .30—31, nos . 11—12 and 1—2 (Nov—Dec46, Jan-Feb47 .)

dered in a massacre at the Puert oPrincesa prison camp .

One of the most difficult and tryingperiods experienced by American POWsis better known as the Bataan DeathMarch, which followed the fall of tha tpeninsula. Much has been written of th esuffering, indignities, and atrocitieswhich constituted the common fate ofthe Americans and Filipinos who sur-rendered to Lieutenant General Masa-haru Homma's forces. Primarily becaus eof his responsibility for the insensat eand uncontrolled brutality of his soldier sduring this infamous event, Homma wastried, found guilty, and executed afterthe end of the war . It would serve n opurpose to recount, step by step, thebloody and tragic evacuation of th ePOWs from Bataan to Camp O'Donnell ,a trek that was approximately 85 mile sof hell .

Corregidor held out a month longerthan Bataan—to 6 May 1942, when at1200, the white flag of surrender wa shoisted over this and the other fortifiedislands in Manila Bay. Despite theseobvious signs of capitulation, the Japa-nese on Bataan continued to pourartillery fire on Corregidor and enemyaircraft flew sortie after sortie over theisland, dropping bombs that day andnight. Early the next morning it wa squiet ; the fighting had ended for theembattled inhabitants of Corregidor, butnot the war—and the Japanese were toremind them constantly of this fact i nboth word and deed until the American swere liberated over three years later .

Late on the afternoon of the 7th, theJapanese began collecting and concen-trating their prisoners in a small beacharea near a large galvanized iron build-

742


ing which had been the garage of anArmy coast artillery unit. Enroute tothis place of confinement, which eventu-ally was to hold nearly 13,000 Americansand Filipinos, the prisoners wereseached many times by Japanese soldierswho took "watches, fountain pens ,money, clothing, canteens, mess gear,etc., in fact anything we had that the ywanted." 38 This unmitigated thievery,in which Japanese officers also took part ,was a commonplace experience of nearl yevery American prisoner, no matterwhere or when he had been captured .

Initially, there was neither food nor

water for the Corregidor prisoners ex-cept for the meager amount they mayhave been able to keep with them, and

"for one well near a partially destroye dgarage . The water was of doubtful qual-ity and the amount of water in the wel lwas very small ." 39 The POWs' thirstwas so great that they drained the radi-

ators of wrecked automobiles, trucks ,and tractors and drank the rusty fluid .A water pipeline was finally installed ," . . . one spigot of one-half inch pipe fo rthe Americans and one spigot of the sam esize for the Filipinos," 40 who had beensegregated from the others . It was fre-quently necessary for an individual t ostand in line for 24 hours before h ecould fill his canteen, and often a guar dwould walk up and turn off the spigot ,

' 8 Capt Austin C. Shofner Rpt of Experi-ences and Observations, dtd 3Dec43, hereafte rShofner rpt .

'° BGen Curtis T. Beecher ltr to Hd, HistBr ,G—3 Div, HQMC, dtd 70ct66, hereafter Beecherltr .

40 Shofner rpt .

apparently as a form of punishment.Particularly aggravating the sufferin gof the prisoners was the weather, forMay is the hot season in Luzon .

This in itself created serious healthproblems, because many bodies on th eisland remained unburied until approxi-mately 10 days after the surrender . ANavy chaplain, who remained on Cor-regidor for two months after the Japa-nese took over, told another prisonerthat some bodies were not found andburied until the first or second week ofJune .

In addition to the hardships impose dupon the prisoners by the enemy andtheir difficulty in adjusting to thei rstatus as captives, all POWs—regardles sof rank—were required to salute orbow to every Japanese soldier—fromprivate to general—whose paths theycrossed. Non-observance of this regu-lation resulted in a beating of variousdegrees of severity . As a matter of fact,prisoners could be and very often werebeaten on the slightest pretext or for n oreason at all . This was one aspect ofthe character and personality of theJapanese which American POWs wereunable to fathom for the entire periodof their captivity. 4 1

Prisoners were fed sporadically dur-ing their first few days of captivity onCorregidor, and only those who were

" 1 As noted later in this appendix, one reaso nfor the beatings may have been the fact tha tsuch treatment was a common form of punish-ment in the Japanese Army . The languagebarrier that very often existed between captiv eand captor may be another possible reason forthese beatings, because the guards may havefelt that a stick was more effective in gettin gresults than an unintelligible order.

MARINE POWS

743

lucky or energetic ate during this time . 4 2

At the first Japanese ration issue, thefood was distributed inequitably . Afterthis, some form of discipline and orderappeared in the ranks of the POWs, andthe Americans took charge of the rationissue .

The Japanese numbered each prisonerand divided the entire group of POW sinto divisions of 1,000. These divisionswere then sub-divided into groups of100. Rations were allotted according tothe strength of each division, which is -sued the food to the 100-man groups.In some cases, group kitchens had al -ready been established. In other in-stances, three or four cooking group swere formed which took the entire ra-tion, cooked it, and then apportionedit to their members on an equitablebasis . In this manner, every prisonerwas fed and nourished on the same sortof starvation diet as his fellows .

Because the Japanese authorities werenot unduly concerned with enforcingsanitary regulations and establishingsome sort of discipline and order withi nthe ranks of the POWs, the prisoner stook it upon themselves to organize amilitary police company of approxi-mately 100 men, nearly half of whomwere Marines. Physical and moralpersuasion were employed by the MP ssince the company had no real authorityto enforce its orders . In spite of theboiling sun, the swarms of flies, the

" Prior to this ration issue, "the Japanesedid permit some parties to go foraging forrations. I personally led one group to the Navysupply tunnel where we found various drystores and brought them back to the beach. Wealso foraged for wood for fuel for cookingfires." Beecher ltr.

paucity of food and water, and the lac kof even minimal sanitary facilities, con-ditions improved considerably once th efull weight and effect of the MP com-pany were asserted .

On the night of 22 May, a heavy, col drain fell on Corregidor, worsening th emiserable lot of the prisoners. At dawnthe next day, they were told to pack thei rbelongings and prepare to leave th eisland bastion . After considerable con-fusion and milling about, the POWswere marched to the docks, and loadedaboard several vessels in the bay, wher ethey spent the night under absurdl ycrowded conditions . Early on the morn-ing of 24 May, the men were herdedinto landing barges, put ashore at th esouthern end of Dewey Boulevard inManila, and marched through the cityto Bilibid Prison in the infamous Japa-nese "Victory Parade ." The Japanese,in the words of one of the prisoners :

. . . compelled the Filipino civilians toattend the parade, many of whom crie dwhile others tried to slip us food . TheFilipinos . . . caught giving food to theAmericans were brutally punished by theJaps. We had only one short water stopduring the hike. Many people dropped ou tbecause of the terrific heat, heavy packs,almost no sleep for three days. . . . Every-one had to keep hiking until they passe dout, then a truck picked up the unconsciou sand brought them in . 4 3

The prisoners were herded into ol dBilibid Prison, where all remained unti lthe morning of the 25th. Early that day,the first of several groups to be trans-ferred was moved by train to prisoncamps located in the vicinity of Cabana-tuan, approximately 75 miles north of

" Shofner rpt.

744


Manila . The rail trip was a trying ordea lfor the already ill-treated prisoners . Atsome stops on this trip, "the Filipino stried to give the prisoners food an dcandy and sometimes succeeded." "Groups of 100 were crowded into box-cars in which there was just enoughroom for each man to stand up duringthe six-hour trip . A total of 1,500 men infour groups left Bilibid and were sent t oCabanatuan Camp 3, a march of 2 0kilometers from the town. The re-mainder of the Corregidor prisonerswere sent to Camps 1 and 2, not too fa rfrom 3. Because of a severe water short-age at Camp 2, it was evacuated afterthe POWs had been there two days andthe men were sent to one of the othertwo camps .

While at Bilibid Prison, all America nofficers in the grade of colonel and abov ewere segregated from the rest of th eprisoners for transfer to camps otherthan those set aside for lesser rankedPOWs . 45 One of the officers transferredwas Colonel Samuel Howard, the com-mander of the 4th Marines . His groupwas moved on 3 June to a prison cam poutside of Tarlac, Luzon, where it re-mained until 12 August . Among thes eofficers was Lieutenant General Jona-than M. Wainwright, the former com-mander of American forces in thePhilippines and the senior Americanofficer present in camp. On 12 August,the officers were entrained for Manila,and placed on board the Nagara Maru,which sailed the following day for For -

" Beecher ltr ." The exceptions were "two Army colonel s

who arrived in Camp 3 . They were later (inSeptember, I believe) taken to join othe rcolonels and general officers ." Ibid .

mosa, leaving behind American soldiers ,sailors, Marines, and civilians, and Fil-ipino servicemen . All were to endur emonths of hard labor, starvation, mis-treatment, and numerous indignities atthe hands of the Japanese before Gen-eral MacArthur's forces liberated thePhilippines .

Tragically, the last Marines capturedin a group in the Pacific War were nin emembers of Lieutenant Colonel EvansF. Carlson's 2d Raider Battalion, whichraided Makin Island in the Gilberts on17—18 August 1942 . Although this raidwas successful within the limits imposedon the overall operation, serious conse-quences resulted from its aftermath .

Following their surprise landing, theMarine raiders had killed every enemysoldier on the island and destroyed man yof the Japanese supply dumps and facili -ties there. When the battalion had com-pleted its mission and attempted toreturn to the submarines which hadcarried it to Makin, the Marines foun dthat the surf was heavier than had bee nexpected and were unable to maneuvertheir rubber craft through the breakersto clear water . The submarines remaine dsubmerged through most of the 18th ,but moved into the mouth of the islandlagoon at approximately 1930 that eve-ning. There they met and took aboar dtattered raiders, who had managed tojury-rig their rubber boats to a nativeoutrigger canoe, in which they were abl eto negotiate the tossing surf . Both sub-marines then immediately departed fo rPearl Harbor .

Nobody knew it at the time, but nin eMarines had been left behind . They werecaptured later by Japanese reinforce-ments which mounted out of a nearby

MARINE POWS

745

island garrison on 18 and 20 August .Thirty-three Japanese flew in to th eatoll on 20 August, and a larger grouparrived at Makin on a ship the followin gday. These Japanese reported that theyfound 21 Marine bodies, 5 rubber boats ,15 machine guns, 3 rifles, 24 automati crifles, 350 grenades, "and a few othe rthings." 4 6

The captured Marines received satis-factory care at the hands of their cap-tors on Makin, and humane treatmen tcontinued for nearly a month after theyhad been moved to Kwajalein . Early inOctober, Vice Admiral Koso Abe,Marshall Islands commander, was ad-vised that he need not send these prison -ers to Tokyo. A staff officer from ahigher headquarters told Abe that a re-cently established policy permitted theadmiral to dispose of these men on Kwa-jalein as he saw fit . Abe then ordere dthe Marines beheaded . A native wit-nessed the executions, and based on hi sand other testimony in war crimes trial safter the war, Abe was convicted o fatrocities and hanged at Guam. CaptainYoshio Obara, Kwajalein commanderwho had been ordered to arrange theexecutions, was sentenced to 10 yearsimprisonment, and Lieutenant Hisaki-chi Naiki, also involved in the affair,was sentenced to 5 years in prison . 4 7

After the capture of the men left o nMakin, the only Marines to fall int o

48 WDC Japanese Docs Nos . 161,013, 161,110 ,and NAl2053, "Records of Various BaseForces" and "Base Force Guard Units and De-fense Unit Records," 17—22Aug42 (OAB ,NHD) .

4T ComMarianas, "Recordings of Proceedingsof a Military Commission, 1946," Files 149234—150837 (JAG, ND) .

Japanese hands were individual pilot sand aircraft crewmen whose planes wereshot down over or near enemy territory .The story of Major Gregory Boyington ,VMF–214 commander and recipient ofthe Medal of Honor, who was shot downover Rabaul on 3 January 1944, in gen-eral reflects the experiences of otherMarine aviators who were downed andsurvived, only to become prisoners .

After Boyington's plane was hit an dset afire, he parachuted and landed i nthe water. He spent eight hours in hi slife raft before being picked up andtaken to Rabaul by a Japanese subma-rine. In the middle of February 1944,Boyington and five other POWs wereflown from Rabaul to an airport on th eoutskirts of Yokohama by way of Truk,Saipan, and Iwo Jima. Upon settin gdown on Japanese soil, the six prison-ers were walked from the airport to apoint outside of Yokohama and trucke da distance to a streetcar terminal. Herethey boarded a trolley which took themto a Japanese Navy-run POW camp atOfuna, the prewar Hollywood of Japan .

Processed through or at Ofuna wer ecaptured Allied submariners, pilots, an dtechnicians whom the enemy believe dcould provide special information ofvalue. Holding Boyington and som eothers as captives rather than POWs,the Japanese never reported their where-abouts or existence to the Internationa lRed Cross and these men were thereforelisted as missing or killed in action .Boyington remained at Camp Ofuna un -til the last months of the war, when h ewas transferred to Camp Omori nearTokyo, and there he was liberated.

With the exception of those aviatorswho were downed near Chichi Jima in

746


the Bonin Islands and executed there ,most pilots and crewmen underwent toa greater or lesser degree the same in-cessant round of beatings and interro-gations as had Major Boyington . Theseverity of their initial period of cap-tivity depended on where they had bee ncaptured and who their captors were aswell as how long it took before theywere transported to POW camps i nJapan .

OSS MARINES

the Rhone Valley and Savoy regions that" `organization for guerilla activity es-

pecially on or after D-Day is now their

most important duty .' " 49 Although theagents on this mission were dropped i nplain clothes, they took their uniformswith them, and the leader of the group

claimed that they were "the first allie dliaison officers to appear in uniform i nFrance since 1940 ." 50 "Ortiz, who knewnot fear, did not hesitate to wear hi sUS Marine captain's uniform in townand country alike ; this cheered theFrench but alerted the Germans, and themission was constantly on the move ." 5 1

Their task completed, the UNION groupwas withdrawn from France and re-turned to England in late May 1944 .

The Marine officer returned to th eHaute Savoie region of France again on1 August 1944 with a mission entitled

9e A maquis was a French resistance or guer-rilla unit. There were a number of thes ethroughout France during the latter period o fthe German occupation, and Americans wer eattached to some of them as advisors and in-structors.

48 Undated ordre de mission [operationorder] in an SOE file, cited in M.R.D. Foot,SOE in France : An Account of the BritishSpecial Operations Executive in France 1940—1944 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office ,1966), p . 367, hereafter Foot, SOE in France .The SOE was, loosely speaking and for wan tof a better definition, analogous to the Amer-ican OSS. When the OSS was formed, its per-sonnel were introduced into many sections o fthe SOE and received their initial trainin gunder the British .

SOE, History, v. XXIVA, 1944, p. 8, cite din Ibid .

51 Ibid. While in France, Ortiz had been pro-moted to major, a rank which he assumed upo nhis return to England in May .

The circumstances of the capture andsubsequent imprisonment of the fourMarines captured by the Germans inEurope were considerably different thanthe experiences of the men taken in thePacific . Interestingly enough, the Ma-rines in Europe were captured withina few days of each other, although theywere on different missions . Major PeterJ. Ortiz, and Sergeants John P . Bodnarand Jack R. Risler went into captivityon 16 August 1944, and Second Lieu-tenant Walter W. Taylor on the 21st.

Ortiz was a veteran OSS-man who, be -fore entering the Marine Corps in 1941 ,had served with the French ForeignLegion and risen through the ranks o fthat organization . He was an office rat the time of the fall of France whe ncaptured by the Germans for the firs ttime. He escaped from a POW camp i nAustria and made his way to the Unite dStates by way of Lisbon, Portugal. Hereturned to France as a member of athree-man interallied mission calledUNION, which was dropped in southeastFrance on the night of 6–7 January1944 to impress maquis 48 leaders in

MARINE POWS

747

UNION II . This was an all-Americangroup of seven men headed by an OSSArmy major and containing Ortiz, Ser-geants Bodnar and Risler, a third Ma-rine sergeant, Frederick J . Brunner,and several other men. Dropped withthese agents were numerous containersof supplies for the maquis in the region.The quickening pace of French guerrill aactivities here as well as elsewhere i nFrance made these units the objects ofGerman search parties, and particularl yin this area for it was still under th econtrol of strong enemy forces . For theHaute Savoie, Allied liberation was stillin the future .

On 16 August, Ortiz and his groupwere surrounded by a Gestapo party inthe vicinity of Centron, a small village inthe Haute Savoie region just south ofLake Geneva, the local headquarters o fthe OSS team. Ortiz surrendered be-cause he believed that if he and his menshot their way out of the entrapment ,local villagers would undoubtedly suffe rreprisals for German deaths which afire fight surely would have produced . 5 2

52 Ortiz had ample evidence on which to basehis estimate of what the Gestapo might do.The destruction of the population and town ofLidice in Czechoslovakia following the assas-sination of Reinhard Heydrich, the Gestapooverlord of the country, and the mass murde rof 700 inhabitants of the French village o fOradour-sur-Vayres in retaliation for th ekilling of a German officer was all too-well-known to Ortiz and he did not want to subjec tthe population of Centron to the same fate.Ortiz was awarded a Navy Cross for heroi caccomplishments during his first mission int oFrance in early 1944. He was awarded a GoldStar in lieu of a second Navy Cross for hi sactivities during UNION II, and a portion o fthe citation accompanying this award reads :"When he and his team were attacked and

Brunner, however, managed to escapethe trap, swam a swiftly flowing rive rto the other side of the village, and trav-eled across 15 miles of enemy-held ter-ritory to reach the relative safety ofanother resistance group . 5 3

Upon their capture, Ortiz and theothers passed through a series of Ger-man POW camps before they finallyarrived at Marlag-Milag Nord. Thiswas a group of POW camps for Allie dnaval and merchant marine personnelin Westertimke (Tarmstadt Oest) ,which was located in a flat, sandy plai nbetween the Weser and Elbe Rivers, 1 6miles northeast of Bremen .

Lieutenant Taylor, the other Marinecaptured in Europe, was the operation sofficer of the OSS intelligence team as -signed to the 36th Infantry Division ,Seventh Army, for the invasion ofSouthern France in the Cannes-Nicearea. On D plus 5 (20 August 1944) ,

surrounded during a special mission designedto immobilize enemy reinforcements statione din that area, he disregarded the possibility ofescape and, in an effort to spare villager ssevere reprisals by the Gestapo, surrendere dto this sadistic Geheim[e] Staats Polizei ." Ingrateful recognition of his services leading t othe liberation of France, the French Govern-ment made Ortiz a Chevalier of the Legio nd'Honneur and awarded him the Croix deGuerre with Palm. Great Britain honored himby making him an Officer of the Most ExcellentOrder of the British Empire .

" During the balance of his stay in France ,Brunner actively participated in the liberatio nof Albertville, and elsewhere in the HauteSavoie region . In recognition of his services ,the French Government awarded him theCroix de Guerre with Silver Star . Unfor-tunately, this was a posthumous award becaus eBrunner was killed in a plane crash in Ger-many on 19 March 1945 while on another OS Smission .

748


Taylor, his section chief, and a Marin esergeant attached to the team went be-hind German lines to determine whatGerman intentions were—retreat orfight . Taylor and an agent recruite dfrom a local resistance group were t oreconnoiter Grasse—15 miles inlandand directly west of Nice . Recalling thismission, Taylor said :

I was to stay behind with the agent andthe Citroen [a car the two had "liber-ated"], accomplish the mission of takinghim in and waiting and then taking himout ; and then we were to get to the 36thas fast as we could. The agent had beenleading the Resistance fight against theGermans ever since the landing and wasabsolutely exhausted, falling asleep timeand time again while we were briefin ghim . . . . At dawn the next morning, theagent and I headed for the town of St .Cezaire, which was declared to be in thehands of the Resistance and where I wa sto let the agent down and wait for hi sreturn from Grasse. However, during thenight, due to Allied pressure on Draguig-nan and Fayence, what evidently was acompany of Germans had taken up posi-tions in St. Cezaire . On approaching thedead-still town by the steep and windingroad, we ran into a roadblock of lan dmines ; we both thought it was Resistance,and the agent took my carbine and jumpe dout of the car to walk toward the line ofmines. He lasted just about 10 feet beyon dthe car and died with a bullet through hishead. I still thought it was the trigger-happy Resistance but started to get ou tof there . . . even faster when I finall ysaw a German forage cap behind som ebushes above the road . But the car jammedagainst the outer coping, and a Germa njumped down on the road in front of m eand threw a grenade under the car, I triedto get out of the right door and luckil ydid not, because I would have been com-pletely exposed to the rifle fire from th ehigh cliff on that side above the car. Thegrenade exploded and I was splashed un -

conscious on the road . When I came to ,I was surrounded.

It might be interesting to note that whe nI have thought about the incident of mycapture I have always pictured us ascoming down a long hill and seeing, acrossa wooded stream valley, the site of th eroad-block with men in uniform scurryin gabout and climbing the cliff-embankment .I have always blamed myself for thinkin gthem to be Resistance and not recognizin gthem as Germans . . . and thus causingour trouble and the death of the agent .However, after years of trying, in 196 3I returned to the scene and found that thereality was quite different from my image ,that the road did not go down the opposit eside of the valley, that there were n otrees, that the actual site of the road-blockis completely invisible from any part of th eroad until one is within about 20 yards, i nother words that I could not possibly haveseen men . . . scurrying or been aware ofthe block . 5 4

The Nazis took Taylor to Grasse fortreatment and interrogation . The handgrenade had shredded his left thumband there were approximately 12 shel lfragments embedded in his left leg, "6of which at last count remain." 55 Onthe ride to Grasse, being strafed byAllied aircraft all the way, Taylor man-aged to get rid of an incriminatingdocument by stuffing it behind the seatcushion of the vehicle in which he wa sriding . In Grasse he was subjected t ointensive interrogation, which endedwhen he vomited all over the uniformof his inquisitor . From 21 August to 1 0September, he was passed through andtreated at six different Italian and Ger-man hospitals in Italy . On the 10th, hewas sent to a POW hospital at Freising ,

" Mr. Walter W. Taylor ltr to Hd, HistBr ,HQMC, dtd 31May66, hereafter Taylor ltr .

" Ibid.

MARINE POWS

749

Oberbayern, some 20 miles north ofMunich and approximately 17 mile snortheast of infamous Dachau .

Six weeks later, Taylor was trans-ferred to a hospital 15 miles furthe reast at Moosburg, where he remaine duntil the end of November, when he wa swell enough to be placed in a transientofficers' compound nearby. At the endof January, Taylor was sent to the sam ecamp in which Ortiz was imprisoned .On 9 April 1945, the prisoners at theWestertimke camp were given threehours to move out of camp because o fthe imminent approach of Britishforces. The suddenness of this movedisrupted the escape plans of Taylor ,who had prepared and laid aside fals eidentity cards, maps, compass, civilianclothes, food, and other items necessar yfor an escape between 15 and 20 April .By the 10th, the Germans had move dthe prisoners out and onto the roadtoward Luebeck, northeast of Hamburg .Taylor, Ortiz, and another man plannedto leave that night. During the after -noon, however, continuous Allied straf-ing of the area created such confusionthat the three Americans were able tobreak from the column in which the ywere marching and make for the nearbywoods, where they were joined by asergeant major of the Royal Marines—another escapee .

For eight days, the men hid in thewoods by day and moved at night, intenton evading German troops and civilians .The escapees waited to be overrun byBritish forces and made some attemptto find Allied front lines, whose posi-tions were uncertain and, from thesound of the gunfire they heard, wereconstantly changing . When they could

not make contact with the British, th eescaped POWs returned to the vicinit yof the camp from which they had bee nmoved. Their food soon gave out an dtwo of the party became sick fro mdrinking swamp water, whereupon theyreturned to the camp to find it, to al lintents and purposes, in the hands ofthe Allied prisoners . Merchant seamenand ailing military personnel had re -placed the nominal guard left behind b ythe Germans . . In fact, on the night thatthe runaways returned, the Britishprisoners took over the actual guardingand administration of the camp. On 29April, British forces liberated th eprisoners, and on the next day the ywere trucked out of the area for returnto their respective countries .

PRISON CAMPS: LOCATIONS,CONDITIONS, AND ROUTINE

Article 77 of the Geneva Protocolstates that, on the outbreak of war ,each of the belligerents was to estab-lish an information bureau, whichwould prepare POW lists and forwardthem to a central information agency ,ostensibly to be organized by the Inter -national Red Cross . By this means, in-formation about POWs could be sent t otheir families. The Protocol, in addition ,stipulated that each of the belligerentswas bound to notify the others withi nthe shortest possible time of the namesand official addresses of prisoners unde rits jurisdiction .

For nearly a year after the attack onPearl Harbor, it was virtually impos-sible for the United States to obtain re -

liable information concerning Ameri-

750


cans imprisoned by the Japanese ." It

was not until the war had ended and th ePOWs were liberated that the familiesof a number of them found out that they

were still alive. The special prisone rcategory into which Major Boyingto nfell is an example of this . Another wa sthat of the survivors of the Houstonwhose existence was not known unti l

very near the end of the fighting .

The Casualty Division at Head -quarters Marine Corps maintained th erecords of Marines reported to hav ebeen taken prisoner . Information con-cerning Marine POWs came from suchsources as the Provost Marshal Gen-eral of the Army, the Department ofState, the International Red Cross, aswell as from reports of escape dprisoners . As soon as the Casualty Divi-sion definitely learned that a Marinewas a POW, his next of kin was notifie dand asked to keep in touch with th eHQMC Prisoner of War InformationBureau. As long as the individual Ma-rine continued in a POW status, hisallotments were paid and his pay an dallowances accrued to his benefit. Ifauthoritative word was received that aMarine had died in a prison camp orthat he had been killed in action, hisaccount was closed out and all benefitspaid to his beneficiaries .

Soon after the North China, Wake ,and Guam Marines had been captured ,the Casualty Division was able to listthem as POWs. Little of what had hap-pened to the Marines captured in the

E0 lstLt Clifford P. Morehouse, "Prisonersof the Enemy," Marine Corps Gazette, v . 28 ,no. 1 (Jan44), p. 23 . Lieutenant Morehousewas a member of the War Prisoner's AidCommittee, YMCA .

Philippines was learned until a consider-

able time after their imprisonment. The

Japanese were quite slow in reporting

the names of prisoners or of Allied per-sonnel who had died in prison camp .The enemy also had an irresponsible

attitude about forwarding mail fro mPOWs to their families or deliverin gmail to the prisoners despite majo rattempts to open lines of communicatio nthrough neutral powers for this pur-pose .

In the summer of 1943, the Japaneserestricted the number of words on in-coming letters to 25 per message, andmail sent by POWs was limited to onlya few words on a form with a printe dmessage supplied by their captors .

Marine POWs were imprisoned i n

some 33 camps located in Burma, China ,Formosa, Japan, Java, Malaya, Man-churia, the Philippines, and Thailand.Very often they were transferredthrough a series of camps before they

were liberated. The North China andWake Island Marines were imprisonedinitially at Woosung camp, outside o fShanghai . The prisoners' quarters con-sisted of seven ramshackle barracks ,each of which was "a long, narrow, one-story shanty into which the Japscrowded two hundred men ." 57 Adjacentto the end of the buildings were toiletsand a wash rack. Facing the toilets.,much too close for normal standards ofsanitation, was the galley where th ePOWs' food was prepared . Administra-tive offices, quarters for the guards, an dstorerooms comprised the rest of th ecamp area. Surrounding Woosung wasan electrified fence, and inside that

5? Devereux, Wake Island, p . 217 .

MARINE POWS

751

IMPERIAL JAPANESE ARMY .I am still in a P . O . W. Camp near Moulmein, Burma,

There are 20,000 Prisoners, being Australian, Dutch, English ,and American. There are several camps of 2/3000 prisoners wh owork at settled labour daily .

We are quartered in very plain huts. The climate is good . Ourlife is now easier with regard to food, medicine and clothes . TheJapanese Commander sincerely endeavours to treat prisoners kindly.

Officers ' salary is based on salary of Japanese Officers ofthe same rank and every prisoner who performs labour or dutyis given daily wages from 25 cents ( minimum ) to 45 cents,according to rank and work.

Canteens are established where we can buy some extrafoods and smokes. By courtesy of the Japanese Commander weconduct concerts in the camps, and a limited number go to apicture show about once per month

#1_fi/ i4

~astesa--!_--

another electrified fence was erected

around the barracks and the toilets . In

the time that the prisoners remained atthis camp, two of them were electro-cuted when they accidentally touched

the wire barrier . According to ColonelLuther A. Brown, who was in thi scamp, "one Marine POW was murdere dby a Japanese sentry with rifle fire at

close range. Colonel Ashurst demandedthat the sentry be tried and punished,

however, the Japanese transferred th e

sentry." 5 8

Each prisoner was given a mattress

filled with straw and two cotton blankets

" Brown ltr .

for his bedding, but the Japanese cover s

were so skimpy, they were :

. . . not half as warm as one ordinar yAmerican blanket . The jerry-built bar -racks gave little protection against th eintense cold, and during the bitter winte rwe were soon pooling our blankets an dsleeping four in a bunk to keep fromfreezing to death . 5 9

Living conditions at Woosung were no t

particularly good, nor was Japanese

treatment of the prisoners gentle . Each

morning and evening, the POWs fell out

in sections of approximately 36 men fo r

a roll call . Invariably one or more o f

5 . Devereux, op . cit .

752


the men would be slapped or beaten fo rsuch minor offenses as not standing atattention or appearing to be inatten-tive . 6 o

According to Major Devereux :

The guards were brutal, stupid, or both .They seemed to delight in every form o fabuse, from petty harassment to sadisti ctorture, and if the camp authority did notactively foster this type of treatment, the ydid nothing to stop it . 6 1

One former Marine POW has writte nin retrospect :

Possibly their actions reflected thei rbasic training. On the first night inWoosung, Major Brown heard a rumpu sin the guard-room nearby . On going tothe door he saw the Japanese sergeant ofthe guard strike a private in the face ,then the private bowed to the sergeant ,and the same routine [was] repeatedseveral times until the private's nose wa sbloody. 6 2

One of the most brutal guards at Woo -sung was a civilian interpreter by th ename of Isamu Ishihara, who ha dlearned English in Honolulu where h ehad been educated and later worked a sa taxi driver . This man was dubbed the"Beast of the East" by the prisoners h e"flogged, kicked, and abused " 6 3

One day in Woosung, for no apparen treason, Ishihara became infuriated wit hSir Mark Young, the former Governo rGeneral of Hong Kong, and whipped outhis sword to strike the elderly Briton .Major Brown of the Tientsin Marine s

00 Sworn statement of Cpl Jerold Story, dtd9Apr45, hereafter Story . After several unsuc-cessful attempts, Story finally escaped from ajail in Shanghai on 6 October 1944 .

01 Devereux, Wake Island, p . 218.02 Brown ltr .03 Devereux, op . cit.

twisted the sword out of Ishihara'shands and made him back off . Brownsuffered no punishment for this darin gact. Immediately after this episode, Cap-tain Endo, the Japanese camp executiv eofficer, beat Ishihara with a 2x4 board ,and the interpreter was forbidden there -after to wear a sword . 64

Other incidents in the camp reflectedwhat appeared to be the Japanese re-spect of force, firm action, or courage .At one evening check, Ishihara strucka Marine platoon sergeant. The sergeantreturned the blow knocking the Japa-nese to the ground . On rising, the latterapproached the sergeant, placed hi shand on the Marine's shoulder, and said ,"You are a good soldier ." 85 Later, on th eevent of the Emperor's Birthday, theMarine sergeant was given a reward forbeing a "model POW . "

One of those who experienced Ishi-hara has written :

The following anecdote may well b eapocryphal, but I have heard it from sev-eral sources. Ishihara . . . tried to turnhimself in as a war criminal when thetrials were being conducted in Japan. Atfirst the investigators brushed him off a sthe Japanese version of the compulsiveconfessor who harasses our police withconfessions to all the crimes he reads abou tin the newspapers . But he was persistent ,and finally his story was confirmed bystatements made by the survivors of hi slunatic fits of rage . . . . At his trial, th eprosecutor asked Ishihara why his handwas bandaged . Ishihara replied, `If I wereJapanese soldier, I commit harakiri whe nJapan surrenders ; but since I am onl ycivilian working for Army, I only cut offlittle finger, that's enough.' Anyway . . .

01 Brown ltr.05 Ibid.

MARINE POWS

753

all of us who knew `Ishi' believe it fits hi mto a `T.'"

The Japanese attitude toward thei rprisoners was expressed many times invarious ways . One Christmas, a prisoncamp commander left no doubt in th eminds of his charges about their statu swhen he told them :

From now on, you have no property .You gave up everything when you sur-rendered . You do not even own the airthat is in your bodies. From now on, youwill work for the building of Greater Asia .You are the slaves of the Japanese. 67

Colonel Ashurst, the senior office rprisoner, continually protested the treat-ment the POWs were receiving and at -tempted to get the Japanese authoritie sto recognize the Geneva Protocol as th ebasis on which Woosung should be run,but to no avail. A representative of theInternational Red Cross visited Woo -sung after the POWs had been therefor eight or nine months, and managedto arrange for a few shipments of foodand supplies to the prisoners . The gen-eral attitude of the Japanese captiveswas that without these Red Cross foo dand medical parcels, many more pris-oners would not have survived the war.

The food at Woosung consisted of acup of rice and a bowl of watery vege-table soup for breakfast and dinner, an da loaf of bread weighing approximatel y150—160 grams (less than half a pound )and vegetable soup again for supper .These rations were supplemented withwhatever else the prisoners could obtainfrom the guards by paying exorbitantprices on the black market .

ea Winslow ltr.

e' Devereux, op. cit., p . 220 .

The protests of Colonel Ashurst andthe continued visits of members of th eSwiss Consulate as representatives ofthe International Red Cross finally bor efruit, for in December 1942, the pris-oners were moved to Kiangwan, fiv emiles distant from Woosung. Here con-ditions were just slightly improved . AtKiangwan, Colonel Ashurst agreed tohave the officers work on a prison farm .The officers labored for approximately8 to 10 hours daily, from 0730 until 120 0and then from 1300 to 1730 in the sum-mer. Enlisted prisoners worked abou tthe same hours, but their duties wer emore onerous. The six-acre farm pro-duced vegetables intended for the pris-oners, but the produce was occasionall yconfiscated by the guards.

Following a Japanese raid on thePOW farm, Major Brown and severalother officers in turn conducted a nightraid on the small Japanese garden .Colonel Otera, the camp commander ,sent for Brown and permitted him tospeak after a long heated tirade durin gwhich he brandished his sword in amenacing manner . Brown pointed ou tthat many difficult situations hadarisen :

. . . because of misunderstandings anddifferences between the Occidental andOriental philosophies and that thereforethe POWs never knew what to do and no tdo, even though specific rules governingPOWs had been requested, but refuse dsince they were `part of Japanese Arm yRegulations and therefore secret .' Henc ethe solution to a dangerous situation—watch the Japanese and follow their ex -ample . Otera received this remark wit hgreat mirth and replied, `Don't ever tak eJapanese vegetables again and the Jap-anese will not take yours .' Thereafter allPOW farm produce went to [their] galley

754


except two shipments Colonel Ashurstagreed to send to the American Civilia nInternment Center in Shanghai . 6 8

In another encounter with the Japa-nese over the POW truck farm, whe ncamp authorities ordered the officers t ospread "night soil" on the garden ,Colonel Ashurst told them, " `No, theywill not do it . You will have to kill mefirst.' The Japanese cancelled theorder." 69

The enlisted POWs at Kiangwanworked on a rifle range north of thelocal military airport from about thebeginning of January 1943 to Septem-ber 1944. This work consisted of ver yheavy labor, and this, added to theirpoor diet, resulted in many cases o fmalnutrition and tuberculosis . In Sep-tember 1944, the enlisted men were puton other details, such as digging ditche sand building emplacements and gasolin estorage dumps.

For these labors, the prisoners wer epaid, but in such small amounts thatlittle was left after ever-increasing de-ductions were made for such items asfood, clothing, heat, electricity, rent, an danything else the Japanese authoritiescould assess them for . The POWs pooledtheir last few payrolls at Kiangwan tobuy a few pounds of powdered eggs fo rthe sick. 70 The POWs began a recreationprogram, using "recreational equipmentdonated by the people in Shanghai an ddelivered . . . by the International RedCross." 7 1

"Brown ltr.°B Col James D. McBrayer, Jr., ltr to Hd ,

HistBr, G–3 Div, HQMC, dtd 140ct66, here-after McBrayer ltr .

70 Brown ltr.71 BGen James P . S. Devereux ltr to Hd,

HistBr, G–3 Div, HQMC, dtd 50ct66 .

On 17 March 1942, after the pris-oners at Woosung had been forced tosign a paper promising not to escape ,Corporals Jerold Story, Connie Gen eBattles, and Charles Brimmer, and Pri-vate First Class Charles Stewart, Jr . ,escaped from the prison camp. Theyheaded for the Jessfield Road area out -side of Shanghai, where they made con -tact with a British woman who hi dthem. The Japanese learned of thei rpresence in the woman's house, sur-rounded it on 16 April, and the Ma-rines gave themselves up. The four men

were imprisoned in the Jessfield Roa dJail in separate cells, interrogated, an dbeaten . The next day, they were removedto the infamous Bridge House Jail i nShanghai, and questioned for long hour sat a stretch over a period of nine days .

During the time that he spent at theBridge House, Story was beaten on anaverage of once every three days, an don 29 June 1942, he and his companionswere transferred to Kiangwan . Herethey were tried by court-martial . TheMarines were not told what the chargeswere, were not given counsel of any sort ,and were not even allowed to make aplea. It would not have done any goodanyway, because the trial was conducte din Japanese . After the trial was over,the men learned that Battles, Stewart ,and Story had been sentenced to fouryears in prison, and Brimmer, seve nyears. It appeared that the latter hadbeen given the longer sentence becausethe Japanese believed him to be the rin gleader . Story recalled that Brimmer ha dadmitted this, even though it was no ttrue, to stop the Japanese from beatin ghim .

When they told Brimmer he got seven

MARINE POWS

755

years, we all started to laugh and told hi mhe would be an old man before he left theprison . As we started to walk out of thecourtroom the Japs called us back andraised Brimmer's sentence to nine years ,evidently because we had laughed. 7 2

For about 10 days after their trial ,the Marines were kept at Kiangwan, buton 9 July 1942, they were removed t oWard Road Gaol in Shanghai . This wasa completely modern prison used onlyfor those POWs convicted and sentence dby Japanese courts for "criminal of-fenses." On 9 October 1944, Story, to-gether with a British and an Americannaval officer, sawed the bars out of thei rcells, climbed down ropes which theyhad manufactured from blankets, an descaped over the prison wall into Shang-hai. The three eventually made theirway to Chungking and freedom .

On the night of their escape, they metother prisoner-escapees from the jail .These men were Commander WinfieldS. Cunningham, Brimmer, Stewart ,another Marine, and a Navy pharma-cist's mate. These men were recaptured.In March 1942, Cunningham and thehead of the construction gang on Wake,Nathan Dan Teeters, had escaped fro mWoosung, only to be recaptured almostimmediately . Apparently in response tocontinuous American complaints abou tthe treatment of U. S . prisoners, on 11December 1942 Japan notified th eUnited States by cable through Swisschannels of the attempted escape inMarch of Cunningham and the Marines

and said :

Plan escape made by persons in questionconstitutes grave violation (Japanese Lawof 1915) regarding punishments inflicte d

72 Story .

310-224 0 - 69 - 49

prisoners war, their chief in this caseCommander Cunningham liable death pen-alty according this law. Nevertheless ,Japanese authorities showed clemency andcondemned them to punishment which con-sidered very light compared gravity accu-sations. As consequence Japanese govern-ment does not see itself in positionentertain protest of American Govern-ment . 7 3

Commander Cunningham was sen-tenced to 10 years' close confinement i nprison for the crime of desertion fromthe Japanese Army, and jailed withStory and the other Marines at War dRoad Gaol in mid-1942. Through vari-ous channels of information, the Unite dStates Government was able to obtai naccurate and documented accounts ofalleged Japanese violations of th eGeneva Protocol occurring in prisoncamps near large cities which were vis-ited, when permitted, by the represen-tatives of the International Red Crossand neutral observers .

In response to the information it hadreceived about the trials of Cunningha mand the others, on 12 December 1942, theUnited States drew up a well-docu-mented list of complaints, containingthe names of the individuals concerne dand the incidents in which they were in-volved, and indicted the Japanese Gov-ernment for its treatment of civilian

and military POWs . The Department ofState vehemently protested the illegalsentences imposed on the escapees by theJapanese military court, and emphat-ically denied the legality of the courts -

martial themselves . The United States

demanded that the sentences be can-celled, the punishments for the at-

R3 U. S. Diplomatic Papers, 1942, p . 832 .

756


tempted escapes be given in accordancewith the provisions of the Protocol, andthat the prisoners be treated with therespect due given to the prisoner's gradeor rank and position . The Japanese di dnot respond to these demands . 7 4

At Kiangwan as at Woosung earlier,

the POWs continued the dull, uneventfulroutine of prison camp life . Evening rol lcall was held at 2030, and dependingupon the season, between 2100 and 2300,when taps was sounded, the lights wen t

out in the barracks . "Then the hungry,weary prisoners lay in the dark, tryingto forget the thoughts a man cannot

forget, hoping to sleep until the bugl ecalled them out to slave again." 7 5

Of these days, Major Devereux re-called :

That was our routine, our way of lifefor almost four years—except when itwas worse . But . . . that is only part ofthe story of our captivity, the easiest part .Hidden behind the routine, under the sur-face of life in prison camp, was foughta war of wills for moral supremacy—a nendless struggle, as bitter as it was un-spoken, between the captors and the cap-tives . The stakes seemed to me simpl ythis : the main objective of the whol eJapanese prison program was to brea kour spirit, and on our side was a stubbor ndetermination to keep our self-respectwhatever else they took from us . It seemsto me that struggle was almost as mucha part of the war as the battle we fough ton Wake Island . 7 6

" p. 838. One reason for the trials b ycourt-martial of the escapees was that al lPOWs were under the Japanese military reg-ulations normally imposed on recruits in th eJapanese Army .

Devereux, Wake Island, p . 222 .

7B Ibid .

To retain their self-respect and main-tain a form of unit integrity, even i nprison, the POWs established their ow ninternal organization. Such principlesof military discipline as respect forseniors and saluting continued despit ethe situation. The prisoners were gen-erally under continuous pressure fro mtheir fellow Americans to remain clea nand neat, even under the most difficul tcircumstances . A recreation programwas begun, but was limited in scop ebecause some forms of athletics wer etoo strenuous for the POWs' weakene dcondition . Some attempt was made toinstitute an education program, and in

1942 the men organized classes in math-ematics, history, and other subjects ofinterest. No more than 10 men wer eallowed to meet at any one time, fo rany group larger than that was immedi-ately suspected of planning an escape .After the movement to Kiangwan, th eeducation project was abandoned be-cause the work load became too heavy . 7 7

American prisoners at all camps soo ndiscovered that no matter how badl ythey were treated, they had one defen-sive weapon they could employ to preven t

the Japanese from breaking their prid e

entirely, and that weapon was thei r

universal observance of military dis-cipline and continued existence as amilitary organization . Without this de-

Major Brown made good use of the timehe spent in prison, for he learned Russian sowell that a handbook on Russian verbs he pre -pared while a prisoner was suitable for us eby advanced students of the language . Browninterview . "Major Brown . . . was known as`Guidebook Brown' due to his authorship o fthe forerunner of the present `Guidebook forMarines .' " Winslow ltr.

MARINE POWS

757

fense, at isolated times the POWs be-came only a mob of craven creature supon whom the enemy prison guard scould and did visit all forms of crue land unusual punishment. By maintain-ing military discipline even while inprison, the officers were able to repre-sent their men properly in dealings wit hthe Japanese and very often preventedthe men from suffering heavier beat-ings than those which were meted out .By acting as a buffer, the officers attimes received the punishment due tobe given to someone else. And most im-portant, the realization that they wer estill part of a military organization wa sa very vital factor in maintaining PO Wmorale at as high a level as possible .

Although the health of the prisoner sat Kiangwan could not by any stretchof the imagination be categorized asgood, it was not critical and the deathrate was very low. A primary reasonfor this condition was that the POW swere not in a tropical climate and theweather, by and large, was not too bad .Overwork and malnutrition, however ,contributed to the high incidence ofdiarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, ma-laria, influenza, and pellagra. Duringtheir more than three years at Woosun gand Kiangwan, the prisoners receivedfrom the United States three shipment sof Red Cross food parcels and medica lsupplies which undoubtedly sustainedthe men, although Japanese soldier spilfered from these shipments and sol dthe stolen items in Shanghai .

Of these three shipments, the onl ylarge one :

. . . was held by the Japanese while theyput pressure on Colonel Ashurst to signa receipt for the lot . This he refused to do,

based on the fact,that the supplies (medi-cal and individual boxes) were not unde rhis control . The Japanese tried in man yways, over a considerable time, to ge tColonel Ashurst to sign the invoices, bu the was adamant . There were some pris-oners who wished Colonel Ashurst to sign ,evidently hoping to receive some part ofthe shipment . Apparently under order sfrom higher authority the camp Japanes efinally turned the supplies over to Colone lAshurst, and he signed for them. Asagainst the strong possibility that littl ebenefit to the POW's would have bee nderived from the supplies, if signed forwithout control, Colonel Ashurst's superbhandling of the issue provided us with asignificant amount of essential food an dmedical supplies .'8

The Marines at Kiangwan were kep tfairly well abreast of the progress ofthe war, as :

. . . Sgt Balthazar Moore, USMC, an dLt John Kinney, USMC, and [I] manu-factured a short wave radio out of stole nparts and listened fairly regularly t oKWID in San Francisco, and BBC fromNew Delhi . Unfortunately the true reportshad to be mixed with spurious informatio nbecause of the tendency of a lot of peopleto talk too loud, too long, and in the wrongplace at the wrong time . Col Ashurst,Major Brown and Major Devereux wereregularly informed of the true contex t[of the news] . Additionally, small crystalsets were manufactured ; lead and sulphurfor the crystal ; and wire and a `Nescafe 'can for the earphone. The shortwave radioset was hidden in various places but per-haps the best place was in the forty t ofifty gallon `ordure crocks' in the toilets ,or buried under the barracks . The infor-mation provided by the short wave radi oand the crystal sets (which obtained

'8 MajGen Frank C. Tharin ltr to Hd,HistBr, G—3 Div, HQMC, dtd 19Oct66, here-after Tharin ltr.

758


Russian newscasts from Shanghai) serve dto stabilize the morale of the prisoners .7 °

By March 1945, the POWs bega nhearing numerous rumors to the effectthat they were to be moved from Kiang-wan. Although the prison guards in-sisted that nothing like that was to tak eplace, the POWs began preparing for ajourney by discarding possessions theyno longer needed and hoarding food andthe like for what might turn out to be a

difficult trip . Still other prisoners beganpreparations for an escape during th emove. One of the Wake prisoners re -called :

On 8 May 1945 the Japanese organize da working party to go into Shanghai toprepare railroad cars for a move of theprisoners . Two Marine Officers volunteere dto accompany the working party in thehope that something could be done tha twould assist in an escape during the trip .It was well known from informationgained from recently captured aviator sthat the 100 mile stretch of the railroa dnorth of Nanking was virtually in th ehands of the Chinese . On arrival at therailroad yard in Shanghai, it was foun dthat the cars to be used were standar dChinese boxcars with sliding doors in thecenter and windows on either side of theends. The Japanese instructions were thatbarbed wire was to be nailed over thewindows and barbed wire put up to enclosethe ends of the boxcars leaving a spac ebetween the doors free for the guards . I twas obvious that the only means of escapewould be through the windows and thatthis would be impossible if within ful lview of the guards . Also provided by theJapanese for each end of. the car was afive gallon can to be used as a toilet duringthe trip. After considerable discussion withthe Japanese, they finally agreed that theOfficer's car should provide some privacyfor the toilet . This was to be accomplishe d

SB McBrayer ltr .

by removing doors from a nearby Japa-nese barracks and installing these in th e

corner of the boxcar, thus enclosing not

only the toilet but the window. The barbe dwire was carefully put on the window sothat it would be easily unhooked . Directl youtside of the windows were metal rung sthat would provide a ladder to descen dprior to jumping to the ground . With thi sarrangement, it appeared that certainl yone person could make an escape, and i fthe guards were not alert it was possiblethat several might escape before the de -creased numbers would be noticed . $ °

The main party of 901 prisoners left

on 9 May ; remaining behind in Shang-hai were 25 seriously ill and wounded

men. The first leg of the trip, Shanghaito Nanking, approximately 100 miles ,took 24 hours. Upon arrival at Nanking ,the POWs were taken from the train,marched through the city, and boated tothe other side of the Yangtze River ,where they reboarded their trains,which had crossed the river empty . Onthe night of 10—11 May 1945, First

Lieutenants John F . Kinney and JohnA. McAlister, taken prisoner at Wak eIsland, First Lieutenants Richard M .Huizenga and James D . McBrayer ,captured in North China, and Mr . LewisS. Bishop, a former pilot with the Fly-ing Tigers, escaped from the train .

The following is McBrayer's accountof the escape :

These four Marine officers had longplanned for an escape, slowly accumulatingtools necessary to cut through a fence,etc . Once they learned of the planned moveof the prisoners by train, they laid plansto cut a hole in the bottom of the boxcarsand escape via the `rods' while the trainwas moving. Fortunately the boxcar in

80 Col William W . Lewis memo to Hd, HistBr,G–3 Div, HQMC, dtd 10Nov66 .

MARINE POWS

759

which they were placed had a small win-dow in the corner which was covered withbarbed wire and small iron bars, whichthey could cut with their stolen tools .

The boxcars had contained forty to fiftyofficers, about twenty to twenty-five bein gwired in by barbed wire in each end . FourJapanese guards were in the wired-offmiddle section between the sliding door sof the boxcars . Blankets and blackoutequipment was placed over all openings i nthe car because of U . S. aircraft strikes.Huizenga, Kinney, McAlister, and Mc -Brayer placed the `five gallon gasoline ca ntoilet' near the window in their end ofthe car so as to give a reasonable excuseto be near the blacked out window .

The POW train left Nanking travelingnorth toward Tientsin about midnight, thefour Marine officers took turns going tothe `head,' and cutting the wires and barswhen it appeared the Japanese guardswere not looking or alert, particularlywhile the guards were eating supper.

The four Marine officers planned to jum poff the train about midnight near th eShantung border because of the Commu -

nist 8th Route Army operations in that,area . They planned to jump in pairs as

f Huizenga and McBrayer each spoke som e!Chinese, but Kinney and McAlister di dnot . However, each had a small ` pointee-talkee,' which a Chinese-American ha dprepared for them in camp in the eventthe officers became separated . When thetime came to escape—about midnight—theofficers discovered there were no hand hold son the side of the car, consequently the ycould not hang on and jump in pairs .[Therefore,] it was out of the window an dout into the black night.

The prison train was making aboutforty miles per hour when each jumpedinto the black unknown. Each officer ha dto time his approach to the window whenthe four Japanese guards were not look-ing, and slide up under the blanket cover-ing the window and jump. Consequentlythe individual officers were strung out u pand down the track for many miles . LewisBishop . . . had not been included in the

escape plans, but when he saw the holehe followed. Each officer was quite battere dby the jump from a fast moving train .Each one also had . . . [a] harrowingexperience prior to establishing contactwith friendly Chinese guerrillas . The latterbrought the five escaped officers together inabout five days ; it was only then that th efour Marines knew Bishop had jumpedfrom the train .

The five . . . stayed with the Chines eguerrillas and made a long swing to th eeast and joined elements of the Chines eCommunist New Fourth Army. Theytraveled with the Chinese Communisttroops until they reached the boundar ybetween the Chinese Communist an dChinese Nationalist Armies . An apparentarmistice was declared between the twoChinese forces, and the escapees weretransferred to the Nationalist troops . Atthis point the escape seemed in doubt asboth the . . . Communists and the National-ists told [the Americans], `the other sidewill kill you and blame it on us to causetrouble with your government.' Fortu-nately, the treatment of the escapees bythe guerrillas, the Communists and th eNationalists, was excellent, and theformer POWs gained strength and weight .

During their tour of the Anwhei-Shan-tung provincial areas the escapees attendedmany patriotic rallies, and always theywere requested to sing the American Na-tional Anthem. As they could not reallysing the `Star Spangled Banner' and do itjustice, they invariably responded withthe Marine Corps Hymn . So if part ofChina today thinks `From the Halls o fMontezuma' is the U. S . National Anthem ,you know who to blame : Huizenga, Kinney ,McAlister, and McBrayer, Marines, an dBishop, a Marine `by adoption .' 8 1

Aided by the Chinese forces, the fiv eAmericans finally reached an emergenc yairstrip at Li Huang on 16 June, an dsubsequently returned to the UnitedStates. The night after these five

81 McBrayer ltr .

760


escaped, two civilian prisoners also leftthe train ; one made a successful get -away, but the other was recapture dand badly beaten .

On 14 May, the prison caravanreached Fengt'ai, slightly west of Pei-ping, where there were fewer facilities ,less food, and more miserable condi-tions than at either Woosung or Kiang -wan. At Fengt'ai :

All prisoners were put in a large ware -house. Instead of rice, flour was announcedas the staple food. Claiming that flour ,per se, was an impossible diet the PO Wmess officer demanded that the Japanes eprovide some means to process this int obread . An oven was finally located (it hadbelonged to the N . China Marines i nPeiping) and bread production started .

Later, the Japanese ordered the messofficer to make hardtack `for the Japanes eArmy' and hundreds of pounds of hard-tack poured out of the oven, put into sack sand stored. Much thought went into th emanufacture of this hardtack, unfortu-nately. When the prisoners later arrived i nHokkaido the hardtack was there, to bea part of our ration. It was completelyspoiled and inedible . Our sabotage of theJapanese war effort had boomeranged .82

Approximately a month later—on 19June—the POWs began another trip byboxcar, this time to the port of Pusanin Korea, which had an infinitely wors ecamp than the previous ones the pris-oners had been in . After three days here ,they were packed into the crowded lowe rdeck of a ferry steamer, which trans -ported them to Honshu. When unloaded ,the POWs :

. . again were crowded into trains an dsent around the island of Honshu vi aOsaka and Tokyo by train and ferry tothe island of Hokkaido, where they wer e

e ' Tharin ltr.

regrouped in various camps in the mining

area . The officers were separated from theenlisted men and put in a small compound ,meeting there a group of Australian offi-cers . The men were sent to a number ofcamps where they found Australian, Indo-nesian and other prisoners . 8 3

They remained on Hokkaido unti l

liberated .

In the southern part of Japan, th e

Guam Marines were put to work i nearnest at Zentsuji in early March 1942 ,two months after their arrival . For thei rfirst major task, they had to constructrice paddies on the side of a mountainnear the prison camp. As one Marinerecalled :

The axes that were used to knock dow nthe trees were the most modern equipmentI saw on the entire project. The rest ofthe equipment was even more basic—hoes ,rakes, a shovel or two, and hands . 8 4

Groups of prisoners were continuallytransferred to other camps from Zentsuj iin the months following their arrival .

In May 1942, one such group was sentto Osaka Prisoner of War Camp 1 ,which was actually a warehouse not farfrom the docks of this port city . As amatter of fact, most of the POW camp ssituated in such metropolitan areas o fthe country as Tokyo., Osaka, Kobe, an dYokohama were in warehouses or build-ings of the same type . In violation ofother articles of the Geneva Protocol ,many of these city camps were directl yin the center of strategic areas, and th emen imprisoned there were forced towork as stevedores, loading and unload-ing war material from military trans-

" Ibid .

84 Boyle, Yanks. Don't Cry, p . 42 .

MARINE POWS

761

ports. The majority of the camps i nJapan, however, were situated in rura lor suburban locales . The stockades con-sisted of several areas of fenced-ingrounds and one- and two-story woode nbarracks of the kind generally used bythe Japanese Army .

Some Guam Marines were trans-ferred in October 1942 to Hirohata Sub -Camp, which was within the Osakacamp groupment . Hirohata was admin-istered by enlisted Japanese Army per-sonnel, and by hanchos, or civilian laborsupervisors who wore a red armband tomark their authority, and who had thepower of life and death over their hap -less captives . Although otherwise un-armed, the hanchos carried clubs o rbamboo sticks of some sort which the ywielded with relish on all ranks whethe rprovoked by the prisoners or not. 8 5

Most of these civilians and many of th esoldiers at the camp conducted blackmarket activities, selling at exorbitan tprices to the prisoners Red Cross sup -plies, food, and other items that the menwere entitled to .

As far as the beatings were con-cerned, the Marines soon noticed that i twas commonplace for senior JapaneseArmy personnel to beat their junior sfor some major or minor provocation ,real or imagined . Beatings were admin-

" Although under no compulsion to say soat the time, some of the liberated POWs re -ported during initial interrogations after theyhad been freed that they had been beaten forsome infraction of a petty but strict prisonrule. Undoubtedly, the prisoners very often di dall that they could to try the patience of thei rcaptors . They expected quick punishment whencaught for violating a camp law, and were no toften disappointed . CinCPac Surrender an dEvacuation Rpt, p . 51 .

istered right down the chain of com-mand, from officer to NCO, from ser-geant to private. One prisoner notedthat these Japanese beatings took "plac edaily in their own army and Jap civilianssuffered the same indignities and brutal ,savage treatment from the Jap Armyas we did ." 8 6

Although Japanese authorities con-stantly told the prisoners that therations they were issued were equal i namount and quality to those issued t othe Japanese Army, S7 the physical con-dition of the POWs proved otherwise .Hirohata prisoners lost on the average45 pounds per man during the period oftheir imprisonment . Their daily rationusually consisted of 600 grams (2 1ounces) dry weight of either rice ,wheat, beans, corn, or flour . This rationwas increased to 680 grams per day fo ra short while, and then reduced to 54 0grams in the winter of 1943-1944. Dur-ing the growing season, the men's dietwas supplemented to a limited degreeby green vegetables which were used t omake a watery soup. Even though theHirohata men were engaged in theheaviest types of manual labor, such asshoveling iron ore, coal, and slag an drequired a more nourishing diet thanthat which they were given, they re-ceived very small amounts of fish o rmeat once a month, if they were lucky .On their rest days, "men were per-mitted to make hikes through the ric epaddies," where they obtained suc hsupplements to their diet as " . . . snakes,

8e Ercanbrack ltr II.

" It is possible that the considerable heigh tand weight differences between Japanese an dAmericans may have resulted in what the latterbelieved to be a starvation ration.

762


grasshoppers, small frogs, turtles, andedible roots ." s s

The Hirohata prisoners alleviated thefood problem somewhat by pooling al lfoodstuffs, tobacco, and relief supplie sthey received. Thereafter, an equalration was given to each man. Men wh ohad been weakened by hunger an ddisease and were dying were give ndouble rations by common agreement .

First Sergeant Ercanbrack of theGuam Marines was made the seniorcommander of the Hirohata prisoners ,and in turn organized the men im-prisoned with him into platoons . Tolessen the punishment which the priso nauthorities might want to mete out, h emaintained tight control over his com-mand. All matters pertaining to in-ternal discipline, cases of theft, or anydisputes that arose amongst the othe rPOWs were referred to him for action .Ercanbrack managed to keep detaile drecords of what transpired during hi simprisonment, including deaths, treat-ment of POWs, and the conduct of th ePOWs—good or bad. Since any action ofan individual prisoner might result i nmass punishment for the entire camp,the maintenance of stringent internaldiscipline by the prisoners themselve swas a necessity . Theft of Japanese sup-plies was not only condoned, but wa sactually necessary for survival . To beuncooperative with the guards or t oshow them disrespect generally woul dresult in a beating or worse, but thi swas something the individual brough tupon himself.

On the other hand, the theft of afellow prisoner's rations or possessions ,

88 Ercanbrack ltr II .

or any action which would affect thegeneral welfare of the prisoners overall,was a matter which had to be and wa shandled by the POWs' own leaders .They took a very serious view of anymisconduct and for the common sur-vival of all, harsh but just punishmen twas given. Although it might seem some -what humorous to read at this late date ,the senior POW was undoubtedly quiteserious when he made the followin gcomment alongside the names of severa lmen in the report he submitted uponhis liberation : "Not recommended forreenlistment ." 89 Their offenses : "profi-teering and theft of food during star-vation times" ; their victims, fellowprisoners.

The basic drive for self-preservatio nand an innate belief in the fact that, inthe end, the United States would win th ewar did more than anything else tobolster the morale and instinct for sur-vival of the POWs. If they were caughttalking to Japanese natives, the pris-oners were beaten severely, and so werethe civilians . Nonetheless, the captiveswere able to keep somewhat abreast o fthe general trend of the war throughthe good intentions of these civilians ,who were pro-American, but surrepti-tiously so for obvious reasons . One ofthese was the interpreter at the Hiro-hata camp, of whom more shall be sai dlater .

A Guam Marine who was at theOsaka Prisoner of War Camp remem-bered that :

. . . the last three or four months of1943 were about the best months we ha das prisoners of war, or anyway the leas tbad. We had a lot of reasons for feeling

"End (D) to Ercanbrack ltr II.

MARINE POWS

763

pretty good in late 1943 . For one thing,the Japanese civilians were keeping usfairly well posted on how the war wasgoing, and we had every reason to expec tit to end soon . After all, we knew that theJapanese were finally getting their lump s. . . because the civilians told us about thebeating their Navy took in the Coral Se aand at Midway, and we knew that theMarines had pushed the Japs out of theSolomons and that the Japanese had madesimilar `strategic withdrawals' out of Ne wGuinea and Attu Island in Alaska . All inall it looked like we were doing all right. 90

If nothing else, most of the prisonersstill had hope .

There were some, however, wh oalmost wished death would come to re-lieve them of their misery, so terriblewere the conditions of their imprison-ment. Among this forlorn group werethe Marines and sailors captured whenthe Houston went down. Again, as in thecase of other groups, it is difficult totrace the travels of each man from theHouston . Most of the Marines from th eship's detachment had very much th esame experiences, however . While atthe Bicycle Camp prison in Batavia ,Java, these men were joined by othe rAmericans, survivors of the 2d Bat-talion, 131st Field Artillery. 9 1

Japanese rations at Bicycle Cam pwere no better than they had been a tSerang, but, fortunately, the U. S . artil-lerymen had been able to bring thei r

°° Boyle, Yanks Don't Cry, p . 137 .

° L This battalion was originally scheduled t ojoin the 148th Field Artillery on Luzon, but th eships transporting it could not break th eJapanese blockade of the Philippines . Instead ,the artillerymen were landed at Soerabaja ,and thrown into the Banten Bay defenses atSt. Nicholas Point, where they were overru nand captured in the Japanese invasion .

clothing and supplies into the priso nwith them. These items they sharedwith the Marines. The soldiers had beenable also to retain battalion fundsamounting to several thousand guilderswith which they purchased food inBatavia. These rations, too, they sharedwith the Houston men, who, in addi-tion, were each given 10 guilders forpurchasing tobacco and a little extr afood at a canteen operated by Austral-ian POWs . In post-liberation interroga-tions, Houston Marines universall ypraised the officers and enlisted men o fthe 131st Field Artillery for their un-stinting generosity during their difficulttimes together .

In addition to the Americans and theAustralians, Bicycle Camp held Britishand Dutch POWs, all of whom worke dat a local oil refinery, handling barrelsand loading trucks and trains . Theprisoners found that the guards wer eKoreans for the most part, and verybrutal . Most prisoners thought that thereason for the general cruelty was thepressure applied to the guards by theJapanese authorities .

The most serious incident occurrin gat this camp took place on 3 July 1942 ,when the Japanese produced a paper forall American prisoners to sign . It wasan affidavit requiring them to pledgeallegiance to the Japanese Army and topromise to neither escape nor attemptan escape . The POWs protested theorder and sent it back to the camp com -mandant. It was returned with a de-mand that the Americans sign it ,whereupon they said they would obeyonly those orders that did not conflic twith the oath they had taken to thei rown government . When the Japanese

764


camp commander received this answer,he took away all privileges the Ameri-cans had, closed down their kitchen, con -fined them to their barracks, and causedmany of them to be beaten . On 4 July,with some sort of twisted logic, thecamp commander marched the entir egroup of American POWs to his head-quarters, where he forced them to sig nthe document . 9 2

Bicycle Camp POWs could purchas efood and other items from the native swhen they were on working parties out-side of the camp, but the Japanese woul dallow nothing to be brought back intothe prison compound . Guards beat al lviolators, and in addition, forced themeither to kneel in the sun for an entireday without water or stand at attentionfor 12 to 72 hours at a stretch .

In the first week of September 1942 ,a large group of prisoners, including th eAmericans, was transported to Singa-pore on the Dai Naichi Maru. With1,400 POWs and a number of Japanesetroops on board, the ship was bulging a tthe seams. After a five-day voyage, th eprisoners debarked at Singapore andwere immediately taken to Changi, a nEnglish Army barracks before the fal lof the crown colony. Here, Britishtroops were also imprisoned .

Although housing conditions were nottoo bad at Changi, the place had beenstripped clean by the Japanese . Shortlyafter their arrival, the Marines wer egiven a Red Cross food supply issue ,containing corned beef, cocoa, milk, an da meat and vegetable ration . This wasmanna to men who had been on an all -rice diet for eight long months .

"Houston POW rpt, Sgt Charley L. Pryor .

At Changi, the Americans were pu tto work clearing a rubber plantation sothat vegetable gardens could be started .There was continuous bickering betwee nthe English and the American POWs ,because each side had its own concept ofhow much cooperation the Japanes eshould receive. In general, the Britishfavored a more ordered relationshipwhich was based on an established pat -tern of conduct between the prisonersand their captors. Few Americans wer edisposed to accept either the Britis hdisciplinary system or the limited de-gree of cooperation with the Japanes ewhich was the basis of this workin grelationship . 9 3

Although they were in POW status ,most Americans believed that the yshould and could sabotage the Japanes ewar effort . This they did in every pos-sible way whenever disruptive actscould be accomplished surreptitiouslyor made to look like accidents .

Generally, the work of POWs was veryclosely supervised . Nevertheless, theprisoners were able to commit acts o fsabotage which were not very often dis-covered . Some Marines were assigned toan oil refinery at Saigon . Here theydrained gasoline drums and then addedwater to fill the drums again . Their workwas not inspected and the drums wereimmediately loaded on barges and take nto the local military airport . Word cameback from the field that four or fiv eplanes cracked up daily because of thecontaminated fuel . At the refinery therewas a large dynamo which was out oforder and an American sailor was di-rected to repair it . Instead he threw san d

"Ibid., p . 8 .

MARINE POWS

765

into the moving parts, but unfortunatelywas caught and severely beaten by theJapanese ; he could have been executed .

A group of the men from the 4th Ma-rines, after transfer from the Philip -pines to Japan, was assigned to buil da dam on Honshu, at Mitsushima on th eTenryu River . The POWs were put towork building the dam under the super-vision of a Japanese construction com-pany. After the end of the war, MasterSergeant Fred Stolley visited the sceneof his labors as a POW. Here he metthe president of the construction com-pany who took him on a tour of the da mwhich had been completed in the post -war era. The Japanese told Stolley :

'I never would have finished it if I ha dto depend on your work alone. You peoplewere very bad at times . . . what did youdo with my machine tools? '

I winced . We had taken two cases ofvaluable machine tools and used them forreinforcing in the cofferdam . It was oneof the few ways we had of fighting back atthe time . 9 4

Other Marines had other ways offighting back. The Guam men, workingas stevedores on the Osaka docks, be-came quite adept at unloading ships asslowly as possible. They found that thei rmilitary or civilian guards didn't carehow much work was accomplished aslong as they made some headway,

. . . and we took advantage of this laxityand got away with a lot of gold-bricking .We were never in a rush to get a shi punloaded until later on in the war whe nit was a lead-pipe cinch that the shi pwould be sent to the bottom by our sub -

D1 Fred Stolley, "Return to Mitsushima,"Leatherneck, v. XLV, no . 3 (Mar62), p . 83 .

marines a day or so after clearing th eInland Sea . 9 5

Another gambit successfully attempte dwas to overload cargo nets so that the ywould burst and drop their loads, oftenover the side of the ship into the water .At one time, the Guam Marines managedto sabotage the major winch on one ofthe ships on which they were working,and to hold up its unloading for manyhours. When the POWs were fortunate,they found that the ship's cargo con-tained food supplies and other valuabl eitems which they pilfered and smuggle dback to camp. Very often the guardswould look the other way until the POWshad their fill, and then the Japanesewould take what remained to theirfamilies or to the black market . On otheroccasions the prisoners were discoveredwith these stolen items on their person sby the camp guards, who then severelypunished the Americans or withdrewtheir limited privileges .

Once, the Guam men were unloading apig-iron cargo from a freighter intobarges alongside . The man on the cargowinch purposely set an overloaded netdown on a barge which obviously couldnot carry the four-ton load. The barg esank slowly, followed by the bars o fpig-iron. A Marine who observed all ofthis philosophically commented : "Therewasn't anything heroic about sending abig barge load of pig-iron to the bottomof Osaka Harbor, but it made a gang ofhorios [prisoners] a little bit happie ras we trudged back to our barracks ." 9 6

Actually, while their acts of defiancedid not seem very heroic to the POW s

55 Boyle, Yanks Don't Cry, p . 98 .

"Ibid., p . 108.

766


who committed them, they were heroe sin a real sense. If they were caught, asa number were at various times, theycould be beaten, tortured, or executed .Despite the knowledge of what coul dhappen to them if discovered, the POWsdeterminedly continued committingminor and major acts of sabotage . It wastheir way of fighting the war .

Less than a week after their arriva lat Changi in 1942, some of the HoustonMarines were again put aboard a shi pbound for Burma, and were taken ashor eand imprisoned in Moulmein . From thi scity, located across the Bay of Chaung-zon from Rangoon, the POWs weremarched five miles to a train which car-ried them to Thanbyuzayat . This wasa base camp for the railroad to Bangkok ,which the Japanese were buildingwholly with prisoner labor . Thanbyu-zayat housed the hospital and suppl ydumps servicing the subsidiary wor kcamps built temporarily along the rail -road right of way . The sub-camps weretitled 5 Kilometer Camp, 25 KilometerCamp, 40 Kilometer Camp, etc ., eachderiving its name according to the dis-tance they were located from Thanbyu-zayat .

On their first day at the main camp,the Japanese officer in charge tried t oimpress on the POWs the futility of es -cape because of the isolation of thelocale . He called the prisoners the rabbl eof a defeated army and reminded themthat they were under Japanese control .The enemy officer added that he hadorders to build a railroad to Bangkokand assured them that he was going todo it, even if it meant the burial of anAllied soldier under every rail tie alongthe way. Two days after this jolly wel -

come to Burma, the POWs were marchedto the 40 Kilometer Camp and immedi-ately put to work excavating rail beds .The extremely difficult labor lasted fro mdawn to dark and under living conditionsthat ranged from poor to hardly bear-able. Each man was given a daily workquota to fulfill . If soil conditions wer egood, the work day lasted 14 hours ,which was considered a relatively shortday. At other times, the work assigne drequired 20 hours to complete .

This group remained at 40 Kilomete rCamp until the end of November 1943,when it marched back to 26 Kilo -meter Camp, remaining there throug hChristmas . At this time, they began or-ganizing for an escape, for they ha dreceived word from fellow prisoners a tThanbyuzayat base—where a clandes-tine radio receiver was located—thatBritish forces were making a drive i ntheir direction . Under the leadership oftwo officers from the 131st Field Ar-tillery, the POWs formed squads an dmanaged to steal four or five machineguns and a dozen or more hand grenadesfrom their Japanese guards . Unfortu-nately, nothing developed from the ru-mor of the English advance, althoughplanning for the uprising "did wondersfor the men's spirits ." 97

The 25 or 26 Kilometer Camp, as itwas variously called, was a cholera -infested area in which at least 60 nativelaborers had died of the disease beforethe POWs had arrived . Some unburie dbodies were still in evidence when th eprisoners marched in. In addition tothe malnutrition, dysentery, and otherdiseases common to the POWs, many

" Houston POW rpt, Cpl Howard R . Charles .

MARINE POWS

767

men were suffering from skin ulcers . Inthe work that they were doing, it wa svery easy for the prisoners' legs to b ebruised or cut, and every cut or bruisemeant an ulcer . Once a prisoner's limb sbecame ulcerated, they were difficult toheal. Sometimes it was impossible forthe men with ulcers even to stand u pto work, but nevertheless, they wer etaken out on stretchers and given a ham -mer to break rocks . Not only did theoppressive jungle heat and humidit yprevent healing, there were few medi-cines available with which POW doctorscould treat the men.

Throughout the following months ,whenever the work in the vicinity o fone camp was completed, the men woul dbe moved to another, only to begin thesame cycle of construction all overagain. Work at the 30 Kilometer Cam pprogressed under the most difficult con-ditions, because the rainy season beganwhile the prisoners were here . Heavyrains caused the road beds to wash ou tand cave in. The POWs were oftenforced to work day and night, and some -times did not get to bed until 0200, onl yto be called out again to begin thei rlabors again at daybreak. During theheavy rains, many of the prisoners con-tracted malaria and were unable to wor kat all .

In December 1943, the railroad wa sfinally completed, and the men weregiven a three-day rest at Thanbyuzayat ,the first such break they had experience dsince they began working in Burma .Late in the month, the POWs wereloaded 35 to 40 men each into 6 x 20-footboxcars and transported out of thejungle into Thailand . In the three-daytrip, they were fed fish and rice once

a day. Just after Christmas, they arrive din Thailand, where the men were sepa-rated into several different groups an dsent to a number of camps throughoutthe country. In April 1944, some of theprisoners were sent out of Thailand toSaigon, where they worked as steve-dores in the dock area . Allied bombingraids were by that time on the increase ,and without shelters of their own, th ePOWs "took a beating from theplanes." 98 When the war ended, a num-ber of the prisoners were liberated i nSaigon. An interesting sidelight of thi speriod was that just after V-E Day, na-tive Annamites began an uprisingagainst French authorities who had re-turned to power and street fightingerupted. Fortunately, none of the POW swas hurt .

Some prisoners remained in Thailandfollowing their departure from thejungles of Burma. These men weretaken to Kanchanburi, which was th elargest city they had been in to thattime, excluding their brief stay in Singa-pore. The Thai people with whom thePOWs came in contact treated themdecently and did what they could to easetheir suffering . After approximately ayear in this area, these men were move dto various places in the country,wherever the Japanese had work forthem. Conditions depended upon th eattitude of the guards, which rangedfrom complete indifference to thorough-going brutality. Most of this group wereliberated from a number of differen tcamps in Thailand at war's end .

Those Houston Marines who hadremained in Singapore at Changi when

°° Ibid.

768

the first group left in December 1942,were moved several weeks later, inJanuary 1943. Some followed in thetracks of the first, and ended up work-ing on the railroad. They too wereforced into the hard labor that becamethe lot of all Allied POWs in this area .One Marine told about work at 100Kilometer Camp, where there wer emany sick prisoners, most of the msuffering from fever and tropical ulcers .This camp was located at the foot of amountain in a low place on the Burmaside of the Burma-Thailand border .

Rain was a constant factor in the livesof the POWs who lived here in almos tknee-deep mud all of the time . The routeof the railroad in this area was laid ove rground that consisted of a very har dlava formation . The prisoners had t obreak up the volcanic rock with ham-mers, and each time the hammer fell ,showers of stone splinters flew off, som epiercing uncovered portions of the men'sbodies and embedding themselves likeshell fragments in the POWs' flesh .Scratches developed into ulcers, and th eulcerations soon began suppurating .Very often, because of inadequate treat-ment and the lack of drugs, blood poison-ing set in . Those afflicted were so ru ndown to begin with that their bodie scould not throw off the effects of theblood poisoning and their systems wereunable to develop antibodies . As a result ,they died ."

This second group of Houston POWs ,like the first to leave Singapore, alsoworked on the railroad until it was com-pleted and was transferred first to Thai -land and later to Saigon . Existing rec -

on


ords show that one Marine from theHouston detachment remained i nBatavia until April 1943, when he an dother POWs were transferred first toone camp and then another within aperiod of several months . In June, thegroup to which this Marine belonge dwas transferred to Singapore, where i tremained approximately a month load-ing Japanese transports . In July 1943 ,it was taken across the Straits ofMalacca to the South Siak River and u pit to the vicinity of Pakanbaru, approx-imately in the center of Malaya . Herethe POWs were employed in construc-tion of a railroad from the time theyarrived until they were liberated .

Like the Houston Marines, the Ma-rines captured in the Philippines foun dtheir captors neither compassionate no rgentle and their future existence a mat -ter of doubt. It was questionabl ewhether the American POWs woul dsuccumb first from malnutrition anddisease, brutal and inhumane treatment ,or death by execution. Initially, it ap-peared that any one or all of these fac-tors would have an equal opportunity ofdepleting the ranks of the prisonerswhich General Homma's forces held .

Upon his removal from Manila to-gether with other senior America nPOWs, Colonel Howard of the 4th Ma -rines was taken to Formosa, arrivingthere at Karenko prison camp on 1 6August 1942 . Up to this time, Howard ,General Wainwright, and the others hadbeen accorded satisfactory treatment ,except for an insufficient diet. Thing squickly changed at Karenko, however ,for they were all placed on a starvatio ndiet here, forced to perform coolie labor ,

Houston POW rpt, Sgt Charley L . Pryor . and suffered many personal indignities .

MARINE POWS

769

In late October 1943, the group wasmoved to Japan, and moved again i nNovember, this time to Manchuria viaKorea. Howard's group finally was sentto Mukden, where it remained unti lliberated on 20 August 1945 first by a nOSS team and then by a party of Rus-sian soldiers .

At Camp O'Donnell on Luzon, th eCorregidor prisoners learned the hor-rible details of the Bataan Death Marc hfrom the survivors of that infamou sepisode. Approximately 2,000 Bataa nmen died before the POWs were shifte dto Cabanatuan .

Here, conditions were slightly im-proved. The death rate of Americans a tCabanatuan continued at 40 to 50 daily .This situation prevailed until 16 Jan-uary 1943, which was the first day i nthe history of the camp without a death .Colonel Beecher constantly complainedto the Japanese about the ration .'° °

Causing these deaths was a combinatio nof malnutrition, disease, exposure, andthe constant mistreatment by Japanes eguards who found every POW fair gam efor their excesses . 10 ' The Japanese madeno effort to furnish medical supplies, t oestablish a hospital, or even to alleviatethe suffering of either Americans o r

Filipinos. Army and Navy medical per-sonnel captured with the rest did thei rbest under the circumstances, but i nview of the limited resources availabl e

to them, their best was not good enough .

Sometime in December 1943 the ra-tion issue was materially increased ,

loo Beecher ltr.

101 lstLt Jack Hawkins Rpt of Experience sand Observations, dtd 3Dec43, hereafte rHawkins rpt .

"Not so much due to my complaints, "wrote General Beecher, "but due to achange of policy . We also received bulkRed Cross supplies, which were issue dto the messes ; medicine, food, etc . Theysaved our lives." 10 2

On the morning of 26 October 1942 ,1,000 POWs hiked from the CabanatuanCamp 1 to a rail loading point atCabanatuan, were loaded into boxcars —80 men to each car—and transferredto Bilibid prison .

At one of the frequent train halts, atown about 30 miles from Manila, all th eAmerican prisoners received quite a sur-prise. A group of Filipino children testedthe Jap guards on our boxcar and foundout that they did not understand English .The children then sang, `God BlessAmerica .' 10 3

After one night in Bilibid, the POW swere crowded aboard a coal-burningtransport which carried them to Davao ,on Mindanao, making stops at severalother Philippine island ports along theway. Disembarking at Davao on themorning of 7 November, the prisoner sbegan an 18–mile march to the DavaoPenal colony. Formerly a civil prison ,the Japanese had converted it into aPOW camp. Conditions here were adistinct improvement over those experi-enced previously.

The Davao Penal Colony actually wa sa plantation of many thousands of acres .Before the war, it had produced all ofthe food required for the 2,000 inmate simprisoned there, and in fact shippe dthe surplus production to other Philip -pine prisons. Approximately 75 acreswere devoted to banana trees, and a

"'Beecher ltr.loa Shofner rpt.

770


large orchard contained papaya, citrus ,avocado, and other tropical fruit trees .There were several hundred cows an dwater buffalo roaming about . The farmalso had about 10,000 egg-producingpoultry. In fact, there was plenty o ffood, but not for the POWs . Nonethe-less, the prisoners found that their foo dhere was better than that which ha dbeen received elsewhere in captivity ,and they were issued rations of meat an dfish once or twice a week. Rice, however ,remained the staple item in their diet .

All officers and enlisted POWs wer eforced to work at Davao . Some of theprojects to which they were assignedconsisted of hauling gravel from a cree kbed to a railroad siding, cutting logs inthe jungle, building Japanese defensiv epositions, different farming chores, an dprison housekeeping duties . Dependingupon the work detail involved, the work-day began between the hours of 060 0and 0800 and ended at 1700, with twohours for lunch .

Before Christmas 1942, a group ofDavao POWs, consisting of CaptainAustin C . Shofner and First LieutenantsJack Hawkins and Michiel Dobervic hof the 4th Marines and seven othe rAmerican servicemen, began formulat-ing plans to escape . Their primary ai mwas to reach Allied territory (Aus-tralia) to report the inhumane Japanes etreatment of POWs . lo4 The escape partywas increased to 12 men with the addi-tion of two Filipino prisoners who wereto guide the rest to safety .

The would-be escapees spent twomonths accumulating necessary supplie sand rations, which they cached at a spot

outside of the prison camp. One aspect

of the method of escape was solved bygetting all members of the escape grou p

on one or the other of two labor detail swhich worked outside of the camp inclose proximity to each other . On 14March 1943, these men made a success-ful dummy escape run .

On 4 April, the day set for the actua lescape, everything went according toschedule . At 0800, the work parties leftthe camp, headed for the direction oftheir work areas, and then doubled backto the rendezvous point, evading Japa-nese sentries. When they met at 0830 ,they uncovered their previously hiddensupplies, and waited two suspense-fille dhours within 300 yards of the Japanes ebarracks for their Filipino guides t oarrive . These two men had been delaye dfor some minor reason by the enem yguards .

At 1030, the escapees quickly left th ecamp area. "It was a great feeling to befree again, and when we finally gotstarted we literally flew through th ejungle for the first hour," recalled Cap-tain Shofner . 105 In their hurry and th eguides' nervousness, the men missed th etrail they were heading for . Fortu-nately, a heavy rain began falling andlasted all day, washing away the tracksthey may have left. After three rainydays and two sleepless nights in aswamp, all the while plagued by vora-cious mosquitos, the men became in-creasingly exhausted. At 1730 of thethird day, they heard some rifle, machinegun, and mortar fire and observed whatappeared to be huts burning in the dis-tance. They changed the direction o f

109 Ibid .

1°° Ibid .

MARINE POWS

771

their march away from this area .

On the fourth day, 7 April, the escapeparty headed in the direction of th eprevious night 's firing, and upon arriv-ing found evidence of a fight . Headingnorth away from the camp, about 1 0kilometers beyond the scene of the firefight, they arrived at an occupied house ,

whose inhabitants conducted the partyto a guerrilla outpost at Longaog .

The 12 fugitives remained here sev-eral days, resting up and being treatedto the hospitality and generosity of thei r

hosts. At the outpost, they were give nsome interesting information ; theswamp that they had just crossed wa sinfested with crocodiles. When theformer prisoners told the local guerrill acommander of their plans to reach theeast coast of Mindanao and to sail t oAustralia, he said that they would haveto contact his superior, who was in con-trol of the whole area and whose assist-ance was required to obtain the neces-sary equipment and guides for the trip .

A guide from this man, Captain ClaroLaureta of the Philippine Constabulary ,

soon arrived to conduct the escapees ona two-day journey to Laureta's head -quarters, where they met the guerrill achieftain and detailed their plans an d

requirements . Laureta told them of som eof the difficulties they might encounte rin the long sea voyage and then in-formed them that a large guerrillaorganization officered by Americansexisted in the northwest portion of theisland and that it had radio communi-cation with Australia . Furthermore, hehad learned that an American sub -marine recently landed and supplied th eguerrillas .

310-224 0-69 - 50

Shofner, Hawkins, Dobervich, and theothers discussed the relative merits ofadhering to their original plan or haz-arding a hike to the north over hundred sof miles of mountainous terrain, unin-habited except for tribes of savage head -hunters, who "killed for the sake o fkilling." 1°6 Laureta offered to send withthe group an armed escort and twoguides who had just recently returne dfrom the north .

After they had agreed on this newcourse of action and all preparations fo rthe trek had been made, the escapedprisoners and their escort left the guer-rilla encampment on 21 April . Theyreached Medina, a town on the north-west coast of Mindanao, following along, tiring, and dangerous journey.Here they were greeted by LieutenantColonel Ernest E. McLish, USA, wh ohad been serving with a PhilippineArmy regiment when Corregidor fell ,and had hidden in the mountains ofMindanao rather than surrender . Aftera period of hiding, he began organizin ga resistance movement, which, whe nformed, became the 110th Division andsubordinate to the 10th Military Dis-trict, the senior command responsibl efor coordinating all guerrilla activityon Mindanao. Its commander wa sColonel Wendell W . Fertig, a U. S . Armyreservist, who "had over 33,000 men onhis rolls in February 1945, some 16,50 0

of them armed ."1o '

While waiting to be evacuated fromthe Philippines by submarine, th e

108 Hawkins, Never Say Die, p . 135 .

"'Robert R. Smith, Triumph in .the Philip-pines—The War in the Pacific—United StatesArmy in World War II (Washington : OCMH ,DA, 1963), p . 586 .

772


former prisoners were asked to join the fruit and decided to punish them him -

110th Division to assist in directing self . He broke the left arm of each ma nguerrilla activities . On 11 May, Shofner with an iron bar and then beat the mwas appointed a major and Hawkins and about the buttocks with it . At anotherDobervich made captains in the Army time, upon being told by a prisoner thatof the United States . Shofner became the food was no good, this same cook

deputy chief of staff and assistant opera- threw a dipper-full of boiling tea on th etions officer of the division, Hawkins man's feet. Although the prisone rbecame the division intelligence officer, jumped away, the liquid reached hi sand Dobervich, the supply officer . For ankles. Suffering third-degree burn snearly six months, they held these posi- and lacking adequate medical attention ,tions while, at the same time, taking his foot, as a result, healed slowly an dpart in the raids on Japanese garrisons became heavily scarred .on Mindanao . Finally, on 15 November In January 1944, the Puerto Princes a1943, the three Marines boarded an prisoners received some Red Cross sup -American submarine at Nasipit, Bu- plies, but the Japanese took out an dtuan Bay, Mindanao, which took them kept all drugs and medicines, leavin gto Australia, and they reported for duty only adhesive tape, gauze, and sulf awith United States forces eight days powder . It was presumed that this lastlater.

item was left in the boxes because enemy

Of the American prisoners remaining medical personnel were ignorant of

in the Philippine Islands, a group of either its presence or use .

approximately 350 was transferred at During one of the Allied air raids o n

the end of July 1942, from Cabanatuan the Palawan field, one POW had a largeCamp 3 to Puerto Princesa, Palawan gash opened in his head by a flying rock

Island, where it was put to work con- which hit him. His side became para-

structing a Japanese airfield . The treat- lyzed, his eyes crossed, and he appeare d

ment of the POWs here was as brutal to have suffered a bad concussion . Allas that received by the men on the that the Japanese offered in the way of

Death March. One of the three Japanese medical aid was a supply of cotton . One

interpreters at Puerto Princesa was a of the doctors amongst the prisoner s

small man who constantly carried brass made some instruments for operatin g

knuckles and delighted in punching the on the injured man to ease his suffer -

prisoners in the mouth with them.'°8

ing. Despite these ministrations, the

Another instance of Japanese cruelty man did not improve and remained ato prisoners occurred when two Ma- stretcher case, helpless and incoherent .

rives were caught eating a papaya they Later, Japanese guards shot him whil e

had picked in violation of a camp order. he was still on the stretcher .

A Japanese cook saw them eating the

As bad as conditions were at PuertoPrincesa, they became increasingly

10e Sworn statement of Sgt Douglas W . Bogueworse after the American air raids ,

and PFC Glen W. McDole, signed and dtd beginning in October 1944, seemed to17Feb45.

indicate that friendly forces were un-

MARINE POWS

773

doubtedly going to return to the Philip-pines soon. During the previous month ,all Japanese guards at the camp werereplaced by veteran combat troops, th ePOW food ration was cut, and 159 of

the surviving Americans were returne dto Manila . Once Allied bombings bega nin earnest, camp authorities took outtheir frustrations on the Americans b ybeating and starving them. In some

cases, but not until after a few of th ePOWs were wounded in the first ai rraids, they were allowed to build shelter sfor themselves.

In anticipation of early liberation ,the Americans at Puerto Princes aattempted to maintain a high degree ofmorale and to take whatever maltreat-ment came their way as best the y

could . 109 The climax of the whole situ-ation on Palawan came on 14 December

1944, when Japanese seaplanes operat-ing from Puerto Princesa sighted anAmerican invasion convoy in the Sul uSea headed for Mindoro . Upon receiv-ing this sighting report and believingthat Puerto Princesa was the target fo rthe landing, the Japanese camp com-mander prepared to carry out his order sto kill the prisoners remaining in hi scustody.

At approximately 1400 on the 14th,all of the POW working parties wer ereturned to the prison compound an dforced to remain in the immediat e

vicinity of their air raid shelters . Theseshelters were nothing more thantrenches, each about five feet deep, an dlong enough to hold about 50 men .

CinCPac-CinCPOA Escape and Evasion

Rpt No. 23, dtd 15Feb45, interrogations of Sgt

Douglas W. Bogue, PFC Glenn W . McDole ,and RM1 Fern J . Barta, USN .

There was a roof of some type overheadand a small entrance at each end of theshelter . Some men had constructed in-dividual shelters of a similar type clos eto the barbed wire fence enclosing thecompound and near the edge of a cliffwhich dropped to a beach some 60 feetbelow.

After the prisoners had been sittin gnear their shelters for approximately 30minutes, two American P–38 aircraf tappeared overhead, whereupon theJapanese guards forced the American sinto their shelters . Immediately, som e50 or 60 Japanese soldiers rushed for-ward carrying light machine guns,rifles, and buckets of gasoline . Theysurrounded all of the shelters, and intothe first one tossed a lighted torch fol-lowed by a bucket of gasoline ; they re-peated this in the other two . As soonas the burning and screaming prisoner sran out of the shelters, they weremowed down by the machine guns andrifles. Several wounded Americans,flames shooting from their clothes an dbodies, rushed the Japanese and fough tthem hand to hand .

Prisoners in the shelters near th ebarbed wire fence without hesitationtore through the wire and scramble ddown the cliff to the beach . Some 30 to40 managed to reach the water's edg eand began swimming across Honda Bay,towards the northern section of Pala-

wan. Most of these men were shot b yriflemen standing at the edge of th e

cliff overlooking the beach . Meanwhile,in the camp, the Japanese began throw-ing dynamite into the shelters to kil l

those prisoners whom the guards be-lieved were still alive .

774


One Marine managed to escape andhid in the rocks immediately below th ebluff, where he remained all the whilethe butchery above him was in progress .

After dark, and before enemy soldier sbegan patrolling the beaches, this manand four other survivors of the shoot-ing and burning swam to the oppositeshore. Reaching it, the five immediatelyplunged into the Palawan jungles ,through which they wandered for five

days and nights without food and water .The escapees finally reached theIwahig Penal Colony, where a thrivingFilipino underground organization tookthem in, fed and clothed them, and the nevacuated them to a point where a nAmerican submarine could pick themup.

Approximately 140 men died in th ePuerto Princesa Massacre . Those whoescaped learned later that, after all ofthe remaining POWs had been killed ,the Japanese authorities had let it beknown to Filipinos in the area of thecamp that the Americans had all beenkilled in bombing raids by Americanplanes. To ensure that this story woul dbe the only one told, the Japanese campauthorities executed all of the Filipino sworking at Puerto Princesa at thetime. 110 Altogether, 23 Marines perishedin the massacre .

Luckier, it appears, were the Hiro-hata prisoners, who were destined for asimilar end . According to Ercanbrack :

Our Camp Interpreter, Mr . Tahara, wa s. . . elderly (about 65) . . . educated in the

U. S. and professing to be a Christian.For the last 2 years of the war, he wasincreasingly friendly with me . . . and

"° Ibid., and sworn statement of Sgt DouglasW. Rogue, dtd 17Feb45 .

often [asked] that if and when Japan lostthe war [would I] give him a letter o fsome kind to prove that he had not, as anindividual, been cruel to POWs . He aide dus to the best of his ability, often helpe dus to deceive the . . . authorities to pre-clude punishment and, in general, trie dto help us .

In 1944 . . . Tahara came to me and ad-vised `I am very sorry—we must all die . 'Tahara told me that orders had bee nissued by Tokyo which would require, th emoment the first American set foot o nJapanese soil, that all POWs be killed an dthat the camp authorities then commitsuicide .

Shortly afterwards, the Japs began dail ydrills . A platoon of Japs would arrive atour camp from Himeji barracks (theywere required to move on the double forthe 11 kilometers), hastily set up theirmachine guns to completely encircle th ecamp and execute other maneuvers clearl yindicating a plan they wished to execut ewithout mistake . Their arrival, theirmaneuver, their critique, and their de-parture took place two or three times eachweek. The . . . authorities made mentionthat the soldiers were being trained toprotect us from irate civilians who migh twish to harm us if U. S . troops started t oinvade . On one occasion, I made a poin tblank statement to the [Japanese second incommand], Sgt . Fukada, that it was re-grettable that we should have to die afterso long a term in prison camp—he agree dand stated he would have liked to hav elived after the war was over, perhaps th ecountry would some day be a good countr yagain .

I believed that orders directing mas-sacre of the prisoners had been issued an dam still of that opinion .

I confided in only my senior Staff NCO sand drew up `Plan A ' for escape. The plancontemplated cutting the wires to Himej i(their phone line was buried and connectedwith Himeji barracks as a `hot line'—Tahara had pointed out where the linecould be cut), heading for the hills i nsquad units (our squads numbered about

MARINE POWS

775

60 men) and hiding out until we coul dcontact friendly forces . I am quite sur ewe could have taken over the camp an dmade a break-out—but am very doubtfulthat we could have survived for long du eto the proximity of Himeji where about35,000 [Japanese troops] were garrisoned .Tahara obtained some maps of the sur-rounding country (rather melodramaticat this time—but I had the control mapsewn into my shoes by Cpl Ward USM Cwho was camp cobbler) and, with theNCOs we held 'command post exercises 'frequently to perfect our break-out plan .Tahara, of course, was to go with us. 11 1

Fortunately, the Japanese plan wa s

never implemented .

Another shocking incident involving

Marine POWs as well as prisoners fromthe other services occurred in late 1944 .Early that year, the Japanese high com-mand apparently realized that it woul dbe unable to retain its hold on the

Philippines, and it gave orders for theevacuation of Japanese nationals an d

the remaining POWs in the islands to

Japan. Some of these POWs had been

brought back to Manila in mid-194 4from the Davao Penal Colony. Early inOctober 1944, the Japanese authoritie sbegan bringing in the prisoners fro mother outlying areas, collecting them allat Bilibid Prison.

A majority of the men were in fai rphysical condition when they arrived i nManila, but after a 60-day starvatio ndiet, they were all in very poor healthfor an impending sea voyage. On 13December, they were formed up into acolumn of 100-man groups and marche dto the Manila docks . Along the way ,"People lined the streets to see us pas sand many gave us 'V' signs when they

111 Ercanbrack ltr 1966.

thought the Jap guards weren't watch-ing them." 11 2

When the prisoners arrived at thedocks, they saw that Manila Bay wa sglutted with the hulks of Japanese shipssunk in American air raids . A total of1,619 POWs were herded aboard th eOryoku Maru, a relatively new passen-ger vessel of approximately 10,00 0tons . 113 Also boarding the ship were

2,000 Japanese sailors whose ships hadbeen sunk, and about 3,000 Japanes ewomen and children. By 1800, all of theprisoners and the rest of the passenger shad been crowded into all availablespace ; the POWs, jammed into th eholds "at bayonet point ." 11 4

After the POWs boarded the ship ,Japanese guards attempted to lowe r

food and water to the men in the holds,but owing to the confusion and thecrowded conditions, few men got rationsthat night . The holds were stifling, hot ,crowded, and lacking in sanitary facil-ities, except for a number of two-gallo nwooden buckets, which were inaccessibleto most of the prisoners. As a result ofthe cumulative effect of these condi-tions, several men went berserk tha tnight, and killed a number of their fel-low POWs. Other prisoners suffocated .Among this number was Lieutenan tColonel John P . Adams, the formercommander of the 3d Battalion, 4thMarines . Some of the men became so

112 Personal Diary of LtCol Roy L . Bodine ,Jr ., DC, USA, p. 7. A copy of this handwrittendiary was introduced into evidence in the warcrimes trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashit ain Manila following the war.

113 "I know the exact figure because theroster was turned over to me ." Beecher ltr .

1" Ibid.

776


crazed by thirst, they even drank theirown urine and cut their wrists to drin ktheir own blood. About 15 prisonersfailed to survive the first night . 11 5

Colonel Beecher asked Toshino, th eguard commander, to evacuate the pris-oners that night, but "an attempt to g oup a ladder to go . . . on deck resulted ina guard shooting into the hold . "Beecher "pointed out to the interprete rwho was the go-between to Toshino tha twe would surely be bombed in themorning ." 11 6

Early the next morning, in compan ywith six or seven cargo vessels, acruiser, and a destroyer, the OryokuMaru steamed out of the harbor and u pthe coast of Luzon. At approximately0800, U. S. Navy aircraft spotted th econvoy sneaking up the coast, and san kall ships except the cruiser, which high -tailed it back to Manila, and the OryokuMaru . The prisoners in the holds hugge dthe bulkheads in an attempt to escap ethe shell fragments and bullets whichricocheted through the open cargohatch, but a number of the POWs be -came casualties. The attack continuedthroughout most of the day . At 2200the POW-laden vessel limped into SubicBay. The Japanese then removed thewomen and children and landed themat Olongapo. Next, the sailors left,swimming the 500—800 yards to th e

11" Summary of the evidence in the case ofUS v Toshino et al (POW, WWII, Philippine sFile) . Toshino was the commander of th eguards charged with escorting the prisonersto Japan . He and another guard were sentencedto be hanged for what later happened to thei rremaining charges ; the rest of his men weresentenced to imprisonment for periods varyin gfrom 10 to 25 years .

"'Beecher ltr.

beach because all of the remaining liferafts and boats had been riddled in th eair attacks .

The POWs were not evacuated unti lthe morning of the 15th and at theexact time that Navy planes resume dthe attack on the ship. One bombdropped directly into a hold, killin gmany of the trapped prisoners. The menwho attempted to climb up the ladder sto the deck during the attack were shotto death by the Japanese guards .Finally, at 0900, the prisoners receive dword to evacuate the ship as best theycould . This they did, leaving behind al lof their meager belongings, includin gclothes and shoes, on the ship.

Just after the POWs evacuated th eship, "a flight of four planes came in ona bombing run . The leader apparentl yrecognized the fact that we were Ameri-can prisoners . He waggled his wingsand the planes did not drop their bombs .Thus, we were spared many morecasualties ." 11 7

Many of the POWs drowned whileswimming ashore, as the two days an dthe night aboard the ship had drainedthem of what slight physical strengththey might have had. On the beach, th eJapanese guards had set up and fire dmachine guns to mark the boundarie sof the zone in which the prisoners wer eto come ashore ; anyone carried outsid eof that zone by the tide or current wa sshot at . Only 1,200 of the original grou pof 1,619 survived the ill-fated trip . Atotal of 21 Marines was killed .

Once ashore and rounded up, thePOWs were marched to the tenniscourt of the old Marine base at Olon-

"7 Ibid.

MARINE POWS

777

gapo, and it seemed to many of theMarines in the group who had been sta-tioned here in prewar days that theirlives had now gone full circle. ThePOWs sat in the wire-enclosed cour tfrom 15 to 21 December without pro-tection against the elements . For twodays they received no food whatsoever ,and at no time did the Japanese giv ethem either medical supplies or treat-ment. Toshino told Colonel Beecher"that there was no rice available ." ButBeecher noted that although this "wa strue during the first day but not there-after, I could not prevail upon him tofeed us." us On the 21st and 22d the menwere loaded on trucks and taken to Sa nFernando, Pampanga, approximately22 miles away. Half of the group wa sput in a schoolhouse, and the other halfin a theater. Here they were permitte dto cook an issue of rice and given anadequate supply of water .

On the 21st, Colonel Beecher and thePOW doctors were ordered by the Japa-nese to pick out 15 men who were in theworst physical condition . These indi-viduals were to be sent back to Manil awhere they could be treated properly .At 1900 on the 21st, the 15 men—one o fwhom was Lieutenant Colonel Samue lW. Freeny, Beecher's former executiveofficer—were put on a truck, drive ntwo miles to a nearby cemetery, and be-headed.

The prisoners were moved once again ,this time by train in crowded boxcars ,in a 17-hour journey with neither foo dnor water . This trip was to San Fer-nando, La Union, a port city on the westcoast of Luzon and slightly north of

118 Ibid.

Lingayen Gulf. Ten men did not survivethe journey . , The others remained herefor two days before they were crammedaboard two ships on 27 December, a twhich time they began what can only bedescribed as a hell voyage . In the fourday period en route to the port of Takaoon Formosa, they were furnished an ex-tremely inadequate supply of food andwater. The conditions in the holds of th etwo ships, the Brazil Maru and theEnoura Maru, both indescribably filthy ,were such that the POWs were reduce dto living an animal-like existence in adank, dark, and fetid atmosphere thatbeggars the imagination. As the vessel sapproached Formosa, the weather grewcolder, and the suffering of the POWsincreased apace .

When the ships arrived at Takao, al lof the prisoners were crowded aboardthe Enoura Maru . If, as the records indi -cate, there were only 350 POWs on th eother ship, and discounting the approxi -mate number of men who may have die dprior to and immediately following th esecond departure from the Philippines ,it would appear that the Enoura Maruthen was loaded with more than 1,30 0prisoners. They were crowded into twolarge holds of the ship, and forced to re -main there for the entire 11 days it la yin the port of Takao.

Over 400 prisoners were killed on theirninth day in the Formosan harbor whenAmerican aircraft bombed the area andhit the unmarked ship . Colonel Beecherasked that doctors and medical supplie sto aid the wounded be sent aboard . Fortwo days the Japanese authorities leftthe POWs in the after hold—which wa sthe worst hit—with no attention what-soever. Eventually, the dead were taken

778


out in cargo nets, and a doctor boarde dthe ship, "but did not even go into theafter hold ." 119 In addition to thosekilled, many others were wounded . Anumber of men succumbed en route t othe port of Moji, on the island ofKyushu, when the trip to Japan re-sumed. After the bombing raid, thehealthy, the sick, the wounded, and thedying were again transferred to theBrazil Maru for the voyage north. Toevade Allied planes and submarines, th eship headed for the China coast, follow-ing it until nearing Shanghai . The ci-vilian master of the vessel wanted to pu tin there to obtain food and clothes fo rthe POWs, but he was overruled by theJapanese guard commander. Approxi-mately 30 to 40 prisoners died dail yfrom the cold, starvation, and lack ofwater during this part of the voyage .The other POWs stripped the corpse sof their clothes before the bodies werehoisted from the holds and thrown over-board without even the pretence of aburial service .

Moji harbor was reached on 29 Janu-ary 1945 ; only 470 prisoners had sur-vived the trip, and within 30 days aftertheir arrival in Japan, nearly 300 moredied in the various camps and hospitalsto which they had been sent . Between 2 5and 29 April 1945, the hapless remnantsof the original group of 1,619 prisonerswere sent to prison camps in Korea ,where they were liberated at the end ofthe war .

Japanese ships carrying AmericanPOWs were sent from the Philippines i nincreasing numbers in the last half o f1944, and like the ships mentionedabove, these too were attacked by Ameri -

116 Ibid .

can aircraft and submarines with aresultingly high loss of life amongstthe prisoners. Existing records indicatethat 184 survivors of the 4th Marinesdied under these circumstances . Attack-ing pilots had no way of knowing wha tcargo the Japanese ships were carrying .On the other hand, submariners veryoften attempted to pick up survivors o fships they sank . It is not difficult toimagine the horror and the heartbreakof the subs' crews when they discoveredthat the men they had rescued wereemaciated and dying American POWs .

The American invasion occurred be -fore the Japanese were able to evacuateall of the prisoners they held in thePhilippines . General MacArthur, ex-tremely anxious about the fate of th eAmerican civilians and military person-nel imprisoned in jails and camps i nManila and elsewhere in the islands ,directed his commanders to bend ever yeffort to liberate these people. As a resultof this order, Army units mounted spe-cial operations keyed to retrieve th eprisoners from the enemy. On 3 Febru-ary 1945, troopers of the 1st Cavalr yDivision crashed through the gate o fSanto Tomas prison in Manila, wheresome 3,700 Americans had been in-terned. Later that evening, anothe r3,767 prisoners were freed from BilibidPrison. Marines were among the POWsliberated in both groups ; in addition,some of the men recovered at Cabana-tuan were also survivors of the 4th Ma-rines. The remainder of the survivingmembers of the regiment as well as othe rMarines who had been captured else-where were still suffering and starvingin prison camps in Japan, China, Korea ,Formosa, and other isolated areas in

MARINE POWS

779

Southeast Asia, and waiting for thei rday of liberation .

RECOVERY

day after the death of President Roose-velt . The primary target in this raidwas the dock area, where the Guamprisoners worked daily. When the bombsbegan falling, the Marines were herde dinto a brick and wood warehouse at th eedge of the harbor, and once they wer ein this building, the steel doors wer eslammed shut and barred from the out -side. Soon some incendiary bombs landedon the roof of the fire trap and set thebuilding ablaze . Climbing up a wall o fhuman bodies to reach a small ledge atthe base of the rafters, one Marine man -aged to break a window and drop the 20

feet to the street outside . He thengrabbed an iron bar that was close by,and pried the warehouse door open . Atthe end of an hour, when the raid wa sover, the POWs marched back to Osak aPrisoner of War Camp 1, and all thatthey found of their former barracks wasthe cinder foundation .12 °

Two hundred of the prisoners fromthis camp were moved approximately50–60 miles northwest of Osaka t oNotogawa, a small village on the westernbanks of Biwa-ko, the largest lake i nJapan. Other men from the Osaka cam pwere moved elsewhere to makeshiftcamps away from the city . The work a tNotogawa was hard and did not provid ethe kinds of opportunities for lootin gand easing the lot of the POWs as thei rjobs in unloading cargo ships in Osak aharbor had .

The only bright spot in the monoto-nous and tiring days at Notogawa wasthe large formations of B–29s and car-rier planes which, with increasing fre-quency, appeared overhead . Despite th e

120 Boyle, Yanks Don't Cry, pp . 196-199 .

Through the various diplomatic chan-nels discussed earlier and based on thereports of men who had escaped fromprison camp, the Allied powers hadamassed a fairly accurate, if not alto-gether complete, picture of where andunder what conditions their national swere being held captive. The anxiety ofAmerican officials and their determina-tion to liberate the POWs as soon as pos -sible was heightened by their knowledge .Accordingly, they prepared contingencyplans for the recovery of Allied militarypersonnel, who were dubbed RecoveredAllied Military Personnel (RAMPs) i nthese plans .

Meanwhile, as the intensity of Ameri-can air raids over the Home Islandsstepped up in 1945, and carrier planesand bombers zoomed over the priso ncamps in increasing numbers, th emorale of the POWs rose accordingly .Now and then in little ways, the Japa-nese guards indicated to the prisoner sthat they knew Japan had lost the wa rand that the end was not too far in thefuture. The appearance of Allied air -craft over Japan did not always wor kto the favor of the prisoners, for in somecases when areas near the camps werebombed, the guards took out their re-sentment and frustration by beatingtheir captives . In a few cases, POWcamps, which never were marked a ssuch by the Japanese, were bombe dby American planes .

On one of these attacks, in April1945, Osaka was raided by B–29s the

780


threat of frenzied beatings and deadlie rpunishment, the POWs cheered on th eAmerican planes as though they were ata football game and the aircraft wer ethe players on the field .

Following the dropping of the atomicbomb on Hiroshima, Allied prisoner sbecame aware of the fact that somethingspectacular had taken place. One daya Japanese noncommissioned officertried to question Major Boyington abou tthe bomb. It was beyond the ability ofthe Japanese to explain what had hap-pened and beyond the comprehension o fthe American to accept that just onebomb could have caused all of the dam-age and deaths about which he was told .

For most of the prisoners in Japanes ecamps, the end came suddenly and with-out warning. One day they were unde rclose guard and subjected to all form sof harassment, and the next, all wasquiet, and they were given food an dmedicine, which up to that time had bee nwithheld from them .

A Guam Marine remembered :

The August sunlight slowly brightenedthe room and one by one the men awoke ,grumbling to themselves as they went out -side to the wash rack . The mess cooks cam eback, lugging the buckets, and ladled outthe rice and soup . We ate in silence . I twas unusually quiet ; it seemed as if thelast spark of our energy had been burne dout during the excitement of seeing ou rNavy planes so close to us.

We finished eating and waited for th ework whistle to blow. A half hour passe dand still we waited. Slowly, the time creptby, and the odd silence gripped the bar -racks, a silence so heavy I felt I coul dreach out and grab a handful of it . Stil lno whistle, no shouting guards . 12 1

1 .1 Boyle, Yanks Don't Cry, p . 213 .

Finally, one of the men in the barracksgot up from the table, opened the door ,and went out to see what had happened .The rest of the prisoners followed him ,and saw the POWs in the other barrackslooking out of their windows. Those wh ohad gone out discovered that :

The big, heavy inner gate that separatedus from the guard shack and the outsidegate was locked, but the soldiers wh ousually manned the sentry boxes over-looking the inner compound were not a ttheir posts .

Then, slowly, it dawned on us . The warwas over . Somehow, somewhere, it musthave ended . 12 2

The men at the Hirohata camp wer etold on 15 August that because ther ewas a lack of raw materials at the mil lin which they had been working, the ywere not required to report there . In-formally, the pro-American interpretersaid that the war was over . On the 27th ,the POWs painted the letters "P . W."on all of the roofs of the camp build-ings, 123 and later that same day fourcarrier planes flew over with a supplydrop. Three days later, B–29s droppedfood and clothing to the men . SergeantErcanbrack, the senior man at Hirohata ,arranged for a flag-raising ceremony on2 September, and using parachute sil kand the red lining from the barrack sblack-out curtains, devised Americanand British flags . The Japanese colorswere struck that day, the Nationa l

1=' Ibid ., p . 214 .1_' When the Japanese received instruction s

to paint these letters on the roofs, the men atHirohata had a problem, " . . . there was n oyellow paint . . . . Marine/Japanese ingenuitysolved that—we used white paint and tinte dit with every can of curry powder on hand. Di dnot look bad, either ." Ercanbrack ltr 1966 .

MARINE POWS

78 1

Colors and the Union Jack were raised ,and the camp superintendent surren-dered his command . 124

In northern Hokkaido, where Majo rDevereux and other Woosung prisonershad been taken to join some Australianofficers captured at Rabaul, it was notknown that an atomic bomb had beendropped. Also at this camp were som e

British soldiers, one of whom crypticallytold Devereux that "We're having abowl of caviar tonight," and anothe rofficer was told, "Sir, Joe is in." 125 Inthis manner, it was learned that Russi ahad entered the war against Japan . Fol-

lowing this news, the guards bega ntreating the prisoners with kid gloves .On 14 August, all of the Japanese in th ecamp gathered at the main office to liste nto a radio broadcast, which appeared t ohave been an official announcement of

some kind. When it was over, all of th e

Japanese appeared stunned ; they hadjust heard that their country had sued

for peace. None of the prisoners wer etold, but they were informed that there

would be no need for working partie s

the following day . All rations were in -

creased and little by little the restric-tions were relaxed .

Even before the surrender ceremon y

on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, th eAllied forces began implementing theplans they had prepared for the libera-tion of the POWs. The Allies were face dwith the difficult task of supplying th eprisoners in widely scattered camps withfood, clothing, and medical supplies un-til the men could be evacuated. Although

"+ Ercanbrack ltr II . There were also Com-monwealth prisoners at Hirohata.

'=C Devereux, Wake Island, p. 237 .

evacuation proceedings were not to be-gin until after the surrender documenthad been signed, Admiral Halsey or-dered the commander of Task Group30.6, the organization assigned the mis -sion of liberating, evacuating, and giv-ing medical assistance to POWs in th eThird Fleet area of responsibility, t obegin emergency evacuation of prisoner sin the area of Tokyo Bay . 12 s

In the period between the inceptio nof this task group on 15 August and th ebeginning of actual evacuation opera-tions on the 29th, Commodore RodgerW. Simpson, Commander, Task Grou p30.6, had organized and trained specia lmedical and communications units andsmall landing forces. Prior to this time,in preparing his plans, CommodoreSimpson had made extensive use of thedetailed information of POW camps ac-quired from carrier plane visual andphotographic reconnaissance and ma-terial derived from other intelligence

sources .

The plan developed for evacuation ac-tivities had two phases . One, "Opera-tion Spring-Em," was to cover the evac-uation of prisoners in and around th eTokyo Bay Region . Included in each ofthe forces to be employed in this phas ewas a company of Marines which wa sset to act as the security element . Thisunit was to spearhead the landing andto act as military police to ensure theorderly and unopposed activities of the

evacuation party. The second phase of

the operation plan, called "Jail Break, "provided for the evacuation of POWs inareas east of the 135th meridian, an dthose parts of Japan not easily acces-

'=° See pt IV, chap 1, p . 484, above .

782


sible from the initial areas of occupation.On the 29th, the task group proceede d

up Tokyo Bay and anchored off Omori .The task group commander with medica land evacuation parties loaded in LCVPs ,and with the assistance of an air spotte roverhead in a TBM from the carrierUSS Cow pens, headed towards the beachand Omori Camp 8. As the evacuationteam neared the shore :

The appearance of the landing craft i nthe channel off the prisoner of war campcaused an indescribable scene of jubilationand emotion on the part of hundreds o fprisoners of war who streamed out of th ecamp and climbed up over the piling . Som ebegan to swim out to meet the landingcraft. After some difficulty in being heard ,the prisoners of war were assured thatmore boats would be coming and that the yshould stand steady for an orderly evac-uation, and that the liberation part ywanted to go immediately to those wh owere ill and extend medical assistance an devacuate them first . 12 7

Commodore Simpson learned from thesenior POW officer that there were man yseriously ill prisoners at the Shinagaw ahospital camp. The party that went tothis place later reported that "it was anindescribable hell hole of filth, disease ,and death ." 12 8

By the early morning of 30 August ,all of the men at Shinagawa together

'-' CTG 30 .6 AR, dtd 22Sep45, Subj : Cover-ing Evacuation of POW during period 29Aug-19Sep45 (OAB, NHD) .

1 " CinCPac Surrender and Occupation Rpt ,p. 20. It is interesting to note that two membersof the Swiss Legation in Tokyo visited thecamp on 19 February 1945 and gave it a fairl yfavorable report. MID, WD, Extracts of PO WCamp Information Rpt No. A–P 85, dtd17May45, in USAF Japanese Prison Camp s1943–45 File No . 142 .7511 (ASI (HA), Max-well AFB, Ala.) .

with the entire prison population atOmori had been evacuated. Each POWwas taken on board the hospital shipUSS Benevolence and put through aclearing and examination process . Thisprocedure, which most of the prisoner sliberated from Japan experienced be -fore their trip home, involved a bath ,medical examination, and an issue o fclean clothes . They were then fed andafterwards filled out a mimeographedform which requested information abou tcamp conditions and instances of bru-tality. Following this, the RAMPs wer eassigned to a bed in the hospital ship ,or, if ambulatory, transferred to billetson an APD alongside of the AH . Duringthe night of the 30th, the CTG 30.6 staffevaluated the mass of information i thad received from the RAMPs aboutthe location of other POW camps . As aresult of this intelligence, the evacuatio nunit was divided into two separategroups in order to expand overall opera-tions .

A conference was held at the Yoko-hama headquarters of the commanderof the Eighth Army on 1 September,when Admiral Halsey agreed to coordi-nate Third Fleet evacuation operationswith those of the Eighth Army Recov-ered Personnel Officer. Once this jointprogram had begun, and both ships an dpersonnel were assigned to various area scoming under the cognizance of the tw omajor commands, all means of transpor-tation—both Japanese and American —were to be employed to evacuate th ePOWs .

Without the outstanding assistance o fmembers of the Swedish Legation, theSwiss Legation, and the InternationalRed Cross, in arranging train schedules

MARINE POWS

783

and in furnishing information on th elocation of POW camps, the compositionof the occupants, and their general con-dition, the success of this joint ventur ewould have been less than it was. TheUnited States assumed the responsibilityfor the evacuation of all liberated pris-oners and civilians from Japan to eitherManila or Guam, and from Guam to theStates, using both surface and air trans-portation. Commonwealth POWs, withthe exception of Canadian servicemen ,were to be transported from Manila totheir destination in British vessels . Ca-nadian ships carried their own national shome .

At the same time that Allied prison-ers were being liberated in the Tokyo -Yokohama area, steps were being take nto evacuate the men from camps locatedin Manchuria, Korea, North and CentralChina, Formosa, and the outlying sec-tions of the Home Islands. The author-ities responsible for taking steps torecover these other POWs estimatedthat it would take 30 days to get themall, and further recognized that to savemany of the critically ill, prompt andadequate supply of these camps by airdrops was essential . The air supply taskwas shared by Marianas-based B-29 sand FEAF aircraft located on Okinawa .After the program had begun, theTwentieth Air Force became responsibl efor its functioning.

In planning these activities, the mos tdifficult problem that arose was deter-mining the exact locations of the campsto be supplied. Although some lists ha dbeen compiled, there was little assuranc eof their accuracy . At first and until 2 7August, the only basis on which th eTwentieth Air Force could prepare its

plans was a document entitled the"Black List," which had been issued bythe Headquarters, United States ArmyForces, Pacific, and a similar CinCPac -CinCPOA publication . Not only werethese lists incomplete, they were inac-curate as well because, during the whole -sale bombing of Japanese coastal area sin the last months of the war, the POW shad been removed from many of thecamps listed .

One of the surrender conditions im-posed upon the Japanese was the re-quirement that it furnish General Mac -Arthur a complete list of the names ,locations, and populations of all POWcamps in existence under Japanese con-trol, and that all such camps be clearlymarked. On 27 August, the first suchlist, the "Yellow List," was made avail -able and it contained a total of 7 3camps. Before the supply drops couldtake place, however, the camp location shad to be verified. Two days later, the314th Bombardment Wing on Guam be-gan the first of a series of reconnaissanceflights, which took its planes over theislands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu .Planes of the same wing flew over Hai-nan, Peiping, Hong Kong, Shanghai ,and Mukden on 31 August . These flight sverified the existence and location o f57 additional camps .

From 27 August to 20 September,AAF aircraft flew 900 effective sortiesover 158 POW and civilian internmentcamps, dropping supplies. After the firstthree days of operations, the plannedaltitude of 500 to 1,000 feet for droppingthe supplies was found to be too low forefficient operation of the cargo para-chutes . As a result, the air crews wer edirected to release the paradrops at alti-

784 VICTORY AND OCCUPATION

SHADOW of a B-29 on a supply-drop mission passes over the POW camp at Nagasaki .(USAF 58504)

AMERICAN AND BRITISH POWs (r .) raise their nations' colors over the camp atHirohata. (Photograph courtesy of CWO Earl B . Ercanbrack)

MARINE POWS

785

tudes above 1,000 feet in order that th echutes could function more effectively ,avoid casualties among the prisoner per-sonnel, and prevent the destruction ofthe bundles of supplies . 12 9

Various other factors reduced the ef-fectiveness of the B–29 supply drops tothe POWs. The B–29 crews had no pre-vious experience in this work and ther ewas no time for them to test supply dro ptechniques before the missions began .Because there was such a short supply

of cargo parachutes, they were used only

for dropping food and medicine con-tainers ; the other bundles were dropped

free .The B–29s had accurately located th e

warehouse in Osaka where the POWsfrom Guam and elsewhere had beenimprisoned . The men soon had plenty of

food and medicine and wore the ne wclothes included in the supply drops .These prisoners found the food dropsexciting and it seemed to them that the

plane crews in each of the aircraft weretrying to outdo the others in seeing ho w

close to the ground they could come. Onegroup of POWs saw "a big Superfor-tress dip in for an air drop and watchedit level off not over 50 feet from th eground, dipping even lower as it roare dstraight for the building we were stand-ing on." And then to their amazement,the B–29 approached "with breathtak-ing speed, then, at the last second, i tlurched upward, swooping to within te nfeet of the roof's edge, and the thunder-ing noise almost shook the warehouseapart" as the men fell flat. 13 o

' 20 Twentieth AF TacMissionRpt, Subj :POW Supply Missions, 27Aug-20Sep45, n .d .

(ASI(HA), Maxwell AFB, Ala .) .130 Boyle, Yanks Don't Cry, p . 232 .

Some of the air drops also broughtdeath as the heavily loaded palletshurtled from the sky . The parachuteswere not always big enough to hold theheavy loads, and as they collapsed, thefood pallets and steel drums rained dow nand exploded like bombs when they hi tthe ground. Major Boyington remem-bered heading for the nearest air raidshelter when the drops began . In hiscamp, three or four prisoners were hi tand killed by the parcels dropping fro m

the sky. Many of the loads went righ tthrough ramshackle roofs of the POWbarracks .

One such instance was recalled bySergeant Major Robert R . Winslow, aWake Marine, who was in a camp atNaoetsu—on the northwest coast of Ky-ushu—on V-J Day . Upon receiving newsof the end of the war, Winslow reported :

. . . we took over the camp, set up a nMP force, and actually ran liberty detailsinto town. Some of our hale and heartysurvivors spent some time futilely search-ing the vicinity for our former guards andCamp Commander, who had mysteriousl ydisappeared . . . . After about two weekswe commandeered a train and traveled toTokyo where we were met by the occupa-tion forces. 13 1

At the Hokkaido camp :

A day or two after the Japanese sur-rendered, the officers were informed . Im-mediate steps were taken to send officer sto the other camps, locate Marines an dsee that discipline was maintained . Radioswere provided and food brought in . Anannouncement was made over the radi odirecting POWs to identify POW camps insuch a manner as to be seen from the ai rand to remain there until U. S . teamsarrived to evacuate the ex-POWs . About

'Winslow ltr.

786


three weeks after the surrender a teamarrived in the area, a trainload of ex-prisoners was transported to Chitose an dflown out (to Atsugi) . 13 2

At the same time that these activitie swere under way and after the surrende rinstrument had been signed, a Fift hFleet delegation conferred with SCA Pauthorities regarding the evacuation ofRAMPs from southern Japan . The planagreed upon called for the Eighth Arm yto extend its evacuation operations wes tand to evacuate POWs through Osakato Tokyo until relieved by Fifth Flee tand Sixth Army units. Similar to thejoint program established by the ThirdFleet and the Eighth Army, the othe rtwo major commands organized twoevacuation groups comprised of landin gcraft, truck companies, hospital ships ,Army contact teams, and Navy medicalunits . The ports of Wakayama and Nag-asaki were to be employed as evacuatio ncenters for all of western Japan . Thoughthe responsibility of delivering RAMP sto these two ports belonged to the Army,the mission of medical examinations an dprocessing became a Fifth Fleet func-tion.

Repatriation began at Nagasaki o n11 September . A medical examinationand processing station was set up in alarge dockside warehouse, and the hos-pital ship Haven was tied up at thedock to serve as a screening hospital .It also provided the processing statio nwith steam, hot water, general utilities ,and food .

A total of 9,061 RAMPs was evac-uated from Nagasaki ; of this number685 were stretcher cases or patients so

133 Tharin ltr.

weak they required hospitalization . Theremainder were ambulatory troop pas-sengers, who, after arriving at Okinawa ,were flown to Manila in C–46s fo rfurther transfer to the United States .By 22 September, the evacuation o fPOWs from Nagasaki was completed .

Operations at Wakayama began on14 September. Because of the excellen tport facilities in this city and the fac tthat it was a rail center, all RAM Pprocessing was completed here by th enext day. A total of 2,575 men wa shandled this quickly . Only a handful o fthe prisoners were civilians ; the restwere military personnel from camp sin the Hiroshima area . These POWs ha dbeen captured on Guam, Wake, Corregi-dor and Bataan . There were also Aus-tralians taken in Java, Dutch fromSumatra, and British from Singapor eand Hong Kong.

At all the stopping-off places of thehomeward-bound RAMPs, everythingpossible was done for the comfort an dwell-being of the returning forme rPOWs. On Okinawa, the 2d MAW com-mander recalled :

General `Vinegar Joe' Stilwell . . . tooka personal interest in them and made man yinspections to ensure that their every wantwas taken care of .

For example, I had a request from himone day to send planes of different type sover their barracks to perform maneuvers,etc., for such an exhibition had been re -quested by the POWs. Shortly after I hadcomplied with the request, he called me andasked me to tell my pilots not to do quitesuch a good job, for one had just hit theflagpole . Luckily, no one was killed, an dthe plane was damaged but slightly! 13 3

133 LtGen Louis E . Woods Ur to Hd, HistBr ,G–3 Div, HQMC, dtd 190ct66, hereafter Woodsltr II 1966 .

MARINE POWS

787

It is difficult in the extreme to describ eor to plumb the depths of the emotion sand the attitudes of the former POWsat the moment of and following thei rliberation. Considerable literature con-cerning prisoners of war and priso ncamps has been published since the en dof World War II . Despite the close at-tention to detail in the almost day-to -day accounts appearing in these works ,they could not provide the essentia lspirit or the feelings of the men whenthey had learned that the war was overand that they were to go home, becaus emost were published long after th eactual date of liberation . For the mostpart, news of the end of the war wasanticlimactic and to many of the pris-oners, it seemed that they were emerg-ing from a bad dream that had lastedmuch too long. Others, concerned abou ttheir homes and families, could hardl ywait to send messages to their love dones, stating that they were safe andwell . For still other former prisoners,liberation was a moment of triumph, atime for which they had waited so long,when they could inflict just retributionon the men who had kept them in suchabject captivity.

One former prisoner stated :It's not pleasant to recall the humili-

ation, degradation and endless days o fmonotonous drudgery, and looking back o nit now the whole experience has an unrealaspect as though it may have happened tosomeone else and I read about it some -where . I suppose it's human nature t osuppress unpleasant memories and thereare very few bright spots to remembe rfrom 44 months in prison camp . 13 4

On the other hand, there is consid-erable evidence to indicate that in som e

'3' Winslow ltr.

310-224 0 - 69 - 51

prison camps the life of the prisonerswas not a continuous hell on earth . Asthe former commander of VMF–21 1has written :

True, there were some tough times an drough times and hungry times for all ofus . But there were also times, at leas tin some camps, when a man could laughheartily at a truly humorous incident orsituation . And there were even times—short times, I grant—when a man coul dalmost enjoy life if only he would try.Too . . . broader recognition [should begiven] to the really surprising number ofJapanese who went far out of their way ,and even risked their own safety, to makethings a little better for the prisoners. 135

Yet, there are few indications thatthe Japanese guards and camp comman -ders were punished other than as a re-sult of sentences handed down after th ewar crimes trials . Although the POW scould have resorted to mob violence andkilled their brutal captors, they did not .Summed up, the general attitude of theformer prisoners was that if they them -selves punished the Japanese in a man-ner similar to their treatment in prison ,then they would have descended to thei rformer guards' level of inhumanity .This reaction was enough to deter themost bitter POW from venting his pent -up hatred on the men who had forcedhim to live under conditions that veryoften were not fit even for the lowestforms of animal life .

Some prisoners encountered kindlyguards, men who would keep them in -formed of the true course of the warand relate how Japan was being de-feated on all fronts . Other Japanesewould slip the POWs extra rations or

'ac Putnam ltr.

788


cigarettes or medicine. These individualacts of charity and mercy shone likerays of hope in a dark sea of despair ,and often sustained the lagging moral eof prisoner groups .

A question that remains for the mos tpart unresolved to this date is why theJapanese treated prisoners of war asthey did in World War II . A partial ex-planation for the initial treatment ofAmericans taken in the Philippines mayrest in the fact that the Japanese force swere woefully unprepared to handle theunexpectedly large number of men theyhad captured . This may in some smal lway answer the question of why therewas a Bataan Death March . But whatof the treatment meted out to POW safter this period, after the enemy hadconsolidated his hold on the islands an dhe could establish some sort of priso ncamp administration? Why were theprisoners so brutally and miserabl yhandled? There seems to be neithe rrhyme nor reason for the treatment o fPOWs in camps in the Home Island sand elsewhere or for the subhuman con-ditions in which some of them wer eforced to live .

It was noted earlier in this appendi xthat all Allied POWs were subject tomilitary regulations normally imposedon Japanese Army recruits . In essence ,the regulations were harsh, restrictive ,and demanding of immediate obedience .Viewed in this light, the Japanese treat-ment of POWs is somewhat more com-prehensible, for life in the JapaneseArmy reflected the authoritarian an dstrict society from which it was de-rived. The basic philosophy underlyin gthe way of the military was the Samurai

code of Bushido—the "way of the war-rior."

For centuries this rigid code hadaffected every aspect of Japanese lifeand all classes were bound to respect it sdictates . Although Bushido supposedl ygoverned the conduct and mores of thewarrior and aristocratic classes alone ,actually this philosophy permeated dow nto the lowest stratum of Japanese so-ciety. It is for this reason, perhaps, tha teven the lowest-ranking Japanese sol-dier emulated his superiors in the beliefsthat to become a prisoner was the ulti-mate disgrace, and those who becam eprisoners should be treated severely.

A vital concept in the warrior's codewas that suicide was preferable to cap-ture. The general inability of Americanforces in the Pacific to take Japanes eprisoners indicates to a degree that th eaverage Japanese soldier firmly believedin this code. Furthermore, he was tol dthat it was a criminal act, punishableby death, for him to fall captive. "Thedisgrace of becoming a prisoner was sogreat that Japanese troops considered i ta duty to kill their own wounded ratherthan to permit them to be captured ." 13 6

This uniquely Japanese attitude becamepart and parcel of the treatment accord-ed Allied POWs. If the Americans werenot ashamed of having surrendered—a fact which the enemy found difficultyin comprehending—then it was the dutyof the Japanese Army to forcibly remindthe Americans of their disgrace, thei rdishonor, and their lowly status .

It is difficult to assess what the effectof prolonged imprisonment was on the

'Stanley L. Falk, Bataan : The March ofDeath (New York : Norton, 1962), p . 231 .

MARINE POWS

789

Marine prisoners . Some of them werebroken in body and spirit at the tim e

of their liberation, and a number o f

them died shortly after from the result sof the treatment they had received .

Other men, in much better condition ,were either discharged from the Marin e

Corps or returned to duty in an activ e

status. Perhaps the best indication of

the frame of mind of most Marine re-

turnees was found in the reminiscence s

of Lieutenant General Louis E . Woods ,

who, in August 1945, was the senior

Marine officer on Okinawa, where man y

of those being evacuated by air stopped

for a brief time. General Woods re-

called :

Inasmuch as the Army authorities wer ehandling all arrangements, I did not bothe rthem [the former Marine POWs] unles sthey especially asked to see me. I did hav ea goodly number of officers and men de-tailed to be with them and help in any way

possible . The only requests I ever hadwere for Marine Corps ornaments for al land some small American flags . 13 7

Amplifying this, General Woods late rwrote :

When I received word that the POW swanted ornaments, I tried to get them fromour source of supply on Okinawa .Imagine my surprise when I was told Icould not have 500 of them . When I askedwhy not, I was told by the Quartermaste rthat if he gave me 500, he would have non eleft on his shelves. (You see Quarter -masters haven't changed much since 1776) .So I went back to my Headquarters andtook all the Marine ornaments from thepersonnel of one of the Aviation Groups. 13 8

It was in this spirit that Marin e

RAMPs returned to the Corps and werewelcomed back by other Marines of al l

ranks .

13 ' LtGen Louis E . Woods ltr to Col WilliamP. McCahill, dtd 29Aug65 .

118 Woods ltr II 1966 .

APPENDIX B

Bibliographical Notes

This history is based principally upon officialMarine Corps records, i.e., the reports, diaries ,journals, orders, plans, etc ., of the units an dcommands involved in the operations described .Records of the other Services have been con-sulted and used when they pertained to th eactions with which this book is concerned . Onmatters pertaining to activities and decision sat high strategic levels, the authors consultedthe records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff o rofficial publications which had made consider -able use of JCS records .

To cover the inevitable gaps and inadequacie sthat occur in the sources consulted, extensiveuse was made of the knowledge of key partici-pants in the actions herein described. Thesemen, representing all Services, have been gen-erous with their time in making themselve savailable for interviews, and in commentin gcritically on draft manuscripts, not only ofthis volume, but also of preliminary mono-graphs. The historical offices of the Army,Navy, and Air Force have made detailed re-views of draft chapters and furnished muchvaluable material to the history . The WarHistory Office of the Defense Agency of Japa nhas read and commented upon the passage sdealing with the Okinawa operation and pro-vided worthwhile information that has beenincorporated into the narrative .

Because this volume deals with so man ydisparate, and yet related, subjects, many dif-ferent sources were consulted in its prepara-tion. Such sources have been fully cited in thetext and are discussed here in relation to theparticular operation or event for which theyhave the greatest pertinency . Unless otherwis enoted, all records cited are obtainable throughthe Archives of the Historical Branch, G– 3Division, Headquarters, U . S. Marine Corps .

A number of published works of genera linterest have been consulted frequently in th ewriting of this volume . The more important ofthese are listed below .

Books

Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate ,eds . The Pacific : Matterhorn to Nagasaki—The Army Air Forces in World War II, v . 5 .Chicago : The University of Chicago Press ,1953 . The Air Force official history details th efinal year of the Pacific War . Well documented ,the book is a reliable source for the actions o fAir Force commands in the Pacific and th epart they played in the defeat of Japan .

FAdm William F . Halsey and LCdr J .Bryan, III . Admiral Halsey's Story . New York :Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill Publishin gCompany, Inc., 1947 . This popular treatmentof one of the most spectacular figures in th ePacific War presents a fascinating and usefulpicture of the final naval operations of th ewar in the waters of the western Pacific an dsurrounding Japan .

Jeter A. Isely and Philip A . Crowl . TheU. S . Marines and Amphibious War. Princeton :Princeton University Press, 1951 . An essentialbook and important source for the study o fthe development of amphibious tactics andtechniques and their application in the Pacifi cduring World War II. Additionally, the authorshave commented on each major Marine amphib -ious assault landing of the war and present anumber of pertinent conclusions relative t oeach campaign .

FAdm Ernest H . King and Cdr Walter M .Whitehill . Fleet Admiral King : A Naval Rec-ord. New York : W. W. Norton & Company ,Inc ., 1952. Admiral King's autobiograph ycovers his entire naval career and providesrevealing insights into the character of th eman and his contributions to American strat-egy as well as an overview of the conduct ofthat strategy in the war.

FAdm William D. Leahy . I Was There. NewYork : Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill Pub-lishing Company, 1950 . Another autobiograph yby a high-ranking naval officer who served a sthe wartime Chief of Staff to Presidents Roose-

790

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

79 1

velt and Truman. This account is based on thecontemporary notes and diaries of the author .

Robert Sherrod . History of Marine CorpsAviation in World War II. Washington : Com-bat Forces Press, 1952 . Although this is anunofficial history, it was written with substan-tial Marine Corps research support and con-tains valuable aviation unit historical dataunavailable elsewhere . Much of the very read-able text is based upon interviews and eye -witness accounts that were not retained fo rlater study .

The War Reports of General of the ArmyGeorge C. Marshall, Chief of Staff, General ofthe Army H. H. Arnold, Commanding General ,Army Air Forces, Fleet Admiral Ernest J .King, Commander in Chief, United State sFleet, and Chief of Naval Operations . Phila-delphia and New York : J . B . Lippincott Com-pany, 1947 . A convenient compilation of th eofficial reports of the chiefs of the armed serv-ices issued during and just after the war ,which provides an excellent overall review ofU. S. operations in World War II.

PART I

PROLOGUE TO THE EN D

Official Documents

The minutes of the CominCh–CinCPa cPacific Conferences of mid–1944 were particu-larly helpful in developing the course thatAmerican strategy and tactics were to take inlate–1944 and 1945. Added to these are therecords of the JCS and CCS as cited in previ-ously published official histories, which aide din tracing how the decision to invade theRyukyus was determined. Intelligence survey sby higher headquarters were used extensivel yto build a picture of enemy troop strength an ddispositions, and the nature of the terrain thatthe Japanese held .

The main sources for the status report onthe FMF were the Annual Reports of theCommandant to the Secretary of the Navy an dthe operational diaries prepared at HQMC bythe G–1 and G–3 Sections of the Division o fPlans and Policies and by the Division ofAviation. An additionally valuable source werethe monthly FMF air and ground status re-ports also prepared by the G–3 Section . A study

of Marine ground training in World War II,prepared by the Historical Branch, and a his-tory of FMFPac prepared at Pearl Harbor i n1951, present an excellent picture of the postur eof the six Marine divisions at the beginning o f1945 .

Other valuable official sources utilized in thewriting of this part are : "History of UnitedStates Army Forces Middle Pacific and Pred-ecessor Commands During World War II, 7December–2 September 1945, History of th eG–5 Section," n .d ., held by OCMH ; "Depart-ment of the Army Estimate of JapaneseStrength and Disposition of Forces," October1945, File No. 320 .2, Geographic V–Japan, alsoheld by OCMH ; and Military Intelligence Divi-sion, United States Army, War Department ,"Disposition and Movement of JapaneseGround Forces, 1941–1945," 10 December 1945 ,held by the Operational Archives Branch ,Naval History Division .

Japanese Sources

In the years immediately following the endof the war, former Japanese officials workin gunder the auspices of General MacArthur'sheadquarters prepared a series of monograph sdetailing Japanese actions in many Pacific andAsian campaigns and at the various head-quarters in the Home Islands . In the middle50s, a number of these original studies wer erevised and expanded, again by knowledgeabl eJapanese . The monographs vary considerablyin their value, but, on the whole, they ar ehonestly presented and useful in gaining a ninsight into Japanese actions . The Office ofthe Chief of Military History, Department ofthe Army, which has a complete file of thes estudies, has prepared an annotated guide andindex, Guide to Japanese Monographs andJapanese Studies on Manchuria 1945–196 0(Washington, 1961), which is an excellent ai din evaluating the individual items .

Among the several Japanese monographsthat were used with this part, No . 45, the 382–page history of the Imperial General Head -quarters, Army Section, was particularly help-ful . It provides an overall view of the progres sof the war as seen from Tokyo and containsappendices of Army orders. The operationalrecord of the Thirty-second Army and its sub -ordinate commands is embodied in Okinawa

792


Operations Record (No. 135 of the series) ,which is extremely valuable in developing ho wthat command prepared for the inevitable in-vasion of Okinawa and how it fought thebattle .

Books

The first three volumes of this series, PearlHarbor to Guadalcanal, Isolation of Rabaul,and Central Pacific Drive, as well as the draftmanuscript of the fourth, "Operations in theWestern Pacific," were useful in reviewinghow the Marine Corps fared in the first threeyears of the war and how it developed an demployed amphibious warfare doctrine in thatperiod . Among a number of other books con-cerning emerging American strategy in thelast year of the war, the problems facingJapan, and the status of the FMF in thePacific, the following were of great value .

Lt Robert A. Aurthur and Lt KennethCohlmia. The Third Marine Division . Wash-ington : Infantry Journal Press, 1948 . A com-pact division history, this book is a good sourcefor unit background .

Robert J . C . .Butow . Japan's Decision to Sur-render. Stanford : Stanford University Press,1954. A scholarly dissertation to the steps lead-ing from the Cairo Declaration to the Imperia lRescript and to the capitulation of Japan,and an excellent source for the diplomati chistory of the Pacific War .

Bevan G. Cass, ed . History of the SixthMarine Division . Washington : Infantry Jour-nal Press, 1948. As the last of the wartimeMarine divisions to be formed, the 6th—an dits predecessor unit, the 1st Provisional Marin eBrigade—were involved in only the Guam an dOkinawa campaigns and the occupation o fNorth China. By its very nature, the Ryukyu soperation receives the fullest coverage in thi swork .

Ray S. Cline, Washington Command Post :The Operations Division—The War Depart-ment—United States Army in World War II .Washington : Office of the Chief of Militar yHistory, Department of the Army, 1951 . Anofficial Army history relating the story ofhigh-level war planning in the Operation sDivision of the War Department. An excellentbackground study based on the importan tprimary sources in the subject area .

Howard M. Conner . The Spearhead : TheWorld War II History of the 5th Marine Divi-sion. Washington : Infantry Journal Press ,1950 . Although this unit history is primaril yconcerned with the Iwo Jima operation, th eonly campaign of the 5th Division in WorldWar II, it contains some interesting back-ground material, particularly concerning th estatus of the division at the beginning of 1945 .

Richard W . Johnston. Follow Me! The Storyof the Second Division in World War II . NewYork : Random House, 1948 . This work contain sconsiderable information on the organizatio nof the division and its role as a diversionar yforce for the Okinawa campaign .

Toshikasu Kase . Journey to the Missouri.

David N. Rowe, ed. New Haven : Yale Uni-versity Press, 1950 . A first-hand account by aformer Japanese official of the factors and con-siderations influencing Japan's surrender andof the fateful day on which that country signedthe instruments of capitulation .

George McMillan . The Old Breed : A Histor yof the First Marine Division in World War II .Washington : Infantry Journal Press, 1949 .This unit history, which concerns itself mor ewith the spirit of the 1st Division than with arecital of details of its combat actions, is gen-erally accorded to be one of the finest book sof its type written after the war.

Samuel Eliot Morison . History of Unite dStates Naval Operations in World War II, v .

VIII, XII, and XIII . Boston : Little, Brown an dCompany, 1958, 1959, and 1960. These threevolumes by Rear Admiral Morison, New Guineaand the Marianas, Leyte, June 1944–Janucve y1945, and The Liberation of the Philippines—Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas : 1944–1945,comprise a highly readable account of Nav yoperations in the final stages of World War II .Written with considerable assistance andcooperation from the Navy, the histories are,however, very much the personalized work ofthe author and are most effective in thei rdescription of American naval actions and per-sonalities and of Japanese operations .

Carl W. Proehl, ed . The Fourth Marine Divi-sion in World War II. Washington : InfantryJournal Press, 1946 . Of interest in a reviewof the status of the 4th Division at the be -ginning of 1945 .


793

United States Army, War Department .Handbook on Japanese Military Forces . TM— E30—480 . Washington, lOct44. A basic sourceon the organization and equipment of Japanes eland forces with useful detail on weapon scharacteristics and textbook tactics.

PART II

OKINAWA

Official Documents

As the largest amphibious assault of thePacific War, Okinawa resulted in the partici-pants generating much paperwork which tookthe form of operation plans and orders, actionreports, message files, unit journals, and thelike, much of which has been preserved and i sheld in the archives of the individual Service sor has been retired to a Federal Records Cen-ter. Because ICEBERG was to be the prologueto the invasion of Japan, all the tactical inno-vations developed in the Pacific to that timewere employed together with whatever newmilitary hardware was made available t oTenth Army units. It was a matter of thehighest interest, therefore, that each majo runit prepare a detailed evaluation of the wayit had fought the campaign, and these evalu-ations are found in the action reports of th eTenth Army, III Amphibious Corps, and XXI VCorps . Division action reports, and, in thecase of the Marines, regimental and battalionspecial action reports, provide a useful insightinto the conduct of the battle on battalion andregimental level .

From the naval point of view, the action re-ports of the Fifth Fleet and subordinate taskforce and group commanders are an invaluabl esource of information concerning naval sup -port of the land campaign as well as som estark facts and figures which in no way tell th ewhole story of the Navy's desperate and mag-nificent fight against the Kamikaze menace.Additionally, the report of the British Com-bined Operations observers assigned to th eOkinawa campaign provides an interestinginsight into how our Allies viewed America nconduct of a joint amphibious operation .

Unofficial DocumentsWhile writing the monograph used exten-

sively in preparing this account of the battl efor Okinawa, Major Nichols and Mr . Shaw

sent copies of their preliminary draft to vari-ous individuals who had major roles in theoperations . Many of these men replied and theircomments have been cited throughout thi spart. Similarly, the draft manuscript of thi svolume was sent to key participants and to th ehistorical agencies of the other Services, andthe resultant replies have been used whenapplicable in revising the narrative . All suchcomments are retained in the files of th eMarine Corps Historical Archives .

With the establishment of the Marine CorpsOral History Program, a new dimension wa sadded to the techniques employed by Marin eCorps historians. As a result, some of the firstinterviews conducted with retired prominentMarines by the author of this part of the bookdwelled on matters concerning the Okinawaoperation, and pertinent comments were in-corporated into the body of the text with thepermission of the individual interviewees . Par-ticularly helpful were the comments of Gen-erals Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr ., and Gerald C .Thomas, Lieutenant General Pedro A . delValle, and Major Generals Wilburt S . Brownand Ford O . Rogers .

Several other unofficial documents exist .Through the generosity of General Vandegrift ,his personal correspondence for the period ofhis tour as Commandant was made availabl efor Historical Branch use. The letters he re-ceived from Lieutenant Generals Holland M .Smith and Roy S . Geiger are invaluable for a noverview of the Okinawa operation. Extract sfrom this correspondence together with copie sof some of the letters are available in theMarine Corps Historical Archives for use b yqualified researchers .

Another source is a personal narrative pre -pared immediately after the war by GeneralOliver P. Smith, who, as a brigadier general ,was the Marine Deputy Chief of Staff of th eTenth Army. This document is particularlyimportant because of the insight that Genera lSmith gives to the operations of as large ajoint command as the Tenth Army and therole of Marine officers on the joint staff . Theresulting 152—page typescript goes far towar dgiving the reader a feeling of Marine partici-pation in high-level staff operations on wha twas predominantly an Army command .

794


A third unpublished document of value inthe study of ICEBERG is "A History of the7th Marines on Okinawa Shima," which wa san ambitious project prepared at the behestof Colonel Edward W . Snedeker by his staffofficers and battalion commanders . This workhas some outstanding sketch maps whic hmeld excellently with accounts of small uni tactions in the regiment.

In no way has all of the material uncoveredby draft comments or during the course ofinterviews been used in this book or in theNichols-Shaw monograph which preceded it .The files contain much unpublished informatio nthat is of value to the student of the operation ,particularly in regard to details of small uni taction and the assessment of the accomplish-ments and character of individuals.

Japanese Sources

In addition to the previously mentionedJapanese monographs held by the Office of th eChief of Military History, two others wer eused : No. 86, History of the Fifth Air Fleet ,which provided some data on the developmentof the Kamikaze as an offensive/defensiv eweapon, and No. 123, Homeland Defense NavalOperations, which related to confused and ofte nthwarted Japanese preparations for the de-fense of the Home Islands, and Honshu, i nparticular .

A major Japanese source is : TakushiroHattori . Dai Toa Senso Zenshi, v . IV [TheComplete History of the Greater East Asi aWar] . Tokyo : Matsu Publishing Company ,1955 . A A . manuscript translation of this excel -lent study is available at the Office of theChief of Military History, Department of th eArmy. The author, a ranking staff officerduring the war and an historian afterwards ,has written a comprehensive history whichcontains enough detail to provide a usefu lstrategic review from the Japanese viewpoin tof every major campaign of the war .

In terms of pertinent captured documents ,by the time that ICEBERG became a reality ,the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific OceanArea, and other Allied intelligence agencie shad amassed a mountain of data concerningthe enemy. While much of this was not directl yconcerned with Okinawa, the material con-tained a wealth of information relating to

Japanese defensive doctrine and more than ahint of how Okinawa would be defended . Aconsiderable volume of documents and pris-oners—Okinawans primarily—were capturedon the island itself. As noted in the narrativeof this part, little fruitful information wa sgained, however, as a result of POW interro-gation and translation of the documents, an dthe Japanese situation was very often notuncovered until after it had been met head-o nby Tenth Army troops.

Books and PeriodicalsOnce again Craven and Cate, Matterhorn to

Nagasaki, Isely and Crowl, Marines and Am-phibious War, and Sherrod, History of MarineAviation and the Hattori manuscript areinvaluable sources . Among other works whichshed considerable light on the Okinawa cam-paign are :

Roy E . Appleman, et al. Okinawa:The Las tBattle—The War in the Pacific—U. S. Armyin World War H. Washington : History Divi-sion, Department of the Army, 1948 . Althoughgenerally concerned with the operations of th eTenth Army as a whole in the Okinawa cam-paign, this official Army history focuses pri-marily on the actions of XXIV Corps divisions.At the same time, it gives a balanced treatmen tto the role of III Amphibious Corps units i nthe fighting.

Maj Orville V . Bergren . "School Solution son Motobu," Marine Corps Gazette, v . 29, no.12 (Dec45) . Written by the Operations Officerof the 4th Marines, this article gives a conciseand clear account of the maneuvers and fight-ing involved in seizing Motobu Peninsula an dMount Yae Take .

RAdm Worrall R . Carter. Beans, Bullets,and Black Oil. Washington : Government Print-ing 'Office, 1953 . An official Navy history ofthe massive logistic support of the fleet in th ePacific campaigns, with some emphasis on th eOkinawa operation.

Chief of Naval Operations. Amphibiou sOperations—Capture of Okinawa, 27Mar–21Jun45 (OpNav 34–P-07000) . Washington :Government Printing Office, 22Jan46 . A com-pilation of pertinent excerpts of action reportsby the major unit commanders at Okinawa con-cerning American surface, ground, and ai roperations in the campaign .


795

Orlando R . Davidson, et al. The Deadeyes :The Story of the 96th Infantry Division . Wash-

ington : Infantry Journal Press, 1947. Thishistory is an interesting account of an Army

division which made a fine record for itsel fboth in the Philippines and on Okinawa .

MajGen Pedro A. del Valle. "Old Glory on

Shuri," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 29, no . 8(Aug45) . The commander of the 1st Marin eDivision relates the story of the Marine battl efor Shuri and how a member of the divisionplaced the American flag over the ancient

castle .MajGen Pedro A . del Valle. "Southward

from Shuri," Marine Corps Gazette, v . 29, no .

10 (Oct45) . In this article, the author relatesthe breakout of his division following the fal lof Shuri and the pursuit of the withdrawingJapanese forces .

Saburo Hayashi and Alvin D . Coox, K5gun .Quantico : Marine Corps Association, 1959.Originally published in Japan, this Englishlanguage account of the Japanese Army HighCommand's actions during the war in th ePacific was written by a former member o f

the Imperial General Headquarters .Capt Rikihei Inoguchi and Cdr Tadash i

Nakajima, former IJN, with Roger Pineau .The Divine Wind : Japan 's Kamikaze Forc ein World War II. Annapolis : United State sNaval Institute, 1958 . The Japanese coauthorsof this work were intimately concerned withthe formation of the Kamikaze corps and theconcepts which led to its origin, and thereforeshed much light on the operations of the

suicide units .Capt Edmund G . Love . The 27th Infantry

Division in World War II . Washington : In-fantry Journal Press, 1949 . Written by anofficial Army historian who observed the divi-sion in combat, this is a work which narrate sthe operations of the division on Okinawa aswell as on Saipan and in the Gilberts andMarshalls.

Samuel Eliot Morison . Victory in the Pacific,1945—History of United States Naval Opera-tions in World War II, v . XIV . Boston : Little,Brown and Company, 1960 . This last-but-onevolume of the highly readable unofficial accountof Navy operations in World War II tells o fnaval support activities in the Iwo Jima and

Okinawa campaigns as well as naval operation sin the last year of the war . An especiallyinteresting account of the Navy's war withthe Kamikazes .

LtCol Max Myers, ed . Ours to Hold It High .Washington : Infantry Journal Press, 1947 .The story of the 77th Infantry Division pro-vides a good overall view of the fighting o nOkinawa and helpful information on its train-ing and personnel .

Maj Charles S . Nichols, Jr. and Henry I .Shaw, Jr . Okinawa : Victory in the Pacific .Washington : Historical Branch, G–3 Division ,

HQMC, 1955. This official monograph, the lastof 15 written concerning Marine Corp soperations in World War II, covers the fightin gin good style and considerable detail, and give sadequate coverage to Navy and Army partici-pation in the Okinawa campaign .

Capt James R' . Stockman. "Night Operationson Okinawa," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 30, no .9 (Sep46) . A well-researched article concern-ing the many night operations conductedduring the course of the Okinawa battle byArmy as well as Marine Corps units .

Alexander A . Vandegrift and Robert B .Asprey . Once A Marine . New York : W. W .Norton and Company, Inc., 1964. The auto-biography of the 18th Commandant of theMarine Corps written with the assistance of aformer Marine officer. It contains particularl yinteresting details regarding the discussion o fa second amphibious assault on the southeast -

ern beaches of Okinawa .

PART II I

THE END OF THE WAR

Official Document s

Although Operation OLYMPIC was neverlaunched, Allied forces were ready. Joint staffstudies, plans, orders, and other paperworkhad been prepared and published, and theassault forces, in most cases, had alread ystaged and were ready to mount for the in-vasion . Considerable documentation, therefore ,exists to assist the researcher in following th estep-by-step, day-to-day preparation for th eassault on Kyushu. The researcher is not sosuccessful in determining what the final plan swere for Operation CORONET, the invasion

796


of Honshu. When Japan capitulated, all assaul tplanning became moot.

Because they are so well-documented, Cline' sWashington Command Post and Craven andCate ' s Matterhorn to Nagasaki were utilizedextensively to determine CCS and JSC activ-ities and decisions. The historical archives ofthe Service historical agencies maintain ingood order all of the pertinent documents pub-lished at all levels of the proposed invasionforce .

Concerning the advent of Marine carrie raviation, considerably more searching wasrequired to develop the attempts of seniorMarine officers to make fuller use of Marin epilots and planes in the war. Because thecommissioning of Marine escort carriers wa sprimarily a Navy decision on the highest levels ,the minutes of the CominCh–CinCPac Pacifi cConferences and the items for the agendathereof provided considerable information .Additionally, the war diaries of the first escortcarriers and carrier squadrons commissionedare also quite important.

Of invaluable assistance in tracing th ereduction of the Fleet Marine Force followin gthe Japanese surrender, and then its postwa rdevelopment, are the Annual Reports of th eCommandant to the Secretary of the Navy ,the Administrative History of the UnitedStates Marine Corps in the Postwar Period ,and the Administrative Activities of the FleetMarine Force, Pacific . In addition, the report sof the Department of the Pacific, Marine Gar-rison Forces, Pacific, and the various Marinebarracks activities in the Pacific provide con-siderable data regarding the many change sthat took place in the composition and missionsof Marine forces in the Pacific.

Tracing the activities of Marine organiza-tions involved in accepting the surrender ofJapanese Pacific garrisons is simplified to agreat degree by the existence of reports sub-mitted by the senior Marine officers of eac hsurrender group . The reports of the nava lcommands responsible for supervising th esurrender are also available.

Perhaps the most important document util-ized in writing the story of the surrender offormer Japanese holdings in the Pacific i sCinCPac Report of Surrender and Occupation

of Japan, dated 11 February 1946. This report ,held in the Operational Archives Branch ofthe Naval History Division, is a tremendou ssource of information in relating how eac hisland garrison was surrendered to America nforces, what the condition of Japanese troop sand civilians was in each case, and how th eformer enemy were repatriated home . There issome information about the search for warcriminals in this document, but more on thi ssubject is found in Historic Narrative ofSpecial War Crimes Duties Performed by Per-sonnel of the Marine Barracks, Guam. For th epurposes of this section, the CinCPac reportnoted above is also a valuable source of infor-mation concerning surrender ceremonies atTokyo Bay and the activities preceding thi sevent—especially those relating to fleet activ-ities.

Similarly, the Marine Corps Historica lArchives holds considerable material relatin gto demobilization and the subsequent postwa rdevelopment of the Marine Corps . Orders ,bulletins, directives, and pertinent memorandaexist to enable researchers to trace the solutionof personnel problems facing the Corps in thi speriod.

Unofficial DocumentsAgain, the files containing General Vande-

grift's personal correspondence served as afruitful source in determining the backgroun dof the problems facing the Commandant an dhis subsequent decisions in this difficult perio dfor the Marine Corps . In addition, commentsreceived on the draft manuscript of this sectionfrom senior commanders and staff officers fille din the gaps which exist in the documentation .Of great importance was certain informationconcerning the Marine carrier program devel-oped in the course of several interviews withGeneral Thomas for the Marine Corps OralHistory Program .

Books and Periodicals

Used to great advantage in this section wereAurthur and Cohlmia, The Third Marine Divi-sion, Cass, History of the Sixth Marine Divi-sion, Conner, The Spearhead, Johnston, FollowMe!, King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King :A Naval Record, Leahy, I Was There,McMillan, The Old Breed, Morison, Liberation


797

of the Philippines, and Proehl, The FourthMarine Division in World War H. In addition,the following books and articles proved fruitfu lfor research .

LtCol Walter L . J. Baylor, Last Man OffWake Island . New York : Bobbs-Merrill, 1943 .An autobiographical account by the Marin eofficer who was the last man to leave WakeIsland before it fell to the Japanese . Theauthor was also the first American to set foo ton Wake at the time of the Japanese surrender .

K. Jack Bauer and Alvin D . Coox . "Olympicvs Ketsu-Go," Marine Corps Gazette, v . 49 ,no . 8 (Aug65) . This is the combined effort ofDr. Bauer, who presents the Allied plan fo rthe invasion of Kyushu, and Dr. Coox, wh ooutlines the Japanese defensive plans.

Kenneth W. Condit, Gerald Diamond, andEdwin T. Turnbladh . Marine Corps GroundTraining in World War II . Washington : His-torical Branch, G–3 Division, HQMC, 1956. Avaluable study of the training of commissione dand enlisted Marines in the prewar and Worl dWar II periods . Contains detailed informationconcerning infantry and specialist training .

LtCol Henry G . Morgan, Jr . "Planning theDefeat of Japan : A Study of Total WarStrategy." This unpublished manuscript hel din the Office of the Chief of Military History ,Department of the Army, is an importantsource which depends to a great degree on CC Sand JCS documents relating to the subject .

Harry S. Truman . Year of Decision—Memoirs, v. I . New York: Doubleday & Com-pany, inc., 1955 . In this, the first volume ofhis memoirs, President Truman relates thecircumstances under which he first becameaware of the American development of theatomic bomb, and the agonizing decision sfacing him concerning its employment .

PART IV

OCCUPATION OF JAPA N

Official Documents

A wealth of material concerning the initia lperiod of the occupation of Japan is availablein the archives of the various Service historica loffices, as well as in the National Archives .General MacArthur's SCAP headquarters quiteassiduously prepared and published detailed

accounts covering the period he remained i nJapan. Also, the Eighth Army published mono -graphs relating its mission and responsibilitie sand how they were carried out . Equally im-portant are the reports of the naval command sinvolved in the occupations of Yokosuka an dTokyo initially, and later of Sasebo and Naga -saki. Pertinent information concerning th econduct of Marine occupation duties is foundin VAC Operation Report, Occupation ofJapan, and the war diaries of the corps cover-ing the period it remained in Japan . Theoperation reports and war diaries of the 2 dand 5th Marine Divisions and their subordinatecommands are also valuable sources for thi sinteresting period of the Corps' history. Fromthe historian's point of view, documentaryevidence of the last months of Marine occupa-tion duties is not as ample as the materia lreflecting the first months in Japan, but it issufficient to permit a full enough view of th eperiod.

Unofficial Documents

Copies of the draft manuscript of this sec-tion were sent out for comment to the forme rcommanders and staff officers of the Marin eoccupation force in Japan . With the adventof the end of the war, it was possible oncemore for individual Marines to maintain diarie sand other personal records . From these docu-ments and subsequent replies commenting o nthe draft, certain items of information nototherwise appearing in official reports weremade available to the author . Because of th every real human interest stories which com eout of an operation such as this, the occupationof a defeated nation, a vast mass of newspape rand magazine articles was written . Many suc hitems relating to the Marines in Japan canbe found in issues of Leatherneck for theperiod.


Kenneth W. Condit and Edwin T . Turnbladh .Hold High The Torch : A History of the 4thMarines . Washington : Historical Branch, G–3Division, HQMC, 1960 . An official history ofone of the oldest infantry regiments in th eMarine Corps, this work is particularly val-uable for an accounting of the occupation ofYokosuka as well as other highlights in the

798


history of the unit.LtCol Michael S . Currin . "Occupation o f

Kyushu," Marine Corps Gazette, v . 30, no . 10(Oct46) . This article, written by the forme rOperations Officer of the 2d Marine Division ,relates some of the problems his organizatio nfaced while occupying and disarming Japan .

Henry I . Shaw, Jr . The United StatesMarines in the Occupation of Japan, Marin eCorps Historical Reference Series No . 24 .Washington : Historical Branch, G–3 Division ,HQMC, 1961. In reality a brief history of thesubject, this well-researched booklet served a sthe foundation on which this part was written .

PART V

NORTH CHINA MARINE S

Official Documents

The plans, orders, and war diaries of II IAmphibious Corps units provide the basis forthe accounting of the movement to and landingof the Marines in North China . The genera lChinese situation at that time is developed inthe Wedemeyer papers and in dispatch traffic.Once the Marines were established ashore, theG–2 sections of the IIIAC and 1st MarineDivision war diaries provide the most interest-ing reading and give the background on th ecivil war action. In general, the scope an dquality of reports on Marine activity droppe din direct ratio to the reduction of Marinestrength . By February 1947, the requirementfor submission of war diaries was dropped an dthe records of Marines in China after thatpoint (and for some months prior to thattime) are scant . Extensive research in retire dclassified correspondence files of Marine Corp sHeadquarters, in classified records of Com-mander, Naval Forces, Western Pacific, an din State Department records of evacuation o fAmerican civilians from China was necessar yto establish a meaningful narrative of the1947–1949 period .

The researcher on this period of Americaninvolvement in North China will find th erecords of all Services excellent in 1945, an dgood in the first months of 1946 . After thatperiod, the experience will be frustrating ,highlighted by an occasional and sometime sunexpected find of pertinent information . Many

records that were submitted were destroyed ;in a number of instances, the reports thatsurvive provide a bare minimum of informa-tion. One exception to this observation is th emulti-volumed report of General Marshall'sExecutive Headquarters, held by the Office o f

the Chief of Military History, which provides adetailed picture of the unsuccessful peac e

mission ' s activities .


Without the active cooperation of a number

of senior officers involved in Marine operation s

in North China, it would have been impossibl eto reconstruct a picture of the policy directionto commanders and to develop the rational ebehind a number of deployments and decisions .In particular, General Worton ' s account of histrip to North China in advance of the actua loccupation and the several interviews withGeneral Rockey and his letters concerning th ewhole span of his command were invaluable infilling gaps in the official records . The com-ments on the draft manuscript by the man yparticipants in the China action, interviewswith Generals Shepherd, Rockey, Woods, Peck ,and Worton, Admiral Barbey, and others, com-prise a unique source file on this period . Sev-

eral letters from General Rockey to Genera lVandegrift reporting on the first days of IIIA Cinvolvement provide a useful contemporar ypicture of the landings and movements once

ashore.

Japanese Sources

For a reconstruction of the Japanese situa-tion in China and Manchuria at the end of thewar, three of the monographs prepared forthe Office of the Chief of Military History ,Nos . 129, 154, and 155, which deal with thesituation of the China Expeditionary Armyand the operations against Soviet Russia, ar euseful . The story of Japanese repatriation i sdeveloped mainly from American official rec-ords. Highly complimentary letters from Japa-nese repatriates to Generals Shepherd an dPeck, commenting on the attitude and behavio rof the Marines supervising repatriation activ-ities, are filed with the interviews of theseofficers .


799


While many secondary sources touch on th esituation in North China during the 1945-1949period, there is a surprising lack of commentor recognition of the presence of Marines .Useful in developing the public attitude towardthis unusual occupation duty are a number o finserts and speeches in the volumes of Con-gressional Record for the period. The publica-tions of most direct use in this section were :

LtCol Henry Aplington, II . "North ChinaPatrol," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 33, no . 6(Jun49) . An interesting account of the frus-trating search for Marines captured nea rChinwangtao by the Communists in July 1946 .

John King Fairbank . The United States andChina. Cambridge : Harvard University Press ,1958, rev. ed. A scholarly, but highly readabl ehistory of Sino-American relations .

Herbert Feis . The China Tangle . Princeton :Princeton University Press, 1953. A largelysuccessful attempt to present a coherent pic-ture of the involved Chinese situation withemphasis on the last years of the Nationalis thegemony.

LtCol James D. Hittle . "On the Peiping-Mukden Line," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 31 ,no . 6 (Jun47) . A detailed accounting of th eactivities of 2/7 on rail and bridge guardduring the winter of 1945-1946.

Chiang Kai-shek . Soviet Russia in China .New York : Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1957 .The Generalissimo's own views of the role ofthe Soviets in the defeat of his forces an dtheir forced retreat from mainland China .

F. F. Liu . A Military History of ModernChina. Princeton : Princeton University Press,1956 . Very helpful book on the organization ,leaders, and actions of both Nationalist andCommunist forces .

Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sutherland .Stilwell's Command Problems—China-Burma-

India Theater—United States Army in WorldWar H . Washington : Office of the Chief ofMilitary History, Department of the Army,1956. The most pertinent of three Army his-tories on the China operations, this provides anexcellent account of the final months of thewar.

Henry I . Shaw, Jr . The United States Ma-rines in North China, 1945-1949 . Washington :

Historical Branch, G-3 Division, HQMC, 196 8ed . A preliminary study to this part which out-lines the Marine participation .

Mao Tse-tung. Strategic Problems of th eAnti-Japanese Guerrilla War. Peiping : ForeignLanguage Press, 1954 . A primer for Chines eCommunist guerrilla actions which providesinsight into the activities of the units in NorthChina .

U. S. Department of State . United State sRelations with China . Washington, 1949 . TheChina "White Paper," which is replete withcontemporary documents, some of which appl yto the Marines . A necessary source work, bu tone which shows the strains of its hastypreparation.

U. S. Senate . Committees on Armed Servicesand Foreign Relations. Hearings on the Mil-itary Situation in the Far East, 3 May-1 7August 1951 . Washington, 1951 . The "Mac-Arthur Hearings" contains many interestingand revealing references to the situation inChina prior to the American withdrawal .

Gen Albert C . Wedemeyer. Wedemeyer Re-ports! New York : Henry Holt and Company ,1958 . A highly personalized and opinionate daccount of an officer deeply involved in theAmerican actions in China at the highest levels .

PART VI

CONCLUSION

Official Document s

Many primary sources exist to enable th eresearcher to trace the Marine Corps and Navydevelopment of amphibious warfare doctrine .These documents are to be found, for the mos tpart, in the Marine Corps Historical Archivesand the Operational Archives Branch, Nava lHistory Division . The most valuable informa-tion on this subject, as well as for studies onthe role of Marine Corps Headquarters i nWorld War II and the development of tacticalinnovations and changes in tactical organiza-tion, etc., was developed from the AnnualReports of the Commandant of the MarineCorps, Marine Corps orders and bulletins ,Fleet Marine Force ground and air status re-ports, the World War II operational diariesof the Division of Plans and Policies (and ofthe G-2 and G-3 Sections therein) and the

800


Division of Aviation . In addition, the followin gfiles in the Historical Archives of the Marin eCorps were used with great profit : subject ,exercise reports, and tables of organization .Personnel statistics were derived from a stud yof contemporary muster rolls.


Interesting and valuable comments pertain-ing to the prewar and World War II opera-tions of Headquarters Marine Corps and th eDivision of Plans and Policies, and the majorpolicy decisions emanating therefrom, weredeveloped in the course of Oral History Pro -gram interviews with Generals Thomas, delValle, and Peck. Other outstanding sourcematerial derived from first-hand knowledge isfound in the letters of comment on the draftmanuscript. Generals del Valle and Peck wereagain most cooperative, as were General sWoods, Pfeiffer, and Fellows, among others.Admiral Moore, who was chief of staff t oAdmiral Spruance, contributed a useful in -sight into the problem of command relation -ships in the Pacific during the early part o fthe war and how it was subsequently solve dto a degree. Dr. Elizabeth B. Drewry, Directorof the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at HydePark, New York, was most cooperative in pro-viding copies of the correspondence betwee nPresident Roosevelt and Major (later Lieu-tenant Colonel) Evans F . Carlson concerningthe establishment of the Marine raider pro -gram. Not the least important of the documen-tation utilized in this part are the pertinentletters which exist in the Vandegrift PersonalCorrespondence File .


To provide the basis for many of the con-clusions drawn in this section, the first thre evolumes of this series and the draft manuscrip tof the fourth were invaluable because of theconsiderable research that went into theirwriting. Also used once again with greatprofit were Condit, Diamond, and Turnbladh ,Marine Corps Ground Training in World WarII, Isely and Crowl, Marines and AmphibiousWar, King and Whitehill, King 's Naval Rec-ord, Vandegrift and Asprey, Once A Marine ,and War Reports . Additional sources were :

Capts Bennett F. Avery, Louis H . Roddis,

and Joseph L. Schwartz (MC), USN, eds . Th eHistory of the Medical Department of theUnited States Navy in World War II, v . I .Washington : Bureau of Medicine and Surgery,Navy Department, 1953 . This official NavyHistory is an extremely valuable source pri-marily for the statistics that it offers .

Adm William H. P. Blandy. "Command Re-lationships in Amphibious Warfare," USNIProceedings, v . 77, no . 66 (Jun51) . An expertin amphibious warfare, especially in the areaof naval gunfire support of the landing force ,writes tellingly of the real problems of com-mand relationships which existed in the Pacifi cand how they were solved .

MajGen Pedro A . del Valle. "Cave Warfare,"Marine Corps Gazette, v . 29, no . 7 (Ju145) .The then-commander of the 1st Marine Divi-sion details the tank-infantry tactics employe dby his Marines in reducing Japanese positionsin the areas of Dakeshi and Wana Ridges onOkinawa.

Sgt George Doying. "The Buck Rogers Men, "Leatherneck, v . 23, no. 4 (Apr45) . An informa-tive article concerning the men and operationsof Marine Corps provisional rocket platoons.

Capt Clifford M. Drury (ChC), USN . TheHistory of the Chaplain Corps, United State sNavy, 1939-1949, v . II . Washington : Bureau ofNaval Personnel, Department of the Navy ,1950 . This official Navy history provides agood insight into the way the naval serviceministers to the religious needs of sailors an dMarines in combat .

VAdm George C . Dyer. "The AmphibiansCame to Conquer." MS. n .d . This is a pre-liminary draft of a partially completed biog-raphy of Admiral Richmond K . Turner, whichis being prepared by Admiral Dyer under th eauspices of the Naval History Division fo rpublication by the Government Printing Office .

Gen Wallace M . Greene, Jr . "Shanghai ,1937," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 49, no. 11(Nov65) . The 23d Commandant of the Marin eCorps recalls his days as a company grad eofficer with the 4th Marines in Shanghai an dthe development of a tactical formation for th econtrols of riots which possibly served as theforerunner of the World War II fire team .

Col Robert D . Heinl, Jr . "The Gun Gap andHow to Close It," USNI Proceedings, v . 91,


801

no. 9 (Sep65) A recognized historian an dwriter, who served as a naval gunfire officer i nWorld War II, utilizes his knowledge an dexperiences to make a plea for fuller use oflarger gunfire support ships in the Vietnamwar .

Maj Robert D . Heinl, Jr. "The U. S. Marin eCorps : Author of Modern Amphibious War, "USNI Proceedings, v. 73, no . 11 (Nov47) . Asoundly written, article tracing the role playedby the Marine Corps in the development ofamphibious warfare doctrine and techniques .

Maj Carl W. Hoffman . The Seizure ofTinian . Washington : Historical Division ,HQMC, 1951 . An official Marine Corps historywhich is particularly good in describing th edevelopment of tank-infantry tactics .

Lt Lee W. Holmes. "The Birth of the Fir eTeam," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 36, no. 11(Nov52) . Lieutenant Holmes conducted con-siderable research in attempting to developthe genesis of the fire team concept adopte dby the Marine Corps, and this article goes fa rin answering many questions .

LtCol Frank O. Hough and Maj John A .Crown . The Campaign on New Britain. Wash-ington : Historical Branch, G–3 Division, 1952 .This official Marine Corps monograph con-cerning the Cape Gloucester operation describesthe many changes in tactics and weapons thattook place in the 1st Division following th eGuadalcanal campaign .

Maj John H. Johnstone. United StatesMarine Corps Parachute Units—Marine CorpsHistorical Reference Series No. 32 . Washing-ton : Historical Branch, G–3 Division, HQMC ,1962 . In addition to the detailed informationabout the formation, training, operations, an ddisbandment of the Paramarines, this usefulbooklet contains a brief history of the MarineCorps glider program.

Joint Board on Scientific Information Policy ,U. S. Rocket Ordnance, Development and Us ein World War II. Washington, 1946 . This littl estudy is valuable for the information it give son the employment of rockets by Marine Corp saviation in the late stages of the war.

Capt Leonard G . Lawton, "Tank-Infantr yTeam," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 29, no. 11(Nov45) . A profitable article dealing further

with the development and employment of tank-infantry teams in combat.

Lt Lewis Meyers . "Tactical Use of Flame, "Marine Corps Gazette, v . 29, no . 11 (Nov45) .A very interesting and fruitful study con-cerning the research and development of flameas a tactical weapon with emphasis on theMarine Corps role in this area .

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations .Department of the Navy. Landing OperationsDoctrine, U. S. Navy, 1938 (FTP–167) . Wash-ington, 1938 . The basic document which gov-erned Navy and Marine Corps conduct ofamphibious operations in World War II .

Gen Holland M. Smith and Percy Finch .Coral and Brass. New York : Charles Scribner'sSons, 1949. Reliable for the personal opinion sand actions of General Smith, and not to oaccurate concerning details of small unitactions.

LtGen Holland M . Smith . "The Developmentof Amphibious Tactics in the U. S . Navy,"Marine Corps Gazette, v . 30, no . 6 (Jun46 )through v . 31, no. 3 (Mar47) . General Smithcontributed considerably to the developmentswhich he discusses in this authoritative five-part article. The last five parts of this study—which was scheduled to be written in tenparts—were never completed ; and GeneralSmith's conclusions unfortunately do notappear in what was published .

Adm Raymond A . Spruance. "The Victoryin the Pacific," Journal of the Royal Unite dService Institution, v. XCI, no. 564 (Nov46) .An interesting but brief survey of the PacificWar with emphasis on planning and strategy.

Capt James R. Stockman . The Battle forTarawa . Washington : Historical Section . Divi-sion of Public Information, HQMC, 1947 . On eof the early official Marine Corps monograph swhich is valuable for a study of the develop-ment of assault team tactics .

Col Donald M . Weller. "Firepower and th eAmphibious Assault," Marine Corps Gazette ,v . 36, nos. 3–4 (Mar–Apr52) . A recognizedMarine Corps naval gunfire expert writesabout the employment of this supporting ar min combat.

Col Donald M. Weller . "Salvo—Splash!, "USNI Proceedings, v . 80, nos 8–9 (Aug–Sep54) . A valuable survey of the historical

802


development of naval gunfire training an doperations in World War II with emphasis o n

Pacific operations .

LtCol Don P . Wyckoff . "Super Soldiers, "Marine Corps Gazette, v. 47, no . 11 (Nov63) .The thesis of this author is that regular infan-try organizations are as well or better equippedto conduct the type of operations for whichsuch special organizations as the Commandosand Marine Raiders and paratroops wereestablished .

APPENDIX A

MARINE POWS

Ofcial Documents

It is completely understandable that th eso-called "fog of war" veils from view th econdition, location, unit integrity, and well -being of combat organizations and individual sonce they have been captured. It is a matterof record that the Services received informa-tion concerning hapless American prisoner sonly long after the fact of their capture . Thisinformation was acquired generally from th eInternational Red Cross, as a result of escap ereports, or, as most often was the case, at th eend of the war when the POWs were recoveredand interrogated . To a large extent, the mate-rial in this appendix is derived from th efollowing files in the Marine Corps Historica lArchives : POW, World War II ; POW, WorldWar II, Philippines ; POW, World War I I(USS Houston) ; Philippines Area Operations ;and 4th Marines Unit History . Of great valueto the researcher investigating the last daysof Corregidor is the report of LieutenantColonel William T . Clement, who was the FleetMarine Officer in the Asiatic Fleet (Miscel-laneous Reports File, Philippines Area Opera-tions File) . The reports filed by Captain Austi nC. Shofner and Lieutenant Jack Hawkinsfollowing their escape from the Philippinesproved valuable in developing the events tha ttranspired in the fall of Corregidor and theirexperiences following that time. Similarly, theescape reports of Captains Richard M.Huizenga and James D. McBrayer, Jr . andLieutenant John F . Kinney were helpful infilling out the story of the Marines captured

at Wake Island and in North China, and theirsubsequent adventures .

Conditions at the various prison camps ar edetailed in full in these escape reports and ar ealso found in the sworn statements of SergeantDouglas W. Bogue and Private First ClassGlenn W. McDole, which shed light on th eevents leading to the Puerto Princesa mas-sacre and its aftermath . All of these escap ereports are held in the Marine Corps HistoricalArchives.

For postwar events, most notably the drop-ping of supplies to the prisoners and thei reventual recovery, fuller documentation exists .The Twentieth Air Force tactical mission re-port of its POW supply-dropping mission is i nthe archives of the Aerospace Studies Instituteat Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama . Amongthe Navy documents relating to this period ar ethe CinCPac Surrender and Occupation Reportnoted earlier, and the report of Task Grou p30 .6 concerning the evacuation of prisoner sduring the period 29 August–19 September1945 .

Although not used in the preparation of thi sappendix, certain classified documents weremade available to the Historical Branch castingnew light on the activities of Marines whowere assigned to the OSS in Europe and subse-quently captured there .


Without doubt, this appendix could not hav ebeen as extensive as it is without the outstand-ing cooperation and full accounts given b yindividuals to whom the draft manuscript wassent for comment. In addition to their accounts ,photographs and documents hitherto unpub-lished were provided by Brigadier General sCurtis T . Beecher and John F . Kinney, Colonel sLuther A. Brown and James D . McBrayer, Jr . ,Chief Warrant Officer Earl B . Ercanbrack ,and Mr . Walter W. Taylor, whose assistanceis gratefully acknowledged by the author .Unfortunately, not all accounts or documentaryand pictorial material could be included inthis book, but they are filed appropriately inthe Historical Archives of the Marine Corps astestimony to the very real heroism and courag eexhibited by all Marines who became prisoner sof war .


803


In researching the fall of Wake Island andthe Philippines and the capture of the Nort hChina Marines, the first volume of this serieswas used to good advantage . Condit and Turn-bladh, Hold High the Torch provided addi-tional material on the 4th Marines on Correg-idor and Bataan. Other published source sutilized for this appendix are :

Hanson W. Baldwin, "The Fourth Marine sat Corregidor," Marine Corps Gazette, v . 30 ,nos . 11–12 (Nov–Dec46) and v . 31, nos. 1–2(Jan–Feb47) . A journalistic account based onofficial documents and interviews concernin gthe role of the 4th Marines in the defense o fthe Philippines .

Col Gregory Boyington . Baa Baa BlackSheep . New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1958 .An interesting autobiography by a colorfu lpersonality who was in addition a MarineCorps ace awarded the Medal of Honor . Whathe has written about his capture and treatmentlater at the hands of the enemy is perhap stypical of what was experienced by othe rMarine pilots .

Martin Boyle . Yanks Don' t Cry . New York :Bernard Geis and Associates, 1963. Anotherautobiography by a former prisoner, in thi scase an enlisted Marine who was captured atGuam .

James P . S. Devereux . The Story of Wak eIsland. Philadephia : J .B . Lippincott Company ,1947. General Devereux relates in this bookthe particulars of the fall of Wake Island andhis later experiences in Japanese prison camps .

M. R. D. Foot . SOE in France : An Accountof the British Special Operations Executiv ein France, 1940–1944 . London : Her Majesty' sStationery Office, 1966. The official Britishaccount of Allied covert activities in occupie dFrance . The story of Peter J . Ortiz, a Marineofficer assigned to the OSS and a member of ajoint Anglo-American undercover team, i scovered in this work .

310-224 0-69 - 52

Col Jack Hawkins . Never Say Die . Phila-delphia : Dorrance & Company, Inc., 1961 . Apersonalized autobiography by one of th eMarines who escaped from a Japanese prisoncamp in the Philippines.

Maj Orlan R. Lodge . The Recapture ofGuam. Washington : Historical Branch, G– 3Division, HQMC, 1954 . The official MarineCorps monograph concerning the Guam opera-tion with some material on the loss of theisland at the beginning of the war.

Lt Clifford P . Morehouse . "Prisoners of theEnemy," Marine Corps Gazette, v . 28, no . 1(Jan44) . A factual article written during th ewar by the Marine Corps member of theYMCA War Prisoner's Aid Committee . Ofinterest in that the author provides consid-erable information on the wartime activitie sof the Casualty Reporting Division at Head-quarters Marine Corps .

Robert R. Smith . Triumph in the Philippine s—The War in the Pacific—United StatesArmy in World War II . Washington : Office o fthe Chief of Military History, Department o fthe Army, 1963 . In this official Army history ,full treatment is given to the activities ofthose Americans who remained in the Philip -pines after they had fallen and participated inguerrilla activities . It was with one of thes eunderground units that Captain Shofner andLieutenants Hawkins and Dobervich serveduntil evacuated to Australia by submarine.

Fred Stolley . "R'eturn to Mitsushima, "Leatherneck, v . XLV, no. 3 (Mar62) . A formerMarine prisoner of war relates his return tothe place in Japan where he had been hel dfor most of the war .

U. S. Department of State . Foreign Rela-tions of the United States Diplomatic Papers ,1942, v . I . Washington : 1960. In this collectionof diplomatic documents are a number of in-teresting and important letters concernin gMarine prisoners and North China Marines i nparticular .

APPENDIX C

Guide to Abbreviations

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AutoRprAvGasAvnA WAWSB–24

AT

B–29

BarBARBtryBB :BBC

B C O F

BENT

BGenBLTBnBrBrigBuBul

BuMed

CASD

AAAAAAAFAAFPOA

AARAcftACofSADC

ADCCAddeesAdmAdmin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AdvAFAFBAFPOA

AGAGCAHAirDelAirFMFPac

AKAAlexALMARALPAmmoAmphibAmtracAnnAN/VRC

AnxAPAPAAPB

APDAPHAppAr

AR

Antiaircraft

,Antiaircraft Artiller yArmy Air ForcesArmy Air Forces, Pacifi c

Ocean Area sAfter-action repor tAircraftAssistant Chief of StaffAssistant Division Comman-

derAir Defense Control Cente rAddressee sAdmiralAdministrativeAdvanceAir ForceAir Force Bas eArmy Forces, Pacific Ocea n

AreasAdjutant Genera lAmphibious command shi pHospital shipAir DeliveryAircraft, Fleet Marine Force ,

PacificCargo ship, attackAlexandri aAll Marine Corps (Bulletin )Air Liaison PartyAmmunitio nAmphibian (-ous )Amphibian tractorAnnualArmy-Navy Vehicle, Radio ,

CommunicationAnnex

Armor-piercin gTransport, attackBarracks ship, self-propelle dTransport, high speedTransport for woundedAppendixArm y

Action Report

Armored Amphibia nArtilleryAssault Signal Compan yAerospace Institut eAssaultAssistantAntitankAutomotive repairAviation gasAviationAutomatic Weapon sAir Warning SquadronArmy four-engine bomber ,

the Consolidated Liberato rArmy four-engine bomber,

the Boeing Super-Fortres sBarrack sBrowning Automatic Rifl eBatteryBattleshipBritish Broadcasting Corpo-

rationBritish Commonwealth Occu-

pation Forc eBeginning evening nautical

twiligh tBrigadier GeneralBattalion Landing Tea mBattalionBranchBrigadeBurea uBulletinBureau of Medicine and Sur-

geryBureau of Naval Personne l

Calibe rCombat Air PatrolCaptain

Close Air SupportCommander, Air Suppor t

Control UnitCarrier Air Service Detach-

ment

804

GUIDE TO ABBREVIATIONS

805

EdEENT

EndEngrEvacExecFAdmFAirWestFAirWingFDCFEAFF E CF4U

F6F

F6F–5N

FldFLEXFltFMFFOFFRCF S C C

FTPG–1

G—2

G—3

G—4

GarForGdGenGHQGPGPOGrdGroPacGru

GSA

CCFCCSCdrCGChapChCCinCAFPac

CNACNOCOCoCof SColCornComdCominCh

ConfConstCPCplCTCVCVEC W 0DDADCDEDepNavOps

DirDetDispDistDiv

DOW

DtdDUKW

Chinese Communist Force sCombined Chiefs of StaffCommanderCommanding Genera lChapte rChaplain Corp sCommander in Chief, Arm y

Forces in the Pacifi cCommander in Chief, Pacifi c

Flee tCommander in Chief, Pacifi c

Ocean Area sCommander in Chief, United

States FleetCentimete rCommandant of the Marin e

CorpsCommandant, Marine Corps

School sChinese Nationalist Arm yChief of Naval OperationsCommanding OfficerCompanyChief of StaffColone lCommander (Units )Comman dCommander in Chief, U. S .

Flee tConferenceConstructionCommand Pos tCorpora lCombat TeamAircraft Carrie rEscort Carrie rChief Warrant Office rDiaryDepartment of the Arm yDental Corp sDestroyer EscortDeputy Chief of Naval Oper-

ationsDirecto rDetachmentDispatc hDistribution

Division

Died of Wound s

DatedAmphibian truck

Editor, editedEnd of evening nautical twi-

lightEnclosureEnginee rEvacuationExecutiv eFleet AdmiralFleet Air, West CoastFleet Air Win gFire direction cente rFar East Air Force sFar East CommandNavy - Marine single - engine

fighter, the Chance-VoughtCorsair

Navy - Marine single - engin efighter, the Grumman Hell -cat

Navy - Marine single - engin enight fighter, the Grum-man Hellcat

FieldFleet Landing ExerciseFlee tFleet Marine ForceFukuoka Occupation Forc eFederal Records Cente rFire Support Coordination

Cente rFleet Training PublicationDivision (or larger unit) Per-

sonnel Office (r )Division (or larger unit) In-

telligence Office(r )Division (or larger unit) Op-

erations and Training Of-fice (r )

Division (or larger unit )Logistics Office (r )

Garrison ForcesGuardGeneralGeneral Headquarter sGeneral purposeGovernment Printing Offic eGroundGroup Pacifi c

GroupGeneral Services Administra-

tion

806


HdHEH&IHistHMAS

HMSHospHowHqHQMCHRSH&SH V A R

IGIGHQ

IIB

IIIACIJAIJNIMACIMBIMRInfIntelInterIsComJAGJnlJANAC

JASCO

JCSJICPOA

JLCJOBJUSMAG

JWPCKCRCKIAKMALantLCdrLCI

LCS

Hea dHigh Explosiv eHarassing and Interdictio nHistory ; historica lHis Majesty 's Australian

ShipHis Majesty's ShipHospitalHowitze rHeadquarter sHeadquarters Marine Corp sHistorical Reference SectionHeadquarters and Servic eHigh Velocity Aircraft

RocketInspector GeneralImperial General Headquar-

tersIndependent Infantry Battal-

ionIII Amphibious Corp sImperial Japanese Arm yImperial Japanese NavyI Marine Amphibious Corp sIndependent Mixed Brigad eIndependent Mixed RegimentInfantryIntelligenc eInterrogationIsland Comman dJudge Advocate GeneralJourna lJoint Army-Navy Assessment

CommitteeJoint Assault Signal Com-

panyJoint Chiefs of StaffJoint Intelligence Center, Pa-

cific Ocean Are aJoint Logistic Comman dJapanese Order of BattleJoint U . S . Military Advisory

GroupJoint War Plans CommitteeKansas City Records Cente rKilled in Actio nKailin Mining AdministrationAtlanti c

Lieutenant CommanderLanding Craft, InfantryLanding Craft, Support

LCVP

LDLFASCU

LSVLtLtColLtGenLtrLVTLVT(A)

MASGMAWMBMBDAG

MCASMCASD

M C V G

MIAMIDMilGovtMinMISMiscMm

Landing Craft, Vehicle andPersonnel

Line of DepartureLanding Force Air Suppor t

Control Uni tLight Machine GunLocate dLanding Ship, DockLanding Ship, Mediu mLanding Ship, TankLanding Ship, Tank (Hos-

pital )Landing Ship, Vehicl eLieutenantLieutenant Colone lLieutenant GeneralLetterLanding Vehicle, Tracke dLanding Vehicle, Tracked

(Armored )Marine Aircraft GroupMajorMajor Genera lMarine (s )Marine Fleet Air, West CoastDepartment of the Pacific ,

U . S . Marine Corp sMarine Air Support Grou pMarine Aircraft WingMarine BarracksMarine Base Defense Air -

craft GroupMarine Corps Air Statio n

Marine Carrier Air Suppor tDetachment

Marine Carrier AircraftGroup

Marine Detachment

Medica lMemorandu m

Marine GunnerMarine Ground Control Inter -

cept Squadro n

Missing in Action

Military Intelligence Division

Military Government

Minute sMilitary Intelligence Sectio nMiscellaneousMillimeter


807

MOTG

MPMSMsgMTNNANABSNADNARS

NASNavNavWesPac

NCBNCON.dNDNGFNHDNoNOB0OABOCMH

Ofc

OICOPOp

OperOPlanOpNav

OpOrdOrdOSSOY

P, ppP—47

PackHow

PBY—5A

Marine Operational Trainin gGroup

Military Polic eManuscriptMessageMotor TransportNoteNational Archive sNaval Air BasesNaval Ammunition DepotNational Archives and Rec-

ords ServiceNaval Air Statio nNavy ; NavalNaval Forces, Western Pa-

cificNaval Construction BattalionNoncommissioned OfficerNo dateNavy DepartmentNaval gunfireNaval History Divisio nNumberNaval Operating BaseOfficerOperational Archives Branc hOffice of the Chief of Militar y

History

OfficeOfficer in Charge

Observation Pos tOperation(s )Operation (s )

Operation PlanOffice of the Chief of Naval

Operation sOperation Orde rOrdnanceOffice of Strategic ServicesNavy - Marine single - engine

observation plane, the Con -solidated-Vultee Sentinel

Page, page sArmy single-engine fighter ,

the Republic Thunderbol t

Pack Howitze rNavy-Marine two-engine pa-

trol bomber with amphib-ian boat hull, the Consoli-dated Catalina

PerPFCPhPhib

PhibsPac

PionPitPOAPOWP&PPrelimProvPtPubinfoPvtPWRAdmRAMP

RCTR'5D

RecReconReinfRetRevR M 1RNRptRRSADSARSCS&CSCAJAP

SCAP

SCAT

SCRSecSecNavSecState

SepSerySgt

Personne lPrivate First Clas sPhas eAmphibious ; Amphibiou s

ForcesAmphibious Forces, Pacific

FleetPioneerPlatoonPacific Ocean Area sPrisoner of WarDivision of Plans and Policie sPreliminar yProvisiona lPart(s) ; PointPublic InformationPrivat ePrisoner of WarRear AdmiralRecovered Allied Military

PersonnelRegimental Combat Tea mNavy - Marine four - engine

transport, the DouglasSkymaster

ReceptionReconnaissanceReinforce dRetiredRevise dRadioman, 1st classRoyal Nav yReportRailroa dSupport Air Directio nSpecial Action Repor tSubmarine ChaserSecret and Confidentia lShipping Control Administra -

tion, Japa nSupreme Commander Allie d

Power sSouth Pacific Combat Air

Transport Comman dSignal Corps RadioSection

Secretary of the Navy

Secretary of StateSeparateServic eSergeant

808


UNRRA

USAUSAFUSAFFE

USAFMidPac

USAFPOA

USASTAF

UsForChina-Thtr

USSR

VMFVMF(CVS)

VMF(N)

VMOVMRV M SB

VMTB

SgtMaj Sergeant MajorShpg ShippingSig Signa lSMS Supply a n d Maintenanc e

Squadro nSpecial Naval Landing Forc eSpecial OrderSpecial Operations Executiv eSenior Officer Present Afloa tSouth Pacifi cShore PartySpeedSpecialSupportSquadSquadronStaffSubjectSummarySupplementSupportSouthwest Pacific Are aTable of Allowance sTactica lTactical Air Forc eThe Adjutant General's Offic eNavy - Marine single - engine

torpedo bomber, the Grum -man Avenger

Navy - Marine single - engin etorpedo bomber, the Gen-eral Motors Avenger

Vehicle mounted, high fre-quency radi o

Table of Equipmen tTask ForceTask GroupTerritory of HawaiiTarget Information .CenterTarget Information OfficerTankTechnical ManualTentativeTable of Organizatio nTime on Targe tTransport QuartermasterTranslator(ed )TransportTransport DivisionTransport SquadronTruck

TrainingTroopsTop SecretTask Uni tUnderwater Demolition s

TeamUnited Nations Relief and

Rehabilitation Administra-tion

United States ArmyUnited States Air ForceUnited States Army Forces ,

Far EastUnited States Army Forces ,

Middle Pacifi cUnited States Army Forces ,

Pacific Ocean AreasUnited States Army Stra-

tegic Air Forces in the Pa-cifi c

United States Forces, ChinaTheate r

United States Marine CorpsUnited States NavyUnited States Naval Bas eUnited States Naval InstituteUnited States Naval ReserveUnited States ShipUnited States Strategi c

Bombing SurveyUnion of Soviet Socialist Re -

public sVolum eV Amphibious Corp sVice Admira lVery Long Rang eMarine Bomber Squadro nMarine Photographic Squad-

ronMarine Fighter SquadronMarine Carrier Fighte r

SquadronMarine Night Fighter Squad-

ron

Marine Observation SquadronMarine Transport SquadronMarine Scout Bomber Squad-

ronMarine Torpedo Bombe r

Squadron

SNLFSOSOESOPASoPacSPSpdSpecSptSqdSqnStf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SubjSumSupplSupSWPAT/ATacTAFTAGOTBF

TBM

TCS

T/ETFTGT .HTICTIOTkTMTntvT/OTOTTQMTrTransTransdivTransronTrk


809

Marine Carrier TorpedoBomber Squadron

Chief of Staff, War Depart-ment

War Diary

War Area Services Com-mittee

War Departmen t

Washington Documents Cen -

ter

W D C O S

Z/AZofA

Chief of Staff, War Depart-ment

Wounded in ActionWestern PacificWhite Phosphorou sWeapon sWorld Wa rYoung Mens Christian Asso-

ciationZone of Actio nZone of Action

APPENDIX D

Military Map Symbols

UNIT SYMBOL S

Enginee r

Infantr y

Naval Base Forc e

® Recon

Reconnaissanc e

Servic e

Tan k

EXAMPLE S

Tank Platoon,lst Tank Battalio n

Ai::Recon

IJVMO-2 Marine Observation Squadron 2

Company A, F M F Reconnaissanc eBattalio n

SIZE SYMBOL S

Platoon/Detachmen t

Company/Batter y

I I

Battalion/Squadro n

I I I

Regiment/Grou p

X

Brigad e

XX

Division/Win g

XXX

Corp s

XXXX

Arm y

UNIT SYMBOL S

Basic Unit

lol

Enemy Unit

8

8th Service Regimen t

Marine Unit (Serving wit hUSMC

units of other services)23d Shipping Enginee rRegiment (Japanese )123

11

0

00

23

Amc l

XXX X

(EIGHT H

Proposed Unit Locatio n

Artiller y

Aviation

Cavalry

Naval Base Force (Japanese )

Americol Divisio n

Amphibious Corp s

Eighth Arm y

810

APPENDIX E

Chronology

The following listing of events is limited t othose coming within the scope of this book ,

and those events treated in previous volumesapplying equally to the matters discussed i n

this work .

194 18Dec Personnel of American Em-

bassy Guard, Peiping, andof Marine Legation Guard ,Tientsin, become first Ma-rine POWs in World Wa r

II .lODec Guam surrenders to Japanes e

landing force .

23Dec Wake Island falls to enemy .

19426Feb U. S. and Great Britain es-

tablish Combined Chiefs ofStaff (CCS) .

9Mar Java surrenders to Japanese ,ending conquest of Nether-lands East Indies .

30Mar Pacific Ocean divided into Pa-cific Ocean Areas underAdm Nimitz and SouthwestPacific Area under Ge nMacArthur .

9Apr Bataan falls to the Japanese .

6May Corregidor and Manila Bayforts surrender.

19432—6Dec At Second SEXTANT Con-

ference in Cairo, Alliedleaders agree upon stra-tegic concept for prosecu-tion of Pacific War.

1944

1Jan LtGen Alexander A . Vande-grift becomes 18th Com-mandant of the MarineCorps .

2Jan U. S . Army troops land atSaidor, New Guinea.

31Jan—7Feb U. S. forces assault andcapture Kwajalein and Ma-juro Atolls in the Mar-shalls .

16—17Feb Task Force 58 strikes Truk ,revealing weakness of tha tbase .

17–22Feb U . S. forces assault and cap-ture Eniwetok Atoll in theMarshalls .

20Feb–28Mar U . S . forces assault and cap-ture the main islands ofthe Admiralties.

6Mar 1st Marine Division land snear Talasea on New Brit-ain in the Bismarcks .

12Mar JCS issue directives to CinC-POA and CinCSWPA re-garding future operation sin their respective areas .

22Apr U. S. Army troops land atAitape and Hollandia i nnorthern New Guinea, be -ginning drive up the coast .

6Jun Allied forces invade the con -tinent of Europe at Nor -mandy.

Joint War Plans Committeeissues study establishing1945 Pacific invasion sched-ule for planning purposes.

15Jun—9Jul U . S . forces assault and cap-ture Saipan in the Mari-anas .

19—20Jun Battle of the Philippine Sea .Japanese naval air arm suf-fers decisive defeat.

18Jul Premier Hideki Tojo resigns .21Jul—10Aug U. S. forces assault and cap-

ture Guam in the Marianas .24Jul—lAug VAC troops assault and cap-

ture Tinian in the Mari-anas .

811

812


Adm Nimitz and Gen Mac -Arthur meet with Presiden tRoosevelt at Pearl Harborto determine future Pacifi cstrategy .

At OCTAGON Conference i nQuebec, CCS establish anew schedule of Pacific op-erations. Kyushu to be in-vaded in October and Hon-shu in December 1945 .

U. S. Army troops assaul tand capture Morotai in th eNetherlands East Indies.

U. S. forces assault and cap-ture Peleliu and Angaur inthe Palaus.

U. S. Army troops seiz eUlithi Atoll in the WesternCarolines .

JCS direct Adm Nimitz toinvade Ryukyus (OperationICEBERG) two monthsfollowing Iwo Jima opera-tion.

CinCPOA issues warning or -der for ICEBERG .

First U. S. carrier raid onOkinawa .

VAC directedplans for Iwotion.

U. S. Army . troops land onLeyte in the Philippines .

210ct

Marine Carrier Groups, Air-FMFPac, activated at MC -AS, Santa Barbara, Cali-fornia.

Battle of Leyte Gulf . U. S .naval forces eliminate Jap-anese surface fleet as amajor threat .

CinCPOA issues Joint StaffStudy outlining plans fo rOkinawa operation .

CNO directs the formation ofthe Marine Air SupportDivision .

Saipan-based B—29s bombTokyo in the first attack on

the Japanese capital b yland-based planes .

25Nov CinCPOA issues operatio nplan for invasion of IwoJima ; tentative date is setfor 3Feb45 .

15Dec U. S . Army troops invad eMindoro in the Philippines.

25Dec Leyte declared secure .

194 52Jan U. S . Army landings on east

and west coasts of Min-doro.

3Jan ComFifthFlt issues OPIn 1—45 for Okinawa operation .

6Jan Tenth Army Tentative OPln1—45 for ICEBERG issued .

9Jan Sixth Army lands in Linga-yen Gulf area of Luzon .

15—16Jan TF 38 carrier aircraft raidFormosa, Hong Kong, Hai-nan, and Swatow .

24Jan Combined air-sea bombard-ment of Iwo Jima .

25Jan First support mission flow nby Marine dive bombers i nthe Philippines .

29Jan U . S. Army forces land onLuzon at Subic Bay .

16Feb Final operation plan for Oki-nawa issued by TenthArmy.

16—17Feb TF 38 aircraft raid Tokyoarea.

17Feb Joint Expeditionary Forc efor Okinawa assembles an dbegins rehearsals .

19Feb—16Mar . . . VAC assaults and capture sIwo Jima in the Volcan oIslands .

1Mar B—29s and carrier - base dplanes begin preliminar yair bombardments of Oki-nawa .

10Mar U . S. Army troops land onMindanao .

11Mar Gen Buckner places Tent hArmy OPIn 1—45 into effec tby dispatch .

26—29Jul

11—16Sep

90ct

100ct

140ct

200ct

to prepareJima opera-

23—250ct

250ct

280ct

24Nov

CHRONOLOGY

813

18—19Mar TF 58 strikes Kyushu, Kure ,and Inland Sea areas .

19Mar USS Block Island, first Ma-rine escort carrier com-missioned, departs Sa nDiego for war duty in thePacific with MCVG—1 em -barked.

21Mar Western Islands Attac kGroup carrying assaulttroops of 77th Infantry Di -vision sorties from Leyt eGulf for the opening phas eof ICEBERG .

23Mar Carrier strikes, intensive sur-face bombardment, under -water demolition, and mine-sweeping operations beginpreinvasion preparation sagainst Okinawa.

24Mar Preassault staging of ICE-BERG force begins.

26—31Mar 77th Infantry Divisionassaults and captures Ke-rema Retto and KeiseShims .

26Mar TF 57 begins first of 10 at-tacks between this date an d20Apr against SakashimaGunto.

27Mar Transport and covering force sof the Joint Expeditionar yForce sortie from Leyt eGulf and Ulithi for ICE -BERG .

Demonstration Group, carry-ing troops of 2d Marine Di -vision, leaves Saipan .

lApr Tenth Army, comprised ofIIIAC and XXIV Corpsmakes unopposed landingon Okinawa; Yontan an dKadena airfields secured .

2Apr Forward elements of the 7thInfantry Division reach theeastern coast of Okinawa,severing the island .

3Apr 1st Marine Division troop sreach the east coast .

5Apr Reconnaissance of the East-ern Islands begins .

6Apr XXIV Corps divisions firs tencounter strong enemy re-sistance on the southernfront.

6—7Apr First of ten major Kamikazeattacks mounted on Allie dshipping in waters off Oki-nawa .

7Apr TAF aircraft begin opera-tions from Okinawa fields .TF 58 planes sink Yamato ,Yahagi, and four Japanes edestroyers in the Battle ofthe East China Sea .

8Apr Gen Mulcahy, commandingTAF, assumes control ofaircraft ashore .

9—10Apr 3/105 of the 27th InfantryDivision assaults and cap-tures Tsugen Shima, th eonly defended island in theEastern Islands group .

lOApr 27th Infantry Division (les s3/105) lands on Okinawato reinforce XXIV Corps.2d Marine Division return sto Saipan .

llApr Heavy Kamikaze attack smounted against TF 58 .

12Apr President Roosevelt dies, i ssucceeded by Vice Presi-dent Truman.

15—16Apr TF 58 aircraft raid Kyushu .

16Apr 77th Infantry Division in-vades Ie Shima .

18Apr Gen Buckner establishes hisCP on Okinawa . 81st In-fantry Division released a sArea Reserve by CinCPOA.

19Apr XXIV Corps begins majorassault against outer ringof Shuri defenses .

20Apr 6th Marine Division troopscapture Motobu Peninsula .

22Apr Phase II of ICEBERG com-pleted with end of all or-ganized major resistance i nnorthern Okinawa and l eShima. Phase I continues .

814


29Apr German and Italian troops innorthern Italy surrender t oAllied troops .

30Apr 1st Marine Division beginsrelief of 27th Infantry Di-vision on right (west) o fTenth Army line.

77th Infantry Division re-lieves the 96th InfantryDivision in XXIV Corpszone .

3—4May Attempted Thirty - secondArmy counterlanding onwest coast of Okinawablunted .

4May 27th Infantry Division re-lieves 6th Marine Divisionin northern Okinawa .

7May IIIAC takes over the westernzone of the Tenth Armyfront in southern Okinawa.

Nazi Germany surrender sunconditionally.

8May First elements of the 6thMarine Division enter III-AC lines .

11May Tenth Army launches coordi-nated attack across entirefront.

12May Tori Shima occupied .13—14May Task Force 58 strike s

launched against Kyushu .17May Adm Hill relieves Adm Tur-

ner as control of .all forcesashore passes to Gen Buck-ner, who assumes respon-sibility to ComFifthFlt fordefense and developmen tof captured positions.

20May—4Jun Bulk of Japanese Thirty-sec-ond Army withdraws undercover of rain from th eShuri bastion to new posi-tions in Kiyamu Peninsula .

21May 7th Infantry Division recom-mitted on the east coast t oencircle Shuri .

24May Japanese airborne suicid egroup lands on Yontan air -field ; all enemy destroyed .

24—25May 6th Marine Division move sto outskirts of Naha .

7th Infantry Division ad-vances on Yonabaru.

25May JCS direct the invasion o fJapan, Operation OLYM-PIC, with a target date of1Nov45 .

26May Enemy movement south ofShuri observed by spotte rplanes .

27May Third Fleet relieves Fift hFleet . Gen Buckner nowdirectly responsible t oCinCPOA for operations ofthe Tenth Army .

30May 5th Marines captures Shur iCastle.

2Jun VAC reports by dispatch t oSixth Army for purposes o fplanning for OLYMPIC .

3—4Jun RCT—8 secures Iheya Shima .

4Jun 6th Marine Division assaultsOroku Peninsula.

9Jun RCT—8 secures Aguni Shima .

11—12Jun Organized resistance ends o nOroku Peninsula.

14Jun JCS order commanders in Pa-cific to prepare plans forimmediate occupation ofJapan .

18Jun Gen Buckner killed in action ;Gen Geiger assumes com-mand of Tenth Army .

21Jun Organized resistance ends o nOkinawa .

22Jun Official flag-raising ceremon yat Tenth Army headquar-ters marking capture ofOkinawa .

23Jun Gen Stilwell assumes com-mand of Tenth Army .

30Jun Completion of the mop-up ofsouthern Okinawa . Genera lRockey relieves Gen Geige ras commander of IIIAC .FMFPac Reconnaissanc eBattalion secures Kum eShima .

CHRONOLOGY

815

1Jul Marine escort carriers sup -port Allied landings onBalikpapan .

TF 51 dissolved by CinCPOA :Gen Stilwell assumes re-sponsibility for defense an ddevelopment of Okinaw aGunto.

3Jul Gen Geiger relieves GenSmith as commander o fFMFPac .

5Jul Philippines campaign de-clared ended .

10Jul TF 58 aircraft mount strikeagainst Tokyo .

15Jul IIIAC detached from Tent hArmy and placed under op-erational control of FMF-Pac .

16Jul Atomic bomb successfullytested at Los Alamos, NewMexico .

26Jul Allies issue Potsdam Decla -ration .

lAug Heaviest B—29 raid in waron Japan.

4Aug

27th Infantry Divisionreaches Hedo Misaki, end-ing three and a half-monthmopping up action i nnorthern Okinawa .

Tinian - based B—29 drop satomic bomb on Hiroshima .

ComThirdFlt OPIn 10—45 fo rthe occupation of Japan i sdistributed .

Tinian - based B—29 drop satomic bomb on Nagasaki .

Russia invades Manchuria .

lOAug Japan sues for peace .14Aug 4th Marines (Reinforced) ,

comprising the Yokosuk aLanding Force, departsGuam for Japan .

15Aug Hostilities against Japan of-ficially suspended .

21Aug CinCPac issues warning orderto IIIAC for occupation ofNorth China .

27Aug Ships of the Third Fleetenter Sagami Wan .

28Aug Task Force 31 enters TokyoBay.

First advance units of occu-pation force land at Atsug iAirfield .

30Aug L—Day for the occupation o fYokosuka . Marines of 2/4land on Futtsu Saki at0558 . General Clement ac-cepts surrender of Yoko-suka Naval Base.

Army airborne units land atAtsugi to occupy Yoko-hama area .

Gen MacArthur lands inJapan.

1Sep VAC headquarters departsHawaiian Islands for occu-pation of Kyushu.

Japanese Empire formallysurrenders to Allies in cere-monies on board USS Mis-souri in Tokyo Bay.

Disbandment of Fleet Land-ing Force . Marine com-ponent returns to duty a sships' detachments .

Gen Stilwell accepts the sur-render of the JapaneseRyukyus garrisons signify-ing the beginning of Amer-ican political hegemony inOkinawa.

19Sep Led by Gen Worton, IIIA Cadvance party depart sGuam for North China .

22Sep 5th Marine Division arrivesand lands at Sasebo .

23Sep First elements of 2d Marin eDivision (2d and 6th Ma-rines) land at Nagasaki .

6th Marine Division (less 4thMarines) begins loadingoperations at Guam for de-ployment to China .

24Sep Gen Krueger, commander o fthe Sixth Army, assume scommand of all occupatio n

forces ashore on Kyushu .Gen Worton and his part y

arrive in Tientsin.

6Aug

8Aug

9Aug

2Sep

6Sep

7Sep

816


5Dec

19468Jan

21Jan

5Feb

11Feb

14Feb

26Sep IIIAC, less the 6th Division ,departs Okinawa for China .

29Sep VAC publishes the operationorder for occupation ofFukuoka .

3OSep IIIAC, including the 1st Ma-rine Division and attachedunits, arrives at Taku Barand begin unloading foroccupation duties .

Leading elements of FukuokaOccupation Force unde rcommand of Gen Robinsonarrive in Fukuoka .

10ct 1/7 lands at Chinwangtao.60ct In Tientsin, Gen Rockey ac-

cepts the surrender of th e50,000 Japanese troops inthe Tientsin, Tangku, andChinwangtao areas .

First major armed clash be-tween Marines and Chines eCommunists in North Chinatakes place on Tientsin-Peiping road .

1st Marine Aircraft Win gheadquarters established atthe French Arsenal nearthe airfield east of Tientsin .

110ct 6th Marine Division beginslanding at Tsingtao .

150ct IIIAC Corps Shore Brigadedisbanded and its dutie staken over by 7th ServiceRegiment, FMFPac .

220ct First group of Japanese re-patriates leave Tientsin forhome.

24Oct Fukuoka Occupation Forcedissolved when it is relieve dby 32d Infantry Division.

25Oct Gen Shepherd and LtGenChen Pao-Tsang, CNA, act-ing for the Nationalist gov-ernment, accept the formalsurrender of the Japanesegarrison in Tsingtao and onthe Shantung Peninsula.

19Nov Repatriation runs begin fromTsingtao .

4th Marines detached fromadministrative control of6th Division and placeddirectly under FMFPac .

MAG — 22 redeployed fro mJapan to the United States .

Control of former 5th MarineDivision zone of responsi-bility in Japan passes to2d Marine and 32d Infantr yDivisions as the 5th pre-pares for redeploymenthome .

4th Marine Division dis-banded at Camp Pendleton.

First ships carrying 5th Divi-sion troops leave Japan .

Gen Shepherd relieved byGen Howard as commande rof the 6th Marine Division.

3d Marine Division (less 1/ 3in the Bonins and 2/21 onTruk) disbanded on Guam.

VAC relieved of all occupa-tion duties . Eighth Armyassumes command of al loccupation troops in Japan.

3d Marine Aircraft Wing dis-banded at Ewa, T .H .

VAC departs Sasebo for SanDiego .

2d Marine Division relieves32d Infantry Division ofoccupation duties on Kyu-shu .

5th Marine Division dis-banded at Camp Pendleton .

2d Marine Division reducedto peacetime strength whenthird battalion of each in-fantry regiment and las tlettered battery of eac hartillery battalion relievedof occupation duties andsent home for disbandment .

IIIAC issues operation pla nfor the reduction of it sforces to conform to newMarine Corps peacetim etables of organization .

CHRONOLOGY

817

15Feb VAC disbanded at San Diego .

11Mar IIIAC directs the formationof six liaison teams fo rassignment to Executiv eHeadquarters to supervis ethe truce in China .

26Mar 6th Marine Division dis-banded at Tsingtao .

31Mar 4th Marine Aircraft Win gdisbanded at San Diego .

9th Marine Aircraft Win gdisbanded at Cherry Point.

lApr 3d Marine Brigade activatedat Tsingtao .

15Apr 1st Marine Division complete sredeployment in Hopeh .

17Apr Gen Howard relinquishescommand of 3d Brigade t oGen Clement.

10Jun IIIAC Corps Headquartersand Corps Troops dis-banded.

Gen Rockey becomes CG, 1s tMarine Division (Rein-forced) and Marine Forces,China, the latter a taskforce designation for th edivision and 1st Wing.

3d Marine Brigade disbande dat Tsingtao. Most of it sorganic units now comprise4th Marines (Reinforced )or Marine Forces, Tsing-tao, with Gen Clemen tcommanding.

15Jun 2d Marine Division relieve dof occupation duties inJapan by 24th Infantry Di-vision .

24Jun 2d Marine Division headquar-ters departs Sasebo for it snew home at Camp Le-jeune, North Carolina .

15Jul With departure of last repa-triation ship from Tangku ,more than 540,000 Japanes ehave been repatriated fromNorth China under Marin esupervision .

29Jul Chinese Communists ambusha Peiping-bound Marin esupply convoy at Anping .

3Sep 4th Marines, less 3/4, em -barks for Norfolk to be -come a component of th e2d Marine Division .

Marine Forces, Tsingtao, dis-banded, and 3/4 (Rein -forced) comes under opera-tional control of Com-mander, Naval Facilities ,Tsingtao .

18Sep Gen Howard relieves GenRockey as commander of1st Marine Division.

30Sep Last relief of Marine railguards by Nationalisttroops takes place .

300ct Chinese Communists stag eraid on 1st Marine Divisionammunition supply poin tat Hsin Ho .

16Dec Activation of FMFLant atCamp Lejeune, with th ecommander of the 2d Ma-rine Division assigned addi-tional duties as CG, FMF-Lant .

194 75Jan 7th Marines embarks and

sails from Chinwangta ofor the United States, re -porting to FMFPac foroperational and adminis-trative control .

18Jan 11th Marines, in companywith the 1st Tank Battalio n(—), sails from Chinwang-tao for Guam .

5Apr Marine ammunition supplypoint at Hsin Ho struckagain by Chinese Commu-nists in even greater force .

1May FMFWesPac activated a tTsingtao with Gen Pfeifferin command . AirFMFWes-Pac activated the same datewith Col Hart commanding.

818


12May Marine activities in Hopehreduced and center inTientsin as last motor con-voy carrying 5th Marinesgear clears Peiping and th eregiment sails from Chinafor Guam.

20May 1st Marines depart Tientsinfor Tsingtao .

20Jun 1st Marine Division head -quarters and detached unitsdepart China for SanDiego, leaving behind th edivision rear echelon, whichreports to FMFWesPac fo roperational control .

lSep 1st Marine Division rea rechelon departs China .

194 923Jan AirFMFWesPac ceases fligh t

operations at TsangkouField, as last shore-basedMarine planes fly out ofChina.

8Feb Major portion of FMFWes-Pac departs Tsingtao fo rUnited States .

26May Last Marines leave China, a selements of Company C ,7th Marines, depart Tsing-tao on board USS Man-chester.

APPENDIX F

Fleet Marine Force Status-30 April 1945

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Enl

Off

En t

Outside U .S .A .

Hawaiian Area

Oah u

Headquarters and Service Battalion, FMFPac 244 1,265 42 2 9Signal Battalion, FMFPac 72 415 49 0Tactical and Gunfire-Air Observation Training Center (Pro-

visional), FMFPac 35 12 0 0Transient Center, FMFPac 260 8,106 40 28445th Replacement Draft, FMFPac 36 1,012 0 062d Replacement Draft, FMFPac 47 1,050 0 0Headquarters Company, Supply Service, FMFPac 103 352 0 36th Base Depot, Supply Service, FMFPac 134 2,865 9 6 241st Depot Company, Supply Service, FMFPac 4 160 0 0Marine

Air

Support

Control

Units,

Amphibious Forces ,Pacific Fleet 95 272 0 4

Headquarters Squadron, AirFMFPac 87 232 7 0Air Warning Squadron–11, 3d MAW 26 312 0 7Headquarters Squadron–3, 3d MAW 102 797 10 3 0Marine Observation Squadron–4, 3d MAW 11 34 0 0Marine Observation Squadron–5, 3d MAW 11 27 0 0Service Squadron–14, 3d MAW 15 379 0 0Marine Transport Squadron–953, 3d MAW 91 451 1 8Marine Utility Squadron–1, 3d MAW 18 86 0 0Marine Utility Squadron–3, 3d MAW 19 70 0 0Headquarters Squadron–44, MASG–44 22 141 5 1 5Service Squadron–44, MASG–44 18 461 0 0Marine Fighter Squadron–215, MASG–44 93 301 1 4Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron–332, MASG–44 22 326 1 4Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron–333, MASG–44 48 290 1 7

Area Sub-Total 1,613 19,416 166 457

See footnote at end of table .

310-224 0 - 69 - 53

81 9

820


Strengt h

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Enl

Off

En t

Hawaii

5th Marine Division 847 14,855 129 93811th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac 27 508 2 85th Amphibian Truck Company, FMFPac 7 187 0 05th Joint Assault Signal Company, FMFPac 33 404 14 02d Marine Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac 11 254 0 43d Rocket Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac 3 52 0 0Corps Evacuation Hospital I, FMFPac 0 1 27 22 56th Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac 1 57 0 08th Field Depot, Supply Service, FMFPac 99 1,580 5 3 11st Service and Supply Battalion, Supply Service, FMFPac 30 639 2 1 327th Replacement Draft, FMFPac 27 213 2 1 231st Replacement Draft, FMFPac 3 28 1 1

Area Sub-Total 1,088 18,778 182 1,23 2

Kaui

1st Marine Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac 14 276 3 1 13d Service and Supply Battalion, Supply Service, FMFPac 27 563 0 9

Area Sub-Total 41 839 3 20

Maui

Headquarters and Service Battalion, VAC 107 699 11 60Medical Battalion, VAC 1 97 29 23 0Motor Transport Battalion, VAC 6 110 0 0Signal Battalion, VAC 65 738 3 1 42d Bomb Disposal Company, VAC 12 71 0 0Air Delivery Section, Headquarters and Service Battalion ,

VAC 3 83 0 04th Marine Division 836 15,317 126 1,04 31st FMFPac Amphibian Tractor Group Headquarter s

(Provisional) 4 4 0 03d Amphibian Tractor Battalion FMFPac 47 551 2 1 15th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac 31 511 3 2 810th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac 33 523 3 2 92d Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac 37 812 4 3 43d Military Police Battalion (Provisional), FMFPac 19 336 0 012th Motor Transport Battalion (Provisional), FMFPac 28 518 1 14th Amphibian Truck Company (Provisional), FMFPac 6 181 0 01st Joint Assault Signal Company, FMFPac 33 395 13 02d Separate Topographical Company, FMFPac 6 78 0 02d Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac 1 64 0 08th Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac 1 62 0 0

FLEET MARINE FORCE STATUS—30 APRIL 1945

821

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Enl

Off

En t

1st Separate Radio Intelligence Platoon, FMFPac 5th Separate Radio Intelligence Platoon, FMFPac 3d Marine Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac1st Rocket Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac2d Service and Supply Battalion, Supply Service, FMFPac55th Replacement Draft, FMFPac 59th Replacement Draft, FMFPac

Area Sub-Total 1,394

25,115

197

1,470

Midway

6th Defense BattalionHeadquarters Squadron 23, MAG-23Service Squadron 23, MAG-23Marine Fighter Squadron 324, MAG-23Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 343, MAG-23

Area Sub-Total

162

Southwest Pacific

Lingaye n

Headquarters Squadron 24, MAG-24Service Squadron 24, MAG-24Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 133, MAG-24Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 241, MAG-24

Area Sub-Total

15 8

Luzo n

Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 244, MAG-24

4 7

Mindanao

Air Warning Squadron 3, 1st MAWAir Warning Squadron 4, 1st MAWHeadquarters Squadron 12, MAG-12Service Squadron 12, MAG-12Marine Fighter Squadron 115, MAG-12

Marine Fighter Squadron 211, MAG-12

Marine Fighter Squadron 218, MAG-12

Marine Fighter Squadron 313, MAG-12Headquarters Squadron 32, MAG-32

11

1 01

3 43 635

4 94 9

2725 7

1,03 11,25 61,251

0030

1000

2 92 52 25531

71 017 360 222 5291

2 114

088

2,001 11 5 1

3 61 94 855

11 948 128 5281

22088

1,166 10 3 8

298 1 8

1 81 727235452645 028

24 924 314 846922921 6188247134

66

2408888

20

822


Strengt h

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Enl

Off

En t

Service Squadron_ 32, MAG–32 Marine Bombing Squadron 611, MAG–32Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 142, MAG–32 Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 236, MAG–32Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 243, MAG–32Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 341, MAG–32

Area Sub-Total

Sama r

Headquarters Squadron 14, MAG–14Service Squadron 14, MAG–14Marine Fighter Squadron 221, MAG–14 Marine Fighter Squadron 222, MAG–14Marine Fighter Squadron 223, MAG–14 Marine Fighter Squadron 251, MAG–14

51 347 129 227 828 427 2

12 950820419 619 421 0

2 47 06 25 34 95 0

64 1

3 12 35 2535353

4,233 32 12 8

190888

Area Sub-Total

265

1,441

1 3

Auckland, New Zealan d

3d Field Depot, Supply Service, FMFPac

1 5

Banika, Russell Islands

4th Base Depot, Supply Service, FMFPac

98

2,818

6

Emirau

Headquarters Squadron 61, MAG–61Service Squadron 61, MAG–61Marine Bombing Squadron 413, MAG–61 Marine Bombing Squadron 433, MAG–61 :Marine Bombing Squadron 443, MAG–61

Area Sub-Total

258

1,825

13

5 8

Green Island

Marine Bombing Squadron 423, MAG–61

7 0

Guadalcana l

South Pacific Echelon (Provisional), FMFPac4th Casual Company (Provisional), FMFPac

92 0

5 1

0

4 2

3 02 66 56869

15842 939 241 0436

1 81 5

988

437 1 8

1 413

7 4104 2

1 328


823

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Ent

Off

En t

2d Field Service Command, Supply Service, FMFPac 4th Service and Supply Battalion, Supply Service, FMFPac

1 234

3 4818

03

01 4

73

582 0

78

1 2

2 32 35558

159

1341

813312

2882929

20344232344 654

Area Sub-Total

Los Negro s

Marine Air Detachment 1, 1st MAWMarine Service Squadron 25, MAG–25

Area Sub-Total

Munda, New Georgia

Marine Air Base Squadron 1, 4th MAW

Torokina, Bougainville

Headquarters Squadron 1, 1st MAWHeadquarters Squadron 25, MAG–25 Marine Transport Squadron 152, MAG–25 Marine Transport Squadron 153, MAG–25

Area Sub-Total

Central Pacific

Okinawa

Headquarters and Service Battalion, IIIACMedical Battalion, IIIACSignal Battalion, IIIACHeadquarters Battery, Corps Artillery, IIIAC1st Bomb Disposal Company, IIIAC Air Delivery Section, Headquarters and Service Battalion ,

IIIAC1st Marine Division6th Marine DivisionAmphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, FMFPac 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac 1st Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac1st Military Police Battalion, FMFPac1st 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac 1st Separate Engineer Battalion, FMFPac2d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac

95 59 9

88 322 7

7 3

15016,99 416,578

27954 083 145258782 7

1,270

1,03 0

47 738 5

86 2

35 7

19 619 632 231 7

1,031

6 4 5

40

1 50

4 1 5

2 1 5

1 818

88

12 52

1 030

430

014 1123

0340234

3 1233

1080

21,05 9

99 81 32 83 6

01 02 032

824


Strengt h

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Ent

Off

En t

3d Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion (Provisional) ,FMFPac

3d 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac 4th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac5th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac 6th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac 7th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac8th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac8th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac8th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac 9th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac9th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac 11th Motor Transport Battalion, FMFPac16th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPacHeadquarters Battery, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Group ,

FMFPac

2 2Headquarters Battery, 2d Field Artillery Group (Provisional) ,

FMFPac1st Separate Topographical Company, FMFPac3d Amphibian Truck Company (Provisional), FMFPac4th Joint Assault Signal Company, FMFPac6th Amphibian Truck Company (Provisional), FMFPac6th Joint Assault Signal Company, FMFPac1st War Dog Platoon, FMFPac 3d Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac3d Separate Radio Intelligence Platoon, FMFPac4th War Dog Platoon, FMFPac 5th Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac7th Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac4th Rocket Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac5th Rocket Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac Corps Evacuation Hospital II, FMFPacCorps Evacuation Hospital III, FMFPac7th Field Depot, Supply Service, FMFPac26th Replacement Draft, FMFPac 29th Replacement Draft, FMFPac32d Replacement Draft, FMFPac 33d Replacement Draft, FMFPac Headquarters Squadron 2, 2d MAW*Marine Observation Squadron 6, 2d MAWMarine Observation Squadron 7, 2d MAWMarine Observation Squadron 3, 4th MAWMarine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 131, MAG–21Headquarters Squadron 31, MAG–31Service Squadron 31, MAG–31


78 959 146 8

1,25 959 164 453 1

1,27664 449 263 855 8

1,28 3

144 0 2

7712 119 234 418 842 2

7 95 54 67957625 85 5

00

3,45 696 1

1,1691,169

95238 6

2 82 82 9

394100522


825

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Enl

Off

En t

Marine Fighter Squadron 224, MAG-31Marine Fighter Squadron 311, MAG-31 Marine Fighter Squadron 441, MAG-31Marine Night Fighter Squadron 542, MAG-31 Headquarters Squadron 33, MAG-33Service Squadron 33, MAG-33Marine Fighter Squadron 312, MAG-33 Marine Fighter Squadron 322, MAG-33 Marine Fighter Squadron 323, MAG-33 Marine Night Fighter Squadron 543, MAG-33 Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 232, MAG-33Headquarters Squadron 43, MAG-43 Air Warning Squadron 6, MAG-43Air Warning Squadron 7, MAG-43Air Warning Squadron 8, MAG-43

22 422 422 421 813 054 821 321 422 321 830 721 325 827 229 5

Area Sub-Total 4,241 65,931 516 3,555

Marine Carrier-based Aviation

On board USS Bennington (CV-20)

Marine Fighter Squadron 112, MAG-42 34 168 2 3Marine Fighter Squadron 123, MAG-42 34 131 0 5

On board USS Block Island (CVE-106 )

Carrier Air Support Detachment 1, MCVG-1 10 227 0 2Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 233, MCVG-1 20 45 .0 1Marine Carrier Fighter Squadron 511, MCVG-1 29 9 1 0

On board USS Bunker Hill (CV-17 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 221, MAG-42 39 137 0 4Marine Fighter Squadron 451, MAG-42 36 169 1 3

On board USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107)

Carrier Air Support Detachment 2, MCVG-2 11 228 0 2Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 143, MCVG-2 20 45 0 0Marine Carrier Fighter Squadron 512, MCVG-2 30 8 1 0

826


Strengt h

Units and Locations

SM C

USN

Off

Ent

Off

En,

On board USS Vella Gulf (CVE—111 )

Carrier Air Support Detachment 3, MCVG—3 11 226 0 2Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 234, MCVG—3 20 45 0 0Marine Carrier Fighter Squadron 513, MCVG—3 30 8 1 0

Area Sub-Total 386 1,723 7 2 4

Angaur

7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac 54 1,239 4 2 9

Engebi

Headquarters Squadron 22, MAG—22 26 112 8 1 9Service Squadron 22, MAG—22 23 510 0 0Air Warning Squadron 1, MAG—22 19 228 0 6Marine Fighter Squadron 113, MAG—22 55 224 1 8Marine Fighter Squadron 422, MAG—22 52 224 1 8Headquarters Squadron 94, MAG—94 32 225 8 1 9Service Squadron 94, MAG—94 19 601 0 0Marine Night Fighter Squadron 533, INS AG—94 44 269 1 9Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 151, MAG—94 38 310 1 8

Area Sub-Total 308 2,703 20 7 7

Eniwetok

51st Defense Battalion, FMFPac 63 1,317 6 32Marine Fighter Squadron 111, MAG—94 41 257 1 8


Gua m

Forward Echelon, Headquarters, FMFPac 21 78 0 0Headquarters Battery, Corps Artillery, VAC 25 218 5 93d Marine Division 934 15,469 127 1,046Transient Center, Forward, FMFPac 126 1,408 22 11 9War Dog Training and Administrative Headquarters (Pro -

visional), FMFPac 2 35 0 01st Base Headquarters Battalion, FMFPac 73 548 104 44 71st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac 4 154 0 09th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac 58 1,239 4 3 014th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac 56 1,234 4 2 852d Defense Battalion, FMFPac 67 1,252 7 33


827

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Ent

Off

En l

2d Military Police Battalion, FMFPac 5th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac10th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac11th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac 12th 155mm Howitzer Battalion, FMFPac2d Separate Engineer Battalion, FMFPacHeadquarters Battery, 2d Antiaircraft Artillery Group (Pro-

visional), FMFPac3d Joint Assault Signal Company, FMFPac 1st Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac4th Separate Radio Intelligence Platoon, FMFPac 3d War Dog Platoon, FMFPac6th War Dog Platoon, FMFPac7th War Dog Platoon, FMFPac 1st Field Service Command, Supply Service, FMFPac5th Field Depot, Supply Service, FMFPac 46th Replacement Draft, FMFPac54th Replacement Draft, FMFPac56th Replacement Draft, FMFPac57th Replacement Draft, FMFPac63d Replacement Draft, FMFPac64th Replacement Draft, FMFPacMarine Photographic Squadron 354, 4th MAW*Headquarters Squadron 21, MAG–21 Service Squadron 21, MAG–21Air Warning Squadron 2, MAG–21Marine Fighter Squadron 225, MAG–21 Marine Night Fighter Squadron 534, MAG–21Marine Observation Squadron 1, MAG–21Marine Observation Squadron 8, MAG–21Marine Transport Squadron 252, MAG–21Marine Transport Squadron 253, MAG–21 Marine Transport Squadron 952, MAG–21Marine Utility Squadron 2, MAG–21 Marine Fighter Squadron 314, MAG–22

Area Sub-Total

Kwajalein

Headquarters Squadron 4, 4th MAWHeadquarters Squadron 15, MAG–15 Marine Bombing Squadron 613, MAG–94Marine Fighter Squadron 155, MAG–94

Area Sub-Total

See footnote at end of table.

41 866 168 466 465 384 4

13 835 5

6 04 86 660588 2

3,0011,20 11,2181,250

57 01,2501,243

28 823 948 524 320 821 7

4 42 8

34 431 332311 822 5

3 23 23 23 53 367

11 01 21 41 32 0

2,031 28,107 290 1,838

10 61 76 739

69 811 6452341

1 515

87

229 1,607 14 45

828


Strengt h

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Enl

Off

En l

Majuro

Headquarters Squadron 13, MAG—13 23 130 5 1 9Service Squadron 13, MAG—13 19 478 0 0

Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 231, MAG—13 45 317 1 8Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 331, MAG—13 67 315 1 8


Peleliu

4th Antiaircraft Battalion, FMFPac 38 900 4 3 812th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac 53 1,248 4 3 03d Base Headquarters Battalion, FMFPac 30 233 29 9

10th

Service

Battalion

(Provisional),

Supply

Service ,FMFPac 16 331 0 5

Headquarters Squadron 11, MAG—11 35 131 2 0Service Squadron 11, MAG—11 36 736 8 1 9Marine Fighter Squadron 114, MAG—11 44 256 1 8Marine Fighter Squadron 121, MAG—11 42 221 1 8Marine Fighter Squadron 122, MAG—11 44 222 0 8Marine Night Fighter Squadron 541, MAG—11 31 219 1 8Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 134, MAG—11 59 367 1 8

Area Sub-Total 428 4,864 51 14 1

Saipa n

2d Marine Division 905 16,553 129 1,05 32d Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMFPac 31 515 2 911th Service Battalion (Provisional), Supply Service, FMFPac 38 1,198 4 4 42d Amphibian Truck Company, FMFPac 6 165 0 02d Joint Assault Signal Company, FMFPac 36 362 15 04th Separate Laundry Platoon, FMFPac 1 58 0 02d War Dog Platoon, FMFPac 2 36 0 02d Rocket Detachment (Provisional), FMFPac 3 53 0 035th Replacement Draft, FMFPac 63 1,208 1 1 141st Replacement Draft, FMFPac 62 1,176 1 1 0Marine Bombing Squadron 612, MAG—21 75 518 1 8Marine Observation Squadron 2, MAG—21 11 33 0 0Marine Transport Squadron 353, MAG—21 75 365 0 0

Area Sub-Total 1,308 22,240 153 1,135


829

Strengt h

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Enl

Off

En l

Tinian

17th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac 55 1,302 4 2 918th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, FMFPac 53 1,264 4 2 8Marine Torpedo Bomber Squadron 242, MAG-21 51 308 1 8


Ulith i

Headquarters Squadron 45, MAG-45 28 122 1 0Service Squadron 45, MAG-45 29 504 9 1 8Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 245, MAG-45 47 281 1 8

Area Sub-Total 104 907 11 2 6

Miscellaneous

Aviation personnel attached to Marine divisions, amphibiou scorps, and JASCOs 41 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West Coast, U.S .A .

San Diego

Headquarters Company, Marine Training and ReplacementCommand, San Diego Area 49 137 2 5

Headquarters Squadron, Marine Fleet Air, West Coast 91 566 2 3Marine Photographic Squadron 354, Marine Fleet Air, Wes t

Coast 46 274 1 4


Camp Elliot t

Base Depot, Marine Training and Replacement Command ,SDA 90 563 2 2 0

Camp Gillespie

Headquarters and Service Squadron, 2d AWG 17 159 0 1Air Warning Squadron 9, 2d AWG 18 220 0 6


830


Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Ent

off

Ent

Camp Pendleton

Headquarters Battalion, Marine Training Command, SDA 86 976 2 0Schools Regiment, Marine Training Command, SDA 640 1,004 0Specialist Training Regiment, Marine Training Command ,

SDA 297 2,071 4 92d

Infantry

Training Regiment

(8

battalions),

MarineTraining Command, SDA 164 1,793 0

62d Replacement Draft (Rear Echelon) 4 281 0

Area Sub-Total 1,191 6,125 6 9

El Centro

Headquarters Squadron 35, MAG-35 291 749 4Service Squadron 35, MAG-35 27 749 0Service Squadron 43, MAG-35 16 335 2Marine Transport Squadron 352, MAG-35 49 241 1Headquarters Squadron 42, MAG-42 55 609 4Service Squadron 42, MAG-42 34 673 0Marine Fighter Squadron 214, MAG-42 32 141 0Marine Fighter Squadron 452, MAG-42 35 155 1

Area Sub-Total 539 3,652 1 2

El Tor o

Headquarters Squadron 41, MAG-41 54 447 5Service Squadron 41, MAG-41 19 433 0Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 141, MAG-41 1 1 0Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 464, MAG-41 49 277 1Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 474, MAG-41 52 263 1Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 484, MAG-41 16 248 1Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 943, MAG-41 58 332 1Headquarters Squadron 46, MAG-46 76 332 7Service Squadron 46, MAG-46 27 751 0Marine Fighter Squadron 461, MAG-46 90 333 1Marine Fighter Squadron 462, MAG-46 88 304 1Marine Fighter Squadron 471, MAG-46 119 340 0


Mirama r

Supply Squadron 5, Marine Fleet Air, West Coast 15 258 0Marine Fighter Squadron 217, Marine Fleet Air, West Coas t 10 12 0

740

868

00

94 2

1 90

157

2 7035

7 6

108

00


831

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Ent

Off

En l

Marine Fighter Squadron 217, Marine Fleet Air, West Coast Headquarters Squadron, Personnel GroupMarine Wing Service Squadron 1, Personnel Group Marine Wing Service Squadron 2, Personnel Group Marine Wing Service Squadron 3, Personnel Group Marine Wing Service Squadron 4, Personnel Group Marine Air Control Squadron 1, Personnel Group Marine Air Control Squadron 2, Personnel Group Marine Air Control Squadron 3, Personnel Group Marine Air Control Squadron 4, Personnel Group Marine Air Control Squadron 5, Personnel Group

Area Sub-Total

97 3

Mojave

Headquarters Squadron 51, MASG-51, 2d Div, Marin eCarrier Groups, AirFMFPac

2 0Service Squadron 51, MASG-51, 2d Div, Marine Carrie r

Groups, AirFMFPacCarrier Air Support Detachment 5, MASG-51 Carrier Air Support Detachment 6, MASG-51 Carrier Air Support Detachment 8, MASG-51 Marine Fighter Squadron 124, MASG-51 Marine Fighter Squadron 321, MASG-51Marine Carrier Fighter Squadron 514, MASG-51Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 144, MASG-51Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 454, MASG-51Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 621, MASG-51 Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 622, MASG-51 :Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 624, MASG-51

Area Sub-Total

270

1,634

1 3

Port Huenem e

Headquarters Squadron 62, MAG-62

1 1

Santa Barbara

Air Warning Squadron 12, 2d AWGHeadquarters Squadron 48, MASG-48 Service Squadron 48, MASG-48Carrier Air Support Detachment 7, MASG-51 Marine Fighter Squadron 213, MASG-51

5907

0000

129555

2 923 9

3222

1,1981,495

36 31,5882,269

0000000

201000

7,460 65 20 1

40 0 0

83 014 715 838

53 03 87 36 37 54 691

3 8

169 1 4

2 01 86 5

18

23 14 9

74 710 6

9

60

3220

832


Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Enl

Off

Enl

Area Sub-Total

169

1,239

6

4 0

Eagle Mountain Lake, Texas

Headquarters Squadron 53, MNFG-53Service Squadron 53, MNFG-53Marine Night Fighter Squadron 531, MNFG-53Marine Night Fighter Squadron 532, MNFG-53Marine Night Fighter Squadron 544, MNFG-53

Area Sub -Total

201

1,342

8

3 2

East Coast, U .S .A .

Camp Lejeune

Marine Fighter Squadron 472, MASG-51Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 623, MASG-51

3 522

592

00

00

4 62 19 41 535

16 758021918 5191

027

005

Headquarters Battalion, Marine Training CommandRange Battalion, Marine Training CommandQuartermaster Battalion, Marine Training CommandSchools Regiment, Marine Training Command Specialist Training Regiment, Marine Training CommandInfantry Training Regiment (10 battalions), Marine Training

Command7th Separate Infantry Battalion65th Replacement Draft66th Replacement Draft :

Area Sub-Total

Norfolk

Marine Base Depot

Quantico

Infantry Training Battalion, MCSField Artillery Training Battalion, MCS

1,59 225 145 8

1,7563,327

7,57262 059 14 1

1,467

16,20 8

1,040657

346

4 364 537 0

304223 6

7

023

00

0 2 3

19 346 1 9

3 570

20

4 09

Area Sub -Total

Bogu e

Air Warning Squadron 18, 1st AWGHeadquarters Squadron 93, MAG-93

105 1,697 2 4 9

1 327 4

0 65


833

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

O8

Ent

Off

En t

Service Squadron 93, MAG-93Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 933, MAG-93Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 934, MAG-93

Area Sub-Total

152

1,246

7

3 3

Cherry Poin t

Marine Wing Service Squadron 9, 9th MAWHeadquarters Squadron 9, 9th MAWHeadquarters and Service Squadron 1, 1st AWGAir Warning Squadron 16, 1st AWGHeadquarters Squadron 81, MOTG-81Service Squadron 81, MOTG-81Marine Operational Training Squadron 811, MOTG-81 Marine Operational Training Squadron 812, MOTG-81 Marine Operational Training Squadron 813, MOTG-81 Marine Operational Training Squadron 814, MOTG-81 Headquarters Squadron 91, MAG-91Service Squadron 91, MAG-91Marine Fighter Squadron 911, MAG-91 Marine Fighter Squadron 912, MAG-91Marine Fighter Squadron 913, MAG-91Marine Fighter Squadron 914, MAG-91

Area Sub-Total 1,098

8,970

4 0

Congaree

Air Warning Squadron 14, 1st AWGHeadquarters Squadron 52, MAG-52Service Squadron 52, MAG-52Marine Fighter Squadron 521, MAG-52 Marine Fighter Squadron 522, MAG-52Marine Fighter Squadron 523, MAG-52

Area Sub-Total

193

1,386

8

Greenville

Marine Photographic Squadron 254, 9th MAW

37

317

1

2 44 543

48 525 2248

210

1 444

31 212 6

4 82 15 02 53 73 02 4

172421 94 84 84 947

2,80 189 145 718 666 867 941237 050 455212 552 822 519 019 1191

12 4

1 72 92 25 83 037

18 011456 319 116 5173

65

1 5433

3 6

12

834


Strength

Units and Locations USMC USN

Off Ent Off En l

Kinsto n

Marine Photographic Squadron 154, 9th MAW 28 211 2 8Marine Photographic Squadron 954, 9th MAW 19 256 1 4


Newpor t

Service Squadron 62, 9th MAW 15 380 5 1 6Marine Bombing Squadron 614, 9th MAW 67 433 1 4


Oak Grove

Air Warning Squadron 17, 1st AWG 14 171 0 6Headquarters Squadron 34, MAG–34 26 124 1 5Service Squadron 34, MAG–34 21 464 4 1 6Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 931, MAG–34 45 215 0 3Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron 932, MAG–34 43 223 1 4


Parris Island

Marine Fighter Squadron 524, MAG–52 30 224 1 4

Vero Beach

Air Warning Squadron 13, 1st AWG 13 224 0 5

Total FMF (Ground) Overseas 10 , 562 188 , 627 1, 499 9 , 72 2Total FMF (Air) Overseas 5 , 704 30 , 399 286 1,119Total FMF (Ground) in U .S.A 2,921 25,076 76 1,,04 8Total FMF (Air) in U .S .A 4,774 35,451 197 788Total FMF Overseas 16 , 266 219 , 026 1, 785 10 , 84 1Total FMF in U .S .A 7,695 60,527 273 1,836Total FMF 23,961 279,553 2,058 12,677

Strength figures and unit designations were abstracted from the FMF Status Reports, Ground and Air, for April 1945 held in th eArchives of the Historical Branch, G—3 Division, Headquarters Marine Corps . Units en route or ordered to the indicated areas(indicated by an asterisk *) are listed under those areas regardless of their temporary locations .

APPENDIX G

Fleet Marine Force Status-31 October 1946 1

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Enl

Off

Enl

Outside U.S.A .

Hawaiian Area

Oahu

Headquarters and Service Battalion, FMFPac (less Topo -graphic Company)

Headquarters Battalion, Service Command, FMFPac 6th Service Depot

Area Sub-Total

156

1,871

Maui

18th Service Battalion

5

9 4

Ewa

Headquarters Squadron, AirFMFPacHeadquarters Squadron 15, MAG—15Service Squadron 15, MAG—15 Marine Transport Squadron 352, MAG—15Marine Transport Squadron 953, MAG—15

Area Sub-Total

158

1,25 0

Midway

Marine Fighter Squadron 322, MAG—15

20

73

Central Pacific Area

Gua m

Heavy Antiaircraft Group, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, 1st MarDiv 5th Service Depot

Area Sub-Total

80

1,65 4


310-224 0 - 69 - 54

7 92 651

54 014 3

1,188

4 91 61 43 74 2

147

59

33 36 7

1,25 4

29 06 4

29 530 2299

804

1 64

2 3

12 4 3

1 3

3 1 7

0 0

006

00

2 2

6 2 2

835

836


Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Enl

Off

En t

Kwajalei n

Marine Detachment (Provisional) 5 108 0 0

Eniweto k

Marine Detachment (Provisional) 2 65 0 0

China Area

Tientsin

1st Marine Division, Reinforced (less 1st Amphibian Tracto rBattalion) 353 9,295 119 420

7th Service Regiment 28 707 4 1 87th Casual Officer Detachment 50 0 0 0109th Replacement Draft 6 1,001 0 0Headquarters Squadron 1, 1st MAW 81 326 4 1 1Marine Wing Service Squadron 1, 1st MAW 8 40 1 0Marine Observation Squadron 3, 1st MAW 9 26 0 0

Area Sub-Total 535 11,395 128 44 9

Tsingtao

3d Battalion, 4th Marines (Reinforced) 43 1,240 9 3 812th Service Battalion 23 415 4 6Marine Observation Squadron 6, 1st MAW 8 19 0 0Marine Transport Squadron 153, 1st MAW 53 514 2 1 2

Area Sub-Total 126 2,188 15 5 6

Peipin g

Headquarters Squadron 24, MAG—24 29 123 2 2Service Squadron 24, MAG—24 20 468 3 7Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 7, MAG—24 11 90 0 5Marine Fighter Squadron 115, MAG—24 35 136 0 3Marine Fighter Squadron 211, MAG—24 29 129 0 2Marine Fighter Squadron 218, MAG—24 30 129 1 3Marine Night Fighter Squadron 533, MAG—24 32 176 1 2


FLEET MARINE FORCE STATUS—31 OCTOBER 1945

837

Strengt h

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Enl

Off

Ent

East Coast U .S .A .

Camp Lejeun e

2d Marine Division 231 3,373 13 10 42d Air Delivery Platoon 1 2 0 0Transport Company, FMF 1 6 0 0Signal Company (Provisional), FMF 2 9 0 08th Service Regiment 20 283 0 3Topographic Company, Headquarters and Service Battalion,

FM FP ac 0 4 0 01st Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (less Heavy Antiaircraft

Group) 10 65 0 12d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (Composite) 8 79 0 03d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (Composite) 9 229 0 0

Area Sub-Total 282 4,050 13 10 8


On board USS Salerno Bay (CVE-110 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 114, MAG-ll 29 176 0 2

On board USS Mindoro (CVE-120)

Marine Fighter Squadron 225, MAG-11 26 174 0 2

On board USS Palau (CVE-122 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 461, MAG-ll 27 180 0 2


Cherry Point

Headquarters Squadron 2, 2d MAW 60 268 4 9Marine Wing Service Squadron 2, 2d MAW 2 2 0 0Headquarters Squadron, MACG-1 21 240 2 2Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 5, MACG-1 8 6 0 2Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 6, MACG-1 2 1 0 2Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 8, MACG-1 3 3 0 1Headquarters Squadron 11, MAG-ll 13 143 2 3Service Squadron 11, MAG-ll 14 332 0 5Headquarters Squadron 14, MAG-14 16 44 2 2Service Squadron 14, MAG-14 11 354 1 7

838


Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

USN

Off

Enl

Off

Ent

Marine Fighter Squadron 122, MAG-14Marine Fighter Squadron 212, MAG-14Marine Fighter Squadron 222, MAG-14Headquarters Squadron 21, MAG-21Service Squadron 21, MAG-21 Marine Transport Squadron 252, MAG-21Marine Transport Squadron 952, MAG-21Headquarters Squadron 22, MAG-22Service Squadron 22, MAG-22 Marine Fighter Squadron 113, MAG-22Marine Fighter Squadron 314, MAG-22Marine Fighter Squadron 422, MAG-22Marine Observation Squadron 1, MAG-22 Headquarters Squadron 53, MAG-53Service Squadron 53, MAG-53Marine Night Fighter Squadron 531, MAG-53Marine Night Fighter Squadron 532, MAG-53Marine Photographic Squadron 354, MAG-53

Area Sub-Total

324

3,93 0

West Coast U .S .A .

Camp Pendleton

3d Marine Brigade (less 3d Battalion, 4th Marines (Rein-

forced) at Tsingtao) 10th Casual Officer Detachment

Area Sub-Total

121

21 2


On board USS Rendova (CVE-114 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 214, MarFAirWest

On board USS Badoeng Straits (CVE-116 )


On board USS Saidor (CVE-117)


Area Sub-Total

86

510

3

6

4 73 13 19 4

36 224 9240

589 5

0000

5731117

17 5 8

7 645

2120

20

4 10

2 4 1

2 6

2 9

31

152

17 9

179

1

1

1

2

2

2

FLEET MARINE FORCE STATUS—31 OCTOBER 1945

839

Strength

Units and Locations

USMC

US N

Off

Ent

Off

En t

El Tor o

Headquarters Squadron, MarFAirWest 141 437 6 1 5

Headquarters Squadron, MACG-2 16 42 0 0Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 3, MACG-2 1 1 0 0Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 4, MACG-2 2 1 0 0

Headquarters Squadron 12, MAG-12 13 27 0 4

Service Squadron 12, MAG-12 15 196 0 2



Marine Transport Squadron 152, MAG-25 22 213 0 3








Marine Photographic Squadron 254, MAG-33 14 137 0 0

Area Sub-Total 402 2,060 10 4 5

Miramar

Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 1, MACG-2 15 256 0 0

Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 2, MACG-2 2 1 0 0

Marine Transport Squadron 253, MAG-25 29 162 0 2



Marine Night Fighter Squadron 534, MAG-31 19 161 0 2

Marine Night Fighter Squadron 542, MAG-31 12 133 0 3




Total Ground (Overseas) 751 16,450 155 55 0

Total Air (Overseas) 522 3,500 17 64

Total Ground (In U .S .A .) 403 4,262 15 14 9

Total Air (In U .S .A .) 1,022 8,411 32 14 0

Total FMF (Overseas) 1,273 19,950 172 614

Total FMF (In U.S .A .) 1,425 12,673 47 28 9

Total FMF 2,698 32,623 219 903

Strength figures and unit designations were abstracted from the FMF Status Reports, Ground and Air, for October 1946 held i n

the Archives of the Historical Branch, G—3 Division, Headquarters Marine Corps . Units en route or ordered to the indicated area s

(indicated by an asterisk *) are listed under those areas regardless of their temporary locations.

APPENDIX H

Table of Organization G-100 Marine Divisio n

4 September 1945 1

USMC USN TOTALSUnit

Off Enl Off Enl Off En t

Division Headquarters (84) (276) (4) (5) (88) (281 )

Headquarters Battalion 161 1,,601 19 13 180 1,,61 4

Headquarters Company (95) (539) (6) (9) (101) (548 )

Signal Company (17) (331) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17) (331 )

Military Police Company (6) (93) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (6) (93 )

Reconnaissance Company (5) (104) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) (5) (108 )

Assault Signal Company (34) (418) (13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (47) (418 )

War Dog Platoon 2 : (1) (63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) (63 )Rocket Platoon (3) (53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) (53 )

Tank Battalion 27 586 1 9 28 59 5

Headquarters and Service Company (12) (91) (1) (9) (13) (100 )

3 Tank Companies (5) (165) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . (5) (165 )

Service Troops 86 1,673 71 417 157 2,09 0Service Battalion (37) (681) (5) (9) (42) (690 )

Headquarters Company (7) (36) (5) (9) (12) (45 )

Supply Company (8) (149) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . (8) (149 )

Service Company (9) (267) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9) (267 )

Ordnance Company (13) (229) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (13) (229 )

Motor Transport Battalion (48) (848) (1) (9) (49) (857 )Headquarters and Service Company (8) (58) (1) (9) (9) (67)Automotive Repair Company (19) (330) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19) (330 )Amphibian Truck Company (5) (140) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5) (140 )4 Truck Companies (4) (80) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) (80)

Medical Battalion (1) (144) (65) (399) (66) (543 )Headquarters and Service Company (1) (24) (30) (49) (31) (73)

5 Medical Companies (24) ( 7 ) (70) (7) ( 94 )Engineer Battalion 40 814 1 20 41 83 4

Headquarters and Service Company (22) (232) (1) (20) (23) (252 )

3 Engineer Companies (6) (194) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6) (194 )Pioneer Battalion 40 665 3 32 43 69 7

Headquarters and Service Company (13) (86) (3) (32) (16) (118 )3 Pioneer Companies (9) (193) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9) (193 )

Artillery Regiment 177 2,421 8 55 185 2,476Headquarters and Service Battery (26) (210) (4) (9) (30) (219 )

155mm Howitzer Battalion (37) (588) (1) (10) (38) (598 )Headquarters and Service Battery (16) (135) (1) (10) (17) (145 )3 155mm Howitzer Batteries (7) (151) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) (151 )

3 105mm Howitzer Battalions (38) (541) (1) (12) (39) (553 )

Headquarters and Service Battery (17) (136) (1) (12) (18) (148 )3 105mm Howitzer Batteries (7) (135) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) (135)

840

O

TABLE OF ORGANIZATION G-400—MARINE DIVISION

841

USMC USN TOTAL SUnit

Off Ent Off Enl Off Ent

3 Infantry Regiments 137 3,130 11 134 148 3,264Headquarters and Service Company (23) (207) (5) (14) (28) (221 )

Weapons Company (6) (169) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6) (169 )

3 Infantry Battalions (36) (918) (2) (40) (38) (958 )Headquarters and Service Company (15) (213) (2) (40) (17) (253 )3 Rifle Companies (7) (235) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) (235 )

Division Totals 942 17,150 136 948 1,078 18,098

1 All unit strength figures enclosed in parentheses are included in strength totals of parent units .

2 These strength figures do not include the 36 dogs assigned to each platoon . Two Marines were assigned to handle each mes-

senger dog, and one Marine for each scout dog.

MAJOR WEAPONS AND TRANSPORTATION—MARINE DIVISIO N

Weapons

Number

Transportation

Number

10,371

1

4

1 8108

24

162356

162

49

3 6

1 2

1 2

15 3

11 73 6

1,707

Carbine, .30 Cal ., Ml or M2Carrier, personnel :

Half-track, M3, radio-equipped(MAQ)

Half-track, M3, radio-equipped(SCR-528)

Flamethrower :Mechanized, M3-4-3Portable, M2-2

Gun, 37mm, M3, antitankGun, machine :

.30 Cal., Browning, M1917A1

.30 Cal., Browning, M1919A4

.50 Cal ., Browning, heavy barrel ,flexible

Gun, submachine, .45 Cal . ,Thompson, M1A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Howitzer :105mm, M2A1, w/carriage M2A2105mm, M7 or M7B1, motor car-

riage,

w/armament,

radio-equipped (TCS)

155mm, Ml, w/carriage Ml o rM 1 A 1

Launcher, rocket, 2 .36-inch, M9A1or M18

Mortar :60mm, M2 or M1981mm, M1

Pistol, automatic, .45 Cal ., M1911

Ambulance :

4 -ton, 4 x 4-ton, 4 x 4

Car, 5-passengerStation wagon, 4 x 4Tractor :

MiscellaneousTrailer :

-ton, cargo-ton, dump

1-ton, cargo1-ton, water, 300 gallon capacityMiscellaneous

Truck :-ton, 4 x 4-ton, 4 x 4, with radio

1-ton, 4 x 4, cargo2 %-ton, 6 x 6, cargo2 %-ton, 6 x 6, prime mover

2 %-ton, 6 x 5, dumpMiscellaneous

5 312

32

9 1

21 91 9

17 211 813 6

41 112421 0177

846 12 6

842


Weapons Number Transportation Numbe r

Rifle, Automatic, Browning, .30 Ca l ,A2 867

Rifle, U .S ., .30 Cal ., M1 6,26 1Shotgun, Winchester, riot type, 1 2

gauge, M1912 or M1897 30 6Tank :

Flamethrower, primary armament,w/tank, medium, radio-equipped(SCR-528 and AN/VRC-3) 9

Medium, M4A2, or M4A3, radio-equipped (AN/VRC–3 and SCR-508) 1 6

Medium, M4A2 or M4A3, radio-equipped (AN/VRC–3 and SCR-528) 3 0

Vehicle, tank recovery, M32B2 orM32B3,

radio-equipped

(SCR-528) 4

APPENDIX I

Comparison of Organization, Marine Division '

UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Note s

Marine Division 19,514 19,965 17,465 19,17 6

Special Troops 3,031 2,317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HgBn (697) (851) 1,004 1, ,794

HgCo (334) (420) (483) (649 )

SigCo (267) (340) (292) (348 )

MPCo (96) (101) (102) (99 )

ReconCo * (127) (113) *Prior to F-Series T/0, Recon -Co was ScoutCo of Tank Bn

AssltSigCo (465)* *In May 1945, JASCO reorgan-ized when J(oint) droppe dand unit became organic toMarine division .

RocketPlt (56 )

WarpogPlt (64)* *Not including the 36

dogsassigned

to

each

platoon .

SpecWpnsBn (856) (757) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H&SBtry (99) (102) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40mmAAABtry (307) (307) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90mmAAABtry (126) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 AT Btrys (100) (116) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parachute Bn (583)* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Became Corps Troops uni t15Apr43 .


84 3

844


UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Notes

Lt TankBn (895) (707) 630 623 *Became 1st, 2d, etc . TankBnw/F-Series .

H&S Co (80) (85) (123) (113 )

Scout Co (175) (139) * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Redesignated to Div ReconCow/F-Series .

4 Tank Cos (160) (161)* (169) (170) *Reduced to 3 cos . w/E-Series .

Service Troops 1,946 2,200 1,889 2,24 7

Service Bn (959) (661) (751) (732 )

HgCo (55) (62) (68) (57 )

Serv&SupCo (352) (455) (502) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Service Co (276 )

Supply Co (157 )

OrdCo (109) (144) (178) (242 )

DivTransCo (116) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

3 RegtlTransCos (109) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MT Bn (527) (539) (906 )

H&S Co (188) (194) (76 )

3 TransCos (113) (115) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

AutoRprCo (349 )

AmphibTrkCo (145 )

4 Trk Cos (84 )

MedBn (506) (526) (599) (609 )

H&SCo (16) (21) (89) (104 )

5 MedCos (98) (101) (102) (101 )

AmTracBn (481) (486) * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Became Corps Troops uni t5May44 .

COMPARISON OF ORGANIZATION—MARINE DIVISION

845

UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Note s

EngrRegt 2,452 2,513 * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *EngrRegt as such broken upinto

an

EngrBn

and

aPionBn on 5May44 ; Seabee staken away from divisions,to be assigned/attached forspecific operations .

H&SCo (273) (290) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Engr Bn (614) (645) 904 87 5

HgCo (29) (60) (307) (275)

3 Engr Cos (195) (195) (199) (200 )

Pioneer Bn (743) (744) 745 74 0

HgCo (119) (120) (127) (134 )

3 PionCos (208) (208) (206) (202 )

Naval ConstBn (822) (838) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Artillery Regiment 2,581 3,207 2,639 2,66 1

H&S Btry (159) (204) (229) (249 )

105mm HowBn (607) (594)* (602) (592)** *Increased to 2 per regt .**Increased to 3 per regt .

H&S Btry (154) (150) (161) (166 )

3 105mm HowBtrys (151) (148) (147) (142 )

3 75mm PackHowBn (605) (605) (603)* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Reduced to 2 per regt .

155mm HowBn (636)

H&S Btry (162 )

3 155mm HowBtrys (158 )

3 Infantry Regiments 3,168 3,242 3,218 3,412

H&S Co (173) (186) (261) (249 )

Wpns Co (196) (197) (203) (175 )

3 Infantry Bns (933) (953) (918) (996)

846


UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Notes

HgCo (89) (137) (213) (270 )

Wpns Co (273) (228) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Rifle Cos (183) (196) (235) (242)

All unit strength figures enclosed in parentheses are included in the strength totals of parent units . For a more complete break-down of each of the four T/O series noted in this table, see Appendix H, supra ., and the appropriate appendices in al previousbooks in this series with the exception of Volume I . The material in this appendix is derived from the Tables of Organization Sub_ject File (HRS, HistBr, HQMC) . The various T/Os were approved on the following dates : D-Series, 1Jul42 ; E-Series, 15Apr43 ;F-Series, 5May44 ; and G-Series, 4Sep45 .

APPENDIX J

Comparison of Equipment, Marine Division '

ItemD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Notes

Weapon sCarbine, .30 caliber, M–1Flamethrower :

Mechanized, E4–5

5,285 11,074 10,95 3

24

10,37 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mechanized, M3–4–3 1 8

10 8Portable, M2–2Gun :

20mm, AA and AT37mm, M3, AT

54

24 24 3

5 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36 2 437mm, AT, SP 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40mm, AA and AT 16 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75mm, AT, SP

Gun, machine :

12 12 12* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Dropped in favor of 105mmhowitzer, M7, SP

.30 caliber, M1917A1 544 108 162 16 2

.30 caliber, M1919A4 656 682 302 35 6

.30 caliber, Johnson, light

.50 caliber, Browning, heavy87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

barrel, flexible 360 343 161 16 2.50 caliber, Browning, water-cooled, flexible

Gun, submachine :Reising, caliber .45 ,

w/folding stockThompson, caliber .45,

3 2

4,208

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

M 1A1Howitzer :

78 49 4 9

75mm pack 36 36 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105mm 12 24 24 3 6105mm, M7, SP 1 2155mm

Launcher :1 2

Grenade, Ml 456* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *These are for the 456 M190 3rifles

in

D-Series

division .

Rocket, 2 .36-inch, AT, Ml 132 243 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rocket, M1A1 172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rocket, M9A1 or A18 :

Mortar :153

60mm 63 81 117 11 781mm 36 36 36 36

Pistol, automatic, .45 cal 798 299 399 1,707

See footnote at end of table.

847

848


ItemD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Notes

Rifle :.30 caliber, M1903 456 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..30 caliber, Ml 7,406 8,030 5,436 6,26 1.30 caliber, automatic,

Browning, M1918M2 513 558 853 867Shotgun, Winchester, riot

type, 12-gauge, M1912 or306 306 306M1897

Tank :Army, light, with 37mm gun 72 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flamethrower-armed ,

medium, radio equipped 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Medium, M4A2 or M4A3 46 46Light, recovery 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Medium, recovery 3 1 4

TRANSPORTATIONAmbulance :

-ton, 4 x 4 • 21 48 52 53-ton, 4 x 4 11 12 1 2

Car, 5-passenger 3 3 3 3Car, Scout, M3A1 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Station wagon, 4 x 4 11 12 3 2Tractor :

Amphibian 100 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Miscellaneous 59 73 71 9 1

Trailer :-ton, cargo 92 135 21 9

3-ton, dump 20 19 1 91-ton, cargo 142 125 155 17 21-ton, water, 300 gallo n

capacity 62 81 73 11 8Miscellaneous 97 123 110 13 6

Truck :-ton, 4 x 4 427 375 323 41 1-ton, 4 x 4, with radio 134 85 124

1-ton, 4 x 4, cargo 238 268 224 21 01-ton, 4 x 4, with radio 22 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-ton, 4 x 4, reconnaissance 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 %-ton, 4 x 4, cargo 24 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 %-ton, 6 x 6, cargo 229 198 150 17 72 %-ton, 6 x 6, dump 33 51 53 6 12 %-ton, 6 x 6, prime mover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4Miscellaneous 36 51 68 2 6

Total transportation 1,494 1,838 1,548 1,918

The material in this appendix is derived from the D-, E-, F-, and G-Series Marine Division Tables of Organization (Tables o fOrganization Subject Files, HRS, HistBr, HQMC) .

APPENDIX K

World War II Development of theMarine Infantry Regiment '

PART 1—INFANTRY REGIMENT T/O s

UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Note s

Infantry Regiment 3,168 3,242 3,218 3,41 2H&S Company (173) (186) (261)* (249) *Company supply section be-

Weapons Company (196) (197) (203) (175)came a service platoon .

Company Hq (48) (69) (71) (51 )75mm SP Gun Platoon (34) (26) (36)* ** *Increase of two 75mm gun s

3 AA and AT Platoons. . . . (38)

(total of four) in each pla-toon .

**75mm gun platoon replacedby a 105mm howitzer (self-propelled) platoon .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 37mm Gun Platoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (34) (32) (40)* *Reduced

to

two

platoon s

(44)

without reduction in numberof guns .

105mm SP HowitzerPlatoon

3 Infantry Battalions (933) (953) (918) (996)Headquarters Company (111) (137) (213) (270)

Battalion Hq (75) (123) (138) (131 )Company Hq (36) (14) (17) (26)81mm Mortar Platoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (58) (58)Assault Platoon (55 )

Platoon Hq (10 )3 Asslt Secs (15 )

SecHq (1 )2 Asslt Sgds (7 )

Weapons Company (273) (228) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Company Hq (29) (41) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20mm AA & AT Pit (24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81mm Mortar Plt (76) (58)* ** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Platoon

strength

reduced

3 Machine Gun Pits (48) (43) * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

without reduction of mortar s**Mortar

platoon

placed

inbattalion headquarters com-pany .

*Machine gun platoon placedin rifle company.


849

850


UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Notes

3 Rifle Companies (183) (196) (235) (242 )Company Headquarters (29) (28) (53) (51 )

Hq Sec (33) (31 )60mm Mort Sec (20) (20 )

Weapons Platoon (28) (39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pit Sec (4) (4) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60mm Mort Sec (11) (16)* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *An

additional

mortar

andmachine gun added to pia -

Lt MG Sec (13) (19)* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . toon ; which now consisted of 3mortars and 3 machine guns.

Machine Gun Plt (44)* (56)** *F-Series platoon had 12 ma-chine guns ; 6 air-cooled, an d6 water-cooled .

**G-Series T/O platoon givenan additional two guns .

3 Rifle Platoons (42) (43) (46) (45 )Platoon Hq (7) (7) (7) (6 )BAR Squad (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Rifle Sqds (9) (12)* (13) (13) *BAR Sqd dropped ; platoon

now consists of three riflesquads.

PART 2—INFANTRY REGIMENT EQUIPMEN T

UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Note s

WEAPON SCarbine, .30 caliber, Ml 943 1,,405 1,794 1,38 3Flamethrower, portable,

81 3 6M2-2Gun :

20mm, AA & AT 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37mm, AT 12 12 875mm, SP 2 2 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gun, Machine :.30 caliber, M1917A1 72 36 54 5 4.30 caliber, M1919A4 36 69 65 6 6.50 caliber, heavy-barrel ,

flexible 8 16 12 1 0Gun, submachine, .45 caliber ,

with folding stock 507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Howitzer, M7, self-propelledLauncher :

AT 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

grenade, AT, Ml 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WORLD WAR II DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARINE INFANTRY REGIMENT

851

UnitD

SeriesE

SeriesF

SeriesG

Series Notes

rocket, AT, Ml 53 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

rocket, 2.36-inch, M9A1 o rA18 3 5

Mortar :60mm 18 27 39 3 9

81mm 12 12 12 1 2

Pistol, automatic, .45 caliber 17 * * 408 *Carbines replaced Pistols inthe

infantry

and

artilleryregiments in E– and F–Ser-ies T/Os .

Rifle :.30 caliber, Ml 1,385 1,673 1,179 1,393

.30 caliber, M1903 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.30 caliber, automatic ,Browning, M1918M2 162 162 243 243

Shotgun, 12-gauge 100 100 100

TRANSPORTATIO NAmbulance, %-ton, 4 x 4 5 5 5

Station wagon, 4 x 4 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Truck :-ton, 4 x 4 55 48 36 3 4

-ton, 4 x 4, radio-equipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8 1 2

1-ton, 4 x 4, cargo 8 8 23 2 01-ton, 4 x 4, light repair 1 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 The material in this appendix is derived from the D-, E-, F-, and G-Series Tables of Organization for each of the above unit s(Tables of Organization Subject File, HRS, HistBr, HQMC) .

310-224 0 - 69 - 55

APPENDIX L

Marine Task Organizationand Command List 1

A. ASSAULT AND OCCUPATION OFOKINAWA GUNT O

(24 March–30 June 1945 )

Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion ,FMFPac

(27Mar–30Jun45 )CO Maj James L. Jones

III Amphibious Corps Headquarters

CG LtGen Roy S . Geiger (to 3OJun -45 )

MajGen Keller E . Rockey (from30Jun45 )

CofS BGen Merwin H. Silverthorn (to30Jun45 )

BGen William A. Worton (from30Jun45 )

G –1 Col Gale T . Cumming sG–2 Col Charles C. BrownG–3 Col Walter A . WachtlerG–4 Col Francis B. Loomis, Jr.

1 Unless otherwise noted, names, positions held, or-ganization titles, and periods of service were take n

from the muster rolls of the units concerned, held in th eDiary Unit, Files Section, Records Branch, Personne lDepartment, Headquarters Marine Corps. Units arelisted only for those periods, indicated by the dates belowparent unit designation, for which they are entitled tocampaign participation credit. This information is de-rived from muster rolls and the U . S . Bureau of NavalPersonnel, Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual—NAVPERS 15,790 (Rev . 1953) with changes (Washing-ton, 1953–1958) . The muster rolls have been the finalauthority when there is a conflict in dates of unit en-titlement within the overall campaign period as citedby the Awards Manual . In the case of Marine air units,many of which participated in the campaigns as fligh tor advance echelons only, the unit commander who wa sactually in the combat area is shown where muster roll sreveal this information . In order to conserve space, onlyunits of battalion and squadron size, or larger, an dsizeable separate detachments are listed for each opera-tion, although smaller organizations may have partici-pated also .

c Unless otherwise indicated, the campaign period forMarine units on Okinawa was 1 April–30 June 1945.

G–5 Col Elmer H . SalzmanIII Amphibious Corps Troop s

CO Col Edward G. Hagen (CO, RearEchelon )

III Amphibious Corps Headquarters andService Battalion

CO LtCol Harry A. Traffert, Jr.

III Amphibious Corps Medica lBattalion

CO LCdr Maurice A. Diehr (MC )(to 29Apr45 )

LCdr Donovan C. Blanchard(MC) (29Apr–18Jun45)

Cdr Robert Mazet, Jr . (MC )(from 19Jun45 )

III Amphibious Corps Signal Battalion

CO Col Robert L. Peterso n

1st Military Police Battalion

CO LtCol Alfred H. Marks

1st Separate Engineer Battalion

CO LtCol Alonzo D . Gorham

11th Motor Transport Battalion

CO LtCol Franklin A. Hayner (to28Jun45 )

LtCol James M. Ranck, Jr. (from28Jun45 )

7th Service Regiment

CO Col Harold E. Rosecran s

ExO LtCol Edwin D . Partridge

S–3 None shown

Headquarters Battalion, 7th Service Regimen t

CO LtCol Kenneth L. Moses

3 Additional duty, CO, Corps Service Group.

852

MARINE TASK ORGANIZATION AND COMMAND LIST

853

III Corps Artillery

CG BGen David R . Nimmer

CofS Col John A. Bemis

G-3 LtCol ' Frederick P. Henderson(to 16May45 )

LtCol Ernest P. Foley (from16May45)

1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery Grou p

(2Apr-30Jun45)CO Col Kenneth W. Benner

ExO LtCol Willard C. Fiske

S-3 LtCol John F. Dunlap (to 11-Jun45 )

LtCol Jack H. Brown (from 11 -Jun45 )

2d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion

(3Apr-30Jun45 )CO LtCol Max C. Chapma n

5th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion

(3May-30Jun45 )CO LtCol Harry O. Smith, Jr.


(17Apr-30Jun45 )CO LtCol James S. O'Halloran


(4Apr-30Jun45)CO LtCol August F . Penzold, Jr . (to

19Jun45 )LtCol Charles T. Tingle (from

19Jun45 )

2d Provisional Field Artillery Group

CO LtCol Custis Burton, Jr .

ExO LtCol John S. Twitchell (t o11May45 )

Maj Alfred L . Owens (11May-20Jun45 )

LtCol John S . Twitchell (from21Jun45 )

S-3 LtCol Ernest P. Foley (to21Apr45 )

LtCol John S . Twitchell (21Apr-7May45)

Maj Alfred L. Owens (8May-29Jun45 )

(None shown for 30Jun45)

1st 155mm Howitzer Battalion

CO LtCol George H. Ford

3d 155mm Howitzer Battalio n

CO LtCol Robert C. Hiat t

6th 155mm Howitzer Battalio n

CO LtCol Lewis A. Jones

7th 155mm Gun Battalion

CO LtCol Guido F . Verbeck, Jr.


CO LtCol George V . Hanna, Jr .


CO LtCol Merritt Adelman

Headquarters, 1st Marine Division

CG MajGen Pedro A . del Vall eADC BGen Louis R. JonesCofS Col Robert 0 . BareG-1 LtCol Harold O . Deaki n

G-2 LtCol John W . Scott, Jr .G-3 LtCol Russell E . Honsowet zG-4 LtCol Harvey C. Tschirg i

Division Headquarters Battalio n

CO LtCol Jame s20May45 )

(None shownCol Kenneth

31May45 )(None shown 1-23Jun45 )LtCol John D. Muncie (from

24Jun45 )

1st Engineer Battalion

CO Maj Theodore E . Drummond

1st Medical BattalionCO LCdr Francis Giuffrida (MC )

1st Motor Transport Battalion

CO LtCol Marion A. Fawcett (to15Apr45 )

(None shown 15-17Apr45 )LtCol Calvin C. Gaines (from

18Apr45 )

1st Pioneer Battalion

CO LtCol Robert G. Ballance

S. Monahan (to

20-23May45 )B. Chappell (24-

854


1st Service Battalion

CO LtCol Calvin C. Gaines (to18Apr45 )

Col John Kaluf (WIA 6Apr45, 4from 18Apr45 )

1st Tank Battalion

CO LtCol Arthur J . Stuart (WIA13Jun45 )

3d Armored Amphibian Battalion(Provisional)

CO LtCol John I . Williamson, Jr.

1st Amphibian Tractor Battalio n

CO LtCol Maynard M . Nohrde n

8th Amphibian Tractor Battalio n

CO LtCol Charles B . Nerren (to14Apr45 )

Maj Bedford Williams (14—17-Apr45 )

LtCol Charles B . Nerren (from18Apr45 )

1st Marines

CO Col Kenneth B. Chappell (to6May45 )

Col Arthur T. Mason (from6May45 )

ExO LtCol Richard P . Ross, Jr. (to21May45)

LtCol James S . Monahan (from21May45)

S—3 Maj Bernard T . Kelly (WIA5Apr45, 6 to 22Apr45)

Maj Jonas M. Platt (from 22 -Apr45)

1st Battalion, 1st Marine s

CO LtCol James C . Murray, Jr .(WIA 9May45 )

LtCol Richard P . Ross, Jr. (10—13May45 )

LtCol Austin C. Shofner (from13May45 )

2d Battalion, 1st Marines

CO LtCol James C . Magee, Jr .

° WIA ; records show returned to duty .

5 Not evacuated .

3d Battalion, 1st Marines

CO LtCol • Stephen V. Sabol (to21May45)

LtCol Richard P . Ross, Jr . (from21May45 )

5th Marines

CO Col John H. Griebel (to 25Jun45 )Col Julian N. Frisbie (fro m

25Jun45 )ExO LtCol John D. Muncie (to

26Jun45 )LtCol Robert E. Hill (from

26Jun45 )S—3 Maj James H. Flagg

1st Battalion, 5th Marine s

CO LtCol Charles W . Shelburn e

2d Battalion, 5th MarinesCO : LtCol William E. Benedict (to

21Jun45 )Maj Richard T . Washburn (fro m

21Jun45 )

3d Battalion, 5th Marines

CO Maj John H. Gustafson (WI AlApr45 )

LtCol John C. Miller, Jr . (4Apr—16May45 )

Maj Frank W. Poland, Jr. (17 -May—8Jun45 )

LtCol Robert E . Hill (9—24Jun45 )LtCol Joseph L. Winecoff (fro m

25Jun45 )

7th Marines

CO Col Edward W . Snedeke rExO LtCol James M. Masters, Sr .S—3 Maj Walter Holomon (to 23 -

May45 )LtCol Stephen V. Sabol (23May—

19Jun45 )(None shown 20—25Jun45 )lstLt Charles E . Crow (from 26-

Jun45)

1st Battalion, 7th Marines

CO LtCol John J. Gormley -

2d Battalion, 7th MarinesCO LtCol Spencer S . Berger


855


CO LtCol Edward H . Hurst (WIA ,

19Jun45 )LtCol Stephen V . Sabol (from

19Jun45 )

11th Marines

CO Col Wilburt S . BrownExO LtCol Edson L. LymanS-3 Maj Charles D. Harri s


CO LtCol Richard W . Wallace


CO LtCol James H . Moffatt, Jr.

3d Battalion, 11th Marine s

CO LtCol Thomas G . Ro e

4th Battalion, 11th Marine s

CO LtCol Leonard F. Chapman, Jr .

8th Marines (Reinforced), 2d Marine Divisio n

(1-30Jun45 )CO Col Clarence R. Wallace (to

29Jun45 )Col James F . Shaw, Jr. (from

29Jun45 )ExO LtCol Martin S . RahiserS-3 Maj William C. Chamberlin

(WIA, 18Jun45 )


CO LtCol Richard W . Hayward


CO LtCol Harry A. Waldorf


CO LtCol Paul E . Wallac e


CO LtCol Richard G . Weede

2d Amphibian Tractor Battalion

CO Maj Fenlon A. Duran d

Headquarters, 6th Marine Division

CG MajGen Lemuel C . Shepherd, Jr .(WIA, 16May45 )

ADC BGen William T . ClementCofS Col John C . McQueen

G-1 Maj Addison B . OverstreetG-2 LtCol Thomas E . WilliamsG-3 LtCol Victor H . KrulakG-4 LtCol August Larson (to 17May -

45 )LtCol Wayne H. Adams (from

17May45)


CO LtCol Floyd A. Stephenson

6th Engineer Battalion

CO Maj Paul F . Sacket t

6th Medical Battalion

CO Cdr John S . Cowan (MC )

6th Motor Transport Battalio n

CO LtCol Ernest H. Goul d

6th Pioneer Battalion

CO LtCol Samuel R. Shaw (to 11-May45 )

Maj John G. Dibble (Acting, 11 -May-8Jun45 )

LtCol Samuel R . Shaw (9-18Jun -45 )

Maj John G. Dibble (19-24Jun-45 )

LtCol Samuel R. Shaw (from 25-Jun45)

6th Service Battalion

CO LtCol George B . Bell (to 26Apr -45 )

LtCol Alexander N. Entringe r(from 26Apr45 )

6th Tarok Battalio n

CO LtCol Robert L. Denig, Jr .

1st Armored Amphibian Battalion

CO Lt Col Louis Metzger (to 22Jun -45 )

Maj Richard G . Warga (from 22-

Jun45 )

4th Amphibian Tractor Battalion

CO LtCol Clovis C . Coffma n

9th Amphibian Tractor Battalion

CO Maj Theodore E . Watson

856


4th Marine sCO Col Alan ShapleyExO LtCol Fred D . Beans (to 14Apr -

45 )(None shown 14–30Apr45 )LtCol Fred D . Beans (from 1 -

May45 )S—3 Maj Orville V. Bergren

1st Battalion, 4th Marine sCO Maj Bernard W . Green (KIA, 15 -

Apr45 )LtCol Fred D . Beans (15Apr—1 -

May45 )LtCol George B. Bell (from 1-

May45, WIA 4Jun45 )

2d Battalion, 4th MarinesCO LtCol Reynolds H. Hayden (to 27 -

May45 )Maj Edgar F . Carney, Jr. (from

27May45 )

3d Battalion, 4th Marine sCO LtCol Bruno A. Hochmuth

22d MarinesCO Col Merlin F . Schneider (to 17-

May45 )Col Harold C . Roberts (from 17-

May45, KIA 18June45 )LtCol August Larson (18—23Jun -

45 )Col John D. Blanchard (from 24-

Jun45)ExO Col Karl K . Louther (to 17May -

45 )LtCol August Larson (17May—

17Jun45 )LtCol John B . Baker (18—20Jun-

45 )LtCol Samuel R. Shaw (21—23 -

Jun45)LtCol August Larson (from 24-

Jun45 )S—3 LtCol John B. Baker (to 18Jun45 )

LtCol Walter H . Stephens (18—20Jun45 )

LtCol John B . Baker (21—27Jun -45 )

LtCol Walter H . Stephens (from28Jun45)

1st Battalion, 22d MarinesCO Maj Thomas J . Myers (KIA 15 -

May45 )Maj Earl J . Cook (from 15May45 ,

WIA 17 Jun45)LtCol Gavin C. Humphrey (fro m

17Jun45 )

2d Battalion, 22 MarinesCO LtCol Horatio C . Woodhouse, Jr .

(KIA 30May45 )LtCol John G . Johnson (from 31-

May45 )

3d Battalion, 22d Marine sCO LtCol Malcolm "0" Donoho o

(WIA 16May45 )Maj George B . Kantner (16—19 -

May45 )LtCol Clair W . Shisler (from 20-

May45 )

29th Marine sCO Col Victor F. Bleasdale (to 15-

Apr45 )Col William J . Whaling (from

15Apr45 )ExO LtCol Orin K. PressleyS—3 LtCol Angus M. Fraser (to 14-

Jun45 )LtCol George W. Killen (from

14Jun45 )

1st Battalion, 29th MarinesCO LtCol Jean W. Moreau (WIA 16 -

May45 )Maj Robert P. Neuffer (16—25-

May45 )LtCol Samuel S. Yeaton (26May—

14June65 )LtCol LeRoy P . Hunt, Jr. (from

15Jun45 )

2d Battalion, 29th Marine sCO LtCol William G . Robb (WIA 19 -

Apr45 )

3d Battalion, 29th Marine sCO LtCol Erma A . Wright (to 15 -

Jun45 )LtCol Angus M. Fraser (from

15Jun45)


857

15th Marines

CO Col Robert B . LuckeyEx0 LtCol James H . BrowerS—3 Maj William H. Hirs t


CO Maj Robert H. Armstrong


CO Maj Nat M . Pace


CO LtCol Joe C . McHaney

4th Battalion, 15th Marines

CO LtCol Bruce T . Hemphil l

2d Marine Aircraft Wing(Tactical Air Force, Tenth Army)

CG MajGen Francis P . Mulcahy (to11Jun45 )

MajGen Louis E. Woods (from11Jun45 )

CofS Col Hayne D. BoydenG—1 Capt Robert E . CoddingtonG—2 Maj David B . DeckerG —3 Col Perry O . ParmeleeG—4 LtCol Charles T . Young, II I

(WIA 20Apr45 )Capt William L. Woodruff (from

11Jun45 )CO, Hq-

Sqn-2 Capt Richard F . Hyland

Air Defense Command

CG BGen William J . WallaceCofS Col Ford 0 . Roger s

G—3 Col Boeker C . Batterto n

Marine Aircraft Group 1 4(29 May—30Jun45 )

Col Edward A. MontgomeryLtCol Curtis E . Smith, Jr .

25Jun45 )LtCol Carl W. Nelson (from

Jun45)LtCol Robert H . Richar d

Capt Robert M . Crooks

Maj Francis H. Smythe (to 8Jun -45 )

Maj Julius W . Ireland (from 8 -Jun45)

Marine Aircraft Group 2 2(12 May—30Jun45 )

CO Col Daniel W. Torrey, Jr .Ex0 LtCol Elmer A. Wrenn (to 23-

Jun45 )LtCol Curtis E. Smith (from 23 -

Jun45 )Gru0ps0 . . . Maj Thomas C. Colt, Jr . (to 26-

Jun45 )LtCol Nathan T . Post (from 26 -

Jun45 )CO, Hq-

Sqn—22 . . . Capt Lindsay K. Dicke yCO ,

SMS—22 . . . Maj Bruce Prosse r

Marine Aircraft Group 31CO Col John C. MunnEx0 LtCol Gordon E. Hendricks (to

21Jun45 )LtCol Kirk Armistead (from 22 -

Jun45 )GruOpsO . . . LtCol Kirk Armistead (to 22Jun-

45 )Maj Charles M. Kunz (from 22 -

Jun45)

Maj Leon A. Danco (to 14May45 )lstLt Frederick L. Donnelly

(from 14May45 )CO,

SMS—31 . . . Maj Archibald M. Smith (to 29 -Apr45 )

Maj Paul T . Johnston (29Apr—1Jun45 )

Maj Joseph A . Gray (from 2Jun -45 )

Marine Aircraft Group 33CO Col Ward E. DickeyEx0 LtCol James L. BeamGruOpsO LtCol Eschol M. MalloryCO, Hq -

Sqn—33 Capt Richard Kilbourn eCO ,

SMS—33 . Maj Hugh B. Calahan

Marine Aircraft Group 4 3

CO LtCol Robert 0 . BissonEx0 (Not shown )GruOpsO . . . LtCol Radford C . WestCO, Hq-

Sqn—43 . . . Maj William F. Feasley

COEx0

Gru0ps0 . . .CO, Hq -

Sqn—14 . . .CO,

SMS—14 .

(t o

25 -

CO, Hq-Sqn—31 . . .

858


Marine Air Warning Squadron 1

(18Apr—30Jun45 )CO Capt Edward R. Stainback

Marine Observation Squadron 2

(1—15Apr45 )CO Capt John A. Ambler


CO Capt Wallace J . Slappey, Jr.


(17Apr—30Jun45 )CO Capt Clarence C . Gordo n


CO Capt Donald R . Garret t


CO Capt Paul E . Bardet


(6May—30Jun45 )CO Capt William A. Seward


CO Maj Frank B . Frees e

Marine Air Warning Squadron 1 1

CO Capt John L . Carnegie

Marine Fighter Squadron 11 3

(21 May—30Jun45 )CO Maj Hensley Williams

Marine Torpedo Bomber Squadron 131

(29May—30Jun45 )CO Maj Douglas H. Banger t


(29May—30Jun45)CO Maj John P . McMaho n

Marine Fighter Squadron 222

(10—30Jun45 )CO Maj Harold A . Harwoo d


(24—30Jun45)CO Maj Howard E . King


(lMay—30Jun45)CO Maj James W. Poindexter (to 31 -

May45)

Maj Robert C . Hammond, Jr . (31 -May—14Jun45 )

Maj Allen T. Barnum (from 15 -Jun45)

Marine Torpedo Bomber Squadron 232

(lMay—30Jun45 )CO Maj Allan L . Feldmeie r


(lMay—30Jun45 )CO Maj Perry L . Shuman (to 15Jun -

45 )Maj Michael R. Yunck (from 15 -

Jun45 )

Fight Echelon, Marine Fighter Squadron 31 2

(9Apr—30Jun45 )CO Maj Richard M . Day (MIA, 14 -

May45 )Maj Hugh I . Russell (14—24May -

45 )Maj "J" Frank Cole (from 25 -

May45 )


(24May—30Jun45 )CO Maj Robert C . Cameron

Flight Echelon, Marine Fighter Squadron 322

(9Apr—30Jun45 )CO Maj Frederick M . Rauschenbac h

(to 31May45 )Maj Walter E . Lischeid (from

31May45 )

Flight Echelon, Marine Fighter Squadron 32 3

(9Apr—30Jun45 )CO Maj George C . Axtell, Jr. (to 15 -

Jun45 )(None shown 15Jun45 )Maj Martin E. W. Oelrich (from

16Jun45 )


(23May—30Jun45 )CO Maj Elkin S. Dew

Flight Echelon, Marine Fighter Squadron 44 1

(7Apr—30Jun45 )CO Maj Robert 0 . White (to 2OJun-

45 )Maj Paul T. Johnston (from 20 -

Jun45)


859

Marine Night Fighter Squadron 533

(lOMay-30Jun45 )CO LtCol Marion M . Magrude r

Flight Echelon, Marine Night FighterSquadron 54 2

(7Apr-30Jun45 )CO Maj William C . Kellum (to 22 -

May45 )(None shown 23May45 )Maj Robert B . Porter (from 24 -

May45 )

Flight Echelon, Marine Night Fighte rSquadron 543

(6Apr-30Jun45 )CO Maj Clair "C" Chamberlain (t o

18Jun45 )Maj James B . Maguire, Jr . (from

18Jun45 )

Landing Force Air Support Control Unit 1

CO Col Kenneth H . Weir (to 16May-45 )

Col Avery R. Kier (from 16-May45 )


CO LtCol Kenneth D. Kerby (to 21-May45 )

LtCol Etheridge C . Best (from21May45 )


CO Col Avery R. Kier (to 16May45 )Col Kenneth H . Weir (from 16 -

May4 5

B. OCCUPATION OF JAPA N

(2Sep45-27Apr52 )

Yokosuka Landing and Occupatio nFleet Landing Force (Task Force Alpha)

(2-6Sep45 )CG BGen William T . ClementCofS LtCol Louis MetzgerS-1 Capt John R . The kS-3 Maj Orville V . BergrenS-4 LtCol Theodore F. Beeman

° Unless otherwise indicated, the period of occupatio nfor Marine units in Japan was 2 September 1945—2 7April 1952.

4th Marines RC T

(2Sep-31Dec45 )LtCol Fred D . BeansLtCol Bruno A. HochmuthLtCol Robert W. Rickert (to 13 -

Sep45 )Maj Orville V. Bergren (13Sep-

10Nov45 )LtCol George B. Bell (11Nov-

1Dec45 )2dLt David M. Mixter (from 2 -

Dec45 )

1st Battalion, 4th Marine s(2Sep-31Dec45 )

CO LtCol George B . Bell (to 11Nov -45 )

Maj Orville V. Bergren (from 11 -Nov45 )

2d Battalion, 4th Marines(2Sep-31Dec45 )

CO Maj Edgar F . Carney, Jr .

3d Battalion, 4th Marines(2Sep45-14Feb46)

CO Maj Wilson E . Hunt


(2-15Sep45)CO LtCol Walter S . Osipoff

Third Fleet Marine Landing Forc e

(2-6Sep45 )CO LtCol William F . Lantz (to 4Sep -

45 )LtCol Harvey B . Atkins (from 4 -

Sep45 )ExO Maj Gerald L. EagleburgerS-3 Capt Steve J . Cibik

1st Battalion, Third Fleet Marine LandingForce

CO Cdr Charles H . Becker, USN

2d Battalion, Third Fleet Marine Landin gForc e

CO LtCol Harvey B . Atkins (to 4Sep -45 )

Capt Thomas H. Barry (from 4 -Sep45 )

3d Battalion, Third Fleet Marine Landin gForce

CO Maj Norman A . Miller, Jr .

COExOS-3

860


2d Separate Guard Battalion (Provisional)

(15Feb—14Jun45 )CO LtCol Bruno A . Hochmuth

Marine Detachment, U. S. Fleet Activities,Yokosuka, Japan

(15Jun45—30Apr47 )CO LtCol Bruno A . Hochmuth

Marine Barracks, Yokosuka, Japan

(1May47—26Jun50 )CO LtCol Bruno A . Hochmuth (to

31May47 )Col William S . Fellers (31May47—

23May48 )LtCol John B. Heles (24May—

14Ju148 )Col Alva B. Lasswell (15Jul48—

23Jun50 )LtCol Robert C . Burns (from 23 -

Jun50 )

Kyushu Landing and OccupationV Amphibious Corp s

(2Sep45—7Jan46 )CG MajGen Harry SchmidtCofS BGen William W . Rogers (to 21 -

Dec45 )Col Dudley S . Brown (from 21 -

Dec45 )G—1 Col David A . StaffordG—2 (None shown to 24Oct45 )

LtCol Gooderham L . McCormick(from 24Oct45 )

G—3 Col Walter W. Wensinger (to 21-Dec45 )

(None shown after 21Dec45 )G—4 Col Matthew C. Horner (to 18-

Dec45 )LtCol John M. Davis (from 18 -

Dec45 )

V Amphibious Corps Troops

CO Col Alton A. Gladden

2d Marine Division(16Sep45—7Ju146 )

CG MajGen LeRoy P . HuntADC BGen John T. Walker (to 29Apr -

46 )(None shown after 29Apr46)

CofS Col George F . Good (to 6Nov45 )Col Gregon A. Williams (from 6 -

Nov45 )G —1 LtCol Glenn R . Lon gG—2 Col Jack P. Juhan (to 310ct45 )

LtCol Harry 0 . Smith, Jr. (from310ct45 )

G—3 LtCol Samuel G. Taxis (to 13-Apr46 )

LtCol Michael S. Currin (from13Apr46 )

G—4 LtCol Jacob G. Goldberg (to 28-Jan46 )

(None shown 28Jan46 )Col James O . Brauer (from 29-

Jan46 )


(16Sep45—7Ju146 )CO LtCol Bennett J . Clarke (to 15 -

Oct45 )LtCol Clarence J . O'Donnell (15 —

240ct45 )LtCol Francis J . McQuillen (25 -

Oct45—7Jan46 )LtCol Francis C . Claggett (8 —

26Jan46 )LtCol Bennet G . Powers (27Jan—

2May46 )LtCol William P . Spencer (fro m

3May46 )

2d Engineer Battalio n

(23Sep45—25Jun46 )CO Maj Richardson D . Kirkpatrick

(to 60ct45 )LtCol John H. Partridge (60ct-

45—17Apr46 )(None shown 18—24Apr46 )LtCol Kenneth P . Corson (25Apr—

24Jun46 )Maj Harry D. Clarke (from 25 -

Jun46 )

2d Medical Battalio n

(23Sep45—23Jun46 )CO Cdr George Donabedian (MC )

(to 220ct45 )Cdr Joseph A. Clinton (MC)

(220ct—29Nov45 )LCdr Robert F . Sterner (MC )

(30Nov45—26Jan46)


861

Cdr John J . Tordoff (MC) (from26Jan46 )

2d Motor Transport Battalion

(23Sep45—7Ju146 )

CO Maj Joseph A . Meyer (to 31Jan -

46 )LtCol Alan T. Hunt (31Jan—

12Apr46 )LtCol George N. Carroll (from

13Apr46 )

2d Pioneer Battalio n

(23Sep45—7Ju146 )

CO Maj Victor J . Simpson (to 50ct-45 )

LtCol Tom C. Loomis (50ct—

14Nov45 )LtCol William I . Phipps (15Nov-

45—25Jan46 )LtCol Donn "C" Hart (from 26-

Jan46 )

2d Service Battalion

(23Sep45—7Ju146 )

CO Col Cyril A. Martyr (to 1Nov45 )LtCol Donald C. Merker (1—30 -

Nov45 )Col Lewis A . Horn (from iDec -

45 )

2d Tank Battalion

(23Sep45—23Jun46 )CO LtCol John I . Williamson, Jr .

2d Marine s

(23Sep45—12Jun46 )

CO Col Richard M . Cutts, Jr . (to 25 -Oct45 )

LtCol Clarence J . O'Donnell (25 -Oct45—17Apr46 )

LtCol Ronald B . Wilde (from 18 -Apr46)

ExO LtCol Francis J . McQuillen (t o250ct45 )

LtCol Ronald B . Wilde (250ct-45—9Apr46 )

LtCol John A. Anderson (fro m10Apr46 )

S—3 Maj Duncan H. Jewell

1st Battalion, 2d Marines

(23Sep45—12Jun46 )CO LtCol Clayton O . Totman (to 22-

Nov45 )LtCol John A. Anderson (25Nov-

45—8Apr46 )LtCol William M. Barba (9Apr—

31May46 )LtCol Robert C . McDonough

(from 1Jun46 )

2d Battalion, 2d Marine s

(23Sep45—12Jun46 )CO LtCol Carlo A . Rovetta (to 15 -

Feb46 )LtCol Clarke J . Bennett (from

15Feb46 )

3d Battalion, 2d Marine s

(23Sep45—26Feb46 )LtCol Walter F . Layer

Oct45 )LtCol Clarke J . Bennett

230ct45 )

6th Marines

(23Sep45—30Jun46 )Col Gregon A . Williams (to 6Nov-

45 )Col Jack P . Juhan (6Nov45—24-

Jan46 )Col James P. Berkeley (25Jan —

26Mar46 )Col John F . Hough (from 27Mar -

46 )LtCol Edmund B . Games (to 23 -

Oct45 )LtCol Donald W . Fuller (230ct-

45—26Apr46 )LtCol William R. Collins (from

27Apr46 )Maj William S. McLaughlin (to

30ct45)LtCol Donald W. Fuller

Oct45 )(None shown 23—280ct45 )Maj Frederick R. Smith

290ct45 )

Apparently in the phase-outs of the 3d battalions of

the infantry regiments, when the 3d battalion com-mander was assigned as commander of the 2d battalion,as in this case, the officer wore two hats for a while .

CO

CO

Ex0

S—3

(to 23 -

(from

(3—22-

(from

862



(23Sep45—30Jun46 )

CO LtCol Richard D. Strickler (to25Apr46 )

LtCol Wade M . Jackson (25Mar—15Jun46 )

Maj James R. Blackwell (from16Jun46 )


(23Sep45—29Ju146 )

CO LtCol James R . Clarke (to 28 -Apr46 )

LtCol Donald W . Fuller (from 28 -Apr46 )


(23Sep45—29Ju146 )

CO LtCol George D. Rich

8th Marines

(24Sep45—14Jun46 )

CO Col Thomas G. McFarland

Ex0 LtCol Martin S . Rahiser (to 8-Dec45 )

(None shown 8—11Dec45 )LtCol Alan T. Hunt (12Dec45—

15Jan46 )LtCol Richard W . Hayward (from

16Jan46 )

S—3 Maj John I . Warner, Jr . (to 14-Dec45 )

(None shown 14—29Dec45 )Maj Donald R . Kennedy (fro m

30Dec45 )


(24Sep45—14Jun46 )CO LtCol Richard W. Hayward (to

10Jan46 )LtCol Robert S. Howell (from 10 -

Jan46 )


(24Sep45—14Jun46 )

CO LtCol Herbert R . Nussbaum (to28Jan46 )

Maj William H. Junghans, Jr .(28Jan—12Feb46 )

LtCol Paul E. Wallace (from 27 -Feb46)


(24Sep45—26Feb46 )

CO LtCol Paul E. Wallac e

10th Marines

(24Sep45—25Jun46 )CO Col Saville T . ClarkEx0 LtCol Edward H. ForneyS—3 LtCol William C . Capehart (to

16Mar46 )LtCol Claude S. Sanders, Jr .

(from 16Mar46 )


(24Sep45—25Jun46 )CO Maj Joe B. Russell (to 200ct45 )

LtCol Charles 0 . Rogers (fro m200ct45 )


(24Sep45—25Jun46 )CO LtCol John P . Leonard, Jr .


(24Sep45—25Jun46 )CO LtCol Loren S . Fraser (to 15Apr-

46 )LtCol Noah P . Wood, Jr . (from

15Apr46 )

4th Battalion, 10th Marine s

(24Sep45—25Jun46 )CO Maj Marshall J. Hooper (to 1 -

Apr46 )LtCol Henry E . W . Barnes (from

1Apr46 )

5th Marine Divisio n

(22Sep—15Dec45 )CG MajGen Thomas E . BourkeADC BGen Ray A. RobinsonCofS Col Clarence R. Wallac eG —1 LtCol Warner T. Bigge rG—2 LtCol George A . Roll (to 29Nov-

45 )(None shown after 29Nov45 )

G—3 LtCol Frederick R. Dowsett (to29Nov45 )

Maj Virgil W. Banning (fro m29Nov45 )

G—4 LtCol Russell Duncan (to lNov45 )

LtCol Frank C. DeSantis (fro m1Nov45 )


863


(22Sep-15Dec45 )CO LtCol Charles E . Shepard, Jr .

5th Engineer Battalion

(22Sep-15Dec45)CO Maj William S. Kelley, Jr . (to

310ct45 )(None shown 1-13Nov )LtCol- Michael C. Sodano (fro m

14Nov45)


(22Sep-15Dec45 )CO Maj Arthur F. Torgler, Jr .

12Nov45 )Maj George Moore (from 12Nov-

45 )


(22Sep-15Dec45 )CO Cdr John E. Gorman (MC) (t o

240ct45 )LCdr Thomas C . Butt (MC )

(from 240ct45 )

5th Pioneer Battalion

(22Sep-15Dec45 )CO LtCol Robert S . Riddell

5th Service Battalio n

(22Sep-15Dec45 )CO Col Bernard Dubel

5th Tank Battalion

(22Sep-15Dec45 )CO LtCol William R. Collins

26th Marines

(22Sep-190ct45 )CO Col Chester B . Graha m

ExO LtCol Joseph P . Sayer sS-3 Maj Albert V. K. Gar y


(22Sep-190ct45 )

CO LtCol Daniel C . Pollock


(22Sep-310ct45 )CO Maj Amadeo Rea


(22Sep-190ct45 )CO LtCol William K . Davenport, Jr.

27th Marines(22Sep-5Dec45 )

CO Col Thomas A. Wornham (to 24 -Nov45 )

Col Robert H . Williams (from24Nov45 )

ExO LtCol Donn J . RobertsonS-3 Capt Franklin L. Smith (to 29-

Nov45 )(None shown after 29Nov45 )


(22Sep-5Dec45 )CO LtCol John W . Antonell i


(22Sep-5Dec45 )CO LtCol George R . Stallings

28th Marines(22Sep-5Dec45 )

CO Col Harry P. LiversedgeExO Col Robert H. Williams (to 23 -

Nov45 )(None shown after 23Nov45 )

S-3 Maj Henry R. Rolph (to 230ct45 )Capt Fred E. Haynes, Jr. (23-

Oct-29Nov45 )(None shown after 29Nov45 )

1st Battalion, 28th. Marine s

(22Sep-5Dec45 )CO LtCol Jackson B. Butterfield (t o

9Nov45 )(None shown 9-11Nov45 )Maj William A. Wood (from 12

Nov45 )


(22Sep-5Dec45 )CO LtCol Robert C . McDonoug h


(22Sep-5Dec45 )CO Maj Tolson A . Smoa k

(to


(22Sep-5Dec45 )CO Maj Gerald F . Russell

864


13th Marines

(22Sep—18Dec45)CO Col James D . Waller (to 180ct -

45 )LtCol Edwin C. Ferguson (acting

18–230ct45 )Col John A . Bemis (from 240ct -

45 )Ex0 LtCol Edwin C . FergusonS–3 LtCol Jack Tabor (to 190ct45 )

Maj James R. Crockett (from 19-Oct45 )


(22Sep–18Dec45 )CO Maj James F . Coady

Ex0 LtCol Jack R . Cram (to 6Nov45 )LtCol Clyde P. Mattison (8Nov-

45—4Feb46 )LtCol John P . Condon (from 5 -

Feb46 )Gru0ps0 . . . . LtCol Kirk Armistead (to 14Dec -

45 )LtCol Nathan T . Post (from 14-

Dec45 )CO, Hq-

Sqn–31 . . . Capt Thomas D. Stockwell, Jr .(to 8Jan46 )

Capt Rudolph L . Bittman (from8Jan46 )

CO,SMS–31 Maj Joseph A . Gray (to 1Dec45 )

LtCol Wayne M. Cargill (1Dec-2d Battalion, 13th Marines

45–30Jan46 )(22Sep–18Dec45)

LtCol

William

A.

Cloman,

Jr .

CO Maj Carl W. Hjerpe (to 60ct45)

(31Jan—9Jun46 )Maj William W. Mitchell (from Maj Frank M. Maerz (from 10 -

60ct45) Jun46 )


(22Sep–18Dec45)

Marine Air Base Squadron (Provisional) ,Omura, Japan

(13Nov45–15Jan46 )CO Maj William M . MillerCO Col Bernard L. Smith

4th Battalion, 13th Marines

(22Sep–18Dec45) Marine Observation Group 1

(23Sep45–7Jan46 )CO LtCol John S . OldfieldCO Maj John W. Ryland (to 6Nov-

45 )Capt Richard T. Smith

(acting ,

Marine Aircraft Group 22

(20Sep–19Nov45)CO Col Daniel W. Torrey, Jr . (to 21 -

Oct45)6–30Nov45 )

(None shown 1–10Dec45 )Capt Richard T. Smith (from 11-

Dec45 )Ex0 Capt Richard T. Smith (to 6Nov-

Col Elliott E .

Bard

(210ct–10 -Nov45 )

LtCol Jack R . Cram (from 11Nov-45 )

Ex0 LtCol Nathan T . Post (to 9Nov-45 )

(None shown after 6Nov45 )45) GruOpsO . . . lstLt Eugene "A" Wailes (to 6 -

(None shown after 9Nov45) Nov45)GruOpsO . . . LtCol Elkin S . Dew 1st Lt Cloyd E . Waters (6–30Nov-CO, Hq- 45 )

Sqn–22 . . . lstLt Paul M. Ruffner (None shown after 30Nov45 )CO ,

SMS–22 . Maj Bruce Prosser Marine Observation Squadron 2

(25Sep45–20Jun46)Maurine Aircraft Group 31

(7Sep45–20Jun46)CO Col John C . Munn (to 7Apr46 )

Col John N. Hart (from 7Apr46)

CO Capt John E . Lepke (to 310ct-45 )

lstLt Willis B . Anderson (310ct–5Nov45 )


865

lstLt Eugene "A" Wailes (7Nov -45—lJan46)

Capt Joseph J . Callis (2—28Jan -46 )

Maj Frank L. Maerz (29Jan—4 -Jun46 )

Capt Eugene "A" Wailes (from5Jun46 )


(22Sep45—7Jan46 )CO Capt Gordon Walker (to 310ct -

45 )Capt Joseph J . Callis (310ct45 —

1Jan46 )(None shown after 1Jan46 )


(18Oct—lONov45 )CO Maj William A. McCluskey, Jr.


(8Oct—19Nov45 )

CO Maj Emil H . Heintz


(21Sep—19Nov45 )CO Maj Hensley Williams

Detachment, Marine Torpedo-BomberSquadron 131

(17Sep—31Oct45 )

CO Maj Wilbert H . Fuller, Jr . (to12Oct45 )

(None shown 12—25Oct45 )Maj John P . McMahon (from 26-

Oct45 )


(8Sep45—20Jun46 )CO Maj Allen T. Barnum (to 6Nov-

45 )Maj James K. Dill (6Nov45—19-

Jun46)Capt Roy S . Bachstein (from 20-

Jun46 )

Detachment, Marine Transpor tSquadron 25 2

(13Oct45—16Jan46 )CO LtCol Glenn L . Todd

Detachment, Marine Transpor tSquadron 253

(20Feb—15Jun46 )CO LtCol William A . Rygg (to 24-

Mar46 )LtCol William K. Lanman, Jr .

(25Mar—15Apr46 )Maj Robert V . Reilly (16Apr—

31May46)LtCol Harry H. Bullock (from 1 -

Jun46 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 31 1(9Sep45—20Jun46 )

CO Maj Michael R. Yunck (to 26 -May46 )

Maj James C . Otis (26May—11 -Jun46)

Capt James W. Baker (from 12 -Jun46)

Marine Fighter Squadron 31 4(25Sep—19Nov45 )

CO Maj Christian C . Lee (to lOct45 )Maj William H. Whitaker (from

lOct45 )

Detachment, Marine TransportSquadron 353(7Sep—5Nov45 )

CO LtCol Charles W . Somer s


(26 Sep—19Nov45 )CO Maj Elton Mueller


(7Sep45—20Jun46 )CO Maj William C . Voss (to 1Feb46 )

Marine Night Fighter Squadron 542

(lOSep45—20Jun46 )CO Maj William C. Kellum (to 25 -

Dec45 )Maj Samuel B . Folsom, Jr . (25 -

Dec45—1 Feb46 )Maj Roscoe M. Nelson (2Feb—19 -

Apr46)Capt Robert P. Wray (acting, 20-

Apr—3May46 )Maj David C. McDowell (4May—

9Jun46 )Capt Robert P . Wray (from 10-

Jun46)

866


Marine Night Fighter Squadron 54 3

(28Sep-16Nov45 )CO Maj James B . Maguire, Jr .

Detachment, Marine Bomber Squadron 61 2

(7Sep-16Oct45 )CO LtCol Lawrence F . Fox

Marine Transport Squadron 952

(7Sep45-lMar46 )CO LtCol Stanley W . Trachta (to 31 -

Oct45 )LtCol Lowell S . Reeve (from 31 -

Oct45 )

Marine Landing Force Air Support Contro lUnit 4

(20Sep-19Nov45 )CO Col Robert M . Hayne s

C. OCCUPATION OF NORTH CHINA e

(2Sep45-26May49 )

1st Military Police Battalion, FMFPac

(30Sep45-2Mar46 )CO LtCol Alfred H. Marks

11th Motor Transport Battalion, FMFPac

(30Sep46-5Apr46 )CO LtCol James M. Ranck, Jr .

1st Separate Engineer Battalion, FMFPa c

(30Sep45-16Jul46 )CO LtCol Alonzo D . Gorham (to 1-

Dec45 )Maj Frank W . Poland, Jr . (1Dec-

45-31Mar46 )LtCol John C. Brewer (lApr-

9Jun46 )Maj Wallace H . Robinson, Jr .

(from 10Jun46 )

7th Service Regiment, Service Command,FMFPac

(30Sep45-lSep47 )CO Col Harold E . Rosecrans (to28 -

Feb46 )

8 Unless otherwise indicated, the inclusive period o fthe occupation of North China by Marine units is 2September 1945—26 May 1949 . For the purposes of thi slisting, however, the end date of the occupation perio d

for major units is 8 February 1949, when FMFWesPa cdeparted Tsingtao .

Col Homer C. Murray (28Feb46—23Mar47 )

LtCol Frederick L . Wieseman(24M ar-29Aug47 )

LtCol William H. Barba (from30Aug47 )

ExO LtCol Edwin D. Partridge (to1Jan46 )

Col Homer C . Murray (1Jan-27Feb46 )

(None shown 28Feb-19Apr46 )LtCol Paul A. Tyler (20Apr-

18Dec46 )LtCol Frederick L. Wieseman

(19Dec46-24Mar47 )LtCol Paul A . Tyler (25Mar-

29Apr47 )LtCol William H. Barba (30Apr-

29Aug47 )(None shown after 29Aug47 )

S-3 (None shown to 20Apr46 )Maj John J. Bukowy (20Apr-

28May46)(None shown 29May-9Jun46 )LtCol Marvin K . Stewart (lOJun-

15Sep46 )LtCol William H. Barba (16Sep-

46-21Feb47 )Capt Robert S . Hudson (22Feb-

19Aug47)(None shown after 19Aug47 )

Headquarters and Service Battalion,7th Service Regiment, Service Command,

FMFPac

CO LtCol Charles W. Kelly, Jr. (to6Feb46 )

(None shown 7Feb-13Mar46 )Maj Ralph E . Boulton (14Mar-

19Apr46 )Maj John J. Bukowy (20Apr-

29May46)Capt Jack M. Daly (30May-

10Jun46 )LtCol Marvin C. Stewart (11 -

Jun-16Sep 46 )Maj Victor R' . Bisceglia (17Sep-

6Nov46 )LtCol Marvin C. Stewart (7Nov-

46-3Jan47)


867

Maj Victor R. Bisceglia (4Jan–5May47 )

LtCol Paul A. Fitzgerald (6May—29Aug47 )

Maj Victor R . Bisceglia (from30Aug47 )

Motor Transport Battalion, 7th Servic eRegiment, Service Command, FMFPa c

(30Sep45—20Apr46 )

CO Maj John J . Bukow y

Supply and Maintenance Battalion,7th Service Regiment, Service Command ,

FMFPac

CO Maj George C. Pafford (to4Feb46 )

(None shown 5—13Feb46 )Maj Glen C. Taylor (14Feb—

15Mar46 )(None shown 16Mar—19Apr46 )Maj Franklin J . Weeman (20—

26Apr46 )Capt Nathan Siegal (27Apr—

19May46)Capt Foy E. Jordan (20May—

4Jun46 )Capt Richard P. Brezinski (5—

16Jun46 )Capt Jack M. Daly (17—20Jun46 )LtCol William H. Barba (21Jun -

46—17Mar47 )Maj Louis G . Monville (from

18Mar47 )

12th Service Battalion, Service Command ,FMFPac e

(17Apr46—31Jan49 )

CO LtCol Paul W. Russell (to 28Sep -46 )

LtCol Ralph L . Houser (28Sep46—30Sep47 )

LtCol Frederick L. Wieseman(10ct—8Dec47 )

LtCol Noah P. Wood, Jr. (9Dec-47—17Jun48 )

LtCol Forest C . Thompson (from18Jun48 )

Service Command, FMFPac, on 1 July 1948.

310-224 0 - 69 - 56

III Amphibious Corps Headquarters

(30Sep45—9Jun46 )

CG MajGen Keller E . RockeyCofS BGen William A . WortonG—1 Col Harry E . Dunkelberger (t o

4Feb46 )LtCol Cornelius P. Van Ness

(from 4Feb46 )G—2 Col Charles C . BrownG—3 Col Manly L. Curry (to 16Jan46 )

LtCol William K. Enright (fro m16Jan46 )

G—4 Col Earl S . PiperG—5 Col Benjamin W. Gally

III Amphibious Corps, Corps Troops

(30Sep45—9Jun46 )

CO Col Edward G. Hagen (to 30ct-45 )

CO LtCol Cornelius P. Van Ness (3-Oct—17Dec45)

LtCol James M. Ranck, Jr. (18—31Dec45) i o

III Amphibious Corps ,Headquarters and Service Battalion

(30Sep45—31Jul46 )CO LtCol Cornelius P. Van Ness (t o

30ct45)LtCol Harry A. Traffert, Jr. (3-

Oct—31Dec45 )LtCol Reynolds H. Hayden (1Jan—

26Apr46 )LtCol Allen B . Geiger (from 27-

Apr46)

III Amphibious Corps, Medical Battalio n

(30Sep45—15Mar46 )

CO LCdr Donovan C . Blanchard(MC) (to 290ct45 )

LCdr William H. Hanan (MC )(290ct—1Nov45 )

Cdr Nicholas Palma (MC) (2 -Nov45—9Jan'.3 )

Cdr Francis X. McGill (MC)(from 10Jan46)

10 On 1 January 1946, the billet of commander of Corp s

Troops was merged with that of commander of the9 Redesignated 2d Provisional Service Group (Light),

Corps Headquarters and Service Battalion as an addi-

tional duty.

868


III Amphibious Corps, Shore Brigade

(30Sep—150ct45 )

CO Col Elmer H. Salzman

III Amphibious Corps, Signal Battalion

(30Sep45—15Mar46)

CO LtCol Benjamin F . Kaiser, Jr.

Marine Forces, China "

(10Jun46—19Jun47 )

CG MajGen Keller E . Rockey (to 17-Sep46 )

MajGen Samuel L . Howard (18 -Sep46—17Jun47 )

Col Alva B . Lasswell (from 18-Jun47 )

CofS BGen William A . Worton (to 26-Aug46 )

BGen Alfred H. Noble (26Aug—16Dec46)

(None shown 17—19Dec46 )Col Alva B. Lasswell (20Dec46—

17Jun47 )(None shown after 17Jun47 )

G—1 LtCol Cornelius P . Van Ness (to23Aug46 )

LtCol Robert W . Rickert (24Aug—10Sep46)

Col Alva B. Lasswell (11Sep —19Dec46 )

LtCol Robert W. Rickert (20Dec-46—23Jan47 )

LtCol Thomas B . Hughes (24Jan —26Feb47 )

LtCol Robert W. Rickert (from27Feb47 )

G—2 Col Charles C. Brown (to 14Nov -46 )

LtCol Charles W. Harrison (14-Nov46—19Jan47 )

11 On 10 June 1946, III Amphibious Corps was redes-ignated Marine Forces, China, which was a task forcedesignation for the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) .As indicated, General Rockey became the division com-mander and General Worton became the assistant divi-sion commander. Generally, corps staff officers wer e

assigned the senior positions on the augmented Marin eForces/1st Division staff. In such cases, the muster roll s

may indicate two individuals occupying a single staffbillet for a brief period, or one individual occupying tw ostaff billets on two command levels . This listing wil ltherefore reflect the situation as it was.

Col George W . McHenry (20Jan—29Apr47 )

LtCol Charles W. Harrison (fro m30Apr47 )

G—3 LtCol William K. Enright (to 21 -Aug46 )

Col Jaime Sabater (21Aug46—1 May47)

(None shown 2May47 )LtCol Elliot E . Bard (from 3May-

47 )G—4 Col Earl S . Piper (to 24Ju146 )

LtCol George A. Roll (24Jul—24Aug46 )

Col James M . Smith (from 25-Aug46 )

G—5 Col Benjamin W . Gally (to 24 -Jun46 )

LtCol Herbert A. Vernet, Jr . (25-Jun—2Aug46 )

LtCol Chester A . Henry, Jr . (3-Aug46—13Mar47 )

(None shown after 13Mar47 )

Headquarters and Service Battalion,Marine Forces, China

(lOJun46—19Jun47 )

CO LtCol Allen B. Geiger (to 18Jun-46)

Maj Maurice L. Appleton, Jr.(from 18Jun46 )

Headquarters, 1st Marine Division(30Sep45—19Jun47 )

CG MajGen DeWitt Peck (to 13Jun-46 )

MajGen Keller E . Rockey (13-Jun—17Sep46 )

MajGen Samuel L . Howard (18-Sep46—17Jun47 )

Col Alva B . Lasswell (from 18-Jun47 )

ADC BGen Louis R . Jones (to 10Jun-46 )

BGen William A . Worton (10Jun —25Aug46)

BGen Alfred H. Noble (26Aug—16Dec46 )

(None shown 17Dec46—30Jan47 )BGen Edward A. Craig (31Jan—

17May47 )(None shown after 17May47)


869

CofS Col Robert 0 . Bare (to 17Oct45 )Col Julian N. Frisbie (180ct45-

9Jun46 )BGen William A. Worton (10-

Jun-25Aug46 )(None shown 26-31Aug46 )Col Harry E . Dunkelberger (1-

Sep-18Dec46 )(None shown 19Dec46 )Col Alva B . Lasswell (20Dec46-

17Jun47 )(None shown after 17Jun47 )

G-1 LtCol Clarence R. Schwenke (t o30Jun46 )

LtCol Cornelius P. Van Ness (1-Jul-23Aug46)

LtCol Robert W . Rickert (24Aug-lOSep46)

Col Alva B. Lasswell (11Sep-19 -Dec46 )

LtCol Robert W. Rickert (20Dec-46-23Jan47 )

LtCol Thomas B . Hughes (24Jan-26Feb47 )

LtCol Robert W. Rickert (from27Feb47 )

G-2 LtCol John W. Scott, Jr . (to 28-Oct45)

LtCol James M. Masters, Sr . (28-Oct45-3Mar46 )

Maj Bernard W . McLean (4Mar-9Jun46 )

Col Charles C. Brown (10Jun-14Nov46 )

LtCol Charles W. Harrison (14-Nov46-19Jan47)

Col George W . McHenry (20Jan -29Apr47)

LtCol Charles W . Harrison (fro m30Apr47 )

G-3 LtCol Russell N . Honsowetz (to31Jan46 )

LtCol Robert T. Vance (lFeb-30Mar46)

LtCol Henry Aplington, II (31 -Mar-30Jun46 )

LtCol William K. Enright (lJul-20Aug46 )

Col Jaime Sabater (21Aug46 -1May47 )

(None shown 2May47)

LtCol Elliot E . Bard (from 3May -47 )

G-4 LtCol Harvey C . Tschirgi (to 24-Jun46)

Col Earl S . Piper (25Jun-23Ju1 -46 )

LtCol George A . Roll (24Jul-24Aug46 )

Col James M. Smith (from 25 -Aug46 )


(30Sep45-19Jun47 )

CO LtCol John D. Muncie (to 5Nov-45 )

LtCol David W. Silvey (5Nov-22Dec45 )

LtCol Richard T . McNown (23 -Dec45-17Feb46 )

Maj Alexander W. Chilton, Jr .(18Feb-30Mar46 )

LtCol Glenn C. Funk (31Mar-5Jun46 )

LtCol Gallais "E" Matheny (6 -Jun-29Ju146 )

Col Augustus W . Cockrell (30 -Jul-4Nov46 )

LtCol Marvin T. Starr (5Nov46-9May47 )

(None shown 10-25May47 )Maj Henry Aplington, II (from

26May47 )

1st Engineer Battalio n

(30Sep45-19Jun47 )

CO LtCol Theodore E . Drummond (to5Apr46)

LtCol Edmund M . Williams (5 -Apr-9Jun46 )

(None shown 10-22Jun46 )

LtCol Clifford H . Shuey (23Jun-14Oct46)

LtCol John C. Brewer (from 15 -Oct46 )

1st Medical Battalion

(250ct45-2May47 )

CO LCdr Francis Giuffrida (MC )(to 6Nov45)

870


Cdr Harold H. Hill (MC) (6 -Nov45-27Jun46)

Cdr Louis R. Gens (MC) (from28Jun46 )

1st Motor Transport Battalio n

(30Sep45-20Jun47 )

CO LtCol Calvin C. Gaines (to 9Jan-

46 )Capt Eero Nori (9Jan-1Ju146 )Capt Lloyd F. Barker (2Jul-11 -

Aug46 )LtCol Robert E. Hommel (12 -

Aug46-8May47 )LtCol Francis T . Eagan (from

9May47)

1st Pioneer Battalion

(30Sep45-11Jun47 )

CO Maj Austin S. Igleheart, Jr . (to310ct45 )

Maj Robert H . C. Johnston (31 -Oct-10Nov45 )

LtCol Lloyd G . Coutts (11Nov45 -30Sep46)

LtCol Edmund M . Williams (1 -Oct46-17Apr47 )

Maj James P . Jacobson (18Apr -19May47)

LtCol Edmund M. Williams (from20May47)

1st Service Battalion

(30Sep45-15Jun47 )

CO LtCol William E . Benedict (to 8 -Jan46 )

LtCol Edward H . Drake (8Jan-14Sep46 )

Maj Fraser E . West (15Sep-31 -Oct46 )

LtCol Earl E . Sneeringer (1Nov-46-8May47 )

LtCol Gallais "E" Matheny (fro m9May47 )

1st Tank Battalion

(40ct45-24Jan47 )

CO LtCol Alexander B . Swenceski

1st Marines 1 2

(30Sep45-20May47 )

CO Col Arthur T . Mason (to 2OSep -46 )

LtCol James M. Ranck, Jr. (21-Sep-70ct46 )

Col John E . Curry (80ct46-20 -May47 )

Maj Edwin B . Wheeler (18Feb-8Mar48 )

Col George W . McHenry (9Mar-27Apr48 )

Col Miles S. Newton (from 28 -Apr48 )

ExO (None shown to 5Nov45 )LtCol Max C . Chapman (5Nov45-

14Feb46 )(None shown 15Feb-5Apr46 )LtCol James M. Ranck, Jr . (6-

Apr-19Sep46 )(None shown 2OSep-70ct46 )Col James M . Ranck, Jr . (80ct-

46-10Mar47 )LtCol Edward L. Hutchinso n

(from 11Mar47 )

S-3 Maj John V. Kelsey (to 31Mar46 )Maj Noel C. Gregory (31Mar-

5Sep46 )LtCol Gallais "E" Matheny (fro m

6Sep46)

1st Battalion, 1st Marines

(30Sep45-27Aug47 )

CO LtCol Austin C. Shofner (to 4 -Feb46 )

LtCol Wilbur F . Meyerhoff (4 -Feb-280ct46)

LtCol Edward L. Hutchinson (29 -Oct46-6Mar47 )

(None shown 7-12Mar47 )LtCol Francis T . Eagan (13Mar-

30Apr47 )LtCol John A. Burns (from 1-

May47 )

12 On 20May 1947, as part of the overall strength

reduction of Marine units in North China, the 1s tMarines was reorganized into two battalions without aregimental headquarters. The 2d Battalion was assignedthat date to Fleet Marine Force, Western Pacific, an dwas redesignated 1st Marines, Fleet Marine Force ,Western Pacific, on 1 October 1947.


871

2d Battalion, 1st Marines 1 3

(3OSep45-3OSep47 )

CO LtCol James C. Magee, Jr . (to24Jun46 )

LtCol Glenn C . Funk (24Jun46-14Jan47 )

LtCol Harold Granger (15Jan-2OMay47)

Col John E. Curry (21May-22 -Aug47 )

LtCol Harold Granger (23-26 -Aug47 )

Col George W . McHenry (from27Aug47 )

3d Battalion, 1st Marine s

(3OSep45-15Apr46 )

CO LtCol Hector R. Migneault (to16Jan46 )

LtCol Bowers C . G. Davis (from16Jan46 )

5th Marines

(3OSep45-14May47 )

CO Col Julian N. Frisbie (to 160ct -45 )

LtCol Robert E. Hill (16Oct-8Nov45 )

Col Theodore A . Holdahl (9Nov-45-31Mar46 )

LtCol August Larson (1Apr-15 -Ju146 )

Col Julian N. Frisbie (from 16 -Ju147 )

Ex0 LtCol Robert E . Hill (to 160ct-45 )

(None shown 170ct-8Nov45 )LtCol Robert E. Hill (9Nov45-

27Jan46 )(None shown 27Jan-14Mar46 )LtCol August Larson (15-31Mar-

46 )(None shown 1-14Apr46 )LtCol Joseph L. Winecoff (15-

Apr-11Ju146 )LtCol John A . Anderson (12Jul-

3OSep46 )(None shown 1-30ct46)

13 Redesignated 1st Marines, Fleet Marine Force,

Western Pacific, on 1 October 1947.

LtCol John H. Masters (from40ct46)

S-3 Maj James H . Flagg (to 8Feb46 )(None shown 8Feb-31Mar46 )LtCol Allen B . Geiger (1-20Apr -

46 )(None shown 21-30Apr46 )Maj Wallace E. Tow (1-24May -

46 )(None shown 25May-26Jun46 )LtCol Carlo A. Rovetta (27Jun-

17Dec46 )LtCol Ralph A. Collins, Jr . (18-

Dec46-6Feb47 )Maj Maxie R. Williams (from 7 -

Feb47 )


(3OSep45-25May47 )

CO LtCol John H . Masters (to 20ct-46 )

Maj Jeff P. Overstreet (3-80ct-46 )

LtCol Richard T . McNown (90ct-15Dec46 )

LtCol Theodore M. Sheffield(from 16Dec46 )


(30Sep45-14May47 )

CO LtCol John B . Baker (to 150ct45 )Maj Robert T. Washburn (15-

310ct45 )LtCol Edwin C . Godbold (lNov-

45-19Ju146 )LtCol George D . Rich (from 20-

Ju146 )


(3OSep45-15Apr46 )

CO LtCol Joseph L. Winecoff

7th Marines

(30Sep45-11Jan47 )

CO Col Richard P . Ross (to 28Jan46 )Col Paul Drake (from 28Jan46 )

ExO LtCol James M. Masters, Sr . (to270ct45 )

LtCol Willard C. Fiske (270ct-29Dec45 )

Maj Walter Holomon (30Dec45 -4Jan46)

872


LtCol Charles E . Shepard, Jr.(from 5Jan46 )

S–3 Maj Walter Holomon (to 31Mar-46 )

Maj Wallace G. Fleissner (lApr–13Aug46)

LtCol Thomas C . Kerrigan (from14Aug46 )


(30Sep45–5Jan47 )

CO LtCol John J . Gormley (to 9Feb -46)

LtCol Russell N . Honsowetz (9 -Feb-5Ju146 )

LtCol Norman E . Sparling (6Jul–22Dec46 )

LtCol Carlo A . Rovetta (from 23 -Dec46 )


(30Sep45–5Jan47 )

CO LtCol Charles T . Hodges (to 25 -Feb46 )

LtCol James D . Hittle (25Feb–25Jun46 )

Maj Louis G. Ditta (26Jun–lJul -46 )

LtCol Henry Aplington, II (2Jul–17Dec46)

LtCol Edward H. Drake (from18Dec46)

3d . Battalion, 7th Marines

(30Sep45–15Apr46 )

CO LtCol Stephen V . Sabol

11th Marines

(30Sep45–24Jan47)CO Col Wilburt S . Brown (to 22Dec -

45 )LtCol Edson L. Lyman (acting ,

22Dec45–11Jan46 )Col Wilburt S. Brown (12Jan–

30Sep46 )Col Eugene F. C. Collier (from

l Oct46)ExO LtCol Roger S . Bruford (to 1-

Nov45 )LtCol Edson L . Lyman (1Nov45–

30Jun46)

LtCol William F . Kramer (1–21 -Jul46 )

LtCol Noah P. Wood, Jr. (22Jul—1 Dec46 )

LtCol Thomas B. Hughes (from2Dec46 )

S–3 (None shown to 310ct45 )LtCol Roger S . Bruford (lNov–

20Dec45 )LtCol Thomas G. Roe (21Dec45 –

6Jan46 )Maj William P . Oliver, Jr . (7–

31Jan46 )LtCol Harry N. Shea (lFeb–30-

Jun46 )LtCol Henry E . W. Barnes (fro m

1Ju146 )


(30Sep45–24Jan47 )

CO LtCol Richard W. Wallace (to 3 -Apr46 )

LtCol Thomas R. Belzer (3Apr–12Dec46 )

LtCol Fred T. Bishopp (from 13 -Dec46 )


(30Sep45–24Jan47 )

CO LtCol Samuel S . Wooster (to 1 -Jan46 )

LtCol David W. Silvey (1Jan–3Mar46 )

Maj Maurice L . Appleton, Jr . (4–31Mar46 )

LtCol Edward L . Peoples (lApr–26Jun46 )

LtCol Noah P . Wood, Jr . (27Jun–21Ju146 )

LtCol Edward L. Peoples (22Jul—18Aug46 )

LtCol Warren P. Baker (from19Aug46 )


(30Sep45–5Jan47 )CO LtCol Thomas G . Roe (to 19Dec-

45 )Maj John P. McAlinn (19Dec45 –

7Jan46 )LtCol Roger S . Bruford (8Jan–

29Dec46)


873

Maj David S . Randall (from 30 -Dec46 )

4th Battalion, 11th Marines(30Sep45–5Jan47 )

CO Maj Andre D. Gomez (to 15Jan -46 )

LtCol William J . Van Ryzi nJan—9Ju146)

(15 -

LtCol Claude S. Sanders, Jr .Jul–19Nov46)

(10 -

Maj Lewis E. Poggemeyer (20-Nov–12Dec46 )

LtCol Thomas R . Belzer (fro m13Dec46 )

6th Marine Division(110ct45–31 Mar46 )

CG MajGen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr .(to 24Dec45 )

MajGen Archie F . Howard (fro m24Dec45 )

ADC BGen William T . ClementCofS Col John C . McQueen (to 10Feb -

46 )Col Harry E . Dunkelberger (fro m

10Feb46 )G–1 Col Karl K. Louther (to 17Nov -

45 )LtCol Frederick Belton (from 17 -

Nov45 )G–2 LtCol Thomas E . Williams (to

16Feb46 )LtCol Carl V. Larson (from 16 -

Feb46 )G–3 LtCol Victor H . Krulak (to 150ct -

45 )LtCol Wayne H . Adams (150ct

31Dec45 )LtCol George W. Kille n

Jan46)(from 1 -

G–4 LtCol Wayne H . Adams (to 15 -Oct45)

LtCol Samuel R . Shaw (from 15 -Oct45 )

Division Headquarters Battalio n(120ct45–31Mar46 )

CO LtCol Floyd A. Stephenson

6th Engineer Battalion(130ct45–26Mar46 )

CO LtCol Orin C. Bjornsrud


(140ct45–26Mar46 )

CO Cdr John S. Cowan (MC) (t o28Jan46 )

LCdr Rich H. Pembroke (MC )(from 28Jan46)


(140ct45–26Mar46 )

CO LtCol Robert E . McCook

6th Pioneer Battalio n

(140ct45–23Mar46 )

LtCol Samuel R . Shaw (to 150ct-45)

Maj John G. Dibble (15–210ct45 )LtCol Harry A. Schmitz (220ct-

45–19Mar46 )(None shown after 19Mar46 )

6th Service Battalio n

(140ct45–22Mar46 )

Col William W . Orr (to 3Dec45 )LtCol Alexander N . Entringer (3 -

Dec45–19Mar46)LtCol Harry A . Schmitz (from

20Mar46 )

6th Tank Battalion

(130ct45–26Mar46 )

LtCol Robert L. Denig, Jr .

4th Marines 1 4

(17Jan–2Sep46 )

LtCol Fred D. Beans (to 27Jan-46 )

2dLt Paul V. Stone (27Jan–7Feb-46 )

2dLt Lawrence H . Guthart, Jr .(8Feb–6Mar46 )

Col William J . Whaling (7–25 -Mar46 )

Col John D . Blanchard (26Mar–30Jun46 )

14 On 1 April 1946, the 3d Marine Brigade was acti-vated, at which time the 4th Marines became a com-ponent unit of that command . When the 3d Brigade wasdeactivated with the formation of Marine Forces ,Tsingtao, on 10 June, the regiment became the 4thMarines (Reinforced), the reinforcing elements repre-

senting support units formerly under the brigade .

CO

CO

CO

CO

874


BGen William T . Clement (1Jul -24Aug46 )

LtCol Robert L. Denig, Jr. (from25Aug46 )

Ex0 (None shown to 9Mar46 )LtCol August Larson (9-14Mar -

46 )LtCol John E. Weber (15Mar -

22Apr46 )LtCol William N . McGill (from

22Apr46 )S-3 (None shown to 8Mar46 )

LtCol Jack F. Warner (8-18Mar-46 )

Maj Norris E . Lineweaver (19 -Mar-3Apr46 )

LtCol Richard I . Moss (4Apr-9Jun46 )

(None shown after 10Jun46 )


(8Mar-3Sep46 )

CO LtCol Joseph P . Sayers (to 22Jul-46 )

LtCol Warren P. Baker (23Jul -7Aug46 )

LtCol Walter H . Stephens (from8Aug46 )

2d Battalion, 4th Marine s(8Mar-3Sep46 )

CO LtCol John G . Johnson (to 12Apr-46 )

Maj Jeff P. Overstreet (13-21 -Apr46)

LtCol John E . Weber (21Apr-5Aug46 )

LtCol Edwin C . Godbold (6-15 -Aug46 )

LtCol Theodore F . Beeman (from16Aug46 )

3d Battalion, 4th Marines 1 6

(8Mar46-2Sep46 )

CO LtCol Walter H . Stephens (to 5 -Aug46 )

Col Samuel B . Griffith, II (from5Aug46 )

15 On 3 September 1946, 3/4 (Reinforced) became th emajor element of the Marine forces in Tsingtao, and o nthe 12th was attached to the 1st Marine Division, Marin eForces, China, for operational control .

22d Marine s

(110ct45-22M ar46 )CO Col John D. Blanchard (to 26-

Mar46 )Maj George B. Kantner (from

26Mar46 )Ex0 LtCol August Larson (to 8Mar-

46 )(None shown 9-14Mar46 )Maj George B . Kantner (15-25-

Mar46 )(None shown 26Mar46)

S-3 LtCol Walter H . Stephens (to1Dec45 )

Maj George B. Kantner (2Dec45-6Mar46 )

(None shown after 6Mar46 )

1st Battalion, 22d Marines

(110ct45-26Mar46 )CO LtCol Gavin C. Humphrey

2d Battalion, 22d Marines 1B

(110ct45-8Mar46 )

CO LtCol John G . Johnso n

3d Battalion, 22d Marines "

(110ct45-8Mar46 )

CO LtCol Clair W . Shisler (to 9Nov-45 )

Maj George B. Kantner (9-13 -Nov45 )

LtCol Clair W . Shisler (14-26 -Nov45 )

Maj George B . Kantner (26-30 -Nov45 )

LtCol Walter H . Stephens (fro m1Dec45 )

29th Marine s

(110ct45-26Mar46 )

CO Col William A. Whaling (to 6 -Mar46)

(None shown after 6Mar46 )Ex0 LtCol George W . Killen (to 12 -

Oct45 )Col Orin K. Pressley (12-310ct -

45 )

le Redesignated 2d Battalion, 4th Marines on 8 March

1946 .

14 Redesignated 3d Battalion, 4th Marines on 8 Marc h1946 .


875

LtCol John E . Weber (1Nov45—10Mar46 )

(None shown after 10Mar46 )S—3 LtCol George W . Killen (to 31-

Dec45)(None shown 1—9Jan46 )LtCol Jack F . Warner (lOJan—

7Mar46 )(None shown after 7Mar46 )

1st Battalion, 29th Marines 18

(110ct45—26Mar46 )

CO LtCol LeRoy P . Hunt, Jr. (to 11-Mar46)

Maj Wallace G . Fleissner (from11Mar46 )

2d Battalion, 29th Marines 1 0

(100ct45—8Mar46 )

CO LtCol William G. Robb (to 8Feb-46 )

Maj Thomas J . Gross (from 8Feb-46)


(110ct45—26Mar46 )

CO LtCol Angus M. Fraser (to 8Feb-46)

(None shown 8—19Feb46 )LtCol Joseph P . Sayers (from 19-

Feb46 )

15th Marine s

(110ct45—26Mar46 )

CO Col Robert B . LuckeyExO LtCol James H . Brower (to 13-

Jan46)(None shown 13Jan—11Feb46 )LtCol Louis A . Ennis (from 12 -

Feb46 )S—3 Capt William W. Curtis (to 10- -

Dec45 )LtCol Walter S . Osipoff (10Dec -

45—7Jan46 )Capt William W. Curtis (8Jan —

1Mar46 )(None shown after 1Mar46 )

19 Attached to 1st Marine Division on 14 February

1946 .


(110ct45—23Nov45) *

CO LtCol Walter S . Osipoff


(110ct45—26Mar46 )

CO Maj Nat M . Pace


(110ct45—26Mar46 )CO LtCol Joe C . McHaney (to 8Jan-

46 )LtCol Walter S .

Jan46 )Maj George F .

15Jan46 )

4th Battalion, 15th Marines 8 0

(110ct45—17Mar46 )

CO Maj William H. Hirst (to 250ct -45 )

Maj Francis F . Parry (250ct45 —8Jan46 )

Maj John S. Hartz (9Jan—24Feb -46 )

Maj Marshall R. Pilcher (25 —28Feb46 )

LtCol Louis A . Ennis (from 1-Mar46 )

3d Marine Brigade 2 1

(lApr—9Jun46 )

Marine Forces, Tsingtao

(10Jun—3Sep46 )

CG BGen William T . ClementCofS Col Harry E . DunkelbergerG—1 LtCol Frederick BeltonG—2 LtCol Carl V . LarsenG—3 LtCol George W. KillenG—4 LtCol Samuel R. Shaw

3d Marine Brigade Headquarters Battalion R2

(lApr—9Jun46 )

* Disbanded 23 November 1945 .20 On 17 March, the 4th Battalion, 15th Marines, wa s

redesignated Artillery, 3d Marine Brigade.

21 On 10 June 1946, the brigade was' redesignatedMarine Forces, Tsingtao .

Osipoff (8—14 -

Vaughan (from

10 Redesignated 1st Battalion, 4th Marines on 8 March

22 Redesignated Headquarters Battalion, Marine Forces .

1946.

Tsingtao, on 10 June 1946 .

876


Headquarters Battalion, Marine Forces,Tsingtao

(lOJun—3Sep46 )

CO Maj Floyd A. Stephenson

Artillery Battalion, 3d Marine Brigade Y 3

(17Mar—24Aug46 )

CO LtCol Louis A . Ennis

Medical Battalion, 3d Marine Brigade "(lApr—l0Aug46 )

CO LCdr Rich H. Pembroke (MC )(to 26Apr46 )

LCdr Douglas J . Giorgio (MC )(26Apr—7May46 )

LCdr Henry R . Ennis (MC )(from 8May46 )

Service Battalion, 3d Marine Brigade "

(lApr—230ct46 )

CO LtCol Harry N. Schmitz (to 5-Ju146 )

LtCol Kenneth P . Corson (6Jul —24Aug46)

LtCol Robert E. McCook (from25Aug46 )

3d Battalion, 4th Marines (Reinforced) 2 B

(3Sep46—30Sep47 )

CO Col Samuel B . Griffith, II (to 22-May47 )

LtCol Edward L . Hutchinson (22-May,5Jun47 )

Col Jaime Sabater (from 6Jun47 )

23 On 17 March 1946, the 4th Battalion, 15th Marines ,was redesignated the Artillery Battalion, 3d Marin eBrigade . This unit designation was again changed o n22 May 1946, when the battalion became 3/12 (Rein-forced) .

24 Redesignated 3d Medical Battalion, 3d Marin eBrigade, on 22 May 1946. On 10 June 1946, designated3d Medical Battalion, 4th Marines (Reinforced) .

25 Redesignated 3d Service Battalion, 3d Marin eBrigade on 22 May 1946. On 10 June 1946, redesignated3d Service Battalion, 4th Marines (Reinforced) .

Ye With the disestablishment of Marine Forces ,Tsingtao, 3/4 became the major Marine unit in thatcity. The support units formerly under Marine Forces,Tsingtao, were generally reduced to company-sized or-ganizations and represented the battalion's reinforcement .

On 12 September 1946, the reinforced battalion cam eunder the operational control of the 1st Marine Division ,Marine Forces, China. On 1 October 1947, 3/4 was re-designated 3d Marines, Fleet Marine Force, Wester nPacific.

Fleet Marine Force, Western Pacific Y 7

(20May47—8Feb49 )

CG BGen Omar T. Pfeiffer (to 15 -Aug47 )

BGen Gerald C. Thomas (from15Aug47)

CofS Col George W . McHenry (to 27 -Aug47 )

Col William J . Scheyer (from 27 -Aug47 )

G—1 LtCol Warren P. Baker (to 25-May48 )

Maj Drew J. Barrett, Jr . (25May—9Aug48 )

Maj John R. Chaisson (from 10-Aug48 )

G—2 Maj Carl V. Larsen (to 14Sep47 )Capt John B . Bristow (14Sep—

8Dec47 )LtCol William A. Kengla (9Dec-

47—26Jan49 )Capt John B. Bristow (from 27-

Jan49 )

G—3 Maj John P . Wilbern (to 5Jun47 )LtCol Edward L . Hutchinson (6-

Jun—lOSep47 )LtCol Thomas J . Colley (11Sep47—

220ct48 )LtCol Floyd H . Moore (230ct48—

26Jan49 )LtCol William A . Kengla (fro m

27Jan49 )

G—4 LtCol John E . Weber (to lOSep-47 )

LtCol Edward L . Hutchinson (11 -Sep47—20Jan48 )

LtCol Frederick L. Wieseman(21Jan—31Mar48 )

LtCol Paul A . Fitzgerald (lApr—31Ju148 )

Maj Stephen C . Munson, Jr. (1-Aug—20Sep48 )

Maj Edwin B . Wheeler (from 18 -Sep48) 2 8

27 With the withdrawal of all Marine units fro mHopeh, the center of Marine activities and FMFWesPac ,

the major Marine command in China, were located a t

Tsingtao .

2s No apparent reason is indicated for this discrepanc yin dates in the Muster Rolls, FMFWesPac, Sep48 (Diar yUnit, Files Sec, PersDept, HQMC) .


877

Headquarters Battalion, FMFWesPac

(20May47—8Feb49 )CO LtCol Marvin T. Starr (to 21Sep -

47 )Maj John A. Burns (22—29Sep47 )LtCol Marvin T. Starr (30Sep47—

5Jan48 )LtCol Paul A . Fitzgerald (6Jan -

31 Mar48 )LtCol Thomas W. Brundage, Jr.

(from 1Apr48 )

1st Marines = 0

(10ct47—8Feb49 )

CO Col George W . McHenry (to 17-Feb48 )

Maj Edwin B . Wheeler (18Feb —8Mar48 )

Col George W . McHenry (9Mar —27Apr48 )

Col Miles S. Newton (from 28 -Apr48 )

ExO LtCol Harold Granger (to 8Jul -

48 )Maj Edwin B. Wheeler (9—19Jul -

48 )Maj John P. Wilbern (20Jul—12-

Aug48 )LtCol Floyd H . Moore (13Aug—

190ct48 )Maj John P . Wilbern (20—290ct -

48 )Maj Charles H . Brush, Jr. (30 -

Oct48—27Jan49 )Maj John P . Wilbern (from 28 -

Jan49 )

S—3 Maj Edwin B . Wheeler (to 19 -JuI48 )

Capt Emil J . Radics (20Jul—12 -Aug48 )

Maj John P . Wilbern (from 13-Aug48 )

3d Marines 3 0

(10ct47—3Feb49 )

CO Col Jaime Sabater (to 31Mar48 )

-U The 2d Battalion, 1st Marines, was redesignated 1s t

Marines, Fleet Marine Force, Western Pacific, on 1

October 1947 .

30 On 1 October 1947, 3/4 (Reinforced) redesignated

3d Marines, Fleet Marine Force, Western Pacific .

LtCol Frederick L . Wieseman (1 -

Apr—17Aug48) 3 1Col Walfried M . Fromhold (18-

Aug—240ct48 )LtCol Thomas J . Colley (from 25 -

Oct48 )ExO LtCol Thomas W. Brundage, Jr.

(to 31Mar48 )LtCol John A . Burns (lApr—6Jul -

48 )Maj William T . Bray (7Jul—12 -

Aug48 )Maj James G. Juett (13Aug—

2Sep48 )(None shown 3—30Sep48 )LtCol William T . McKennan

(from lOct48 )S—3 Maj William T . Bray (to 6Ju148 )

Maj James G. Juett (7Jul—12Aug-48 )

(None shown 13Aug—2Sep48 )Maj James G . Juett (3—20Sep48 )Maj William T . McKennan (21

30Sep48 )(None shown 1—310ct48 )Maj Meryl F. Kurr (from lNov -

48 )

2d Provisional Artillery Battalion ,11th Marines

(10ct47—3Feb49 )CO Maj Elliott Wilson

1st Marine Aircraft Wing(70ct45—17Apr47 )

CG MajGen Claude A. Larkin (to310ct45 )

MajGen Louis E . Woods (310ct -45—23Jun46 )

(None shown 24Jun46 )BGen Lawson H . M. Sanderson

(from 25Jun46 )AWC BGen Byron F. Johnson (to 17 -

Feb46 )BGen Walter G . Farrell (17Feb—

14Jun46 )(None shown 15—21Jun46 )Col John N . Hart (22Jun—3Ju146 )(None shown after 3Ju146 )

CofS Col Clarence J . Chappell, Jr . (to25Jan46 )

31 Promoted to Colonel 1 July 1948 .

878


Col Vernon M. Guymon (25Jan—3Ju146)

Col John N. Hart (4Ju146—16Apr-47 )

Col Joe A . Smoak (17Apr47)

G—1 LtCol Etheridge C . Best (to 13 -Feb46 )

(None shown 14—21Feb46 )Col William B . Steiner (from 22 -

Feb46 )

G—2 Maj Manual Brilliant (to 1Feb-46 )

Col Roger T . Carleson (1Feb—26Mar46 )

(None shown 27Mar—15Apr46 )LtCol John F. Carey (from 16 -

Apr46 )G—3 Col Carson A. Roberts (to 12Nov -

45 )LtCol Leonard K. Davis (12Nov-

45—25Jan46 )Col Charles J. Schlapkohl (26 -

Jan—10Aug46 )(None shown 10Aug—2Sep46 )Col Joe A. Smoak (3Sep46—16 -

Apr47)Maj Frank E. Hollar (acting ,

17Apr47 )G—4 LtCol Milo G. Haines (to 24Jan -

46 )Col Elliot E. Bard (25Jan46—

17Mar47 )LtCol Zane Thompson, Jr. (from

18Mar47 )CO, Hq -

Sqn—1 Maj Robert W. Baile (to 24-Oct45 )

Maj Finley T. Clarke, Jr . (24 -Oct45—13May46 )

(None shown 14May46 )Maj Kenneth D. Frazier (15May -

46—24Jan47 )(None shown 25Jan47 )Maj James N. Cupp (26Jan—31 -

Mar47 )Capt Robert M . Keim (from 1-

Apr47 )

Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Western Pacifi c

(lMay47—8Feb49 )

CO Col John N. Hart (to 18Aug47)

Col Frank E . Lamson-Scribner(from 18Aug47 )

Ex0 LtCol Edward B . Carney ' 2S–3 LtCol Benjamin S. Hargrave, Jr .

(to 9Feb48 )LtCol George W. Herring (9Feb—

90ct48 )LtCol Birney B . Truitt (100ct48—

30Jan49 )(None shown after 30Jan49 )

Col John N. Hart (to 12May47 )Maj James N. Cupp (12May—

30Jun47 )Maj Walter J . Carr, Jr . (1Jul47 —

28Feb48 )LtCol Lee C. Merrell, Jr. (1Mar—

29Jun48 )Maj Walter J . Carr, Jr. (30Jun—

14Nov48 )LtCol George W. Nevils (from

15Nov48 )


(250ct45—26Apr46 )CO Col Verne J. McCaul (to 14Jan46 )

Col Marion L. Dawson (14Jan —3Apr46 )

(None shown 4—5Apr46 )Col Edward L . Pugh (from 6 -

•Apr46 )Ex0 LtCol Robert D . Moser (to 14 -

Jan46 )LtCol Joseph N. Renner (14Jan —

1Apr46 )LtCol Elmore W. Seeds (from

2Apr46 )GruOpsO . . . Maj John S. Payne (to 30Nov45 )

(None shown 1—9Dec45 )LtCol James B . Moore (10Dec45 —

14Jan46 )LtCol William A. Houston, Jr .

(15Jan—5Apr46 )(None shown after 5Apr46 )

CO, Hq-Sqn—12 . . . Maj Philip "L" Crawford (to 13 -

Dec45 )Maj Eugene A . Trowbridge (13 -

Dec45—5Apr46 )

32 Promoted to colonel 10 July 1948 .

CO, HqSqn,AirFMF-WesPac


879

lstLt Joseph B. Harrison (from6Apr46 )

CO ,SMS—12 . LtCol Richard E . Figley (to 13 -

Dec45 )Maj Philip "L" Crawford (13-

Dec45—31Mar46 )LtCol Harlan Rogers (from 1 -

Apr46 )

Marine Aircraft Group 2 4(180ct45—17Apr47 )

CO Col Edward A . Montgomery (t o29Jan46 )

Col Edward L. Pugh (29Jan—5Apr46 )

Col Marion L . Dawson (from 6 -Apr46 )

Ex0 LtCol Martin A. Severson (to 2 -Mar46 )

LtCol John D. Harshberger (2 -Mar—2Apr46 )

LtCol Joseph E . Renner (3—17-Apr46 )

LtCol John D . Harshberger (18-Apr—19Jun46 )

LtCol Edwin P. Pennebaker, Jr.(from 20Jun46 )

Gru0ps0 . . . LtCol Guy M. Morrow (to 26Jan -46 )

LtCol John D. Harshberger (26 -Jan—10Mar46 )

Maj Billie K. Shaw (11Mar—4Apr46 )

LtCol John D . Harshberger (5 —17Apr46 )

(None shown 18—30Apr46 )Maj Philip "L" Crawford (1 —

28May46 )Maj William P. Addington (29 -

May—19Jun46 )LtCol John D. Harshberger (20 -

Jun—26Nov46 )LtCol Lee C . Merrell, Jr . (27Nov-

46—11Apr47 )(None shown after 11Apr47 )

CO, Hq-Sqn—24 . . . Capt John S. Court (to 8Apr46 )

Capt William J. Suhr (8Apr—27May46)

Capt Charles F . Hughes (28May—17Jun46 )

Capt Harold E . Smith (from 18 -Jun46 )

CO ,SMS—24 . LtCol Benjamin B. Manchester ,

III (to 25Jan46 )LtCol John F . Carey (25Jan–

6Apr46 )LtCol William A. Houston, Jr .

(7Apr—27May46 )Maj Charles S . Manning (28May—

15Sep46 )LtCol William A . Cloman, Jr .

(16Sep46—11Apr47 )Maj Joseph H . Elliott, Jr . (from

12Apr47 )


(70ct45—7Jun46 )

CO Col Herbert P. Becker (to 6Jun -46 )

LtCol Gregory J . Weissenberger(from 6Jun46 )

Ex0 LtCol Elmore W. Seeds (to lApr -46 )

LtCol Edwin P. Pennebaker, Jr .(1—5Apr46 )

(None shown after 5Apr46 )

Gru0ps0 . . . . LtCol John G. Walsh, Jr . (to 25 -Jan46 )

(None shown 26Jan—16Feb46 )LtCol Gregory J. Weissenberger

(17Apr—5Jun46 )(None shown after 5Jun46 )

Capt Lawrence N. Laugen (t o14Feb46)

Maj William P . Dukes (from 14 -Feb46 )

CO ,SMS—25 Maj Philip E . Sweeny (to 12Nov-

45 )Capt Stanley Roszek (12Nov45—

10Jan46 )Maj Jack A. Church (11Jan —

31Mar46 )LtCol James R. Christensen (1-

Apr—30May46 )Maj Jack A. Church (from 1 -

Jun46)

CO, Hq -Sqn—25 . . .

880


Marine Aircraft Group 32(160ct45—26May46 )

CO Col Thomas G . Ennis (to 29Jan -46 )

(None shown 29Jan—4Feb46 )Col Frank D. Weir (from 5Feb -

46 )Ex0 LtCol Wallace T . Scott (to 11Dec -

45)(None shown 12—17Dec45 )LtCol William M. Frash (18Dec-

45—4Apr46 )LtCol Charles N . Endwess (5Apr—

17May46 )(None shown after 17May46 )

Gru0ps0 . . . . LtCol James B . Moore (to 6Dec-45 )

(None shown 7Dec45 )LtCol William M. Frash (8—17-

Dec45 )LtCol James R. Anderson (from

18Dec45)CO, Hq -

Sqn—32 . . . Capt Ernesto Giusti (to 18May -46 )

Capt LaVerne Gonnerman (from18May46 )

CO ,SMS—32 . Maj Sherman A . Smith (to 200ct -

45 )(None shown 21—220ct45 )LtCol Wyatt B. Carneal, Jr .

(from 230ct45 )

Marine Observation Squadron 3(100ct45—22Jun47 )

CO lstLt Daniels F. Nickols, Jr . (t o18Nov45 )

lstLt Victor E . Reeves (18Nov45 —12Jan46 )

lstLt Thomas R. Riley (13Jan —11Mar46 )

Capt Billie C. Marks (12Mar—3Nov46 )

Capt Jesse V. Booker (from 4 -Nov46 )

Marine Observation Squadron 6(110ct45—5Jan47 )

CO Capt Joe W. Fitts, Jr. (to 15Dec -45)

lstLt Edward S . John (15Dec45 —25May46 )

Capt Richard B . Cropley (26May—21Aug46 )

Maj James N . Cupp (22Aug—23-Sep46 )

Capt Richard B . Cropley (24Sep—12Dec46 )

Capt Harold F . Brown (from 13 -Dec46 )

Marine Air Warning Squadron 7 "(270ct45—31Ju147 )

CO Maj Thomas Turner (to 3ONov-45)

Capt Lawrence W . Canon (30 -Nov45—19Jan46 )

Capt Frank M. Richard (20Jan—12Mar46 )

Maj Nelson B . Palmer (13Mar—14Jun46 )

Maj Albert L . Jones (from 14Jun -46 )


(280ct45—20May46)

CO Capt Craig W. Parris (to 24Nov-45 )

Maj Daniel H . Davis (24Nov45—28Feb46 )

lstLt Wesley "W" Carscaren (1-Mar—4May46 )

lstLt Dwight O . Deay (from 5 -May46 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 11 5(14Nov45—17Jan47 )

CO Maj Thomas W . Coles (to 9Mar-46 )

Capt Fred J. Gilhuly (9Mar—30Apr46 )

Maj John E . Reynolds (1May—16Aug46)

Maj Harry B . Hooper, Jr. (17-Aug—6Nov46 )

LtCol Gordon H. Knott (from7Nov46 )

33 Redesignated Marine Ground Control Intercept

Squadron 7 on 1 August 1946 .


881

Marine Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 134

(210ct45—26Apr46 )

CO Maj Gruger L. Bright (acting, to5Dec45 )

Maj Walter F . Cornnell (5Dec45 —28Feb46 )

Maj Daniel H. Davis (1Mar—3Apr46 )

LtCol William M. Frash (from4Apr46 )


(10Nov45—7Jun46)

CO LtCol William M. Frash (to 8 -Dec45 )

Maj Roscoe C . Cline, Jr . (8Dec45 –18Jan46 )

LtCol Gregory J . Weissenberger(19Jan—15Feb46 )

LtCol Frank H. Collins (from 16-Feb46 )

Marine Transport Squadron 15 3

(5Nov45—29Jan49 )

CO LtCol Louis L . Frank (to 15Apr-46)

LtCol Neil R. McIntyre (15Apr -46—12Mar47 )

LtCol Benjamin S . Hargrave, Jr.(acting, 13Mar—17Apr47 )

LtCol Neil R. McIntyre (18Apr—30Sep47 )

LtCol James R. Christensen (1 -

Oct47—7Feb48 )Maj Ernest C . Fusan (8Feb—

15Nov48 )Maj Richard "F" Ofstad (from

16Nov48 )


(14Nov45—4Apr49 )

CO Maj Angus F . Davis (to 10Mar -46)

Capt Reinhardt Leu (10Mar—7Apr46)

Maj Billie K . Shaw (8Apr—30Jun -

46 )Maj Joseph H. Elliott, Jr. (iJul—

31Aug46 )LtCol John D. Howard (1Sep46— CO

30Apr47)

LtCol Lee C. Merrell, Jr . (iMay-47—28Feb48 )

Maj James T . McDaniel (1Mar—8Oct48)

Maj Ernest R . Hemingway (9 -Oct—iNov48)

LtCol George W. Herring (2—23Nov48 )

Maj Walter J . Carr (24—29Nov -48 )

Maj Allan L . Feldmeier (30Nov—10Dec48 )

LtCol George W . Herring (from11Dec48 )

Maj Richard R. Amerine (to 10 -Mar46 )

Capt Paul H . Hackstadt (lOMay—7Apr46)

Maj Charles Kimak (8Apr—31 -Aug46 )

LtCol Robert J . Johnson (fro m1Sep46 )

Scout-Bomber Squadron 24 4

(18Oct45—21 May46 )

Maj John E . Sperzel (to 24Nov—45 )

Maj Taylor R . Roberts (24Nov -45—14Mar46 )

lstLt James D. Freeze (15Mar—4Apr46)

Maj Daniel H. Davis (5—9Apr46 )Maj Robert L. Anderson (10Apr—

16May46)Maj Daniel H. Davis (from 17 -

May46 )


(18Sep45—31Jan46 )

LtCol Glenn T . Todd

253

Scout-Bomber Squadron 343

(20Oct45—20May46 )

Maj Jack Cosley (to 10Jan46 )(None shown 11—12Jan46 )

CO

Marine

CO

Detachment ,

CO

CO

Marine


(14Nov45—7Apr47 )

Detachment, Marine Transport Squadron

(lDec45—28Feb46 )

LtCol Desmond E . Canavan

882


Maj Louis R. Babb (13Jan-17-May46 )

Maj Walter F . Cornnell (fro m18May46 )

Detachment, Marine Transport Squadron 352

(1O0ct45-31Jan46 )

CO LtCol John W . Burkhard t

Detachment, Marine Bombing Squadron 41 3

(21-310ct45 )

CO Maj Edward J . Doyl e

Marine Night Fighter Squadron 53 3

(70ct45-7Jan47 )

CO Maj Robert P . Keller (to 27May -46 )

Maj Jack C. Scott (27May-4Sep -46 )

LtCol Alfred N. Gordon (5Sep-19Dec46)

Maj John N . Burnett (acting, 20 -Dec46-22Jan47 )

LtCol Alfred N. Gordon (fro m23Jan47 )

Marine Night Fighter Squadron 54 1(60ct45-12Apr46 )

CO Maj Reynolds A . Moody (to 27 -Nov45 )

Capt George U . Smith (from 27 -Nov45 )

Detachment, Marine Bombing Squadron 61 1(21-290ct45 )

CO LtCol Winston H. Mille r

Landing Force Air Support Control Unit 3(120ct45-6Mar46 )

CO LtCol John T . L. D. Gabbert

D. MARINE CARRIER-BASE DAIR UNITS "

as Under each unit listed there will appear a lette rdesignation for each operation in which the unit par-ticipated, and dates of involvement . Following are thecampaigns and dates of entitlement :

A. Third Fleet supporting operations : Luzon attacks ,6—7Jan45 ; Formosa attacks, 3—4, 9, 15, and 21Jan45 ;China coast attacks, 12, 16Jan45 ; and Nansei Shotoattacks, 22Jan45.

Marine Carrier Fighter Group 1(USS Block Island )

(D—lOMay-16Jun45 )(E—15Jun-2OJu145)

CO LtCol John F . Dobbin s

Marine Carrier Fighter Group 2(USS Gilbert Islands )

(D—21May-16Jun45 )(E—26Jun-6Ju145 )

(F—31Jul-15Aug45 )

CO LtCol William R. Campbell

Marine Carrier Fighter Group 4(USS Cape Gloucester )

(F—1OJul-7Aug45 )

CO LtCol Donald K. Yost

Marine Fighter Squadron 11 2(USS Bennington )

(B—15Feb-4Mar45 )(C—17Mar-11Jun45 )

CO Maj Herman Hansen, Jr.

Marine Fighter Squadron 12 3(USS Bennington )

(B—15Feb-4Mar45)(C—17Mar-11Jun45 )

CO Maj Everett V. Alward (to 25 -Feb45 )

Maj Thomas E . Mobley, Jr. (from25Feb45 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 12 4(USS Essex )

(A—3-22Jan45 )(B—15Feb-4Mar45 )

(C—17-24Mar45 )

CO Maj William A. Millingto n

Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 13 2

(USS Cape Gloucester )(F—1OJul-7Aug45 )

CO Capt Henry W . His e

B. Assault and occupation of Iwo Jima ; Fifth Fleetraids against Japan, 15Feb—16Mar45 .

C. Third and Fifth Fleet raids in support of Okinawaoperation, 17Mar—11Jun45 .

D. Assault and occupation of Okinawa, 24Mar—30Jun45 .

E. Balikpapan operations, 15Jun—20Ju145 .F. Third Fleet operations against Japan, 10Jul—

15Aug45 .


883

Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 14 3(USS Gilbert Islands )

(D—21May-16Jun45 )(E—26Jun-6Ju145 )

(F—31Jul-15Aug45 )

CO Capt John E . Worlund

Marine Fighter Squadron 213 (USS Essex )(A—3-22Jan45 )

(B—15Feb-4Mar45 )(C—17-24Mar45 )

CO Maj Donald P. Frame (to 29Jan-45 )

Maj Louis R. Smunk (29Jan-4Feb45 )

Maj David E . Marshall (from 5 -Feb45 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 214(USS Franklin )(C—17-22Mar45 )

CO Maj Stanley R . Bailey

Marine Fighter Squadron 21 6(USS Wasp)

(B—15Feb-4Mar45 )(C—17-22Mar45 )

CO Maj George E . Dooley

Marine Fighter Squadron 21 7(USS Wasp)

(B—15Feb-4Mar45 )(C—17-22Mar45 )

CO Maj Jack R . Amende, Jr . (to 16 -Feb45 )

Maj George S . Buck (from 16 -Feb45 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 221(USS Bunker Hill )(B—15Feb-4Mar45 )

(C—17Mar-13May45 )

CO Maj Edwin S . Roberts, Jr .

310-224 0 - 69 - 57

Marine Carrier Torpedo-Bomber Squadron 233(USS Block Island )

(D—3May-16Jun45 )(E—26Jun-6Ju145 )

CO Capt Edmund W . Berr y

Marine Carrier Fighter Squadron 351(USS Cape Gloucester )

(F—10Jul-7Aug45 )

CO . Maj Armond H. Delalio (to 5Jun -45 )

Maj Charles E . McLean, Jr.(from 5Jun45 )

Marine Fighter Squadron 45 1(USS Bunker Hill )

(B—15Feb-4Mar45 )(C—17Mar-13May45 )

CO Maj Henry A . Ellis, Jr .

Marine Fighter Squadron 45 2(USS Franklin )

(C—17-19Mar45 )

CO Maj Charles P . Weiland

Marine Carrier Night Fighter Squadron 51 1(USS Block Island )

(D—3May-16Jun45 )(E—26Jun-6Ju145 )

Maj Robert C. Maze (to 27May-46 )

Capt James L. Secrest (from 27-May45 )

Carrier Fighter Squadron 51 2(USS Gilbert Island )

(D—21May-16Jun45 )(E—26Jun-6Ju145 )

(F—31Jul-15Aug45 )

CO Maj Blaine H . Baesler

CO

Marine

APPENDIX M

Marine Casualties '

Okinaw a(lApr–22Jun45)

KIA DOW WIA MIAPD TOTA L

Offi-cer

En-sted

Offi-cer

En-listed

015-cer

En -listed

Offi-cer

En-listed

Offi-cer

En -listed

ReconBn, FMFPac 0 3 0 0 3 10 0 0 2 1 3

IIIAC Troops 0 18 1 4 14 148 0 0 15 170

IIIAC Artillery 1 10 1 11 11 458 1 1 14 48 0

1st Marine Division 56 1,036 13 149 311 6,094 0 6 380 7,285

RCT—8 1 36 0 11 11 317 0 0 12 36 4

6th Marine Division 27 1,337 18 274 388 7,041 1 10 434 8,662

2d Marine Aircraft Wing 24 21 0 9 51 162 28 3 103 19 5

Replacement Drafts2 1 157 1 28 9 735 0 1 11 921

Miscellaneous Air3 4 0 1 0 9 11 4 0 18 1 1

Miscellaneous Ground4 0 16 0 8 0 117 0 0 0 14 1

Total Casualties 114 2,634 35 494 806 15,093 34 21 989 18,24 2

Marine Ships Detachments. . 1 47 0 1 8 97 0 10 9 15 5

Marine Carrier Ai rDetachments 10 .

40 0 0 7 6 2 0 19 4 6

Grand Total MarineCasualties 125 2,721 35 495 821 15,196 36 31 1,017 18,443

Naval Medical PersonnelsOrganic to Marine Units . . 1 108 0 9 12 430 0 0 13 54 7

Grand Total 126 2,829 35 504 833 15,626 36 31 1,030 18,990

1 These final Marine casualty figures were compiled from records furnished by Statistics Unit, Personnel Accounting Section ,Records Branch, Personnel Department, HQMC . They are audited to include 26 August 1952 . The key to the abbreviations usedat the head of columns in the table follows : KIA, Killed in Action ; DOW, Died of Wounds ; WIA, Wounded in Action ; MIAPD ,Missing in Action, Presumed dead . Because of the casualty reporting method used during World War II, a substantial number ofDOW figures are also included in the WIA column .

2 Most members of replacement drafts who became casualties did so as member of regular combat units . In many instances ,these men were hit before official notice of their transfer reached Headquarters Marine Corps, and therefore, they are carried on th ecasualty rolls as members of the various drafts .

8 Included in the miscellaneous categories are those men whose personnel records still showed them as members of units no tpart of Tenth Army when the report of their becoming a casualty reached Headquarters Marine Corps .

E This category includes the casualties suffered by the 2d Marine Division while it was in the Okinawa area .2 Compiled from NavMed P-5021, The History of the Medical Department of the Navy in Wnrld War II, 2 vols (Washington :

Government Printing Office, 1953), II, pp. 1–84.

884

APPENDIX N

Unit Commendation s

THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY ,

Washington .

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the PRESIDENTIA L

UNIT CITATION to th e

FIRST MARINE DIVISION, REINFORCED ,

consisting ofThe FIRST Marine Division; Fourth Marine War Dog Platoon ; Fourth Provisiona l

Rocket Detachment ; Fourth Joint Assault Signal Company ; Third Amphibian Truc k

Company ; Third Provisional Armored Amphibian Battalion ; First Amphibian Trac-

tor Battalion ; Eighth Amphibian Tractor Battalion ; Detachment, First Platoon, First

Bomb Disposal Company ; Second Platoon, First Bomb Disposal Company (less First

Section) ; Battery "B", 88th Independent Chemical Mortar Battalion, U . S. Army ;

Company "B" (less First Platoon), 713th Armored Flame Thrower Battalion, U . S .

Army,for service as set forth in the followin g

CITATION :"For extraordinary heroism in action against enemy Japanese forces during the

invasion and capture of Okinawa Shima, Ryukyu Islands, from April 1 to June 21 ,

1945. Securing its assigned area in the north of Okinawa by a series of lightnin g

advances against stiffening resistance, the FIRST Marine Division, Reinforced, turne d

southward to drive steadily forward through a formidable system of natural and man -

made defenses protecting the main enemy bastion at Shuri Castle . Laying bitter siege

to the enemy until the defending garrison was reduced and the elaborate fortification sat Shuri destroyed, these intrepid Marines continued to wage fierce battle as they ad-vanced relentlessly, cutting off the Japanese on Oroku Peninsula and smashing through

a series of heavily fortified, mutually supporting ridges extending to the southern -

most tip of the island to split the remaining hostile force into two pockets where the y

annihilated the trapped and savagely resisting enemy . By their valor and tenacity, theofficers and men of the FIRST Marine Division, Reinforced, contributed materiall y

to the conquest of Okinawa, and their gallantry in overcoming a fanatic enemy in th e

face of extraordinary danger and difficulty adds new luster to Marine Corps Histor y

and to the traditions of the United States Naval Service . "

For the President.

JOHN L. SULLIVAN ,Secretary of the Navy .

885

886



Washington .

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the PRESIDENTIA LUNIT CITATION to the

SIXTH MARINE DIVISION, REINFORCE D

consisting ofThe Sixth Marine Division ; First Marine War Dog Platoon ; Fifth Provisional Rocke tDetachment ; Third Platoon, First Bomb Disposal Company ; Marine Observation Squad-ron Six ; Sixth Joint Assault Signal Company ; First Armored Amphibian Battalion ;Fourth Amphibian Tractor Battalion ; Ninth Amphibian Tractor Battalion ; FirstSection, Second Platoon, First Bomb Disposal Company ; 708th Amphibian Tank Bat-talion, U. S . Army ; Third Armored Amphibian Battalion (less 4 platoons) ; 91stChemical Mortar Company (Separate), U . S . Army; First Platoon, Company B, 713thArmored Flame-Thrower Battalion, U . S. Army ,

for service as set forth in the following

CITATION :"For extraordinary heroism in action against enemy Japanese forces during th e

assault and capture of Okinawa, April 1 to June 21, 1945 . Seizing Yontan Airfield i nits initial operation, the SIXTH Marine Division, Reinforced, smashed through organ-ized resistance to capture Ishikawa Isthmus, the town of Nago and heavily fortifie dMotobu Peninsula in 13 days . Later committed to the southern front, units of th eDivision withstood overwhelming artillery and mortar barrages, repulsed furiou scounterattacks and staunchly pushed over the rocky terrain to reduce almost impreg-nable defenses and capture Sugar Loaf Hill . Turning southeast, they took the capitalcity of Naha and executed surprise shore-to-shore landings on Oroku Peninsula, secur-ing the area with its prized Naha Airfield and Harbor after nine days of fierce fight-ing. Reentering the lines in the south, SIXTH Division Marines sought out enem yforces entrenched in a series of rocky ridges extending to the southern tip of th eisland, advancing relentlessly and rendering decisive support until the last remnant sof enemy opposition were exterminated and the island secured . By their valor andtenacity, the officers and men of the SIXTH Marine Division, Reinforced contributedmaterially to the conquest of Okinawa, and their gallantry in overcoming a fanati cenemy in the face of extraordinary danger and difficulty adds new luster to Marin eCorps history, and to the traditions of the United States Naval Service . "

For the President .

JAMES FORRESTAL ,Secretary of the Navy .

UNIT CITATIONS

887


Washington.

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the PRESIDENTIA L

UNIT CITATION to the

SECOND MARINE AIRCRAFT WIN G

for service as set forth in the followin g


Okinawa Campaign, from April 4 to July 14, 1945 . Bearing the entire burden of land -

based aircraft support during the early part of the Okinawa Campaign, the Secon d

Marine Aircraft Wing established facilities and operated its aircraft under the mos t

hazardous field conditions with a minimum of equipment and personnel . Undeterred

by either the constant rain during April and May or by heavy enemy artillery shellin g

and repeated day and night aerial bombing of the air strips, the unit succeeded in car-rying out highly effective aerial operations against the enemy from Kyushu to th e

southernmost islands of the Ryukyu Group, flying picket-ship and anti-submarine

patrols, fighter sweeps, day and night fighter and bomber strikes, reconnaissance an dsearch missions, escort missions, and minesweeper and photographic plane cover, in

addition to paradrop missions to move essential supplies to our forces . Blasting night

and day at the enemy's dug-in infantry and artillery positions and executing some o f

the most successful night fighter operations of the Pacific War, the unit furnished clos e

air support for our ground forces, shooting down 495 Japanese planes during thi s

period . A gallant, fighting unit, complemented by skilled officers and men, the Secon dMarine Aircraft Wing played a major role in achieving the air superiority essentia l

to our success in the Okinawa operation . "

For the President .

JAMES FORRESTAL ,Secretary of the Navy.

888



Washington .

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the PRESIDENTIA LUNIT CITATION to th e

MARINE OBSERVATION SQUADRON THRE E



invasion of Okinawa, April 2 to June 21, 1945 . The first aviation squadron to land onand operate from Yontan Airfield, Marine Observation Squadron THREE assisted i npreparing a landing strip on the field while under enemy fire and, during the first nin edays of the operation, provided that field with the only available fire, crash and ambu-lance service. Despite inclement weather, intense enemy antiaircraft fire and constan tbombing of its operational field, this squadron rendered invaluable service for mor ethan two months, conducting extremely low-altitude searches, spotting and photo -graphic missions over organized enemy positions to furnish thorough observation forall the Marine artillery units on Okinawa, serving as many as fourteen battalionsduring some periods . Though reduced in number by enemy action and operationa llosses, Marine Observation Squadron THREE effectively pursued its mission through -out a hazardous campaign and, by the indomitable courage and excellent teamwork o fits officers and men, contributed immeasurably to the destruction of the Japanese onOkinawa . "

For the President.


UNIT CITATIONS

889


Washington .

The Secretary of the Navy takes pleasure in commending the

AMPHIBIOUS RECONNAISSANCE BATTALIO NFLEET MARINE FORCE, PACIFI C

for service as follows :"For outstanding heroism in action against enemy Japanese forces in the Gilber t

Islands, from November 19 to 26, 1943 ; the Marshall Islands, from January 30 t oFebruary 23, 1944 ; Mariana Islands, from June 15 to August 4, 1944 ; and RyukyuIslands, from March 26 to July 24, 1945 . The only unit of its kind in the Fleet Marin eForce, Pacific, the Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion rendered unique service i nexecuting secret reconnaissance missions on enemy-held islands. Frequently landing atnight from submarines and other vessels prior to the assault, the small unit entere dareas where friendly aircraft, Naval gunfire and other forms of support were unavail-able and, under cover of darkness, moved about in hostile territory virtually in th epresence of enemy troops . Despite hazards incident to passage through dark and un-familiar hostile waters, often through heavy surf onto rocky shores, the Battalionpersevered in its mission to reconnoiter enemy islands and obtain information vital t oour assault forces and, on several occasions, succeeded in overcoming all enemy re-sistance without the aid of regular troops. Carrying out its difficult tasks with cour-age and determination, the Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion contributed materiall yto the success of our offensive operations throughout four major campaigns an dachieved a gallant record of service which reflects the highest credit upon its officersand men and the United States Naval Service . "

All personnel attached to and serving with the Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion durin gone or more of the above-mentioned periods are authorized to wear the NAVY UNIT COM-MENDATION Ribbon.

JAMES FORRESTAL,Secretary of the Navy .

890


THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY,

Washington.

The Secretary of the Navy takes pleasure in commending th e

FIRST SEPARATE ENGINEER BATTALIO N

for service as follows :"For exceptionally meritorious service in support of military operations on Guadal-

canal, December 10, 1942, to February 27, 1943 ; Tinian from August 20, 1944, toMarch 24, 1945 ; and Okinawa from April 14 to September 2, 1945 . Faced with numer-ous and difficult problems in engineering throughout two major campaigns, the Firs tSeparate Engineer Battalion initiated new techniques and procedures in construction ,repair and maintenance, executing its missions under adverse conditions of weathe rand terrain and in spite of Japanese shellings, artillery fire, bombing raids, sicknes sand tropical storms. Technically skilled, aggressive and unmindful of great persona ldanger, the officers and men of this gallant Battalion constructed, developed and main-tained vital routes of communication, airfields and camp facilities ; they served ascombat engineer units in performing demolitions, mine detection and disposal an dbomb disposal tasks in support of various units of the Fleet Marine Force ; and the ybuilt bridges and repaired air-bombed air strips toward the uninterrupted operationsof Allied ground and aerial forces . Undeterred by both mechanical and natural limi-tations, the First Separate Engineer Battalion completed with dispatch and effective-ness assigned and unanticipated duties which contributed immeasurably to the ulti-mate defeat of Japan and upheld the highest traditions of the United States NavalService. "

All personnel attached to the First Separate Engineer Battalion during any of the abov ementioned periods are hereby authorized to wear the NAVY UNIT COMMENDATIO NRibbon .


UNIT CITATIONS

891

THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY,Washington .

The Secretary of the Navy takes pleasure in commending th e

III AMPHIBIOUS CORPS SIGNAL BATTALIO N


CITATION :"For extremely meritorious service in support of military operations, whil e

attached to the I Marine Amphibious Corps during the amphibious assault on Bougain-ville, and attached to the III Amphibious Corps during operations at Guam, Palauand Okinawa, during the period from November 1, 1943 to June 21, 1945 . The firs tAmerican Signal Battalion to engage in amphibious landings in the Pacific OceanAreas, the III Amphibious Corps Signal Battalion pioneered and developed technique sand procedures without benefit of established precedent, operating with limited an dinadequate equipment, particularly in the earlier phase of these offensive actions, an dproviding its own security while participating in jungle fighting, atoll invasions an doccupation of large island masses. Becoming rapidly experienced in guerrilla warfar eand the handling of swiftly changing situations, this valiant group of men successfull ysurmounted the most difficult conditions of terrain and weather as well as unfamilia rtechnical problems and, working tirelessly without consideration for safety, comfort o rconvenience, provided the Corps with uninterrupted ship-shore and bivouac communica-tion service continuously throughout this period . This splendid record of achievement,made possible only by the combined efforts, loyalty and courageous devotion to duty o feach individual, was a decisive factor in the success of the hazardous Bougainville ,Guam, Palau and Okinawa Campaigns and reflects the highest credit upon the II IAmphibious Corps Signal Battalion and the United States Naval Service . "

All personnel attached to the III Amphibious Corps Signal Battalion who actually participate din one or more of the Bougainville, Guam, Palau and Okinawa operations are hereby author-ized to wear the NAVY UNIT COMMENDATION Ribbon .


IndexAbe, VAdm Koso, 745Acorn, 456, 456n . See also Navy Units.Adams, LtCol John P ., 775Adjutant & Inspector's Dept, HQMC, 67 8Admiralties, 4Advanced Naval Bases, 4, 94, 103, 406, 467 ,

550, 650, 653-654, 687-689 . See also Bases .

Aerial photography . See Air activities.Aerial photography interpreters, 61, 68 7Agana, 73 4Agat, 734Agina, 12 8Aguijan, 46 2Aguni Shima, 34, 347-348, 38 1Aid stations . See Medical activities .Aihara, RAdm Aritaka, 45 5Ainoura, 500, 500nAir activitie s

AmericanAir attacks, 11, 18, 32, 40, 57, 61n, 63, 67 ,

60, 104, 134-135, 152, 164, 186, 190, 192-193, 209, 211, 220, 343, 352, 371, 495, 529

air control, 177, 182, 184, 226, 65 7air defense, 26, 69, 177, 183-184, 242, 274 ,

373, 381, 410, 46 5air drop, 25, 130, 234, 271, 293, 295, 297 ,

304, 328-329, 329n, 330-331, 331n, 340 ,

342, 361n, 374, 383, 707, 783, 785air evacuation . See Medical Activities .

air liaison parties, 182, 259, 344, 374-375 ,382-383, 386, 670-671

air observers, 90, 102, 132, 162, 186n, 37 7

air personnel, 16, 22, 69, 75, 95, 102, 177n ,

180, 185-186, 208, 208n, 209, 223-224,

226-227, 227n, 228-230, 278, 331, 370-371, 373-374, 377, 409-412, 418, 424-426,461, 470, 528, 552n, 561, 566, 576-578 ,582, 591n, 621, 623, 636, 670-671, 704 ,712, 715-716, 731, 745-746, 783

air photography, 61, 78-80, 102, 185, 252n ,377, 460, 577, 68 5

air raid warning services, 177, 182-18 3

air tactics, 26, 85, 226, 230, 42 5artillery spotters, 376-37 7bombing, 5, 8, 13, 15, 17, 20, 39, 55, 63, 67 ,

97-98, 103, 111, 138, 144-145, 148, 155,

Air activities-ContinuedAmerican-Continued

176, 188, 193, 202, 213, 216-217, 231 ,245, 259-260, 265, 275, 284-286, 311 ,344-345, 352, 369, 371, 430, 433, 461, 500 ,503, 635, 767, 772-775, 77 9

carrier strikes, 12, 60, 78-79, 96, 98, 106 ,259, 393, 426, 67 3

close support, 13, 57, 60-61, 90-91, 111 ,136, 138n, 180-182, 193, 202, 230, 305 ,348, 375n, 376-377, 380, 383, 390, 410-411, 417, 421, 424-425, 427, 561, 586,613, 669-672, 71 7

combat air patrols, 69, 99, 138, 177, 181 ,186, 224-226, 370, 372, 374, 383, 415 ,577, 601, 62 3

losses, 208n, 36 9reconnaissance, 77, 337, 377, 564, 566, 577 ,

595, 613, 783search and rescue, 103strafing, 97, 111, 154-155, 167, 417, 586 ,

63 5Japanes e

air attacks, 81, 97, 99-100, 102, 109, 116 ,177-179, 183-184, 186, 209, 224, 241n ,274-275, 69 0

airborne raids, 227-229

air personnel, 98, 100, 107, 178, 186, 224 ,370

air photography, 225air support, 67 5air tactics, 177, 223-22 4bombing, 177, 179combat air patrols, 2 1losses, 15-16, 100, 178, 180, 180n, 184-186 ,

186n, 209, 227, 229, 242, 251, 27 4

reconnaissance, 177, 189suicide attacks, 22, 53, 81, 100, 166, 177-

180, 185, 190, 208, 223, 227-228, 236,264, 421 . See also Kamikazes ; Kikusui.

AircraftAmerican, 21, 32, 41, 60, 75, 97, 103n, 104 ,

177, 179, 182, 185-186, 192, 193, 211, 271 ,277, 307, 364n, 375, 379, 382-383, 411 ,414, 483, 532-534, 561, 566-567, 595, 643 ,670, 715-717, 741, 748, 774, 776-778, 78 3

89 3

894

INDEX

Aircraft—ContinuedAmerican—Continued

typesB–24s (Liberators), 373, 453nB–25s (Mitchells), 37 3B–29s (Superfortresses), 13, 78, 98 ,

373n, 379, 401, 430, 433, 436, 503, 779 –

780, 783, 78 5bombers, 8, 25, 98, 167, 373, 438, 577 ,

77 9carrier aircraft, 16, 61, 78, 98–99, 102 ,

104, 109, 111, 111n, 115, 129, 179, 181 ,193, 243, 329, 329n, 374-375, 383, 407 ,409-410, 431, 436, 484, 538, 561, 566 ,645, 776, 779–780

C–46s (Commandos), 78 6dive bombers, 71 6F4Us (Corsairs), 95, 154, 177n, 186, 225 ,

371, 373, 413, 415, 417–418, 424–428 ,431, 495, 566, 588, 608, 613, 621, 624 ,71 6

F6Fs (Hellcats), 91, 128, 225–226, 413 ,415, 417, 424–426

FM–2s (Wildcats), 428, 71 6fighter bombers, 2 6fighters, 8, 13, 25–26, 129, 152, 154, 166 –

167, 370, 431, 438, 566, 585, 613, 627 ,71 6

gliders, 71 3night fighters, 25, 181, 208, 225, 374, 58 8observation planes, 25, 117, 120, 219 ,

277–278, 335, 337, 601, 668, 72 9OYs (Sentinels) ("grasshoppers"), 128 ,

376, 564, 578, 585, 610, 613, 622, 62 8patrol bombers, 97, 103P–38s (Lightnings), 77 3P–47s (Thunderbolts), 226–227, 371-37 2PBJs (Mitchells), 373nPBY–5As (Catalinas), 84nphoto-reconnaissance planes, 29, 417 ,

577–578reconnaissance planes, 564, 61 8R5Cs (Commandos), 62 9R5Ds (Skymasters), 636, 642

scout bombers, 25, 564, 576–57 7seaplanes, 107, 185n, 484, 555–556, 63 6TBFs (Avengers), 71 5TBMs (Avengers), 91, 226, 293, 304 ,

329n, 374, 383, 424, 428n, 431, 78 1torpedo bombers, 25–26, 61, 226, 417 ,

423, 564, 576, 588

Aircraft—ContinuedAmerican—Continue d

types—Continuedtransports, 25, 123, 180n, 225, 243, 437 ,

485, 566, 576, 595, 599, 602, 604, 623 ,629, 638, 643, 713, 729

GermanMesserschmitt ME–109, 227 n

Japaneseaircraft, 21–22, 57–58, 69, 76, 100, 109 ,

166, 177, 179, 224–225, 293, 307–308 ,

370–371, 503, 665, 731, 74 1types

Bettys (light bombers), 41 5bombers, 21, 100, 179–180, 208, 227–228 ,

53 4carrier planes, 1 6fighters, 21, 179-180, 50 2Franks (fighters), 227, 371, 371 nJacks (fighters), 22 7reconnaissance planes, 21, 179, 208, 22 5

seaplanes, 773

suicide planes, 94, 104, 175, 419 . Se ealso Kamikazes ; Kikusui .

Tonys (fighters), 227n

training planes, 2 1

Zekes (fighters) ("Zeros "), 227, 371 ,371 n

AirfieldsAmerican, 4, 11–12, 25–26, 32, 55, 60–61, 69 ,

73, 75, 78, 90, 98, 120, 181, 208, 224, 228–

229, 251, 299–300, 302, 309, 311, 314 ,370, 372, 376, 378–379, 408, 460, 487–488, 538–539, 541, 545–546, 550, 552 ,556, 566, 566n, 584, 599, 618, 624, 630 ,709, 729

development, 72, 74–74, 123, 166, 226 ,242n, 335, 379, 69 4

Japanese, 21, 32, 46, 66–67, 98, 100, 102–103 ,183, 226, 372, 406, 417, 455, 716, 772

Aitape, 4Aka Shima, 45 2Akron, Ohio, 71 2Alabama, 479 nAlamogordo, N . Mex., 43 2

Alaska, 763Albertville, 747 nAllied forces, 3, 5, 15–17, 19–21, 31–32, 57, 63 ,

436–437, 439, 462, 497, 528, 557, 582, 675 ,707, 740, 749, 779, 781

INDEX

895

Allied POW Rescue Group, 484 . See als oPrisoners of War.

Alward, Maj Everett V., 416Amami 0-Shima, 11, 34, 39, 39n, 43, 97, 179 ,

370, 42 7Amamiya, LtGen Tatsumi, 43, 212, 268, 289 ,

363Amend, Maj Jack R., Jr ., 41 6American Civilian Internment Center (Shang -

hai), 754 . See also Prisoner of War Camps .American Embassy Guards, 543, 583, 73 2

Peiping, 73 1American flag, 295, 545, 552, 780-78 1Amethyst, 644, 64 5Amike, 30 3Ammunition

American, 65, 103, 144, 149n, 151, 173, 180n ,196, 225, 234, 237, 240, 262, 275, 304 ,331, 339, 342, 344, 479, 579, 625, 627 ,667, 668n, 697 . See also Supplies andEquipment.

Type sarmor piercing, 316nartillery, 192, 192n, 211, 217, 241, 338 ,

45 9bombs, 148, 152, 154, 192, 211, 249, 277 ,

352, 373-374, 382, 419, 426-427, 459 ,50 3

81mm mortar, 180n.50 caliber, 192, 374, 41 75-inch shells, 38 5flares, 209, 254, 299, 341, 338, 59014-inch, 30 5high explosive shells, 305, 316n, 58 9machine gun, 21 1mortar, 326, 62 5155mm, 24 0105mm, 189n, 262rockets, 211, 373n, 374, 385, 417, 71 475mm, 189n, 218n, 260, 262, 30 5smoke, 37 4star shells, 190, 254.30 caliber, 260tracers, 20 920mm, 142, 37 4

Japanese, 154, 289, 455, 70 9Type s

artillery, 22 2bombs, 208, 419, 73 78-inch, 32 047mm, 353

Ammunition-Continue dJapanese-Continued

Types-Continue dmortar, 211, 262, 51 1parachute flares, 508n320mm mortar, 45, 30 8white phosphorous shells, 252, 25 4

Amoy, 11, 40 2Amphibious assault operations, 4-5, 11, 12n,

40,

60,

66-67, 76, 86n,

109, 166,

177, 196 ,205, 242, 299, 303, 324, 348, 376, 394, 403 ,410-411, 413, 429, 447, 460, 467,

481, 485 ,534-535,

615, 653, 655-658, 661-662, 664-667,

669-670, 674-676,

679, 684,

691, 694 ,701, 710-711, 725, 728, 77 8

Amphibious doctrine, tactics,

382, 429, 654-658, 663, 669, 677, 680, 68 7

Amphibious exercises, 468, 630, 635 . See alsoFleet Landing Exercises .

Amphibious forces, 637, 659-660, 668, 670 . Seealso Navy Units.

Amsterdam, 479nAnchorage s

American, 4, 7-8, 22, 94, 103, 184, 208, 455 ,539, 542, 552-553, 56 1

Japanese, 3 1Andaman Islands, 178nAngaur, 4, 240n, 45 0Annam, Annamites, 522, 767Anping, 610, 612-614, 648Ansel, Lt Walter C., 654Anshan, 588-58 9Antiaircraft Artillery . See also Army Units ;

Marine Units ; Weapons .American, 75, 106, 109, 166, 177, 179, 181-

184, 185n, 208, 228-229, 274, 279, 369-370, 380n, 384, 453, 464, 688-690, 692 ,692n, 695, 70 7

Japanese, 41, 45, 47, 115, 194, 350, 484Antonelli, LtCol John W . A., 503Anwhei Province, 75 9Aola Bay, 71 0Aoyangai, LtCol Tokio, 108, 12 1Aragachi, 344, 357, 363, 368

Aragusuku, 29 8Arakabesan, 45 3Ara Saki, 351, 361-36 2

Arawe, 72 2Ariake Wan, 40 8Arita, 501Arlington, Virginia, 678

896

INDE X

Armor . See also Army units ; Marine Units ;

Weapons .

American, 84n, 126, 142, 194, 201, 201n, 203 ,206, 219, 222, 231, 247, 249-250, 260, 262 ,264, 266-267, 273, 284, 306, 310-312 ,315-316, 335, 339, 344, 346, 351, 363 ,386-387, 390, 467, 563, 576, 598, 629 ,684, 691-694, 7G'8, 720, 722, 72 6

Japanese, 20, 44, 80, 20 6Army Air Forces, 13, 60-61, 75, 4Q1, 41 4

Unit sFar East Air Forces, 373, 407-409, 430 ,

438, 496, 535, 78 3Fifth Air Force, 407, 430, 438, 488, 490 ,

50 9Seventh Air Force, 407, 430-43 1Eighth Air Force, 430Thirteenth Air Force, 407, 43 0Fourteenth Air Force, 52 9Twentieth Air Force, 401n, 430, 78 3Air Transport Command, 59 5Fighter Command, 373 nXX Bomber Command, 43 0XXI Bomber Command, 43 0314th Bombardment Wing, 78 3301st Fighter Wing, 372 n413th Fighter Wing, 372n507th Fighter Wing, 372n11th Bombardment Group, 372n41st Bombardment Group, 372, 372 n

319th Bombardment Group, 372 n494th Bombardment Group, 372 n

318th Fighter Group, 229-230, 372n

13th Troop Carrier Group, 59919th Fighter Squadron, 230 n

73d Fighter Squadron, 230n333d Fighter Squadron, 230n

28th Photo Reconnaissance Squadron, 18 5Army of the United States . -See also U . S .

Army, 77 2Army Units

Army Advisory Group, Nanking, 63 8Army Counterintelligence Corps, 12 2

Army Military Intelligence Training Center,68 7

Army Service Command OLYMPIC, 40 4Leyte Base Command, 85, 85 n10th Military District, 77 1First Army, 409

Army Units—Continue d

Sixth Army, 399, 404, 408-409, 476, 490 ,492-493, 496, 509, 512, 78 6

Seventh Army, 74 7

Eighth Army, 408, 438, 476, 481, 484n, 488-489, 492, 512, 517, 781, 786

Tenth Army, 350, 353, 354n, 356-357, 363 ,365, 365n, 368-369, 372, 374-375, 378-385, 385n, 386, 388-350, 392, 397, 408 ,410, 452, 476, 476n, 691, 70 5

Island Command, 58, 71, 75-77, 84, 92-93 ,122, 160, 191, 241-242, 348, 365, 378-381

Tactical Air Force, 25, 61, 69, 74-75, 92 -93, 95-96, 136, 152, 176-177, 181, 183 ,185-186, 192, 228-230, 243, 278n, 329n,371-372, 372n, 373-374, 430, 67 1

Air Defense Command, 61, 61n, 69, 98 ,176-177, 182, 184-185, 226, 229, 243, 372 ,372n, 43 1

Air Defense Control Center (ADCC), 176 ,182-184, 223, 38 1

Bomber Command, 6 1

I Corps, 404, 408, 492, 512, 514, 51 7IX Corps, 399, 404, 40 8X Corps, 11n, 49 2XI Corps, 404, 408, 48 8XXIV Corps, 60, 66, 68, 72, 80-81, 83-84 ,

84n, 85, 91-93, 96, 112, 117, 125, 128, 131 ,136n, 138, 158, 160, 164n, 166, 169, 176 ,181, 183, 188-198, 202, 204, 206-207, 209 ,211, 213n, 214, 216-217, 233, 236, 240-241 ,266, 268-269, 274, 281, 293, 297-298, 300 ,303-304, 344, 351, 351n, 352, 354, 356, 362 ,364, 374-375, 387, 389, 476n, 53 4

Artillery, 68, 103, 106, 189, 195, 216, 216 nAmerical Division, 4081st Cavalry Division, 408, 488, 7781st Infantry Division 656, 68 17th Infantry Division, 60, 68, 92, 112, 112n,

117, 120, 125, 128, 131, 188-190, 194, 196,199, 199n, 206-207, 210-211, 213, 270-272,274, 276, 280-281, 287, 290, 292-293, 293n,297-298, 300, 303, 351-352, 356-357, 362 ,36 8

9th Infantry Division, 65 6

11th Airborne Division, 404, 408, 438, 475 ,481, 483-485, 48 7

24th Infantry Division, 514, 51 7

25th Infantry Division, 408

INDEX

897

Army Units—Continue d27th Infantry Division, 49, 62, 65, 86, 90 ,

164, 164n, 189, 192—199, 199n, 216, 380 ,412n

32d Infantry Division, 493, 493n, 496, 500,502—503, 505, 506n, 508n, 511, 51 2

33d Infantry Division, 40836th Infantry Division, 74740th Infantry Division, 404, 40 741st Infantry Division, 40 843d Infantry Division, 408'77th Infantry Division, 62, 65, 67, 91, 96, 98 ,

103—104, 106, 142n, 166-167, 169, 196-199 ,206, 209, 212-213, 233, 244, 256, 263, 265—269, 272, 274, 281-283, 286, 293, 293n ,297—298, 368, 40 8

81st Infantry Division, 65, 40 8

93d Infantry Division, 45 296th Infantry Division, 60, 68, 85, 92, 96 ,

125, 128, 131, 188—189, 189n, 190, 193—194 ,196—199, 199n, 206n, 220, 233, 236, 244 ,256, 266—270, 272, 274, 277, 281, 293, 293n ,297—298, 300, 303, 325, 326n, 327, 333, 335 ,351, 353—354, 356-357, 363, 36 8

98th Infantry Division, 40 8110th Division, 771—772

53d Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade, 183, 274 ,69 1

1st Engineer Special Brigade, 16 02d Provisional Army Brigade, 65 5Artiller y

17th Field Artillery, 65 5131st Field Artillery, 763, 76 6419th Field Artillery Group, 188420th Field Artillery Group, 106, 111, 18 9Battalions

104th, 216, 216n105th, 21 6106th, 21 6145th, 216, 216n148th, 763n249th, 199n149th, 189

Infantry Regiments17th, 293, 30 318th, 65 532d, 272, 298, 303, 36 7105th, 164, 193, 19 9106th, 19 9111th, 453—45 4112th, 488

Army Units—ContinuedInfantry Regiments—Continue d

126th, 505—50 6127th, 505, 505n, 50 6128th, 505—50 6158th, 404, 40 7164th, 686, 69 6165th, 348184th, 211, 270, 272, 278, 280—281, 303, 35 7305th, 167, 169, 233, 263, 267, 269, 293n,

303, 36 4306th, 212, 269, 282, 29 5307th, 91, 202, 204, 216, 267—269, 368381st, 398, 357382d, 267—26 9383d, 131, 233, 266, 269, 298, 326, 328, 33 1

708th Amphibious Tank Battalion, 30 5870th Antiaircraft Artillery (AW) Bat-

talion, 308n713th Armored Flamethrower Battalion ,

201n, 386, 386nInfantry Battalion s

1/127, 496, 5071/184, 3621/305, 16 91/307, 2821/383, 2692/184, 2702/305, 29 82/306, 106, 2692/307, 104, 2042/383, 267-270, 304, 32 83/105, 16 43/305, 2673/306, 281—28 23/307, 2673/381, 268, 2703/383, 297, 33 1

91st Chemical Mortar Company, 25 3Arnold, MajGen Archibald V ., 6 0Arnold, Gen H . H., 303, 351, 401n, 403n, 43 0Artillery . See also Army units ; Marine Units ;

Weapons.American, 63, 79, 86n, 88-89, 91, 93, 103n ,

114, 116-117, 117n, 130, 135—136, 144-145, 148, 172, 175, 183, 185, 189—190 ,192—194, 209, 211—212, 216, 218, 221, 240 ,245, 249, 254, 262, 264, 268-269, 277—278, 298, 305, 352, 376—377, 384, 409 ,467, 598, 621, 625, 629, 635, 638, 657 ,667—668, 670, 673, 688—690, 692-695, 705 ,720—723

898

INDEX

Artillery—ContinuedAmerican—Continue d

operations, techniques, 86, 89—90, 90n, 118 ,144—146, 150—151, 155, 188, 190, 198, 202 ,213, 216—217, 218n, 220, 222, 231, 235 ,248—249, 253, 254n, 259, 265, 275, 280 ,286, 289, 296, 305, 311, 320, 326, 333 ,339, 341, 343, 345, 351, 358, 369, 374 ,380, 382—383, 385, 390, 645, 717 . See als oTactics .

Japanese, 45, 55, 111, 139, 142, 145, 146n,151—152, 185, 185n, 201, 214, 253, 271 ,275, 363, 485, 511, 675, 709

operations, techniques, 111, 126, 131, 140 ,144, 148, 193—194, 197—198, 201—202, 204 ,207, 212, 221, 230—234, 237, 245, 248 ,251—252, 259—260, 270, 275, 295, 393, 74 1

Asa, 202—20 3Asa Kawa River, 199, 201, 203, 205, 212, 214 ,

216, 219—220, 222—223, 223n, 230, 234—235 ,257, 302, 388 n

Asama Maru, 734nAsato, 282Asato Gawa River, 233—236, 247, 251, 254, 256 ,

271, 273, 275—276, 280, 30 1Ashurst, Col William W ., 732—733, 751, 753—

754, 757Asia, 60, 475, 528, 589Assault signal companies, 598, 695 . See also

Army Units ; Marine Units .Assembly areas ,

American, 111, 132, 145, 197, 214, 218n, 270 ,275, 293n, 307, 338, 34 2

Japanese, 193Astor House, 546Atlanta, 479nAtlee, Clement, 434Atoll Commander, Eniwetok, 444nAtolls, 666, 671, 74 5Atomic Bomb, 192, 399—400, 428, 432, 433, 436 ,

452n, 459, 476, 536, 780—78 1Atrocities, 741, 74 5Atsugi Airfield, 438, 481, 483—485, 487, 786Atsutabaru, 13 2Attu, 76 3

Australia, 87, 696, 760, 770—772, 781, 78 6Austria, 746Awa, 135, 136n, 140, 142, 144, 149, 15 2Awacha, 199, 204, 217, 220n, 25 9Awacha Draw, 220—22 1Awacha Pocket, 203, 216, 218, 220, 232, 726

Awards and decorations, 72 9Aware Saki, 106, 388nAware Shima, 6 7Awase, 37 2Awashi Peninsula, 12 8Axis, 18Axtell, Maj George C ., Jr., 374nAzuma, 48 7

Babelthuap, 45 3Badger, RAdm Oscar C ., 476, 479n, 483—484 ,

487—488 ; VAdm, 637, 639—640, 642—645, 64 7Bailey, Maj Stanley R., 41 9Bailey bridge, 223, 223n, 231, 275, 307 . See als o

Bridges .Baird, Capt Robert, 226Balikpapan, Borneo, 427, 42 9Ballance, Col Robert G ., 112n, 158n ; BGen,

116nBanana Wars, 675, 72 0Bangkok, 766Banika, 70, 74, 93, 391Bank of Chosen, 50 2Banten Bay, 763 nBarbey, VAdm Daniel E ., 358, 408, 534, 536 ,

551—552, 555, 559, 559n, 561, 563, 565, 569 ,574, 60 4

Barr, MajGen David, 64 1Barrett, Maj Charles D . 654—655 ; Col, 688 ;

MajGen, 690Barrett, lstLt Edward M ., 739nBarry, 370, 370 nBase s

American, 7, 65, 75, 98, 103, 146, 424, 680 ,709, 77 6

Japanese, 39, 57—58, 139, 406, 45 5Basic School, Quantico, 72 4Basset, RAdm Melvin H ., 452nBataan, 45, 439, 740—741, 78 6Bataan, 479 n

Bataan Death March, 769, 772, 78 8Batavia, 740, 763, 76 5Battles, Cpl Connie Gene, 75 4Bayfield, 639—640, 64 2Bay of Chaungzon, 76 6Bayler, Col Walter L . J ., 459Beaches, 34, 63—66, 76, 79, 91, 93, 96, 100, 102 ,

104, 106, 109, 112, 114—115, 125, 136, 160 ,162, 167, 272, 306, 323, 330, 332, 379, 48 5

Black, 118Green, 485

INDEX

899

Beaches—Continue dGreen 1, 11 5Green 2, 11 2Orange, 158, 16 4Purple 1, 15 8Red, 305, 485Red 1, 42, 158, 30 5Red 2, 30 5White, 723–724Yellow 2, 160Yellow 3, 15 8

Beachheads, 70, 117n, 118, 222, 273, 375, 719 ,729 . See also Beaches .

Beachmaster, 66 3Beach party, 663–664 . See also Beachmaster ;

Shore Party Activities .Beans, LtCol Fred D., 145, 149, 151, 174, 256n ,

476, 485, 48 8"Beast of the East," 75 2Beecher, Col Curtis T ., 769, 776–777 ; BGen ,

76 9Bell, LtCol George B ., 254, 31 0Belleau Wood, 479 nBenedict, LtCol W. E., 128n, 303, 342, 345 ,

358, 364, 364 nBenevolence, 484, 78 1Benner, Col Kenneth W ., 183–18 4Bennington, 180, 185, 416, 421, 479nBeppu, 50 5Berger, Lt Col Spencer S., 116, 171–172, 210 ,

330, 33 2Bergren, Maj Orville V ., 144n, 145n, 320n ; Col ,

479n, 489nBeriberi, 453, 74 0Berlin, 43 2Besena Misaki, 13 6Best, Col William N., 560–56 1Biak, 4 8Bias Bay, 603"Big Ben," 419 . See also Franklin.Big Three Meeting, 43 1Bikini Atoll, 444n, 45 9Bill, lstLt Josiah W ., 43 9Biloxi, 49 6Birmingham, 208Bise Saki, 14 0Bishi Gawa, 67, 100, 112, 116, 15 8Bishop, Lewis S ., 758–759Bismarck Archipelago, 4Biwa-ko, 77 9Black List, 484, 783

310-224 0 - 69 - 58

Black market, 502, 753, 76 1Blake, BGen Robert, 450, 455, 45 7Blakelock, BGen David H ., 65n, 72n, 123n ,

158n, 162n, 166n, 180n, 240n, 242n, 272n ,392 n

Blandy, RAdm William H . P., 60, 99n, 100 ,102–10 3

Bleasdale, Col Victor F ., 129, 142, 14 6Block Island, 424, 426, 427n, 42 9Bloody Nose Ridge, 23 2Bloody Ridge, 167, 169, 20 9Boatner, BGen Haydon L., 544Boats . See Landing Craft.Bodnar, Sgt John P., 746–747Bombardments, 65, 99, 102, 111, 348 . See also

Naval gunfire .Bomb disposal activities, 2 5Bon Homme Richard, 479 nBonins, 7–9, 11, lln, 12, 21, 40, 43, 159, 449 –

450, 452, 460–461, 468, 74 6Bonins Occupation Forces, 450, 460–461Boston, 479nBougainville, 4, 25, 27, 88, 372n, 410, 412, 535 –

536, 566, 686, 698, 711, 714, 717–720Bougainville, 56 4Bougainville Milk Run, 670Bouker, LtCol John G., 103nBoundaries, 67, 112, 115, 117–118, 125, 173 ,

202–204, 214, 233–234, 248, 273, 282, 293n ,297–298, 303, 305, 312, 314, 318, 329, 338 ,350, 356, 360, 36 2

Bourke, MajGen Thomas E ., 397n, 409, 495, 50 0Boxer Protocol, 732Boxer Rebellion, 522, 524, 54 7Boyd, Maj Clay, 489 nBoyington, Maj Gregory, 745, 750, 785 ; LtCol,

71 6Bradford, BGen William B ., 216Bradley, MajGen James L., 60, 125, 198, 326nBradley, Gen Omar, 685nBradshaw, Capt Harvey D ., 426n

Brazil Maru, 777–77 8Bremen, 747Bremerton, Washington, 418, 42 1Breton, 9 5

Bridge House, 754Bridges, 102, 116, 116n, 132, 134–135, 139, 155 ,

203, 219, 231, 233, 276, 283, 302, 304, 307–308 ,310, 312, 325, 326, 327n, 330, 346, 590, 599

Brimmer, Cpl Charles, 754–755British Broadcasting Corporation, 757

900

INDEX

British Carrier Force, 60, 100, 406, 431, 435,47 9

British Chiefs of Staff, 3nBritish commandos, 707, 707n, 708British Commonwealth Occupation Force, 51 4British expeditionary force, 52 2British flag, 78 1British Flagship Group, 438. See also Task

Organizations .British forces, 479, 749, 764, 766, 78 1British Government, 43 6British Landing Force, 483, 485, 48 7British Naval Units, 60, 100, 369, 406, 438, 479 ,

649 . See also Task Organizations .British observers, 38 2British Pacific Fleet, 43 1British Support Force, 43 8Brittain, Commo Thomas B ., 551Broadcasts, 357, 58 3Brodie gear, 66 8Brown, Col Charles C ., 544Brown, Maj Luther A ., 731, 733, 752–753 ; Col ,

732, 732n, 75 1Brown, Col Wilburt S ., 116–117, 123, 189, 189n,

194 ; MajGen, 88n, 189n, 194n, 195n, 199n ,219n, 383n, 613n

Bruce, MajGen Andrew D ., 62, 91, 96, 104, 166 ,196, 198, 286 ; LtGen, 142n

Brunner, Sgt Frederick J ., 747, 747 nBuckley, LtCol Edmond J ., 685n, 686 ; Col ,

686nBuckner, LtGen Simon B., Jr ., 6, 11–12, 12n ,

58, 60, 62–68, 71, 73, 76, 82, 83n, 84–86, 90 ,92, 125, 129, 132, 141n, 159, 164n, 188, 195 –199, 218, 240–242, 278, 278n, 280–281, 287,292, 298, 338, 338n, 347–348, 350, 353–354 ,354n, 364, 379, 384, 72 4

Bunker Hill, 180, 185, 415–417, 419n, 42 1Bureau of Aeronautics, 41 0Burma, 3n, 45, 530, 740, 750, 766–76 8Burton, LtCol Custis, Jr ., 216Bushido, 367, 788Butuan Bay, 77 2Byroade, BGen Henry A ., 595

Cabanatuan, 743, 769, 778Cactus Air Force, 686n, 716, 716 nCairo Conference (SEXTANT), 3Cairo Declaration, 399, 434Caldwell, Col Frank C., 707nCalifornia, 647, 681, 69 9Campbell, BGen Harold D ., 453

Campbell, LtCol William R ., 427Camp Elliott, Calif ., 442, 680, 682, 705Camp Gillespie, San Diego, Calif., 70 5Camp Lejeune, N . C., 27, 441, 448, 468–469 ,

616, 681, 687, 689–690, 698, 705, 71 4Camp Pendleton, Calif ., 27, 442, 448, 468, 512 ,

616, 625, 631, 642–643, 647, 680, 698, 72 1Camp Ritchie, Md., 687Canals, 276, 283, 537 . See also Terrain .Cannes-Nice area, 747Cannibalism, 461–46 2Canton, 407, 521, 525, 534, 603, 631Cape Esperance, 9 1Cape Gloucester, 86–87, 676, 686, 696n, 72 0Cape Gloucester, 424, 428, 428nCape Torokina, 25, 71 9Cargo . See Supplies and Equipment.Caribbean, 469, 649, 680, 718Carlson, Maj Evans F ., 698, 707–710, 710n ;

LtCol, 744Carney, RAdm Robert B ., 483, 487Caroline Islanders, 45 5Caroline Islands, 14, 450, 65 4Casualtie s

American, 27, 73, 87–88, 99–100, 104, 109 ,lln, 114, 118, 126, 128, 134, 138n, 140, 144 –146, 148, 148n, 151–152, 155, 158, 160, 164 ,166–167, 169, 171, 175, 178–179, 180n, 184 ,190, 194, 196, 198, 201–203, 204n, 205, 208 ,212–213, 219-221, 228–229, 231–232, 234 –239, 243–245, 249–250, 252–253, 261, 263 ,265, 271, 276–277, 278n, 281, 283, 296, 298,304, 309, 311–312, 316, 320n, 324, 327, 329 ,332–335, 339-342, 344–345, 348, 358, 362,369, 389, 403, 419, 421, 432, 434, 527, 531 ,558, 612–613, 625, 627, 672, 675, 683–684 ,699, 704n, 709–710, 728–730, 737, 750, 769 ,776

Japanese, 16, 18, 103–104, 120–121, 130, 132 ,136, 148, 150, 152, 154-155, 166, 169, 171-173, 175–176, 190–191, 194, 205, 208, 210 –213, 213n, 221, 228, 230, 234–235, 239, 242 ,244, 247, 254, 266, 282, 289–290, 298, 300 ,307, 312, 316, 320, 323–324, 330, 345, 356 ,360n, 368–369, 369n, 380–381, 710, 72 9

Casualty Division, HQMC, 75 0Casualty evacuation . See Medical Activities .Cates, MajGen Clifton B ., 24, 24 nCatoctin, 551–552, 555, 558–559, 561, 563, 56 9CAUSEWAY Operation, 6, 9, 11–12, 12n, 13 ,

57 . See also Planning .

INDEX

901

Caves . See Terrain features .Ceasefire, 436, 574, 59 4Cemeterie s

Arlington National, 678, 73 077th Infantry Division, 169n

Central America, 697, 720Central Carolines, 449, 463nCentral China, 527, 537, 541, 783Central Pacific, 4, 4n, 5, 14, 20, 24, 26, 410, 412 ,

429, 454, 654, 665-668, 672—673, 675, 690 ,718, 720, 72 9

Operations, 4n, 74n, 239, 390, 690, 704Central Solomons, 66 6Centron, 747, 747nChamberlain, Maj Clair "C," 18 1Chamorros, 46 1Chan, 274, 290, 292, 298, 300, 325Chandler, QMC1k Paul G., 733—73 4Changchun, 530, 584, 63 6Chang Chun, Gen, 59 4Changkeichuang Field, 538-539, 546, 550, 556 ,

566, 566n, 584, 599, 618, 624, 63 0Chang-li, 590, 600, 610, 764, 766—76 7Changtien, 57 7Chaplains, 323, 691, 726-727, 74 2Chapman, LtCol Leonard F ., Jr ., 8 8Chapman, LtCol Max C., 183Chappell, Col Kenneth B., 116, 202, 210, 217nCharts . See Maps and Charts .Chatan, 50, 11 7Chatan-Futema line, 50Chefoo, 541, 545, 559n, 561, 563—564, 570, 577 ,

601, 603, 63 2harbor, 55 8operation, 55 9

Cheng Kai Ming, MajGen, 59 4Chennault, MajGen Claire, 52 9Chen Pao-tsang, LtGen, 56 5Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo, 437, 525—529,

531-532, 542, 545, 547, 557, 559, 559n, 565 ,569—572, 579, 584—585, 603, 63 2

Chibana, 197, 21 8Chicago, 479 nChichi Jima, 8, 418, 460—462, 74 5Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), 26, 76, 414 ,

446, 464, 640, 642, 687 . See also Com-mander in Chief, U . S . Fleet ; Adm King.

Chief of Staff, U . S. Army, 11n ; See also GenGeorge C. Marshall .

Chihfeng, 60 2Chikuto, 314

Chilton, 644, 64 7Chimu, 68, 132, 171, 176, 24 1Chimu airfield, 373n, 488, 560Chimu Wan, 66, 162, 16 6China, 5, 7, 19—20, 31—32, 36—37, 41, 44, 60, 98,

174, 402, 433, 433n, 437, 441, 444, 450, 468—470, 500, 505, 517n, 521-522, 524, 526, 528—529, 529n, 530—532, 534-536, 539—540, 543 —544, 547, 551, 557, 559-561, 566, 569, 572 —573, 573n, 574, 576, 578, 581—582, 584, 586,589, 592, 594, 596, 605—607, 610, 613, 617 —624, 628—634, 637, 639—641, 645, 647—648,650, 654, 675, 697, 708, 716, 732, 738, 741 ,750, 778

cities, 527, 532, 540coalition government, 573, 601, 632coal mines, 541, 574—575, 578, 582, 585—585 ,

600, 649 . See also Tangshan mines .

coast, 3, 5—7, 9, 11, 373, 407, 437, 77 8communications centers, 43 7economy, 531, 58 2ports, 437, 533, 578

rail facilities, 533, 536, 578—579, 585—586 ,61 7

China (Okinawa), 371—37 2

China-Burma-India Theater, 401, 528—52 9China Sea, 97, 10 7China Theater, 533, 536, 545, 555, 557, 559 ,

568—569, 574, 596-597, 600, 603, 606. Se ealso U. S . Forces, China Theater .

Chinchow, 584, 63 9Chin Chung River, 62 7Chinen Peninsula, 50—51, 55, 164, 205, 270, 274 ,

278, 281, 287-289, 292-293, 293n . 298, 300 ,30 3

Chinen Point, 6 6Chinese, The, 37, 455, 499, 499n, 508, 527, 531 —

532, 537, 546—547, 556, 580, 607, 619, 75 8Air Force, 528Central Government. See also Chines e

Nationalists, Kuomintang. 521, 526-527 ,531—533, 541, 543, 561, 565, 569, 571—574 ,578, 581, 584, 594, 596, 607—609, 614, 616 ,620, 631—633, 640—642, 644, 649

civil war, 437, 521, 532—533, 543-544, 559 ,568, 570, 573—574, 578, 603, 623, 631, 633 ,636, 641, 645, 64 8

Communists, Communist Party, 437, 521 ,525-528, 529n, 532, 542—543, 545, 556, 558 —559, 561, 563—565, 570, 572, 574, 576-580,

902

INDEX

Chinese, The—ContinuedCommunists, Communist Party—Continue d

582, 585–586, 588, 590–591, 594–596, 602 ,604, 608–610, 612–614, 616–620, 625, 627 –628, 630–633, 636, 639–642, 644–645, 647–64 9

Communist areas, 527, 600–601, 623, 63 6Communist forces, 542, 548, 554, 556, 563 ,

565–567, 569–570, 572, 585, 588, 594–595 ,601, 603, 608–604, 612–613, 617, 623, 627 ,636–637, 643–644, 647, 75 9Communist New Fourth Army, 759Eighth Route Army, 527, 556, 564, 610 ,

612, 708, 75 953d Communist Regiment, 61 9Road Protecting Battalion, 61 9

Communist guerrillas, guerrilla tactics, 527 ,542, 556, 570, 603, 609, 708, 75 9

Communist leaders, 548, 563–564, 594–595 ,602–603, 610, 614n, 623n, 63 3

Communist operations, tactics, 536, 570–571 ,584–586, 588–590, 609–610, 612–613, 617 ,622, 625, 628, 630, 632, 638, 643–644, 648

Communist propaganda, 609–61 0Imperial Government (China), 52 2Imperial troops, 52 2Military academy, 52 5Nationalists, Chinese . See also Chines e

Central Government, Kuomintang. 437 ,521, 532, 540, 542, 544, 546–547, 559 ,568, 571, 573–574, 580, 582, 584–586 ,590–591, 594–597, 601–604, 616, 620 ,623, 623n, 625, 627–628, 631–633, 640 ,642–644, 64 9

Army, 437, 526–529, 532–535, 542, 544–546, 557, 559n, 561, 564–565, 568–569 ,571, 573–574, 578–579, 581, 585–585, 591 ,594, 597, 601, 604, 607–610, 612, 616–617, 623, 627–628, 631–632, 639, 641 ,643, 759Eleventh War Area, 520, 565, 58 0Tientsin Garrison Force, 568 n8th CNA, 561, 579, 58 113th CNA, 561, 56 952d CNA, 561, 56992d CNA, 558, 56894th CNA, 568, 568n, 570, 616–61743d Division, 568, 570, 58 8

puppet soldiers, 543, 564, 579, 590Revolution, 52 4

warlords (China), 525–526

Chinwangtao, 535–536, 541–542, 545, 547–548 ,552, 555–556, 563, 568–570, 575, 585–586 ,588, 590, 600, 604, 607, 609–610, 615, 617 ,621, 624, 628, 649, 73 1

Chitose, 786Chiwa, 31 6Cho, MajGen Isamu, 40 ; LtGen, 40, 40n, 48 ,

206, 213, 338n, 367, 37 0Chocolate Drop Hill, 266–26 7Choiseul, 700, 70 6Choshi, 408Chou En-Lai, Gen, 547, 558, 59 4Christmas Day, 90n, 578Chuda, 17 3Chungking, 528-529, 531–532, 543–544, 546

548, 569, 57–574, 594–595, 601, 604, 75 5Churchill, Prime Minister Winston S ., 3, 432,

434, 53 1Chu Teh, Gen, 70 8Cities, 38, 233, 25 7Civil affairs, 76–77, 121, 380 . See also Military

Government .Civil Affairs Handbook for the Ryukyu Islands ,

7 7Civilians, 77, 78n, 80, 87, 101, 118, 121–122 ,

131–132, 136, 162, 167, 173, 1'75, 176n, 357 ,357n, 361, 363, 369, 369n, 455, 577, 738 n

Clark, Col Saville T ., 498nClement, BGen William T ., 438–439, 476, 478–

479, 479n, 481, 485, 487–488, 489n, 600–601 ,606, 60 8

Coast artillery . See also Artillery, Weapons .American, 183, 688–689, 74 2Japanese, 65, 483–485

Cobb, RAdm Calvin H ., 62, 37 0Colley, LtCol Thomas J ., 643Colmer, LtCol Parker R ., 463nColn, LtCol Royce W., 426, 426n, 428, 429 n

Colorado, 26 0Columbia University, 92

Combat efficiency, 74, 109, 249, 615, 623, 68 2Combat Intelligence School (Camp Lejeune) ,

68 7

Combat readiness, 74, 83, 61 5Combined Chiefs of Staff, 3n, 7, 9, 399–40 0CominCh-CinCPac conferences, 7, 12, 11 1Command, commanders

American, 26, 76, 658, 661, 671, 67 3Japanese, 14, 18–19, 56, 185, 274, 436, 544 ,

580Commandant, Marine Corps Schools, 654, 699

INDEX

903

Commandant of the Marine Corps . See als oGenerals Cates, Shepherd, Vandegrift .12n, 24n, 89n, 136n, 197n, 376, 412, 414 ,422, 442, 446–447, 465, 468–469, 551, 592 ,605–606, 608, 622, 654, 660, 677–680, 682 ,687–689, 699, 705, 712–713, 721, 736 n

Commander, Aircraft, Pacific Fleet, 7, 74–75 ,41 3

Commander, Air Support Control Unit, 102 ,177, 181–182, 375

Commander, Amphibious Force, South Pacific ,65 9

Commander, Amphibious Forces, Wester nPacific, 638

Commander, Asiatic Fleet, 489nCommander, Cruiser-Destroyer Forces, Pacifi c

Fleet, 673Commander, Fifth Fleet, 6, 62, 493nCommander, Fleet Activities, Yokosuka, 488 –

48 9Commander, Ie Shima Attack Group, 16 6

Commander in Chief, 8, 431 . See also Presi-dent Roosevelt.

Commander in Chief, Army Forces in the

Pacific, 401, 403, 430–431 . See also Gen-eral MacArthur.

Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, 468–46 9Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, 3n, 4, 9 ,

11–12, 31, 370, 373n, 398–399, 401, 403 ,407, 411, 413, 422, 424, 429n, 430–431, 439 ,

450, 452, 459, 462–463, 465–466, 505n, 509 ,533–535, 544, 569, 660, 707, 783 . See als o

Admiral Nimitz .Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, 4, 6 ,

31, 58, 62–63, 65, 65n, 76, 240, 280, 347 ,

354n, 373, 399, 401, 430, 436, 439, 449 ,450n, 783 . See also Admiral Nimitz .

Commander in Chief, Southwest Pacific Area ,

3, 3n, 6, 8, 25, 403 . See also General Mac -Arthur .

Commander in Chief, U . S. Fleet, 3, 8, 294 ,411, 413–414, 422, 424, 688, 712–713 . Se e

also, Chief of Naval Operations ; Admiral

King .Commander, Joint Expeditionary Force, 66 1

Commander, Marianas, 450, 452n

Commander, Marshalls-Gilberts Area, 45 7

Commander, Naval Air Bases, Okinawa, 74–7 5

Commander, Naval Air Base, Truk, 457

Commander, Naval Facilities, Tsingtao, 61 6

Commander, Naval Forces, Ryukyus, 370

Commander, Naval Forces, Western Pacific ,63 6

Commander, Naval Port Facilities, Shanghai ,63 8

Commander, Northern Attack Force, 152nCommander, Service Squadron Ten, 242Commander, South Pacific Force, 659, 661, 663 ,

68 6Commander, Support Aircraft, Pacific Fleet ,

67 1Commander, Truk and Central Carolin e

Islands, 45 7Command functions, 65 9Command post s

American, 91, 112, 125, 134, 140, 146, 55 6Japanese, 49, 236, 30 4

Commanding General, Army Air Forces ,Pacific Ocean Areas, 11, 62

Commanding General, Expeditionary Troops ,24n, 66 1

Commanding General, Fleet Marine Forc ePacific, 365n, 466, 68 8

Commanding General, Marine Barracks ,Quantico, 46 8

Commanding General, Marine Garrison Forces ,14th Naval District, 46 5

Commanding General, Marine Garrison Forces ,' Pacific, 46 5

Command relationship

American, 58, 401, 536, 658–660, 67 7

Japanese, 5 8Commencement Bay, 26, 413, 424–42 5

Committee of Three, 594–595, 601, 604, 60 8

Commonwealth of Australia, 439

CommunicationsAmerican, 91, 117, 136, 175, 182, 184, 195 ,

326, 329, 361, 378, 437, 528, 532, 539 ,564, 568, 575, 595, 600–602, 604, 663,666, 669–671, 71 8

equipment, 183, 307, 323, 338, 583, 669 ,705, 719, 72 2

radio, 136, 182, 195, 305–306, 375, 534 ,583, 591, 595, 599, 601, 612–613, 669 ,722, 766, 77 1

wire, 19 5Japanese, 11, 20, 51, 97, 104, 121, 152, 71 0

Conical Hill, 233, 236, 244, 263n, 266–270, 274 ,

277, 28 1

Consort, 64 5

Conte Verde, 734n

904

INDE X

Convoy sAmerican, 21, 109, 134, 180, 189, 331, 532 ,

558-560, 61 2Japanese, 20, 178n, 77 6

Cook, Maj Earl J ., 24 5Cooke, VAdm Charles M ., Jr ., 6, 604–607 ,

614n, 616, 623n, 627n, 628, 630n, 633n, 63 7Cooley, Col Albert D ., 415Coral, coral reefs, 34, 91, 100, 102, 104, 106 ,

106n, 112, 114, 116, 157–158, 167, 176, 207 ,209, 231, 260, 305, 324, 346, 66 7

Coral Sea, 763CORONET Operation, 402, 404, 406, 408, 476 .

See also, OLYMPIC Operation ; Planning.Corregidor, 439, 488, 741–743, 771, 786Corwin, 2dLt Douglas A ., 61 2Cosgrove, LtCol John J ., 699nCourtney, Maj Henry A ., Jr., 237, 244–24 5Cowpens, 479n, 78 1Craig, BGen Edward A., 62 4Cram, LtCol Jack

373nCrawford, RAdm George C ., 638 nCrawford, Col William D ., 547Crist, BGen William E . 76–7 7Croix de Guerre, 747n . See also Awards and

Decorations .CROSSROADS Operation, 45 9Culebra, 654, 65 6Cummings, Col Gale T ., 454Cunningham, Cdr Winfield S ., 737, 755Cunningham Field (Cherry Point), 68 1Currin, LtCol Michael S ., 711Curtis, 37 0Czechoslovakia, 747n

Dachau, 749Dailey ; BGen Frank G., 415, 415n, 419 nDai Naichi Maru, 76 4Dairen, 522, 541, 559n, 561, 569Dakeshi, 199, 203, 216, 217n, 220, 222, 231–232 ,

234–236, 238, 259, 261–26 2Dakeshi Ridge, 221–222, 232, 236, 260-261, 72 6Dakiton, 330, 34 2Davao, 769–77 0Day, Col Karl S ., 545–54 6Dayton, 479nD-Day (Europe), 16Defense battalions, 25, 88-89, 688–692, 712 .

See also Marine units .Defense s

American, 24, 58, 86, 129–130, 140, 146, 148 ,152, 184, 238-239, 245, 247–249, 251,

Defenses—ContinuedAmerican—Continued

259–260, 269, 276, 280, 284, 286, 288 ,298, 315, 318, 335, 337, 346, 356, 358 ,638, 709

abatis, 13 4airfield, 228antiaircraft, 183, 18 4base, 42 4beach, 203, 247, 68 8blocking positions, 117, 21 2camouflage, 13 2foxholes, 343observation posts, 277, 33 8outposts, 601, 60 8perimeter, 135, 139–140, 144, 148n, 161 ,

171, 276, 287, 341, 358, 609reverse slope, 256, 27 1

Japanese, 4, 7, 14, 16–22, 25, 39–41, 45–51 ,54-55, 61, 69, 78–81, 93, 96, 98, 102–103 ,107, 116–118, 120, 123, 125, 130–132, 134 ,138–140, 142, 145–146, 148, 151, 154 ,167, 173, 188, 190–194, 204–205, 210, 217 ,230–231, 236-237, 239, 239n, 244, 250 ,252, 256, 269-271, 274, 289, 298, 308 ,312, 323, 363, 393, 441, 455, 485, 530 ,673, 675, 685, 687, 704, 719, 720, 723–72 4

antitank obstacles, 49, 102, 121, 125, 127,139, 154, 188, 190, 214, 260, 264, 31 8

barbed wire, 188barricades, 4 9

beach, 40, 80, 39 2blockhouses, 276, 72 3bunkers, 49, 151, 167, 216n, 361, 718, 720 ,

72 5camouflage, 79, 154, 167, 192, 31 0cave, 48–50, 115, 118, 149, 151, 154–155 ,

167, 169, 173, 190, 193, 201, 204, 212 ,214, 216n, 217-219, 221, 230-231, 236 ,244, 248, 253, 261–263, 267–268, 271, 304 ,308, 337, 368, 380, 385, 393, 704, 723 ,725–72 6

coastal, 4 6dummy guns, 11 5fire lanes, 55, 268

fortified positions, 5, 49-50, 53, 116, 152 ,213, 247, 263, 286, 380, 718, 721, 74 1

fortified tombs, 162, 169, 212, 260, 267 ,276, 296, 337, 725

forts, 439, 483–485, 487

INDEX

905

Defenses—Continue dJapanese—Continued

gun positions, 135, 151, 154, 202, 237, 248 ,262, 265, 337, 672, 72 6

minefields, 49, 135, 142, 188, 190, 198, 249 ,251, 306–307, 312, 320, 38 6

observation posts, 54, 111, 125, 138, 197198, 201, 233, 245, 268, 314, 332, 35 6

outposts, 54, 131, 221, 235, 256, 290pillboxes, 148, 173, 190, 202, 212, 218–219,

221, 232, 260–261, 267, 296, 364, 393,720–721, 72 3

reverse slope, 217, 245, 247–248, 263–265,267-268, 273, 276, 281, 337, 340, 345–346, 387, 39 3

roadblocks, 132, 135, 139, 362, 56 7spider holes, 167trenches, 154-455, 162tunnels, 167, 231, 244, 296, 306, 309, 32 4

del Valle, MajGen Pedro A ., 24, 60, 66, 68, 74 ,86–87, 117, 123, 125–126, 129–130, 173, 195 ,197, 199, 202, 212, 214, 217, 219–221, 234 ,256–257, 278n, 286, 293, 295, 325, 329–330 ,339, 362, 387, 390, 392, 397, 397n, 654, 691 ;LtGen, 125n, 337n, 353n, 354n, 655n, 691n ,703n, 707 n

Demolitions . See also Supplies and Equip-ment ; Weapons.

American, 149, 231, 250, 253, 262, 312, 384 ,461, 78 0

Japanese, 139, 169, 172, 207, 257–228, 296 ,315, 498

Demonstration Group, 95, 34 7Denig, LtCol Robert L ., Jr ., 114Deputy Island Commander, Guam, 454Devereux, Maj James P . S ., 737-738, 752, 756–

757, 78 1Dewey Boulevard, 74 3Deyo, RAdm Morton L ., 60, 60n, 99, 99 nDickey, Col Ward E ., 9 5Dick Hill, 267–26 9Dilbert Dunker, 425, 42 7Diplomatic corps, 547, 734nDiplomatic immunity, 73 3Disarmed military personnel, 452, 463–46 4Division of Aviation, HQMC, 678–679, 713, 71 5Division of Operations and Training, HQMC ,

67 8Division of Personnel, HQMC, 67 8Division of Plans & Policies, HQMC, 412, 414n ,

631, 678, 691, 700–701 . See also "Pots an dPans."

Division of Public Relations, HQMC, 67 8Division of Reserve, HQMC, 67 8Dobbin, LtCol John F ., 427 ; BGen 424n, 425n ,

426n, 427 nDobervich, lstLt Michiel, 770–77 2Docks, 553, 55 5Documents, Japanese, 78, 191, 285, 312Doma Cove, 9 1Domei news agency, 463Dominion of Canada, 43 9Dominion of New Zealand, 43 9Donne, John, 73 0Donohoo, LtCol Malcolm "0", 115, 129, 175 ,

248–24 9Dooley, Maj George E ., 416Doolittle, LtGen James H ., 43 0Dorroh, Maj Jefferson D., 374nDRAGOON Operation, 60nDraguignan, 748Dublon, 45 4Duluth, 479 nDumps . See Supplies and Equipment .Dunlap, 46 0Durgin, RAdm Calvin T ., 6 9Dutch forces, 74 0Dutch military cantonment, 74 0Dutch nationals, 503Dyess, Capt Acquilla J ., 712 ; LtCol 699n

Eagle Mountain Lake, Texas, 71 3Easely, BGen Claudius M., 358East Asia, 434East Carolines, 449East China Sea, 18, 21, 34, 99, 188, 315, 325 ,

42 8Easter, 96, 10 9Eastern Islands, 34, 66, 68, 164, 38 1Eastern Islands Attack & Fire Support Group ,

162, 164Eastern Manchuria, 530Eastern New Guinea, 66 5East Station, 547, 59 9Easy Hill, 32 3Edenton, N. C ., 713Edson, LtCol Merritt A ., 708–70 9Edson's Ridge, 709Edwards, VAdm Richard S ., 42 2Efate, 71 7Eichelberger, LtGen Robert L ., 481, 48 7Eighty-Eight Balls, 73 6Eisenhower, Gen Dwight D ., 403nElbe River, 747

906

INDEX

Eldorado, 182, 225, 375, 644, 647—64 8Eleventh War Area, 59 6Ellice Islands, 66 0Ellis, Maj Earl H ., 654, 666, 69 1Ellis, Maj Henry A., Jr ., 416Embarkation activities, 95, 391, 59 5Emirau, 25, 88, 71 2Endo, Capt, 75 2Engebi, 225, 225n, 230n, 45 9Engineer mine removal operations, 123, 204 ,

264, 306-307, 311, 322, 34 6Engineers . See also Army Units ; Marine

Units ; Seabees .American, 25, 32n, 71, 86n, 112, 123, 134—135 ,

149n, 158—159, 176, 223, 242n, 271, 275—276, 283, 302, 307—308, 310, 333, 379, 467 ,551, 558, 576, 585, 599, 624, 643, 663, 692 —694, 702, 720—721, 726

Japanese, 43—46, 122, 36 3England, 708, 746, 746n . See also Great

Britain ; United Kingdom .Eniwetok, 70-71, 88, 225, 242n, 428, 444, 450 ,

464, 464nEnogai, 711Enoura Maru, 77 7Enright, Col William K ., 547nEnterprise, 98, 41 9Entwistle, RAdm Frederick I ., 637, 638nEquipment . See Supplies and equipment .Ercanbrack, CWO Earl B ., 734n, 736, 736n,

762, 774, 780, 781nErskine, MajGen Graves B ., 24Espiritu Santo, 25, 70, 70n, 86, 90, 95, 710, 716 —

71 7Essex, 26, 415—418Estes, 10 2Eureka, 66 7Europe, 13, 15, 218, 409, 430, 525, 528, 589 ,

746—74 7

Evacuation activities, 450, 456, 461, 638—640 ,642, 644—645, 650, 728, 731, 741, 781, 78 6

Ewa, T . H., 25, 96, 441, 470, 621, 71 6Executions, 459, 741, 745, 76 8Executive Headquarters, 594—595, 599, 601

605, 610, 612-614, 618, 621—623, 677Exercises . See Fleet Landing Exercises ;

Training.Expeditionary Force, 677 . See also Task

organizations .Expeditionary Troops, 60, 354, 354n, 558, 661 ,

674

Far East, 444, 461, 463-464, 470, 517n, 572 ,63 3

Far East War Crimes Tribunal, 739 nFarrell, BGen Walter G ., 600, 60 6Fast Carrier Forces, 16, 21—22, 60, 94, 96—100 ,

178-181, 185, 192, 280, 404, 406, 411, 415 -418, 421, 430—431, 438—439, 461, 534, 561 ,566

Fayence, 748Fegan, MajGen Joseph C ., 70 7Feldmeier, Maj Allan L ., 135, 293, 33 1Fellows, BGen Joseph H., 439, 663 nFengt'ai, 76 0Fenton, lstLt Francis I ., Jr ., 439Fertig, Col Wendell W., 77 1Field Manual 31—5, 65 5Fighter-director site, 141n, 38 1Fike, Col Charles L ., 452nFilipinos, 740—744, 769, 77 4Filipino underground organization, 774Fink, Maj Gerald, 561nFinschhafen, 70 nFire coordination, 71 8Fire direction, fire direction system, 193, 385Fire direction center, 117, 195, 38 3Fire Plan NEGAT, 377, 378 nFire Plan VICTOR, 377, 378 nFire support coordination centers, 383, 670Fire support operations, 166, 209n, 253-254,

287, 30 5First Battle of the Philippine Sea, 4, 1 6First Joint Training Force, 65 6Flamethrowers . See Weapons .Flanagan, PltSgt Cecil J ., 612—61 3Flat Top Hill, 266-267, 26 9Fleet landing exercises (FLEXs), 655-656 ,

662-663, 67 7Fleet Training Publication 167 (FTP-167) ,

655, 658, 660FLINTLOCK Operation, 66 1Florida Islands, 70 8Flycatchers, 201, 209n, 210, 233Flying Tigers, 716, 75 8Foley, LtCol Ernest P ., 21 6Folino, lstLt Fred C., 226Food . See Supplies and Equipment .Footbridges, 219, 222, 273, 276, 283 . See

Bridges .FORAGER Operation, 66 1Forbidden City, 54 0Foreign concessions (China), 521, 546

INDEX

907

Foreign legations, 524Formosa, 3, 5—9, 11, 11n, 12, 12n, 13, 17, 19 ,

21—22, 26, 32, 34, 38-41, 56—57, 69, 84, 97—98, 100, 178—179, 400, 416, 427, 437, 463 ,522, 744, 750, 768, 772—778, 78 3

Formosa-first policy, 9, llnFormosa-Luzon Line, 7Formosans, 49 9Formosa operation, 5—6, 8—9, 12—13 . See als o

Planning .Formosa Strait, 9Forrestal, James V ., 3, 725Fortifications . See Defenses .Fort Ord, Calif ., 9 2Fort Robinson, Nebr ., 71 3Fort Washington, Md., 71 3Forward observers, 117, 25 914th Naval District, 46 5Frame, Maj Donald P ., 41 5France, 746, 746n, 747, 747n, 521—52 2Franklin, 94, 98, 419, 421 . See also "Big Ben . "Fraser, LtCol Angus M ., 138nFreeny, LtCol Samuel W ., 777Freising (Oberbayern), 748French Arsenal, 546, 556, 61 3French coast, 15French expeditionary force, 52 2French Foreign Legion, 746French Government, 747 nFrench Indo-China, 2 0French Municipal Bldg., 516, 55 7French officials, 547, 767French underground, 731, 746, 746n, 747—74 8

Fuel . See Supplies and Equipment.Fujioka, LtGen Takeo, 44, 289—29 0Fukada, Sgt, 774Fukien Province, 52 2Fukuoda, 506nFukuoka, 493, 493n, 499—502, 505, 51 4

Fukuoka Base Command, 50 5Fukuoka Occupation Force, 501—502, 505—50 6

Fukuoka Prefecture, 502, 506, 512, 51 4

Funakoshi, 48 1

Funauki Fortress, 39n

Furugen, 117Futema, 54, 68, 125, 206, 206n, 214Futtsu Saki, 483, 48 5

Gagusuku, 13 8Gaja, 205, 22 0Gallipoli, 662

GALVANIC Operation, 66 1Gard, BGen Robert G ., 189nGasoline . See Supplies and equipment.Gavutu, 706, 708Geheime Staats Polizei. See Gestapo .Geiger, MajGen Roy S ., 24, 60, 66—68, 71n, 79,

84n, 86, 89, 91, 93, 123, 125—126, 129, 159,

175, 195—197, 214, 216, 252, 273, 299, 323 ,353, 353n, 354n, 363, 363n, 365, 365n, 373 ,381—382, 385—389, 397n, 534, 545, 571, 605 ;LtGen, 365n, 439, 605n

General Order 241, 677Geneva Convention, 739 nGeneva Protocol, 749, 753, 755—756, 76 0Genka, 174German forces, 731, 749German hospital, 748—749Germans, 455, 546—547, 563, 748—74 9Germany, 12, 18, 522, 527—528, 746, 747n

surrender of, 530—53 1Gestapo, 747, 747nGhormley, VAdm Robert L ., 663nGilbert Islands, 240, 390, 450, 665, 690, 710 ,

724, 744Operation, 674—67 5

Gilbert Islands, 427, 429Gilliam, LtCol William M ., 278nGinowan-Shuri highway, 194, 26 8Gisushi, 303—304, 326nGoettge, LtCol Frank B ., 686Goettge Patrol, 676Gormley, LtCol John J ., 171, 260, 556, 556nGrasse, 74 8Great Britain, 433—434, 521—522, 572, 747n .

See also England, United Kingdom .Great Harbor, 540, 563, 580Great Wall of China, 537, 585, 60 8

Green, Maj Bernard W ., 134, 144—14 5

Green Island, 25, 9 6Grew, Joseph C ., 43 3

Griebel, Col John H., 116, 128n, 212, 217, 257 ,

342, 345, 37 8Griffith Board, 700

Griffith, Maj Samuel B . II, 708 ; LtCol, 699 ,709 ; Col, 616, 699—70 0

Griner, MajGen George W ., Jr ., 62, 193, 29 8

Gripsholm, 734nGuadalcanal, 24, 27, 66, 70, 70n, 74, 86—88, 90 ,

90n, 91—92, 95—96, 160n, 186, 371, 376, 389 ,391, 410, 412, 517, 656—660, 662, 664, 666 —667, 667n, 670, 673—676, 685—686, 686n,

908

INDEX

Guadalcanal—Continue d687, 690-691, 694, 696, 696n, 702-703, 703n ,706, 708, 708n, 709-711, 716, 716n, 717 -71 9

Operation, 659, 664-665, 702, 70 8Guam, 4, 7, 7n, 23-24, 71, 75, 95n, 97, 97n, 123 ,

123n, 160, 196, 242n, 363n, 372n, 373n,397-398, 412, 428, 441, 444, 448, 452n, 454 ,456-457, 461-464, 468, 470, 478, 488, 509n ,512, 512n, 534-535, 544-545, 551-552, 560 ,564-565, 620, 624, 628, 630-631, 638-639 ,642, 673, 712, 714, 736, 745, 783, 785-78 6

Operation, 88, 67 1Guam Evacuation Unit, 45 0Guantanamo, Cuba, 653Guerrilla Activities, 174, 541, 559, 589, 609 ,

746, 759, 771 . See also Tactics .Guidebook for Marines, 756nGulf of Chihli, 522, 534, 539, 541, 57 7Gunfire and Covering Force, 60, 99n, 102Gushi, 311, 31 4Gushichan, 29 0Gushikawa, 12 8Gustafson, Maj John A ., 11 6Gusuku, 36 0Gusukuma, 199, 203, 205, 22 0

Hadnot Point, N. C., 70 5Hagushi, 51n, 55, 63, 68, 73, 109, 241, 29 8

anchorage, 159, 22 3beaches, 51, 54, 64, 67, 70, 91, 100, 103, 107 ,

109, 111, 158, 160, 162, 166, 241, 393, 421 ,551, 68 5

transport area, 135, 179, 233, 34 8Haha Jima, 460Hai Ho River, 539, 542, 546, 550, 552-553, 556,

62 1Hainan, 416, 78 3Haiphong, 56 1Hai River, 62 1Haiti, 65 4

Hakata, 499Halazone, 331 nHalf Moon Hill, 244, 247-253, 256, 264, 27 1Halifax, Lord, 43 6Hall, RAdm John L ., Jr ., 60, 91-93, 24 1Halmahera group, 45 2Halsey, Adm William F ., 4-5, 97, 229n, 280,

431, 476, 479, 479n, 481, 483-484, 484n,487, 493n, 660, 663, 781 ; FAdm, 403n, 404,416, 421, 422n

Hamahika Shima, 164, 388 nHamburg, 74 9Hanagusuku, 289Hanchos, 76 1Hancock, 128, 421, 479 nHangchow, 53 0Hangchow Bay, 7, 428Hanja, 330Hankow, 52 4Hansen, Maj Herman, Jr., 41 6Hanza, 115, 117, 120Hara, VAdm Chuichi, 454-45 5Hara-kiri, 367Harbors, 4, 271n, 299, 460, 522, 54 0Harmon, LtGen Millard F ., 1 1Harriman, W. Averell, 43 1Harris, BGen Field, 41 2Harris, LtCol Harold D ., 691Hart, Col John N ., 623, 63 1Haute Savoie, 746-747Haven, 78 6Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 24, 66n, 141, 397 -

398, 407, 448, 452, 465, 468, 470, 493, 500n ,636, 654, 672, 704, 70 9

Hawkins, 1stLt Jack, 770-772 .Hay, John, 52 2Hayden, LtCol Reynolds H ., 144, 146, 174, 25 3

Heanza Shima, 164, 388 nHeadquarters Marine Corps, 372n, 447-448 ,

466-467, 597, 655, 677-679, 681, 688, 69 0Hedo Misaki, 140-141, 348, 363n, 38 0

Heinl, Col Robert D ., Jr ., 508n, 547n, 67 0

Hemphill, LtCol Bruce T ., 173 ; Col, 254nHenderson Field, 91, 186, 410, 709, 71 6

Henderson, LtCol Frederick P ., 189 ; Col, 89n,117n, 123n, 186n, 193n, 377, 377n, 378n,382, 385n ; BGen, 192n, 216n, 383n

Henderson Group, 18 9Hentona, 17 5Hermle, BGen Leo, D ., 454 ; LtGen, 454 n

Heydrich, Reinhard, 747nHiggins, Andrew J ., 667Hill, VAdm Harry W., 229n, 242, 370, 372n ,

408, 672, 70 4

Hill, LtCol Robert E ., 342n

Hill 26, 31 6Hill 27, 296Hill 28, 315-31 6Hill 52, 34 3Hill 53, 320, 323

INDEX

909

Hill 55, 257, 257n, 261–262, 264–265, 287, 315–31 6

Hill 55–1, 31 5Hill 55–2, 316Hill 57, 257n, 309, 32 5Hill 58, 32 0Hill 59, 257nHill 60, 217, 219Hill 62, 320–32 1Hill 69, 335, 340, 344–345, 345n, 34 6Hill 72, 360–361Hill 79, 346, 354, 358, 361–364, 37 8Hill 80, 360–36 1Hill 81, 354, 358, 361–364, 37 8Hill 85, 36 2Hill 89, 292, 353, 357, 362, 364, 364n, 367–36 8Hill 95, 35 1Hill 103, 314, 33 0Hill 107, 32 5Hill 108, 325, 33 0Hill 153, 356Hill 165, 120n, 131, 131nHill 200, 14 8Hill 210, 148–149, 15 4Hill 220, 5 0Hilliard, LtCol Robert C ., 385n, 668nHillyer, Col Roy N ., 32 3Himeji, 43, 774Hinsdale, 10 9Hinunangan Bay, 9 1Hirado Shima, 50 5Hirohata, 736, 761–762, 780, 781nHirohito, 436 . See also Emperor of Japan.Hiroshima, 433, 436, 780, '78 6Hiroshima Prefecture, 51 4Hiza, 11 6Hizaonna, 127, 127n, 13 0Hobbs Victory, 180 nHochmuth, LtCol Bruno A., 112, 154, 174, 254 ,

254n, 31 1Hodge, MajGen John R ., 60, 68, 84, 131, 164n,

188–189, 192, 194, 204, 270, 330, 352, 387 ,38 9

Hogback Ridge, 266, 268–270

Ho-Hsi-Wu, 56 7Hokkaido, 31n, 760, 78 1Holcomb, MajGen Thomas, 655n ; LtGen, 660,

660n, 665n, 677, 687–688, 688n, 699 ; Gen,414, 414n

Holdahl, Col Theodore A ., 601

Hollandia, 4, 6, 70n

Hollandia, 9 6Holomon, LtCol Walter, 327n, 330nHome Islands (Japan), 4, 15, 17, 19, 31–32 ,

36–37, 40, 57, 100, 178, 206, 368, 370, 372,400–402, 406–407, 409, 418, 430, 438, 455 ,459, 461, 463, 511, 529, 533, 737, 779, 783 ,78 8

Homma, LtGen Masaharu, 741, 76 8Honan Province, 44, 542Honda Bay, 773Hong Kong, 19, 407, 416, 522, 603, 609, 645 ,

647, 752, 783, 78 6Honolulu, 75 2Honshu, 5, 7, 31n, 98, 180, 402, 406–408, 430–

431, 476, 488, 490, 492, 500–501, 736, 760 ,765, 78 3

Honsowetz, Col Russell E ., 117n, 120nHopeh, 537, 541–542, 544–545, 548, 550, 552 ,

564, 570, 574–575, 584–585, 588, 593, 596 ,599, 609, 614, 616, 620, 622–623, 627, 631 –

632, 641, 64 9Hopkins, Harry L ., 431, 431n, 43 2Horie, Maj Yoshitaka, 46 1Horseshoe Hill, 244, 252–254, 25 6Hospitals. See Medical activities .Houston, 739–740, 740n, 750, 76 3Howard, MajGen Archie F ., 581–582, 601–60 2Howard, Col Samuel L ., 744, 768 ; MajGen, 618 ,

622–623, 625 nHsin Ho, 618–619, 625, 627, 632, 64 8Hudson, Maj John S ., 337nHugh W. Hadley, 224Huizenga, lstLt Richard M ., 758–75 9Hull, Cordell, 43 6Hulutao, 561, 569–570Humphrey, LtCol Gavin C ., 60 2Hunt, Capt George P ., 723, 724nHunt, BGen LeRoy P ., 348 ; MajGen, 496, 506 ,

514, 51 7Hunt, LtCol LeRoy P ., Jr ., 602Huntington, LtCol Robert W., 65 3Hurley, Ambassador Patrick J ., 546, 555, 563 ,

62 0Hurst, LtCol Edward H ., 116, 127, 128n, 130 ,

173, 261 ; Col, 127nHydrographic conditions, 668

Hydrographic survey, 37 8

Ibaru Ridge, 358, 360ICEBERG Operation, 13, 31, 57, 60, 63, 63n ,

64, 69, 71–73, 75, 77, 82–84, 89, 91–92, 94 –96, 99–100, 103, 117, 128, 135, 141, 159,

910

INDEX

ICEBERG Operation—Continued160n, 178, 183, 207, 224, 229, 240, 242 ,354n, 369, 373, 381, 389-390, 398-399, 68 5

alternate plan, 65-66, 19 6base development, 58, 70-71, 75, 84, 92, 166 ,

372, 37 9commanders, 166, 28 0expeditionary forces, 6, 31, 97, 17 7expeditionary troops, 6, 58, 94, 10 4floating reserve, 8 6forces, 64, 72, 74, 78, 83, 86, 93, 96, 98, 103 ,

107, 109, 179, 376, 38 2initial support, 7 1Joint Staff Study, 57-58, 63, 77landing, 63, 72-73, 111, 202, 23 9operations, 103, 158n, 181, 382phases, 62, 70, 77, 162, 378Plan Baker, 65-66Plan Fox, 63-64, 6 6scheme of maneuver ashore, 57, 10 2support elements, 71, 10 3

Ichi, 17 4Ichinomaya, 40 8Idaho, 34 4Idiot Sticks, 13 0Ie, 167Iegusugu Yama, 166-167Ie Shima, 34, 50, 55, 58, 62n, 66, 68-69, 75, 142 ,

142n, 166-167, 169, 169n, 196-197, 226 ,229, 230n, 370, 372n

airfields, 46, 50, 75, 166, 227anchorage, 22 3base development program, 75invasion, 9 1

Iheya-Aguni landings, 348Iheya Retto, 3 4Iheya Shima, 347-348, 378n, 38 1Ike Shima, 164, 388 nIkibaru, 127, 130Illana Bay, 11nImadomari, 140Imperial City, 54 0Imperial Rescript, 449, 530, 53 2Imperial Russia, 531Imperial War Council (Japan), 1 8Imura, H ., 584nInasomi, 280, 303Independence, 479 nIndia, 9 8India Command, 3 nIndiana, 479n

Indianapolis, 10 0Indochina, 26, 103, 41 6Infantry units . See also Army units ; Marine

units .American, 62, 112, 117, 353, 384, 668, 670 ,

672, 688, 718, 721-72 6battalion landing teams, 88, 88n, 109n ,

552, 635, 638-63 9battalions, 112, 114, 131, 479, 555, 628-

629, 635, 647, 671, 692-693, 701-702, 71 3brigades, 447, 63 5companies, 210, 222, 265, 281n, 573, 579 ,

628-629, 640, 644, 689, 692-693, 695-697, 702, 718-719, 72 3

divisions, 24, 58, 67-68, 72, 74, 81, 84-86 ,102n, 123, 131, 138n, 383n, 447, 467-468 ,533, 579, 635, 656-657, 663, 683, 691 -692, 693n, 694, 696, 701-702, 717, 720 ,72 3

fire teams, 265, 693, 697-698, 698n, 700 -701, 72 5

platoons, 586, 629, 640, 645, 647, 692n, 693 ,696-697, 699, 707, 719, 72 8

regimental combat teams, 86n, 87-88, 88n ,90, 102n, 109n, 164, 214, 467, 476, 47 8

regiments, 86n, 87-88, 129, 135, 467, 550 ,599, 635, 657, 570-671, 692-695, 714, 717 ,721-722, 725, 727

rifle squads, 692n, 696, 698-701, 718-72 0Japanese, 4, 45, 54, 80, 312, 608, 686-687,

733, 78 8battalions, 41, 44, 50, 80, 20 7brigades, 44, 8 0companies, 44-4 5divisions, 43-44, 80-8 1regiments, 44-45, 80-8 1squads, 17 3

Inflation, 582, 53 2

Initial Occupation Line, 485, 48 7Inland Sea, 419, 76 5Inoue, LtGen Sadae, 453, 453nInouye, VAdm Seibi, 1 5Inspector General, FMFPac, 58 1Inspector General, U . S . Marine Corps, 63 7Instrument of surrender, 439, 45 4Insular Patrol (Guam), 73 4Intelligenc e

American, 66, 78, 102, 107, 121, 136, 169, 174 ,191, 329, 369, 381, 532, 543-544, 551 ,588, 617, 676, 684, 686, 709-71 0

agencies, 31, 78, 176, 565, 686

INDEX

91 1

Intelligence—Continue dAmerican—Continued

estimates, 78, 139, 207, 406, 40 8personnel, 498, 543, 68 6problems, 685sources, 20n, 56 5studies, 78–79, 433, 47 9training, 685–68 6

Japanese, 53 0International Concession, 59 9International R'ed Cross, 745, 749–750, 753 –

755, 761, 764, 78 1International Settlement, 69 8Interpreter s

American, 121, 296, 357, 485, 580, 589, 60 3Chinese, 544Japanese, 580, 77 6

Intrepid, 419, 71 5Inubi, 127, 129–13 0Isa, 210Isahaya, 501, 50 6Ishihara, Isamu, 752, 738 nIshikawa, 126, 129–130, 132, 134, 17 1Ishikawa Isthmus, 34, 50, 68, 126, 128–129, 132 ,

135–136, 155, 166, 171, 174, 38 0Ishikawa Take, 17 1Ishimine, 128n, 30 9Ishimmi, 206, 267–26 8Ishimmi Ridge, 268–269Island Command

Guam, 454, 456, 459, 463n, 47 8Okinawa, 6 2Peleliu, 45 3Saipan, 453

Italia nconcession, 55 6consulate, 54 7embassy, 583nhospital, 74 8nationals, 50 3

Italy, 748Item Pocket, 4 9Itokazu, 54, 298, 303Itoman, 36–38, 290, 312, 315, 318, 325, 326n ,

330, 332, 332n, 335, 337–338, 345, 35 1Itomi, 139–140, 142, 146, 148n, 151–152, 154

Itomi-Toguchi road, 142, 154

Iwa, 303, 325–328, 33 1Iwahig Penal Colony, 77 4

Iwakuni, 509nIwa-Shindawaku ridge, 328

Iwo Jima, 8, 11-14, 21–22, 27, 45, 48, 57, 72 ,95–97, 104, 159, 162n, 178, 197n, 240, 242n ,257, 308, 391, 393, 398, 417, 429–431, 438 ,460, 461n, 503n, 512n, 621, 666, 670, 670n ,672, 674–675, 683, 703, 705, 707, 714, 722-725, 729, 74 5

Izena Shima, 378 n

Jajiya, 14 9

Jaluit, 450, 455, 46 2Janiszewski, LtCol George, 703 n

Japan, 4–8, 11, lln, 13–15, 17–21, 37, 41, 57 ,63, 67, 75–76, 78n, 93, 98, 178, 226-227 ,357, 370, 386, 398–400, 402–403, 416, 418 ,430, 432, 434, 436–439, 441, 444, 449–450 ,461, 463, 465-469, 475-476, 487–490, 492–493, 495, 499–500, 500n, 505, 508–509, 511–512, 517, 518n, 522, 525–529, 531, 553, 560 ,565, 580, 582, 593, 597–598, 607, 641, 654 ,659, 661, 732, 734, 734n, 735, 738n, 739n ,741, 750, 755, 761, 765, 769, 775, 776n, 778 ,781, 783, 78 6

invasion of, 8, 401, 432-433, 576, 763n . Seealso CORONET ; OLYMPIC .

occupation of, 437–438, 454–455, 464, 475 ,481, 489-490, 493, 496–497, 500–503, 508 ,510–511, 518, 533–534, 536, 71 4

occupation authorities, 499occupation forces, 428, 450, 453, 456, 463 ,

476, 481, 490, 492–493, 497, 499, 501, 502n,506, 509, 511, 56 0

occupation operation, 488, 495, 507, 518occupation tasks, 436, 441, 479, 497, 508-509 ,

511–512, 51 4Japanese, 11–12, 31, 103, 106, 151, 452, 455 ,

526, 532, 540, 542, 544, 546–547, 564, 568 ,579, 589, 596–597, 607, 648, 675, 709, 745 ,75 0

Army-Navy agreement, 14, 2 1Army-Navy relations, 4 6cities, 49 2civilians, 38, 46–47, 76–77, 106, 172, 251, 452 ,

456, 557, 565, 567, 580, 584, 608, 763, 77 5

economy, 20, 49 2elder statesmen, 15-46 . See also Jushin .Emperor, 18, 321, 357, 367, 433, 436, 439, 449 ,

475, 485, 497, 518, 530, 752 . See alsoHirohito .

Empire, 3–5, 11, 32, 35, 58, 76, 78, 370, 432 ,654, 67 5

forces, demobilization of, 452, 462, 487, 497 ,

499, 505, 511, 568, 574

912

INDE X

Japanese-ContinuedGeneral Staff, 16, 27 4government, 16-17, 19-20, 38, 436, 476, 497 ,

509, 517, 732-733, 755government officials, 14-15, 484, 495, 743 ,

763, 774, 777Home Minister, Ministry, 38, 498, 51 1industry, 5, 14, 20, 98, 417, 492, 546, 571, 74 4intendance service, 40ninterservice, rivalry, 5 5military doctrine, 35 0Military Service Act, 47military system, 14n, 67 6mines, 492, 501, 552munitions, 569, 58 1Naval Headquarters, 48 7

operations, 14, 2 0pirates, 36-3 7ports, 21, 492schools, 546, 556, 563surrender, 393, 400-402, 427-429, 434, 436 ,

438-439, 441, 449-450, 452, 452n, 454, 457 ,459-460, 470, 475-476, 484-485, 487-488 ,490, 497, 511, 521, 530, 533-534, 556-558 ,565, 579, 581, 741, 781, 783, 785-786

transportation facilities, 51, 492, 502, 502 n

Japanese UnitsImperial General Headquarters, 14, 14n, 16-

22, 39-41, 43, 45, 178, 227, 356-357, 368 ,392-393, 438-439, 509, 52 9

Army, 14, 17-18, 21, 41, 178, 321, 393, 501 ,542, 675, 736, 738, 742n, 755, 756n, 760-761, 763

General Staff, 14nChinese Expeditionary Army, 44, 529, 53 2Formosa Army, 1 8Kwantung Army, 43, 527, 529-53 0Mongolian Garrison Army, 542Nakagusuku Wan Fortress, 39 nNorth China Area Army, 532, 542, 546,

557, 56 8North China Pacification Army, 54 2Southern Area Army, 178nFirst Army, 54 2

Sixth Air Army, 21, 178Twelfth Army, 542Seventeenth Area Army, 53 019th Air Sector Command, 46, 5 4Thirty-first Army, 454

Japanese-Continue dArmy-Continue d

Thirty-second Army, 18, 22, 39-41, 43-51 ,51n, 53-55, 55n, 106-107, 120, 122, 179 ,188-192,

197,

205-208,

210-213, 251 ,251n, 257, 265-266, 270-272, 274, 280 ,288, 292-293,

295,

297,

304, 316, 330 ,332, 338n, 340, 350-353, 353n, 357, 362 ,364n, 367-368, 379, 386, 393, 67 5

Forty-third Army, 542, 565, 579-58 1Forty-seventh Army, 507nFiftieth Army, 507n2d Armored Division, 448th Air Division, 21, 10 09th Infantry Division, 41, 43, 46, 50, 5524th Infantry Division, 43-45, 50, 54-55 ,

191, 205-207, 210-213, 220, 268, 289, 292 ,350-351, 353, 357, 363, 36 8

62d Infantry Division, 44, 50, 54-55, 188,190-191, 199, 205, 207, 211-213, 216,217n, 218, 220, 257, 280-281, 289-290 ,292, 350, 35 2

84th Division, 4397th Division, 50118th Division, 54 263d Brigade, 44, 19164th Brigade, 44, 236, 2575th Independent Mixed Brigade, 542, 565 ,

58 124th Independent Mixed Brigade, 5 34th Independent Mixed Brigade, 43-45, 50 ,

53, 55, 142, 189, 205, 211, 220, 251-252 ,289, 292, 297, 350-35 2

1st Specially Established Brigade, 54, 24 72d Specially Established Brigade, 5 45th Artillery Command, 45, 54, 106, 203 ,

207, 213, 289-290, 35 042d Field Artillery Regiment, 4 57th Heavy Artillery Regiment, 45, 292, 2951st Independent Heavy Mortar Regiment ,

4515th Independent Mixed Regiment, 43-44,

221, 247, 351-35 2Infantry Regiments

22d, 43, 191, 205-206, 211, 220, 267-268 ,347, 36 3

32d, 43, 206, 211-212, 292-293, 297, 347 ,36 3

89th, 43, 206, 211, 220, 260, 269, 351, 36 31st Infantry Unit, 432d Infantry Unit, 43-44, 49-50, 5 51st Medium Artillery Regiment, 4 5

INDEX

913

Japanese—Continue dArmy—Continued

23d Medium Artillery Regiment, 4 524th Reconnaissance Regiment, 35 223d Shipping Engineer Regiment, 207 ,

292, 29 526th Shipping Engineer Regiment, 207 ,

22 111th Shipping Group Headquarters, 5 41st Specially Established Regiment, 54 ,

108, 12027th Tank Regiment, 44–4524th Transportation Regiment, 28981st Field Antiaircraft Battalion, 25 7

7th Independent Antitank Battalion, 22 1100th Independent Heavy Artillery Bat -

talion, 45Independent Infantry Battalion s

1st, 53, 22 12d, 53, 22 13d, 5311th, 4 412th, 44, 19 113th, 44, 191, 35 214th, 44, 19 115th, 44, 25 721st, 4422d, 44, 265, 290, 292, 29 723d, 44, 216, 25726th, 5 327th, 5 328th, 5 329th, 5 3272d, 44273d, 44, 25 7

14th Independent Machine Battalion, 216 ,257

Infantry Battalion s1st Bn, 1st SpecEstabRegt, 1201/32, 212, 2682d Bn, 1st SpecEstabRegt, 1202/22, 19 12/32, 21 23d Bn, 1st SpecEstabRegt, 1203d Bn, 2d InfUnit, 217n, 22 1

1st Light Mortar Battalion, 45, 19 1

2d Light Mortar Battalion, 4 5Special Guard Companie s

223d, 47224th, 47225th, 47

Japanese—Continue dArmy—Continued

Special Guard Engineer Units502d, 4 7503d, 4 7504th, 4 7

Navy, 14, 18–19, 21, 31, 81, 99, 191, 252, 290 ,321, 393, 400, 73 8

General Staff, 14 nAir Fleet s

First, 21Third, 2 1Fifth, 21–22, 178, 207Tenth, 2 1

Combined Fleet, 18, 17 8First Mobile Fleet, 1 6First Naval District, 48 4Fourth Fleet, 454Okinawa Naval Base Force, 46, 54, 55n,

220, 242, 290, 321, 507n

Sea Raiding Squadrons26th, 20 727th, 20 728th, 20 729th, 207

4th Surface Escort Unit, 46Special Attack Unit, 100, 106, 177, 227 .

See also Kamikazes ; Kikusui.

Special Naval Landing Party, 489n .

Fleet, 4, 11, 16, 22, 63, 654, 67 3

Miscellaneous Unit santitank group, 41, 44–45, 107

Boeitai, 47, 53–54, 120, 132, 141, 175, 220 ,

350, 357n, 363coast defense, 4 7Giretsu (Act of Heroism) Airborne Raid-

ing Force, 227Imperial Reservists Association, 47

Iwao Force, 251 nlabor forces, 53, 122, 191, 530, 77 0

local defense units, 47, 80, 120, 174

midget submarine unit, 4 6Nakagusuku Wan Fortress Artillery Unit ,

39, 45Okinawan conscripts, 43, 53, 80, 142, 17 1

shipping engineers, 46, 107n, 122, 209–210 ,

35 1suicide sea-raiding squadrons, 46, 53, 56,

81, 103, 106, 209, 220, 351, 380n

suicide swimmers, 81

914

INDEX

Japanese—Continue dMiscellaneous Units—Continue d

Tekketsu (Blood and Iron for the Em-peror Duty Units), 4 7

Udo Force, 142, 148n, 17 4volunteer youth groups, 4 7

Java, 3n, 739-740, 78 6Jehol Province, 595, 60 2Jessfield Road Jail, 75 4Jewell, LtCol Duncan H ., 507nJichaku, 199, 203, 212Johnson, Col Byron F., 25 ; BGen, 552, 576, 60 0Johnson, Maj John G ., 296Johnston Island, 46 5Joint Assault Signal Companies, 182 . See als o

Army units ; Marine units.Joint Board, 66 4Joint Chiefs of Staff, 3n, 4-7, 9, 13, 31, 57, 63 ,

76, 82, 84n, 197, 399-401, 401n, 402-403 ,429-430, 432-433, 437, 498, 529, 531, 533 ,561, 572, 596-597, 659

Joint Expeditionary Force, 58, 93, 242, 390 ,661 . See also Task Organizations .

Joint Logistics Committee, 1 2Joint Mobilization plans, 46 7Joint operations, 481, 48 5Joint planning, 62-63Joint staff planners, 7, 6 2Joint Staff Study LONGTOM, 39 9Joint U . S . Military Advisory Group, 573, 633 ,

64 1Joint War Plans Committee, 6-7, 9Jones, Maj James L ., 104, 162, 164, 167, 381 ,

388nJones, BGen Louis R ., 548, 553, 567, 599, 60 6Jungchen, 57 8Jungle . See Vegetation .Jushin, 15-1 6

Kadena, 36, 43, 50, 68, 164, 184-18 5Kadena airfield, 46, 50, 54-55, 117, 120, 158 ,

158n, 159, 176-177, 184, 190, 228, 274Kadena Pete, 185, 186nKagamisui, 302, 30 6Kagoshima, 406, 408, 427, 493n, 499-500, 507 ,

507n, 51 4Kagoshima Prefecture, 500, 50 7Kagoshima Wan, 406, 408, 50 7Kahoolawee Island, 673Kailin Mining Administration, 541, 545, 547 ,

552, 563, 585, 590, 599-600, 604, 609, 617 ,621, 649

attacks .

See alsoKikusui ; Special Attack Forces. 26, 100 ,107, 157, 177, 178n, 179-181, 185-186, 189-190, 196, 207-208, 211, 223-224, 227, 229 -230, 240-241, 274, 278n, 348, 369n, 370 -371, 372n, 374, 383, 406, 415, 419, 421, 427 ,508n, 665, 671, 673, 67 5

Kaminokawa beach, 40 8Kamiyama Shima, 106nKamizato, 300, 303Kanchanburi, 76 7Kaniku, 188, 194Kanoya, 226, 496, 507, 508nKantner, Maj George B ., 249Kanto Plain, 5, 40 8Karadera, 290, 292, 298, 300Kase, Toshikazu, 1 6Katchin Peninsula, 125, 127-128, 130, 132, 162 ,

172, 17 6Katsuren Wan (Bay), 12 5Kawabe, LtGen Torashiro ,Kawada, 140-141, 173-17 5Kawatana, 501, 50 5K-Day, 30 3Keisan Sho, 106 nKeise Shima, 63-64, 67-68 ,

107n, 111, 388nKelley, lstLt Alfred E . W. ,Kelley, Capt John W ., 43 9Kellum, Maj William C ., 18 1Kenney, Gen George C ., 407, 430Kerama Retto, 22, 34, 46, 56, 64-67, 73, 91, 96-

100, 103-104, 106-107, 122, 164, 166, 177 ,180n, 370, 380, 380n, 40 7

Kerby, Col Kenneth D ., 18 1Kerman, Maj John R ., 316nKiangsi Province, 52 6Kiangwang, 738, 75 7Kiaochow Bay, 540, 561, 63 6Kijak, SupSgt Henry, 73 3Kikai Shima, 196, 347, 378Kikusui attacks, 179n, 180, 189, 223, 369n . Se e

also Kamikazes .Kikusui No. 1, 179, 180, 185, 19 0Kikusui No. 2, 18 6Kikusui No . 5, 208

Kaimon-Dake, 40 8Kakazu, 188, 19 4Kakazu Ridge, 190, 193-194Kakibana, 30 3Kaluf, Col John, 557nKamikazes, Kamikaze

178 n

100, 103, 106, 106n,

439

INDEX

915

Kikusui No. 7, 227, 27 4Kikusui No . 8, 37 0Kikusui No. 9, 370Kikusui No . 10, 37 0Kiland, RAdm Ingolf N., 62, 92, 104, 550Kimmu Wan, 130 . See also Chimu Wan .King, RAdm Ernest J ., 664 ; Adm, 5—8, 9n,

lln, 12, 12n, 13, 56, 653, 660, 660n, 712 ;FAdm, 3, 394, 402, 403n, 411—414, 424 ,432—433, 44 6

Kinkaid, Adm Thomas C ., 534—535, 555—556,558, 559n, 561, 563, 569, 57 4

Kinney, lstLt John R., 758—759Kinsman, Cdr Otto, 416Kitamura, MajGen, 462 nKiyamu, 289—290, 292, 304, 316, 337, 350, 360,

384Kiyamu-Gusuku Ridge, 360—361, 36 8Kiyamu Peninsula 288, 292, 303, 35 0Kiyan Point, 55Klingman, lstLt Robert R., 225Knob Hill, 263n, 27 6Kobakura, 3 6Kobe, 94, 98, 419, 76 0Kochi, 206, 21 1Koiso, Gen Kuniaki, 1 7Kokuba, 36, 274, 276, 283—284, 296—297, 299—

300, 309, 312, 32 5Kokuba Channel, 302Kokuba estuary, 280, 283, 305, 320Kokuba hills, 283Kokuba Gawa, 252, 298—299, 314, 325, 32 9Kokumba River, 29 0Kokumbona, 70 9Kokura, 433, 51 4Komesu, 340, 356, 360, 36 2Komesu Ridge, 362, 36 8Korea, 31, 103, 437, 463, 499-500, 505, 530, 534 ,

551, 553, 672, 760, 769, 778, 78 3

Koreanoccupation, 476, 53 3Occupation Force, 476 ncivilians and laborers, 104, 455—456, 499 ,

499n, 500, 502, 505, 596, 76 3

Koror, 45 3Koshiki Retto, 407, 50 7Koshiwabaru, 40 8Kouri Shima, 17 3Kowloon, 522, 56 1K-rations, 295, 295n, 326, 32 8Krueger, Gen Walter, 404, 408, 492, 49 6

310-224 0-69 - 59

Krulak, LtCol Victor H., 283, 700 ; LtGen,658 n

Kuba Saki, 68, 128Kubiri, 48 1Kubo, 126Kuefu Shima, 106nKumamoto, 493n, 506-507, 51 4Kumamoto Prefecture, 500, 50 6Kumi Shima, 34, 348, 378nKunishi, 290, 338, 340—343, 34 5Kunishi Ridge, 290, 333, 337, 338n, 340—345 ,

347, 351, 351n, 354, 356, 358, 362, 388n

Kunming, 58 3Kuomintang, 525—527, 531, 543, 620 . See also

Chinese Nationalists ; Chinese CentralGovernment .

Kurawa, 12 6Kure, 94, 419, 509 nKuribayashi, LtGen Tadamichi, 460, 72 5Kurile Islands, 1 7Kuro Shima, 67, 106, 388 nKurume, 50 2Kusaie, 455, 46 2Kushikino, 40 8Kutaka Shima, 164, 388nKuwan, 198, 203, 207, 209—21 0Kuwanga-Makabe road, 346Kuwanga Ridge, 345—346, 360Kuyeh, 585, 599, 600, 61 7Kwajalein, 70n, 242n, 412, 444, 450, 459, 463—

464, 464n, 667, 674, 715n, 745, 72 1

Kwantung, 19, 522Kwantung Peninsula, 522, 531

Kyoto, 512, 514, 51 7Kyushu, 6, 9, 11, 18, 22, 31n, 32, 34, 36, 43, 57 ,

98, 100, 178, 226-227, 371-372, 399-400 ,402—404, 406—409, 418—419, 421—422, 428 —431, 476, 490, 492-493, 493n, 496, 499—501 ,502n, 505—507, 507n, 508, 508n, 510—511 ,514, 517—518, 783, 778, 785

Kyushu occupation, 492, 51 7Kyushu operation, 402—404

Laboehan, 740Lake Geneva, 74 7

Lakehurst, N .J ., 705

Lamotrek, 462Lamson-Scribner, Col Frank H., 631

Landing Craft . See also Ships .

American, 91, 94, 111, 114, 122, 157—158 ,164, 211, 293, 392, 417, 483, 485, 550,

916

INDEX

Landing Craft—ContinuedAmerican—Continued

551, 553, 555-556, 628, 640, 657, 666-668, 724, '786

LCIs (Landing Craft, Infantry), 104 ,104n, 357, 361, 553, 66 8

LCMs (Landing Craft, Mechanized), 111 ,114-115, 305, 555

LCSs (Landing Craft, Support), 20 8LCTs (Landing Craft, Tank), 114, 152 ,

305, 311, 550, 553LCVPs (Landing Craft Vehicle and Per-

sonnel), 667, 781rubber boats, 162, 164, 299, 307, 644, 709 ,

744self-propelled barges, 158, 158n

Japanese, 207, 209, 73 9Landing forces . See also Army units ; Marin e

units . 60, 80-81, 467, 560, 656, 658, 661 ,663-664, 667, 669, 78 1

Landing signal officer, 54 6Langfang, 567, 59 9Lantienchang, 599Lantienchang Field, 539, 56 6Lantz, LtCol William T ., 479nLarkin, MajGen Claude A ., 552, 560, 566Larsen, MajGen Henry L ., 450, 45 4Larson, LtCol August C ., 253n, 35 6Laureta, Capt Claro, 77 1L-Day, 57, 64, 66-67, 98, 104, 107, 347, 39 1Leaflets, leaflet drops, 436, 59 5League of Nations, 52 6Leahy, FAdm William D ., 400, 403n, 433, 687Legation Quarter, 540, 54 7Legion d'Honneur, 747nLei-chuang, 599-600Lejeune, MajGen John A., 654Lend-Lease supplies, 528Levy, 45 7Lexington, 479n, 716Leyte, Leyte operation, 5, 8-9, 11-12, 18, 41 ,

70, 72, 81, 84, 84n, 85, 92-93, 96, 178, 223 ,240, 240n, 390, 415, 422, 427, 431

Leyte Gulf, 8, 18, 91, 9 3Liaotung Peninsula, 569Liberation, 773, 787, 789 . See also Recovered

Allied Military Personnel .Lidice, 747nLi Huang airstrip, 759Lines of communication ,

American, 169, 548, 584, 594, 603, 607, 608 ,631, 64 9

Japanese, 31, 58, 125, 351

Lingayen Gulf, 12, 26, 64, 77 7Lin-Shou-Ying, 60 9Linsi, 586, 599, 601, 617Lisbon, Portugal, 74 6Little, MajGen Louis McC ., 655nLittle Sugar Loaf, 310-31 1Little White House, 70 8Litzenberg, LtCol Homer L . Jr ., 699nLitzenberg Board, 699Liversedge, LtCol Harry S ., '71 0Loading activities . See also Supplies an d

Equipment . 27, 95-96, 478, 551, 66 2Logan Victory, 80nLogistics, 38, 51, 62, 64, 71-75, 167, 120, 129-

130, 239-240, 293, 295, 302, 304, 343, 378-379, 390-392, 448, 466, 548, 550, 555, 598 ,662, 664-667, 67 4

London, 434-435, 658nLondon, 64 5Longaog, 77 1Long Island, 41 8Long March, 52 6LONGTOM Operation, 398Loomis, Col Francis B ., Jr ., 66, 71n, 30 2Loomis Harbor, 30 2Loudspeakers, 121, 296Louisville, 55 9Lourenco Marques, 734 nLouther, LtCol Karl K., 253n

Love Hill, 266, 269-270

LST 628, 114

LST 884, 109Luanhsien, 586, 590Luan River, 590, 59 9Lubeck, 749Luckey, Col Robert B ., 116Ludwig, Capt Verle E., 172n, 332n

Lunga Point, 710Lunga River, 709-71 0Lutai, 599, 61 7Luzon, Luzon operation, 3, 5-7, 9, 11, 11n, 12-

13, 18, 21, 26, 41, 72, 85, 85n, 97, 399, 416 ,475, 742, 763n, '769, 776-777

Luzon-Formosa controversy, 9n

Mabuni, 292, 352, 356-357, 364, 36 8

MacArthur, General Douglas . See also Com-mander in Chief, Army Forces in th ePacific ; Commander in Chief, SouthwestPacific Area ; Supreme Commander, Allie dPowers. 3, 3n, 4-6, 8-9, 11, 11n, 12-13, 25,

INDEX

917

MacArthur, General Douglas—Continue d41, 57, 64, 84, 84n, 177, 372n ; General ofthe Army, 393, 401–403, 403n, 430, 436 ,438-439, 463, 470, 475, 476n, 481, 483 ,484n, 485, 487, 497–498, 508, 617, 671 ,

707n, 744, 778, 783MacGillivray, George C., 696n, 702nMachisi, 273, 275Machinato, 188, 232, 30 2

Airfield, 49, 198, 203, 209, 28 3MacNulty, LtCol William K., 734Madaira, 173Maeda, 198, 205–206, 220Maeda Escarpment, 19 7Mae Shima, 67, 106, 388nMaeta Saki, 118Magee, LtCol James C ., Jr ., 117, 281, 33 5Magic Carpet, 46 3Magruder, Commo John H., Jr., 460Magruder, LtCol Marion M ., 225, 225nMajiya, 146, 154Majuro, 26, 441, 450, 45 2Makabe, 290, 340, 352–354, 358, 362–36 5Makin, 70n, 242n, 710–711, 744–74 5Malakal, 45 3Malaria, 740, 757, 76 7Malaya, 11, 750, 76 8Malnutrition, 452–453, 455, 459, 740–741, 754,

757, 766, 768–769Maloelap, 455, 46 2Manchester, 64 7Manchu Dynasty, 521–522, 524, 54 0

Manchuria, 20, 41, 43–45, 525–526, 530–531 ,533, 537, 541, 561, 569–572, 574, 579, 584585, 590, 594–596, 602, 604, 608, 628, 631633, 636, 639, 649, 750, 769, 78 3

Manila, 403, 436, 438, 489n, 497, 533, 743–744 ,

768–769, 773, 775n, 776–778, 783, 786

Manila Bay, 741, 77 5Manila Bay, 715nManna, 139–142, 152, 15 4

Manus, 25, 70n, 9 5Mao Tse-tung, 526–527, 532, 609, 632–634, 636 ,

639, 643–644, 708

Maps and Chart sAmerican, 61, 78–79, 96, 103, 120n, 332n ,

625, 71 9Japanese, 79, 154, 191, 199, 68 6

Maquis, 746, 746n, 747 . See also French guer-rilla activities.

Marcus Island, 452–453, 464

Marcus Island Command, 45 2Marianas, 4–5, 8, 14, 16–17, 21–22, 26, 39, 56 ,

74, 85, 93–95, 98, 159, 162, 166, 240, 411 ,429–430, 448–450, 450n, 463, 493n, 624 ,639, 666, 672, 690, 722, 724, 78 3

operation, 5–6, 72, 391, 668, 671, 674, 683 ,70 4

Surrender Acceptance and Occupation Com-mand, 45 0

Marine Deputy Chief of Staff, Tenth Army, 62 ,83n, 85, 192

Marine unitsAir

Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic ,46 9

Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, 25–26, 74, 228, 372n, 376, 412–413, 441, 448 ,469–470, 488, 509, 552, 600, 605–60 6

Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, WesternPacific, 623, 629-631, 636, 642–64 3

Marine Aircraft Wings, Pacific, 412–41 3Marine Air Training Command, East

Coast, 42 4Marine Fleet Air, West Coast, 26, 414 ,

422, 442, 60 61st Marine Aircraft Wing, 25, 372n, 441 ,

469–470, 535–536, 550–552, 552n, 560 ,563–564, 566, 588, 599, 600, 606, 615–616 ,623–624, 629, 716–71 7

2d Marine Aircraft Wing, 25, 61, 75, 95 ,365, 373, 373n, 431, 441, 469-470, 566 ,716, 786

3d Marine Aircraft Wing, 25–26, 441, 4704th Marine Aircraft Wing, 25–26, 225n ,

230n, 424, 424n, 441, 457, 47 69th Marine Aircraft Wing, 26, 422–423 ,

44 2Marine Carrier Groups, Aircraft, FMF-

Pac, 414-415, 42 4Marine Aircraft Group 11, 716Marine Aircraft Group 12, 566, 588, 595 ,

59 9Marine Aircraft Group 14, 37 1Marine Aircraft Group 15, 470Marine Aircraft Group 21, 509n, 545, 71 6

Marine Aircraft Group 22, 230, 230n, 370 –

371, 495, 509Marine Aircraft Group 24, 470, 566, 588 ,

595, 599, 606, 613, 615, 621, 624, 642Marine Aircraft Group 25, 25, 535, 558 ,

566, 576, 583, 595, 605

918

INDE X

Marine Units—ContinuedAir—Continue d

Marine Aircraft Group 31, 95, 95n, 136 ,177, 181, 229, 469-470, 488, 490, 495 ,50 9

Marine Aircraft Group 32, 560-561, 564 ,566, 576, 577, 60 5

Marine Aircraft Group 33, 93, 95, 136 ,177, 373, 374n

Marine Aircraft Group 43, 9 5Marine Aircraft Group 62, 423Marine Aircraft Service Group 48, 41 5Marine Aircraft Service Group 51, 414-

41 5Marine Base Defense Aircraft Group 48 ,

41 4Marine Carrier Aircraft Group 1, 424 ,

426-427Marine Carrier Aircraft Group 2, 42 7Marine Carrier Aircraft Group 3, 426, 42 8Marine Carrier Aircraft Group 4, 424,

427-42 8Marine Carrier Aircraft Group 5, 42 9Marine Carrier Aircraft Group 6, 42 9Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron

7, 64 2Marine Glider Group 71, 71 3AWSs, 61, 182, 226, 381, 413, 44 8AWS-1, 348AWS-7, 95AWS-8, 95AWS-11, 38 1HqSqn-1, 551, 55 8HqSqn-2, 9 5HqSqn-3, 2 5HqSqn-12, 599HqSqn-22, 230 nHqSqn-24, 58 8HqSqn-71, 71 3SMS-1, 560SMS-22, 230nSMS-71, 713VMB-612, 373, 373nVMB-621, 42 3VMB-622, 423VMB-623, 42 3VMB-624, 423VMD-254, 577-57 8VMF-112, 180, 414, 42 1VMF-113, 230n, 49 5VMF-115, 566, 608, 621

Marine Units—Continue dAir—Continue d

VMF-123, 180, 416, 42 1VMF-124, 415-416, 418, 71 6VMF-211, 566, 623-624, 630, 635, 642 ,

737-738, 78 7VMF-213, 415, 417-41 8VMF-214, 371, 419, 421, 74 5VMF-216, 416, 41 8VMF-217, 416, 41 8VMF-218, 371, 566, 624, 63 0VMF-221, 180, 41 6VMF-222, 37 1VMF-224, 9 5VMF-311, 95, 177VMF-312, 95, 152, 154, 22 5VMF-314, 320n, 364nVMF-322, 95, 152, 15 4VMF-323, 95, 152, 224n, 364n, 37 4VMF-351, 42 8VMF-422, 230nVMF-441, 95, 186, 264n, 48 8VMF-451, 180, 416, 42 1VMF-452, 419, 42 1VMF-511, 41 4VMF-512, 414VMF-513, 41 4VMF-514, 41 4VMF(CVS)-112, 414VMF(CVS)-321, 429VMF(CVS)-351, 428VMF(CVS)-511, 427VMF(CVS)-512, 427VMF(CVS)-513, 42 8VMF(N)-533, 225, 225n, 230n, 374, 566 ,

62 1VMF (N) -541, 566, 588, 59 9VMF(N)-542, 181, 374VMF(N)-543, 96, 181, 374

VML-71, 71 3VMO-2, 376, 376n, 377n

VMO-3, 335, 376, 376n, 564, 585, 613, 627VMO-6, 376, 376n, 564, 577-578, 606, 616 ,

618, 62 1VMO-7, 89, 335, 37 7VMO-351, 414, 414nVMR-152, 566, 576, 60 5VMR-153, 566, 576, 605-606, 673-624 ,

629-630, 636, 63 2VMR-353, 509n

VMR-952, 509n

INDEX

919

Marine Units—Continue dAir—Continued

VMSB—231, 71 6VMSB—244, 560, 57 7VMSB—343, 577—578VMTB-131, 230n, 331, 331n, 373—37 4VMTB—132, 414VMTB—134, 560, 577, 599, 715, 715 nVMTB—143, 41 4VMTB—232, 185, 226, 293, 304, 328, 331 ,

373—374VMTB—233, 41 4VMTB-234, 41 4VMTB-454, 41 4VMTB(CVS)—132, 42 8VMTB(CVS)—143, 32 7VMTB(CVS)—144, 42 9VMTB(CVS)—233, 42 7VMTB(CVS)—234, 42 8VMTB(CVS)—454, 42 9CASD—1, 42 7CASD—2, 42 7CASD-3, 42 8CASD—4, 42 8CASD—5, 42 9CASD—6, 42 9

GroundFleet Marine Force, 12n, 23—24, 27, 410,

441—443, 447—448, 450, 464—468, 483, 550 ,592, 598, 605, 635, 655—656, 665—667 ,677, 679—680, 682—683, 687, 698, 700, 705 ,707, 712, 729

Amphibious Corps, Atlantic Fleet, 65 6Department of the Pacific, 453—454, 565 ,

61 8Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, 448, 46 9Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, 23-25, 74,

83, 95, 348, 397, 397n, 398—399, 413, 439 ,441, 443—444, 444n, 461, 465—466, 468-469, 475—476, 489—490, 506, 571, 579 ,598, 605, 620, 637, 647-649, 692, 71 4

Fleet Marine Force, San Diego Area, 69 9Fleet Marine Force, Western Pacific, 624 ,

628—631, 635, 637—639, 642—644, 65 0Marine Garrison Forces, 14th Naval Dis -

trict, 46 5Marine Garrison Forces, Pacific, 464n ,

465—466, 466n, 61 8Marine Forces, China, 534, 597, 604, 606 ,

616-617, 62 1Marine Forces, Tsingtao, 606, 61 6Marine Group, Peiping, 567, 599, 612, 617

Marine Units—Continue dGround—Continue d

Marine Supply Service, FMFPac, 39 1Marine Training and Replacement Com-

mand, 441—44 2Service Command, FMFPac, 598, 636, 692South Pacific Echelon, FMFPac, 39 1

Troop Training Command, AmphibiousForces, Atlantic Fleet, 58 1

I Marine Amphibious Corps, 660, 690, 707 ,709, 71 4

III Amphibious Corps, 24—25, 27, 60, 65—68, 72, 79, 80—81, 83n, 86, 88, 90—91, 93 ,95, 103, 103n, 112, 114—118, 126, 129 -130, 132, 134-135, 155, 158—160, 160n ,167, 169, 174—175, 183—184, 188, 195—197, 201n, 214, 216, 220, 235—236, 241 ,252, 266, 271, 273, 277—278, 281, 299—300, 302, 302n, 303—305, 330, 345, 350 ,358, 362—363, 363n, 364-365, 374—376 ,382—383, 387, 388n, 391, 397, 39'7n, 398 ,408, 441, 449, 476n, 533—534, 534n, 535—536, 542—548, 550-552, 553n, 555n, 561 ,563, 566—567, 569, 571—573, 575-576, 579 ,579n, 581—583, 583n, 585—586, 591n, 592—593, 596—598, 600—601, 604-605, 615 ,648-649, 694, 72 5

V Amphibious Corps, 24—25, 27, 104, 162n ,398—399, 404, 408—409, 417, 441, 449 ,492-493, 493n, 496, 499-500, 500n, 501-502, 505, 505n, 506—508, 508n, 509, 511 —512, 518, 544, 704—705, 707, 72 1

III Corps Artillery, 68, 88—89, 90n, 117 ,123, 136n, 169, 181, 188—189, 199n ,216n, 217—218, 249, 377, 382, 397, 53 5

III Corps Evacuation Hospital No . 2, 95 nII Corps Evacuation Hospital No . 3 ,

20 8III Corps Service Group, 16 0III Corps Shore Brigade, 550, 553, 555 ,

56 71st Marine Division, 24, 49, 60, 63, 66, 68 ,

74, 79—80, 83n, 84n, 86, 86n, 87, 91, 93 ,112, 114—116, 116n, 120—122, 125—126 ,128, 128n, 130, 132, 141, 158, 172, 174 ,183, 194-195, 197—199, 201n, 202, 206—207, 210—214, 216, 216n, 218, 218n, 221—222, 230—232, 234—235, 238—239, 244 ,247, 256, 262-263, 266, 271—273, 277 ,281—284, 286, 293, 295, 297, 299, 304 ,314, 325, 328, 328n, 330, 332, 344, 346—

920

INDEX

Marine Units-Continue dGround-Continued

1st Marine Division-Continued347, 351, 353, 354n, 356, 358, 361, 363 ,376-377, 380, 383-384, 385n, 386, 389 ,391, 397, 441, 468, 517n, 535, 547, 550-553, 557, 557n, 560, 564, 567-568, 574-575, 575n, 583-585, 588-589, 596, 599-600,

605-606,

613-617, 621-625, 627 ,631,

635,

642-643,

650,

656,

659-660 ,662-663, 680-682, 686, 686n, 691, 693 ,695-696,

701,

703,

706, 708-709, 716 ,718, 720, 723, 725, 72 7

2d Marine Division, 23-24, 62, 65, 67, 72 ,74, 84, 88-90, 95, 107, 109, 195-196, 347 -348, 378n, 397, 408-409, 441, 492-493 ,496, 500-501, 505n, 506-507, 509, 511-512, 514, 517, 517n, 616, 680, 682

3d Marine Division, 23-24, 398, 408-409,441, 456, 460, 468, 492, 493n, 535, 670 ,698, 705-706, 711, 719

4th Marine Division, 24, 398, 441, 468, 535 ,699, 705, 721, 729

5th Marine Division, 24, 397n, 398, 408-409, 4.41, 492-493, 495-497, 499-502 ,505, 505n, 506, 509, 511, 512n, 705, 70 7

6th Marine Division, 24, 27, 60, 66, 68, 74 ,79, 79n, 83n, 88, 93, 101, 114-115, 117-118, 120, 126, 128-130, 132, 134, 134n ,135-136, 138, 138n, 141-142, 149, 151 ,154-155, 158, 160, 166, 171-173, 173n,174, 176n, 183, 197, 214, 216, 218, 222,223n, 230-231, 233-235, 244, 247, 249 -252, 254, 256, 271, 275-276, 280, 284 ,296-297,

299-300,

302, 302n,

303-304 ,307-308,

310-311,

318, 320,

323-325 ,330, 344-346, 356, 357n, 360, 361n, 363 ,368, 376, 380, 384, 385n, 387, 389, 391 ,397, 438, 441, 476, 487, 487n, 488-490 ,514, 535, 545, 547, 552, 558-561, 563-565, 567-568, 575, 578, 580-581, 584, 592 ,596, 598-600, 616, 685, 695, 712, 725

1st Provisional Marine Brigade, 88, 468-469, 469n, 487n, 624, 631, 638-639, 642 ,71 2

3d Marine Brigade, 599, 605-606, 616, 71 01st Field Service Command, 742d Field Service Command, 74

481 ,Fleet Landing Force, 438-439, 476 ,485, 487-488

Marine Units-Continue dGround-Continue d

1st Marines, 68, 91, 116, 130, 195, 199 ,201-204, 209, 212, 214, 216-218, 218n ,220, 220n, 221, 231, 234-235, 239, 257 ,262, 264, 266, 269, 277, 282, 287, 325-326, 329, 331-332, 340-343, 368, 388n ,550, 556, 558, 567-568, 583, 599, 608 ,612, 617, 621-622, 624, 635, 637, 643 ,68 3

2d Marines, 496, 506-507, 512-514, 51 73d Marines, 635, 637, 640, 642-645, 647 ,

71 14th Marines, 68, 88, 112, 115, 117-118, 120 ,

120n, 126, 129-130, 132, 134-135, 138,141-142, 144, 146, 148-152, 154, 174 ,235, 252-254, 254n, 256n, 271, 273, 275 -276, 280, 283, 302, 305, 307-308, 310 -312, 314-316, 318, 320-321, 356, 358 ,360, 360n, 361, 363, 438, 441, 476, 478 ,478n, 479, 483, 485, 487-488, 489n, 490 ,543, 565, 593, 598, 606, 608, 616, 618 ,711-712, 731, 733-734, 740-741, 744 ,765, 768, 770, 778

5th Marines, 68, 112, 116-117, 125, 128 ,130, 173, 199, 202-203, 211-212, 214 ,216, 218, 218n, 219-220, 220n, 221, 234 ,239, 253, 257, 259-260, 262, 264, 266,277, 282, 284, 286-287, 296-297, 300,303-304, 326, 326n, 344, 354, 354n, 358 ,388n, 550, 558, 567, 599, 617, 622, 624 ,627, 70 9

6th Marines, 272, 496, 505n, 506, 512

7th Marines, 68, 112, 115-117, 120n, 125 -127, 130, 134, 171, 173-174, 176, 203 ,210, 212, 214n, 218, 218n, 220, 220n, 221 ,231-233, 235-236, 239, 259n, 261, 265n,299, 304, 308, 311, 325-326, 329-333 ,337, 339-344, 347, 351n, 353, 362-363 ,388n, 548, 553, 556, 556n, 575-576, 586 ,588, 590-591, 600, 610, 617, 621, 647, 69 6

8th Marines, 90, 347-348, 353, 353n, 354 ,354n, 358, 360-363, 388n, 397, 506-507 ,512, 514, 51 7

9th Marines, 639-642, 644, 71 1

10th Marines, 506, 512, 514

11th Marines, 87, 89, 90n, 116-118, 123 ,125, 189, 189n, 194-195, 195n, 199, 199n,216, 330, 333, 376n, 383, 385n, 550, 556-557, 599, 613, 617, 621

INDEX 921

Marine Units-Continued Marine Units-Continue d

Ground-Continued Ground-Continued

12th Marines, 89 Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion s

13th Marines, 495, 505, 511-512 2d, 95n, 183, 69 05th, 183, 69 0

15th Marines, 88-89, 90n, 117, 136, 149- 8th, 183-184, 69 0150, 216, 308, 563

9th, 95n, 183, 69 021st Marines, 456-457, 460, 468 16th, 18 322d

Marines,

68,

88,

112,

115,

117-118, Armored Amphibian Battalions126, 129, 129n, 132, 134, 138, 172, 173n, 1st, 136, 149, 39 7174, 218-219, 222, 230-231, 234-235, 237, 3d, 21 0245, 247-249, 252-253, 253n, 254, 276, Barrage Balloon Squadrons283-284,

296,

299,

304,

311,

314-315, 1st, 71 2318,

320-321,

323,

344-346,

353,

356, 2d, 712360, 363n, 388n, 563, 565, 598 3d, 71 2

24th Marines, 699 5th, 71 26th, 71 226th Marines, 454, 495, 505, 505n, 506

Corps Artillery Battalions27th Marines, 495, 512, 683 1st 155mm Howitzer, 188, 21 628th Marines, 495, 501, 505-506, 512 3d 155mm Howitzer, 89, 188, 216, 216 n

29th Marines, 68, 91, 115, 117, 129-130, 6th 155mm Howitzer, 89, 188, 21 6134-135, 138, 138n, 139-142, 144, 146, 7th 155mm Gun, 136n, 149, 21 6

149, 151, 154, 174, 235, 237-238, 247, 249, 8th 155mm Gun, 89, 188, 21 6

251-252, 280, 283-284, 296,

302,

307, 9th 155mm Gun, 188, 21 6

309-310, 312, 314,

318, 320-321,

323, Defense Battalion s

323n, 361, 363, 559-560, 563, 565, 580 1st, 73 7

1st Marine Parachute Regiment, 706 3d, 68 86th, 690

1st Marine Raider Regiment, 710-71151st, 688-689

2d Marine Raider Regiment (Provisional), 52d, 68 8711, 714 Divisional Artillery Battalions

7th Service Regiment, 550-551, 567, 598, 1/11,

123, 189, 189n, 218n, 385n, 599 ,606, 616, 624-625, 627-628, 630-631 612-61 3

4th Base Depot, 74, 391 1/15, 172, 478 n2/11,

189, 194,

216n,

218n, 599, 612 ,7th Field Depot, 95n

638, 64 25th Field Service Depot, 478 2/15, 144, 57 61st

Provisional

Antiaircraft

Artillery 3/10, 50 6Group, 83-84, 274, 456 3/11, 189, 194, 318n, 600, 62 1

2d

Provisional

Antiaircraft

Artillery 3/12, 61 64/11, 189, 62 1Group, 45 6

2d

Provisional

Combat

Service

Group 4/15, 173, 254n, 598

(Light), 640, 642-64 3

2d Provisional Field Artillery Group, 89 ,136, 136n, 216, 216n

Amphibian Tractor Battalions4th, 302n, 47 89th, 302n

Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion(FMF), 67, 104, 106n, 162, 164, 167, 173 ,303, 378n, 381, 388

Engineer Battalion s1st Separate, 95n, 598, 60 66th, 120, 128, 135, 139, 172, 219, 222 -

223, 223n, 230, 273, 275, 283, 478n

Headquarters Battalion sFMFPac, 628FMFWesPac, 64 3HQMC, 67 8IIIAC, 605-606

922

INDEX

Marine Units—ContinuedGround—Continue d

Infantry Battalion s1st Separate, 708, 7411/1, 117, 125, 128, 198, 201—203, 203n ,

209—211, 214n, 219-220, 220n, 222 ,222n, 238—239, 262, 265, 287, 295, 325 —326, 328, 331, 333, 335, 342, 621, 624 ,628

1/2, 5071/3, 460-461, 468, 643—644, 647, 71 81/4, 120, 126, 132, 134, 144-146, 148-

152, 154, 174, 254, 271, 273, 275—276 ,280, 283, 305—306, 309, 311, 314, 316 ,318, 320, 323, 361, 363, 483, 485, 487 ,489, 598, 71 1

1/5, 112, 116, 128, 204, 217, 220—221 ,257, 264-265, 282, 284, 286-287, 297 ,299, 303-304, 353-354, 358, 361-363 ,599, 617, 619, 625, 627-628, 708

1/6, 5141/7, 120n, 127, 130, 171, 203, 220n, 221 ,

232-234, 236, 238, 239n, 259—262, 332 —333, 337, 339-340, 343—344, 381, 548,552, 556, 556n, 570, 600, 610, 621, 647 ,648, 709

1/8, 348, 353, 5071/9, 644

1/22, 115, 129, 140, 146, 149-152, 154 ,173, 173n, 174-175, 218-219, 222, 222n ,223, 231, 233, 235, 245, 247-249, 251 ,283—284, 296, 308, 315, 318, 330, 345 —347

1/26, 512n1/27, 495, 502, 505

1/29, 88, 115, 117-118, 126, 129, 129n,138-140, 142, 146, 151, 238, 247-250 ,275—276, 280n, 283—284, 296, 323 ,323n, 360—361, 363, 575-576, 588, 599

2d Separate, 70 9

2/1, 117, 125, 128, 174, 203—204, 210 ,216—217, 219, 231, 234—235, 239, 257 ,263, 263n, 264-265, 281—282, 295, 328 ,330—333, 335, 341-342, 599, 624, 629 ,631, 635

2/2, 507

2/4, 68, 115, 132, 134-135, 144—145, 148—152, 154, 174, 247, 252—253, 256, 271 ,273, 275—276, 280, 283, 302, 305—307,312, 315, 318, 320, 323, 360—361, 363,483-484, 489, 598, 711

Marine Units—ContinuedGround—Continue d

Infantry Battalions—Continued2/5, 128, 128n, 199, 202, 204, 216-217,

221, 232, 257, 259—262, 264, 297, 303 —304, 326-327, 342, 344-345, 358, 361 -364, 567, 599, 708—709

2/6, 512, 51 62/7, 116, 120n, 127, 130, 171, 203, 210 ,

214, 214n, 221, 232, 234, 236, 238 ,239n, 262, 299, 329-330, 332n, 337 ,339-345, 548, 553, 555, 590-591, 600 ,61 0

2/8, 348, 353, 3582/21, 456-457, 460, 46 82/22, 115, 129, 141, 234-235, 237-238 ,

245, 247, 276, 280, 280n, 283-284, 296 ,314-316, 318, 356, 363, 579, 59 8

2/26, 454, 506, 7072/27, 502—503, 51 22/28, 49 52/29, 138-140, 146, 152, 154, 245, 247 ,

249-252, 252n, 283, 307, 309-310, 312,320, 323, 578, 59 8

3/1, 125, 130, 173n, 174, 198, 201-202,204, 212, 216-217, 219, 222, 231, 234 -235, 239, 257, 262-263, 265-266, 281282, 286-287, 293, 325-328, 331, 342,723

3/2, 109, 496, 5073/3, 68 63/4, 112, 118, 120, 126, 134-135, 141-

142, 144—146, 149-152, 154, 174—175 ,252-254, 254n, 256, 271, 273, 275, 280 ,283, 307—309, 311-312, 314-315, 318 ,320—321, 323, 356, 360-361, 363, 464 ,483, 485, 487-489, 598, 616, 618, 624 ,629, 635, 711, 77 5

3/5, 116, 128, 164, 172, 199, 202, 204,218, 220, 220n, 221, 232, 252, 257, 273 ,275, 284, 299, 303-305, 342, 342n, 345 ,358, 361-362, 364, 567

3/6, 5143/7, 116, 127, 127n, 128, 130, 171, 173 ,

203, 212, 220, 220n, 221, 232, 236 ,260-262, 299, 327n, 328-332, 339, 344-347, 358, 548, 553, 555, 555n, 590, 708

3/8, 348, 353, 35 83/22, 129, 140, 142, 144, 146, 154, 174-

175, 218-219, 222, 233-234, 237, 245 ,247—249, 275, 280, 284, 296, 311, 314 -316, 318, 320, 345-346, 598

INDEX

923

Marine Units-Continue d

Ground-ContinuedMarine Units-Continue d

Ground-Continued

3d DUKW Company, 55 1Infantry Battalions-Continued3/24, 698 Joint Assault Signal Companies, 25, 375,

3/26, 495, 512n 375n, 383, 383n, 6573/28, 502 Medical companies, 467, 598-599, 692, 72 9

3/29,

138-142,

144-146,

148-150,

152, 11th

Military

Police

Company

(Provi-

154, 234-235, 238, 245, 247-250, 283- sional), 453

284, 307, 309-310, 312, 323, 323n Reconnaissance Companie s

7th Separate, 441 1st, 125, 127, 210, 304, 329, 624, 69 4

Medical Battalions, 623-624, 728 6th, 118, 132, 134, 136n, 140, 173, 247 ,

3d, 616 272, 275-276, 278, 299, 305, 307, 323 ,

6th, 478n, 56 3Military Police Battalions

360, 388n, 56 33d Island Base Headquarters, 453

1st, 550 Landing Force Air Support Control Units

1st Provisional, 95n LFASCU-1, 95n, 96, 181, 375, 37 8

5th Provisional, 464 LFASCU-2, 96, 193, 375

8th Provisional, 46 4Motor Transport Battalions

LFASCU-3, 96, 181, 375Marine Air Base, Iwakuni, 509 n

6th, 283n, 478n Marine Air Base, Omura, 509, 517n11th, 550, 598 Marine Barracks

Parachute Battalions Guam, 465, 466n1st, 698, 705, 708 Kwajalein, 464n, 466n

2d, 700, 705-706 Marcus, 45 33d, 706 New River, N. C., 6804th, 706

Pioneer Battalions

Olongapo, 74 1Peiping, 547n

1st, 548, 552, 567, 624, 628, 665 Peleliu, 466n

5th, 500 Saipan, 464, 46 6

6th, 4'78nRaider Battalions

Sangley Point, Philippine Islands, 46 4Sumay, Guam, 734

1st, 698, 700, 707n, 708-710 Naval Air Facility, Honolulu, T . H., 466n

2d, 698, 707, 709-711, 744 Naval Air Station s

3d, 710-711 Barber's Point, Oahu, 466n

4th, 71 02d Replacement Battalion, 682

Replacement Drafts

Ford Island, Pearl Harbor, 466 nJohnston Island, 466nKahului, Maui, 466nKaneohe Bay, Oahu, 466 n

55th, 345nNaval Ammunition Depot, Oahu, 466 n

57th, 281Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, 465, 466n

59th, 281Naval Operating Base s

62d, 345n Midway Island, 466n63d, 281 Okinawa, 466n

12th Service Battalion, 598, 606, 616, 628, Subic Bay, P . I ., 466n635, 640

Tank BattalionsMarine Camp, Ainoura, 50 6Marine Corps Air Facility, St. Thomas, V .I . ,

1st,

114,

195,

198, 201, 201n, 259-260, 44 8339, 621, 693, 703, 703n, 722 Marine Corps Air Stations, 448, 465, 651

5th, 495, 503, 50 66th, 114, 126, 222n, 248, 253, 306, 478n

6th Assault Signal Company, 478n

Cherry Point, N .C., 26, 442, 469-470, 642 ,68 1

Eagle Mountain Lake, Texas, 71 3

924

INDE X

Marine Corps Air Stations—ContinuedEl Centro, Calif ., 26, 421, 429n, 68 1El Toro, Calif ., 429n, 68 1Miramar, Calif ., 442Mojave, Calif ., 26, 424, 429n, 68 1Santa Barbara, Calif ., 415, 424, 681

Marine Corps Base Depot, Norfolk, Va ., 441Marine Detachments

Commander, Naval Forces, Philippines, 464,466n

Fita-Fita Guard, Samoa, 466nFleet Activities, Yokosuka, 444n, 466nTruk, 466nUSS Houston, 739-740, '767-76 8USS Missouri, 43 9

Marine Detachments (Provisional )Commander, Philippine Sea Frontier, 444n ,

464Eniwetok, 444n, 459, 464 nPeleliu, 454, 46 4Samar, 44n, 464Truk, 457Marcus Island, 466 nWake, 459, 464n

Marine's Hymn, 557, 75 9Marine Legation Guard, Tientsin, 73 1Marine Corp Recruit Depot s

Parris Island, S . C., 442, 448, 682San Diego, Calif ., 442, 445, 680, 682

Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Va ., 441, 447 ,467, 655, 689, 699-700, 72 4

Marine ships detachments, 23, 439, 447-448 ,467, 489, 496, 647, 73 9

Marshall, Maj . David E ., 417Marshall, Gen George C., lln, 402, 432, 508 ;

General of the Army, 573-574, 585, 593-594 ,596-598, 600-606, 608, 614, 616, 618-620, 622 ,712 ; Secretary of State, 627n, 632

Marshalls, 4, 26, 95, 240, 450, 452, 654, 673 ,690, 704n, 724, 746

Marshalls-Gilberts Area, 449-450, 463Marshalls Operations, 4nMason, Col Arthur T ., 217, 217n, 219, 221 ,

262-263, 282, 282n, 295, 327, 327n, 32 8Massachusetts, 479nMatanikau River, 70 9Matsuzaki, 408Maui, 24, 398, 441, 468, 493, 53 5McAlister, LtCol Francis M ., 160nMcAlister, lstLt John A., 758-75 9McBrayer, lstLt James D ., 758-759

McBridge, BGen Robert B ., Jr ., 50 6McCain, VAdm John S ., 96-9 7McCaulley, Maj Edwin F ., 733, 734 nMcGovern, Commo John B ., 62McLish, LtCol Ernest E ., 77 1McMillin, Capt George J ., 734McMorris, VAdm Charles H ., 373 nMcQueen, Col John C., 32 3Medal of Honor, 371, 707, 712, 716, 729-730,

745 . See also Awards and Decorations .Medeera, 290, 352, 356-357, 362-363, 36 8Medical Activitie s

American, 23-25, 40, 73, 77, 85, 123, 141 ,149n, 150, 160n, 175, 208, 231, 256, 261 ,271, 273, 297, 304, 309n, 325, 332, 335, 345 ,353, 369, 377, 511, 535, 550, 556, 580, 663 ,689, 691, 726-729, 737, 76 9

Japanese, 49, 290, 292, 363, 556n, 76 0Medina, 77 1Megee, Col Vernon E ., 62, 181, 375, 375n, 376,

415, 417 ; Gen, 193 nMeka, 298Meteorological data, 64Metzger, BGen Louis, 476n, 481n, 484n, 485nMezado, 339, 344, 345n, 346Mezado Ridge, 289, 338, 341-343, 345, 351, 353 ,

356, 388nMicronesia, 65 4Midway, 26, 470, 690, 709, 716, 763Military government, 58, 76-77, 92, 121-122 ,

348, 378-380, 456, 497-498, 507n . See alsoCivil affairs .

Military Police, 77, 220n, 464, 500, 565, 663,692. See also Army units ; Marine Units.

Mille Atoll, 450, 452, 45 5Miller, LtCol John C ., Jr ., 116, 172Miller, Maj Lyle H., 654Millington, LtCol William A., 415-417 ; BGen ,

416 nMilne Bay, 70nMinamata, 40 6Minami, 18 8Minami Daito, 9 7Minami-Uebaru foothills, 206Minatoga, 51n, 66, 109, 205Minatoga beaches, 51, 54-55, 98, 100, 107, 109 ,

11 2Mindanao, 4, 6, 9, lln, 441, 535-536, 769, 771-

772Mindoro, 773Ming Dynasty, 32

INDEX

925

Minna Shima, 388nMissouri, 438-439, 452, 479, 479n, 483—484 ,

488, 78 1Mitchell, MajGen Ralph J ., 25, 372n, 41 2Mitscher, VAdm Marc A ., 16, 60, 97—98, 415 —

419Mitsushima, 76 5Miura Peninsula, 438—439, 48 1Miyagusuku, 198, 201—203Miyake, Maj Tadao, 4 1Miyako Jima, 45, 197, 378, 39 8Miyakonojo, 507Miyazaki, 408, 493n, 501, 507n, 514Miyazaki Prefecture, 500, 507, 51 7Mizell, LtCol Maxwell H ., 602Moen, 455Moji, 499, 502, 77 8Mongolia, 53 7Monterey, 479 nMontford Point, N . C., 689Montgomery, Col Edward A ., 371Moore, Sgt Balthazar, 75 7Moore, RAdm Charles J ., 662Moore, MajGen James T ., 25, 228, 376, 534 ,

552nMoosburg, 749Moreau, LtCol Jean W ., 115, 126, 129, 139 ,

146, 248Moran, LtCol Sherwood F ., 544nMori, VAdm Kunizo, 46 1Morotai, 4, 40, 45 2Mortlake, 45 5Moscow, 431 nMotobu Peninsula, 34, 46, 50, 55, 69, 132, 135—

136, 138-140, 142, 144, 152, 154—155, 166 ,169, 171-173, 173n, 174—175, 184, 379—380 ,384, 397, 551, 725

Motor transportAmerican, 25, 77, 84n, 123, 159—160, 392 ,

467, 500, 576, 599, 623—624, 643, 664, 667 ,692—693, 695 . See also Army units ;Marine units ; Vehicles .

Japanese, 4 4Moulmein, 766Mou Ting Fang, Gen, 56 8Mt. McKinley, 493Mugikura, LtGen Shunsaburo, 45 4Mukden, 439, 530, 572, 584, 636, 783Mukue Gawa, 331—332, 332n, 33 3Mulcahy, MajGen Francis P., 25, 60—61, 69, 75,

95, 176, 180—181, 185, 372, 372nMuncie, LtCol John D ., 117n

Munda, 71 8Munich, 74 9Munn, Col John C ., 95, 181, 488Murray, VAdm George D., 450, 45 4Murray, LtCol James C., Jr ., 117, 220 nMyers, Maj Thomas J ., 115, 129, 150, 245 ,

245n, 699

Nagahama, 118Naganna Shima, 106 nNagano, MajGen Eiji, 542, 565, 581n, 607, 608nNagaru Maru, 74 4Nagasaki, 428, 433, 436, 492—493, 493n, 495 —

496, 500—501, 503, 506-507, 514, 78 6Nagasaki Prefecture, 500, 505—506Nagato, 483, 48 5Nago, 37, 50, 135, 138—139, 160, 17 3Nago Wan, 136, 142, 172, 184, 24 1Nagoya, 18, 98, 41 8Nagusuku, 360nNaha, 34, 36-39, 46, 50, 75, 96, 106n, 176n, 205 ,

207, 232—236, 248, 251, 271, 271n, 274, 276 ,278, 280, 284, 292, 296, 299, 305, 307, 309, 38 1

Naha Canal, 302, 388 nNaha City Command, 283nNaha Estuary, 252, 32 3Naha Harbor, 299, 300, 307, 312, 323Naha-Yonabaru highway, 270, 300, 36 8Naha-Yonabaru valley, 54, 205, 270, 274, 293n,

29 8Naiki, Lt Hisakichi, 74 5Nakadomori, 126, 129n, 134, 13 6Nakagusuku Wan, 51, 75, 81, 128, 162, 166 ,

241, 27 0Nakama, 132, 188, 218n, 220 nNakama Valley, 35 1Nakanishi, 198, 20 2Nakaoshi, 136, 138, 172—17 3Nakasoni, 13 9Namoluk, 45 5Namur, 95Nanashino, 4 3Nanking, 526—527, 533, 541, 609, 623n, 629—632 ,

640, 642, 644—645, 758—75 9Nansei Shoto, 18, 31, 34, 37, 39, 39n, 56, 5 8Nan Yuan Field, 539, 547, 566, 588, 59 9Naoetsu, 78 5Napalm, 26, 148, 154, 167, 201, 218, 260, 263 ,

364n, 374, 417, 703—704, 704nNapunja, 127, 130Narashido, 13 8Nasipit, 772

926

INDE X

Nationalist China, 528, 531-532, 648—649 . Se ealso Chinese Central Government .

National Security Act of 1947, . 46 6

Natives, 121, 173, 348, 361, 378n. See als oChamorros ; Okinawans .

Nauru, 462, 45 5Naval

Air Base, Marcus, 45 3Air Station, Lakehurst, N.J ., 70 5blockades, 20, 32, 81, 400—402, 433, 763nForces, Ryukyus, 62gunfire, 32, 39, 55, 57, 60, 63, 65—67, 87, 90—

91, 98—100, 102—103, 103n, 104, 106, 109 ,111—112, 135—136, 140, 144—147, 152, 152n ,155, 164, 167, 176, 190, 192—193, 202, 211 ,213, 216, 218, 220, 222, 231—232, 238, 242 ,245, 247, 259—260, 265, 274, 277—278, 296 ,305, 311, 326, 341, 343—345, 348, 352, 369 ,374, 375n, 377, 382—384, 390, 417, 461 ,478n, 483, 561, 635, 645, 666, 669—670, 672—674, 717, 721, 774

Occupation Force, 53 5Operating Base, Ryukyus, 378

Navy Cross, 707, 729-730, 747n . See als oAwards and Decorations .

Navy Department, 60 5Annex, 67 8

Navy Units . See also Task Organizations .Civil Engineer Corps, 69 1Transportation Service, 44 8Asiatic Fleet, 54 0Atlantic Fleet, 664Pacific Fleet, 448Third Fleet, 229n, 280, 404, 404n, 406—407 ,

409, 415—416, 422, 431, 438, 475—476, 478 —479, 483—484, 488, 781, 786

Fifth Fleet, 16, 57, 60, 64, 114n, 280, 354n ,404, 404n, 406—407, 416, 419, 421, 428, 490,492, 78 6

Seventh Fleet, 533—534, 544, 561, 565, 569,574, 580, 582, 604, 606-607, 614n, 616 ,623n, 628, 67 3

Support Aircraft, Pacific Fleet, 67 1Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet, 708Amphibious Force, South Pacific, 660Amphibious Support Force, 99Fleet Naval Landing Force, 483Naval Forces, Western Pacific, 628, 634, 64 8Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet, 20, 9 7Battleship Division 7, 47 6Carrier Division 27, 441

Navy Units—ContinuedFleet Air Wing 1, 373, 373n, 639, 64 3Transport Divisions, 93, 478, 550-551, 558 ,

560Transport Division 60, 47 8Amphibious Group 2, 704Amphibious Group 7, 55 0Fleet Flagship Group, 43 8Group Pacific 13, 550, 556, 567, 62 8Mine Group One, 9 8Acorn 52, 45 6Destroyer Squadron 52, 9 8Naval Construction Battalions (Seabees) ,

32n, 72, 158, 166, 176, 454, 535, 556, 692 ,692n, 694

29th, 45 632d, 59 958th, 12 896th, 599, 60 6

Transport Squadrons, 90, 93, 493, 495, 56 315, 9 517, 551—552, 555, 56 124, 560—56 1

VC—7, 715nUnderwater Demolition Flotilla, 99Underwater demolition teams, 99, 102, 102n ,

104, 106, 164, 167, 65 7Group Able, 99—100Group Baker, 99—10 0

Nazis, 218, 589, 74 9Negro Marines, 68 8Nelson, Capt Albin F ., 603Nemoto, LtGen Hiroshi, 54 2Neuffer, Maj Robert P ., 248, 283nNeuse River, N .C ., 680New Britain, 4, 87, 665, 686, 696, 716, 72 0

operation, 8 6New Caledonia, 65, 71 7New Delhi, 757

New Georgia, 70n, 88, 410, 489n, 706, 711, 71 9Occupation Force, 71 1operation, 700, 710, 71 8

New Guinea, 4, 659n, 76 3New Hebrides, 25, 86, 95

New Ireland, 4, 659n

Newman, 560—56 1New Navy Building, 67 8New Orleans, 27 7New Orleans, La ., 667New River, N . C ., 680—682, 702, 705, 71 3New York, 188, 277

INDEX

927

New York, N .Y., 76, 94, 421New Zealand, 86n, 87, 662—663, 706, 71 9Nicaragua, 645, 697—698, 70 8Night illumination, 136, 184, 209, 237, 254, 338 ,

590Niigata, 43 3Niland, Calif., 68 0Nimitz, Adm Chester W., 3n, 4, 6, 8—9, 9n,

11, lln, 12—13, 31, 56—58, 62, 64—65, 76, 82 ,195—196, 354n, 369, 372n, 373n, 399, 401402 ; FAdm, 97, 97n, 403, 403n, 411—414 ,430, 436—437, 446, 475—476, 484, 484n, 487,533—534, 544, 660n, 707n. See also Com-mander in Chief, Pacific Fleet ; Com-mander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas .

Nimmer, BGen David I ., 89, 102, 123, 216, 38 2Nishibaru, 194Nishikoku, 300, 303—30 4Nishi Omote-Jima, 39nNitta Maru, 73 8Nobeoka, 40 6Noble, Maj Alfred H ., 655 ; BGen, 618, 62 4No Man's Valley, 34 0Nomoi, 455Norfolk, Va ., 441, 517, 61 6Normandy, 15, 60n, 65 3North Borneo, 402North Carolina, 479 nNorth China, 468, 490, 500, 521—522, 524, 527 ,

532—537, 539—546, 550—552, 567—567, 571 —572, 574—576, 578—579, 582—583, 588—589 ,592—593, 595, 597—598, 601—602, 604—605 ,607—608, 615, 618, 621, 623, 627, 632, 637 —640, 643, 648—649, 708, 732, 758, 783

Northeast China Command, 584—585, 58 8Northern Attack Force, 60, 93—95, 108, 166 .

See also Task Organizations .Northern Solomons, 666, 71 9Northern Tractor Flotilla, 93—9 4North Korea, 53 0Notogawa, 77 9Noumea, New Caledonia, 660, 686, 706, 708—

710, 71 2

Oahu, 25, 70, 83, 93, 95, 441, 62 1

Obara, Capt Yoshio, 74 5Oberbayern, 749Oboe Hill, 266, 268—269Observers, 102, 159, 250, 704Occupation forces, 463, 490, 510, 529n, 561, 582

Truk & Central Caroline Islands, 457

Ocean, 455, 46 2Oceanside, Calif., 680OCTAGON Conference 9, 400—40 1Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 731, 746 —

747, 769Ofuna, 74 5Ogasawara Gunto, 46 0O'Halloran, LtCol James S ., 183—18 4Ohka, 186 nOita, 493n, 500, 503, 507n, 51 4

Occupation Force, 50 6Prefecture, 502, 506, 514, 51 7

Okamura, Gen Yasuji, 52 9O'Keefe, lstLt Jerry J ., 374nOkinawa, 9, 11—13, 18—19, 21—22, 25, 27, 31—32 ,

32n, 34, 36—39, 41, 43—46, 48, 56—58, 60—63 ,63n, 64—65, 65n, 66—67, 70, 72—73, 75—78 ,78n, 80—82, 85, 85n, 87—100, 102—104, 106—107, 109, 117, 123n, 177, 179, 240, 390, 393 ,407, 410, 416, 418, 421, 427—430, 438, 441 ,463, 470, 475—476, 484, 487n, 488, 495—496 ,509, 535, 545, 551—552, 558, 560—561, 566 ,576—577, 581, 591, 598, 621, 624, 648, 653 ,664—666, 670—675, 683, 685, 691, 694—695 ,703, 703n, 705, 712, 714—715, 722—725, 783 ,786, 78 9

agriculture, 36—3 8beaches, 72, 80, 8 5cities, 36—38, 8 7coast, 56, 66, 80, 12 5government, 32, 34, 3 8history, 32, 37—3 8population, 36—37, 43, 53, 77, 87, 121—122,

141, 164, 172, 175, 251, 312, 50 8tombs, 233, 262, 267, 273, 29 6villages, 36—37, 8 7

Okinawa Gunto, 34, 46, 79, 18 5Oklahoma City, 479nOldendorf, VAdm Jesse B., 60n

Olongapo, 77 6OLYMPIC Operation, 399, 402—404, 404n ,

406—407, 408n, 409, 429, 429n, 430—432,476, 502n, 508n, 68 5

Omori, 78 1Omura, 495, 500, 506, 509, 517, 517nOmura airfield, 373, 42 8Onaga, 206, 21 1110 Meter Hill, 263, 263n, 264—265, 268—269 ,

281—28 2Onna, 132, 134, 169Onna Take, 380

928

INDEX

Ono Yama, 302-303, 305, 307-308, 31 0Onslow Beach, N .C., 656Open Door Policy, 52 2Operation Plan 712, 654Operation Spring-Em, 78 1Ora, 135, 138, 141, 17 4Oradour-sur-Vayres, 74 7Order of the British Empire, 747n. See als o

Awards and Decorations.Order of Battle

American, 23, 71, 207, 478, 594, 608, 639 ,779, 695–696, 71 7

Japanese, 18, 20, 44–47, 50–51, 53–54, 56 ,68–69, 78–81, 90, 97, 107, 121, 125, 130–131, 142, 148, 152, 191, 205, 213, 221, 230 ,250, 251n, 252, 266, 268, 274, 312, 530, 542–

543, 675, 685Ordnance . See Supplies and equipment.Oroku

airfield, 55, 66, 307–30 8landing, 302n, 303, 305, 31 4Mura, 309, 309n, 310, 312, 314, 320–321, 32 3Peninsula, 34, 36, 46, 54-55, 66, 290, 292 ,

299–300, 302–304, 307–308, 310, 312, 314 ,320, 323–325, 330, 344, 350–351, 360, 388 n

Orote Peninsula, 734Ortiz, Maj Peter J ., 746, 746n, 747, 747n, 74 9Oryoku Maru, 775–77 6Osaka, 8, 98, 512, 734, 736, 738n, 760, 765, 779 ,

785–786Osumi, 34, 50 7Ota, RAdm Minoru, 46, 54–55, 205, 207, 390 ,

292, 297, 310, 312, 314, 316, 321, 33 0Ouki, 188, 19 0Outer Mongolia, 531OVERLORD Operation, 60nOwsley, Maj Roy, 43 9Oyama, 206–207, 20 9

Ozark, 47 8Ozato, 50, 332–333, 345 nOzato Hills, 270, 272, 25 1

Pace, Maj Nat M ., 144, 172 ; LtCol, 144nPacific Islands, 444, 530, 576, 582, 698Pacific Ocean, 3n, 7, 11, 13, 15–16, 23–25, 34 ,

60, 67, 70–71, 78, 93, 98-99, 188, 441, 443 ,475, 653–654, 657, 662, 665–667, 669, 672 ,674–676, 679–680, 686, 691, 698, 702, 707,713, 716, 78 8

Pacific Ocean Areas, 3n, 6, 60, 84n, 399, 441 ,452, 465

Pacific War, 3, 5, 11, 14, 449, 530, 653, 658 ,666–667, 670, 674, 676–677, 684, 690, 694 ,717, 723, '725, 730, 744

Pagan, 428, 45 5Pakanbaru, 768Palaus, 6, 8, 16, 26, 87, 94, 96, 98, 159, 240 ,

240n, 449–450, 452n, 453-455, 505, 505n ,654, 690, 72 4

Palau Occupation Unit, 45 0Palawan, 772–774Palmyra Island, 465Pan American Airways, 459Panamint, 9 1Parachute troops . See also Marine units .

American, 692–694, 698, 705–707, 709, 71 1Japanese, 126

Parmelee, Col Perry 0 ., 6 1Parris Island, S.C ., 680–681, 702, 712–713 . Se e

also Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parri sIsland .

Pasadena, 479 nPatrol s

American, 99, 117, 122, 125–126, 129–130 ,132, 134, 136, 141–142, 146, 149, 151, 154 ,171, 174–175, 175n, 192, 198, 201, 204n ,219, 222, 233, 271, 273–274, 276, 278, 293 ,298–299, 303, 315, 325, 332, 339–340, 362 ,380–381, 500, 563, 567, 610, 612, 624, 68 6

Japanese, 128Pavuvu, 24, 70, 74, 86–88, 93, 389, 39 7Paymaster Department, HQMC, 67 8

Peale Island, 45 9Pearl Harbor, 6, 61n, 63, 66, 80, 92, 94, 96, 97n,

370, 372n, 398, 412, 418, 422, 427–428, 449,528, 577, 600, 605, 647, 658, 673–675, 679 ,682, 691, 703n, 710, 716, 718, 744, 74 9

Conference, 8, 1 2Peck, Maj DeWitt, 655 ; MajGen, 397n, 551 ,

555n, 556, 558n, 567n, 568, 568n, 575n,583n, 584, 584n, 586, 586n, 600, 606, 655n,659, 660 n

Peiping (Peking), 524–527, 532, 536, 539–540 ,542–547, 547n, 548, 550, 556, 558, 558n,566–568, 572, 575, 575n, 576, 579, 583,483n, 585, 588, 591, 594–594, 599–600, 602 –604, 606–609, 612–613, 615, 617, 622, 624 ,627, 637, 639, 641, 649, 731–732, 760, 78 3

Peiping-Mukden Railroad, 541–542, 547–548,567–568, 570, 574–575, 584–585, 588, 591 ,609

Peiping-Tientsin road, 558, 610, 613

INDEX

929

Peiping Union Medical College, 59 5Peitaiho, 556, 556n, 570, 576, 590, 599—600, 607 ,

610, 617, 621, 62 8Peleliu, 4, 40, 48, 87, 158—159, 242n, 450 ,

453, 464, 505, 512n, 675, 683, 701, 704, 714 ,722—723, 72 7

Island Command, 452n, 453operation, 4n, 5, 8, 63, 72, 86, 89, 232, 232n

Penglai, 577—57 8Pentagon, 687Penzoll, LtCol August F ., Jr ., 183People's Liberation Army, 609Pepper, LtCol Robert H ., 688Percival, LtGen Arthur E ., 439Perry, Commo Matthew C ., 32, 46 1Perth, 739—74 0Pescadores, 11, 416, 52 2Pfeiffer, BGen Omar T ., 628, 631 ; MajGen ,

660n, 667 nPhiladelphia, Pa ., 503Philippine Islands, 4—5, 9, 9n, 11n, 12, 17—19 ,

25, 41, 45—46, 70, 83—84, 91, 98, 129, 177 —178, 178n, 223, 389, 392, 401—402, 407, 422 ,429—430, 437, 463, 476, 493, 496, 670, 674 ,676, 712, 718, 733, 741, 744, 750, 763n,765, 768—769, 771—773, 775, 778, 788

Philippines operation, 57, 94, 476, 67 1Photographs, 78—80, 97, 138. See also Air

activities ; Maps and charts .Picardi, Maj Robert J ., 456Pickett, BGen Harry K., 465Pingtu, 577—57 8

Pioneers, 467, 551, 692, 692n, 694 . See alsoMarine Units .

Pistol Pete, 18 6Pittsburgh, 42 1Planning

American, 3—9, 11—14, 21, 24, 31—32, 57, 61n ,63—65, 65n, 66, 68—71, 78, 81, 95—96, 100 ,102, 106—107, 114, 131, 158n, 164, 166 ,177, 196—197, 244, 298, 338, 347, 399, 460 ,464, 492, 530, 534, 545, 654, 657, 662, 728

Japanese, 21, 39, 50, 100, 103, 178, 206—107 ,188, 191, 19 7

Point Cruz, 709Point discharge system, 442, 591—592 . See also

Demobilization .Political Consultative Conference, 573, 60 1

Ponape, 455, 462Pontoon bridge, 310 . See also Bridges .

Port Arthur, 522

Portland, 45 4

Ports, 70, 72, 75, 406, 499, 540, 545, 553, 569 ,59 7

Portugese nationals, 503Poshan, 58 2

Post, BGen Elwyn D ., 353Pots and Pans, 678—679, 700 . See also Divi-

sion of Plans and Policies, HQMC .Potsdam, 43 2Potsdam Conference, 403, 433—43 4Potsdam Declaration, 434, 436, 462

Powell, lstLt Robert J ., 125, 12 7President Harrison, 73 1

Pressley, Col Orin K ., 602

Preston, 140Price, MajGen Charles F . B ., 707

Princeton University, 9 2Prisoner of War Information Bureau, HQMC ,

750

Prisoners of WarAllied, 77—78, 122, 131, 310, 450, 452, 453n,

461, 492, 502, 518, 533, 566, 686, 731, 733 —734, 736, 736n, 737—738, 738n, 739, 739n ,740—745, 749—755, 756n, 757—758, 760—761 ,761n, 762, 764—781, '783, 785—789

Australian, 428, 76 3British, 484, 749, 763—764Chinese, 49 9Commonwealth, 78 3Corregidor, 742, 744, 769Dutch, 763Filipinos, 770Guam Marines, 736, 750, 760—762, 765, 779Indians, 453Indonesians, 760Javanese, 453North China Marines, 731—733, 750—752, 76 0Wake prisoners, 737—738, 738n, 750, 78 5

Prisoner of War Camp sAmerican, 454German, 756—75 7

Marlag-Milag Nord, 74 7Westertimke (Tarmstadt Oest), 747

Japanese, 175, 439, 484, 492, 503, 547, 734 ,737—739, 743—746, 748, 750, 753—754 ,756, 760, 763—767, 769—770, 773—774 ,

778—781, 783, 785, 787—78 8Bicycle Camp, 740, 763—76 4

Bilibid Prison, 743—744, 769, 775, 778

Cabanatuan #1, 744, 769

930

INDEX

Prisoner of War Camps—ContinuedJapanese—Continued

Cabanatuan #2, 74 4Cabanatuan #3, 744, 72 2Davao, 769–770, 77 5Formosa, 49 9Hirohata, 761–762, 774Hokkaido, 760, 78 5Karenko, 76 8Kiangwan, 753–758, 76 0Mukden, 769Omori Camp 8, 745, 784Osaka Camp 1, 760–762, 77 9Puerto Princesa, 772Santo Tomas, 778Tarlac, 744Woosung, 75 15 Kilometer, 76025 Kilometer, 76 626 Kilometer, 76 630 Kilometer, 76 740 Kilometer, 76 6100 Kilometer, 768

Prisoner of Warescapes, escapees, 731, 749, 752n, 755–756 ,

758–759, 766, 770-771, 774, 77 9evacuation, 490, 78 6rescue, 427, 484n, 767, 779, 78 1guards, 579, 648–649, 740, 757–759, 762, 765-

767, 769, 773, 775–776, 779, 787Japanese, 104, 121, 132, 296, 398, 323–324 ,

357, 357n, 360n, 361, 361n, 368–369, 676 ,78 8

Propaganda, 107, 121, 256, 338, 357n, 54 3Prospective CG, Occupation Forces Truk &

Central Carolines, 455Prospective Island Commander, Truk, 45 5Provisional Government of the French Re -

public, 43 9Provost Marshal General of the Army, 75 0Psychological warfare, 338, 357, 36 1Puerto Princesa, 741, 772–77 4Puget Sound, 42 9Puluwat, 45 5Pusan, 76 0Putnam, Maj Paul A., 738 ; BGen, 737 nPyle, Ernie, 169 n

Quantico, Va ., 441, 446, 606, 655, 680-681, 689-690, 699, 705, 712, 716, 723 . See als oMarine Corps Schools .

Quartermaster Department, HQMC, 67 8Quebec Conference, 9, 40 0Quincy, 479 nQui Nhon, 2 0Quonset huts, 591, 591 n

Rabaul, 659n, 665, 676, 715–716, 718, 745, 78 1Radar, 61, 89, 99, 118, 140, 141n, 182–184, 186 ,

208, 223, 226, 228, 232, 274, 345, 381, 424 ,657, 66 8

Radio Tokyo, 157, 43 4Radio towers, 284, 29 6Raider battalions, 660, 694, 698-699, 705, 707-

710, 710n, 711 . See also Marine units.Railroads, 203, 231–232, 249, 259, 296, 300 ,

522, 539, 541–542, 547–548, 551, 565–566 ,574, 577, 585-586, 588, 590–591, 599-600,602, 617, 649, 766, 768

Railway guards, 567–568, 575–576, 580, 582584, 586, 588–591, 591n, 609, 614–618, 63 5

RAMPS (Recovered Allied Military Person-nel), 484, 488, 490, 492, 496, 779, 781, 786,789 . See also Prisoners of War .

Randolph, 479 nRangoon, 766Rations. See Supplies and Equipment.Rawlings, VAdm Sir H . Bernard, 60, 100, 47 9Reconnaissance activities, 80, 85, 100, 102, 104 ,

106, 118, 126, 130, 132, 135, 164, 201, 219 ,234, 273, 280, 298, 329, 710 . See als oPatrols .

Reconnaissance unit sAmerican, 91, 126, 127n, 135, 140, 276, 299 ,

302, 467, 505, 558, 628, 694. See also Armyunits ; Marine units .

Japanese, 4 4Red Cross, 583, 583n, 753, 757, 772 . See als o

International Red Cross .Reef formations, 67, 234, 241 . See also Cora l

Formations.Rehearsals, 89, 90-91, 93, 389, 719 . See also

Training.

Reifsnider, RAdm Lawrence F., 60, 91, 166,348 ; VAdm, 152n

ReinforcementsAmerican, 231, 271, 339, 364, 48 1Japanese, 2 0

Rendova, 642–643Repatriation activities, 450, 452, 456, 461, 463 ,

499–500, 502, 505, 512, 514, 517-518, 533 ,561, 565, 568, 571–572, 574, 576-577, 579–

INDEX

Repatriation activities-Continued

931

Ross, LtCol Richard F ., Jr ., 220n, 265, 295 ,582, 584-585, 593, 595-597, 600, 607-608, 326-327648, 732-733, 734n, 775, 786 Rota, 428, 454-45 5

Replacements Roth, Maj Martin C ., 116 ; LtCol, 202nAmerican, 24, 27, 85-86, 88, 90, 149n, 160, Rowell, MajGen Ross E ., 412

219, 237, 281-282, 345, 369, 389-390, 398, Royal Marines, 439, 479, 487, 749 .

See als o409, 450, 468, 511, 517n, 615, 635, 680, 682- British forces.684 Rubber pontoons, 30 7

Japanese, 20, 220 Rupertus, MajGen William H., 720, 723, 723nRepose, 645 Russell Islands, 24, 74, 391, 412, 71 0Republic of China, 434, 436, 439, 525-526, 594 . Russia .

See Soviet Union ; Union of SovietSee also Chinese Central Government .

Reusser, Capt Kenneth L ., 225Revolutionary Army, 525-52 6Rhone Valley, 74 6Richardson, LtGen Robert C., Jr ., 354nRineer, Capt Francis D ., 220nRisler, Sgt Jack R ., 746-74 7Rivers, 68, 219, 222, 235, 271, 273, 275n ,

284, 299, 323, 329, 332, 539, 551, 599, 70 9Rixey, Col Presley M ., 450, 460-462 ; BGen,

461nRoads, 36, 72, 86n, 87, 122-123, 126, 129, 134-

135, 139, 142, 144, 149n, 155, 158, 160 ,169, 171, 203, 221-222, 242n, 268-271, 274 ,278, 282, 288-289, 304, 308, 310, 316, 325-326, .331, 333, 338, 346, 379, 536-537, 577 ,59 9

Robb, LtCol William O ., .13 9Roberts, Maj Edwin S ., Jr ., 416Roberts, Col Harold C., 253, 253n, 316, 353 ,

35 6Robertson, Walter S ., 594Robinson, BGen Ray A ., 501-502Rockaway, N .Y. 71 2Rockey, MajGen Keller E ., 24, 55, 397n, 534-

536, 544-546, 550-553, 557-559, 561, 563 ,563n, 565, 569-571, 573-574, 576, 578-579,582-583, 586, 589, 589n, 600, 601n, 604-606, 608, 613, 616, 618, 622, 649 ; LtGen57n, 529n, 534n, 535n, 547n, 552n, 553n,559n, 569n, 583n, 597n, 616n, 622n

Rogers, Col Ford 0 ., 25 ; BGen, 450, 453, 452n ;MajGen, 61n, 427n, 452n, 453n

Rogers, BGen William W., 508n ; MajGen,493n, 500n, 506n

Roi-Namur, 95, 95n, 242n, 713, 721-722Roosevelt, President Franklin D ., 3, 8-9, 12 ,

141, 400-402, 403n, 431, 431n, 528-529 ,531, 698, 707-708, 713, 77 9

Roosevelt, Maj James, 709-71 0

310-224 0 - 69 - 60

Socialist Republics .Russian Concession, 55 6Russo-Japanese War, 41, 53 1Ryukyu Islands, 7, 9, lln, 12-13, 17, 21-22 ,

31-32, 34, 37-40, 57-58, 64, 76, 93, 96-99 ,177-178, 225n, 280, 347, 371-372, 378 ,393, 402, 418, 430, 452, 462, 49 9

Ryukyus Area Command, 369, 37 3TAF, Ryukyus Command, 372-373

Sabo], LtCol Stephen V., 117, 173n, 263, 265 nSabotage, 172, 176, 559, 764-766Saddle & Parker Island groups, 42 8Saga, 493n, 500, 502, 512, 514Saga Prefecture, 502, 505, 51 2Sagami Wan, 438, 483, 488Saidor, 4Saigon, 416, 767-768Saipan, 4, 7, 7n, 16-18, 23-24, 48, 67, 70, 70n,

71-72, 84, 86, 90, 94-95, 95n, 96, 122, 195 ,240, 242n, 347-348, 376n, 393, 397, 411-412, 428, 441, 461, 464, 493, 496, 560, 674-675, 683, 714, 721-723, 734, 74 5

operation, 88, 72 9Sakaibara, RAdm Shigematsu, 457, 459, 73 8Sackett, Maj Paul F., 120Sakhalin, 53 1Sakishima Gunto, 34, 97, 100, 197, 371, 398 ,

416, 427Salerno Bay, 42 9Salerno, Italy, 66 9Salzman, Col Elmer H., 550Samar, 5Samoa, 708, 71 2Samurai, 338n, 356, 367, 370, 581, 78 8Sanderson, BGen Lawson H . M., 457, 606, 61 5

San Diego, 483-484, 487San Diego, Calif., 26, 414, 427-428, 442, 512 ,

512n, 628, 648, 680-682, 706, 709, 71 4Sandino, Augusto, 69 7

932

INDE X

San Fernando, La Unio, 777San Fernando, Pampanga, 77 7San Francisco, 6, 12, 518nSangamon, 20 8San Jacinto, 479 nSan Juan, 484San Pedro, Calif., 647San Pedro, Bay, Calif., 8Santa Barbara, Calif., 415, 429 nSanta Cruz Islands, 659nSanta Fe, 94, 98Santee, Calif., 68 0Santiago, 653Santo Domingo, 654Sasebo, Japan, 493, 493n, 495–496, 499–500,

500n, 501–503, 505, 505n, 506–507, 508n ,509, 512, 514, 51 7

Naval Air Station, 503 nSashiki, 29 3Satsudo, 3 2Savo Island, 708Savory, Frederick Arthur, 46 1Savory, Nathaniel, 46 1SCAJAP (Shipping Control Administration ,

Japan), 596, 60 7Scaling operations, 8 5SCAP General Order, No . 1, 436–43 7Scheme of maneuver, 67–68, 314, 33 0Schick, BGen Lawrence E., 63, 365Schilt, BGen Christian F., 453Schmidt, MajGen Harry, 24, 398–399, 408, 493 ,

496, 512, 69 9Schneider, SSgt Loren 0 ., 733Schneider, Col Merlin F., 112, 115, 175, 249 ,

253nSchofield Barracks, 6 6Scouts, 118, 140, 162, 164, 167, 173, 272, 275–

276, 283, 299, 692 . See also Patrols ; Re-connaissance activities .

Scout-snipers, 694Seabees . See Navy units .Seattle, Washington, 390Seawalls, 112, 222, 302, 307–308, 315, 33 2Sechibara, 50 1Secretary of State, 62 0Secretary of the Navy, 3, 394, 410, 442, 447,

615, 622, 653, 688, 72 5Segi Point, 71 1Seitetsu Steel Mills, 73 6Senaga Shima, 311, 32 3Sendai, 404, 406, 408

Senior Officer Present Afloat, 99n, 24 1Senzaki, 499, 502, 51 4Seoul, 437, 53 4Serang, 739–740, 76 3Service and supply activities. See also Arm y

units ; Logistics ; Marine units ; Supplyand Equipment .

American, 11, 24, 74, 84, 160, 210, 242n, 467 ,

550, 598–599, 616, 621, 624, 636, 657, 692 ,692n, 693, 695

Japanese, 46, 53, 116, 120–121, 220, 251, 54 2Sesoko Island, 173, 388nSettle, Radm Thomas G. W., 558–55 9SEXTANT, 3–4, 7, 9, 40 0Shana Wan, 140Shanghai, 32, 399, 428, 526, 530, 533–534, 539–

541, 543, 545, 552, 561, 566, 572, 574, 576,582-583, 585, 595, 597, 609, 618, 621-622,624, 629–630, 640–642, 644–645, 647, 675 ,698, 731, 733–734, 738, 740, 750, 752n, 754 –755, 757–758, 778

Shanhaikuan, 570–571, 584Shansi, 54 2Shantung, 537, 541-542, 544–545, 547, 560-561 ,

564, 574–575, 577-578, 582, 584–585, 593 ,596, 598, 60, 608, 631–632, 636, 639, 647 ,75 9

Peninsula, 522, 530, 540–541, 546, 564, 577 ,63 0

Province, 522, 75 9University, 56 3

Shapley, LtCol Alan, 711 ; Col, 112, 115, 118 ,129, 134–135, 144–145, 174–176, 254, 275 ,280, 283, 302, 306, 309, 311, 314, 356, 36 0

Shawnee, Okla ., 71 3Sheetz, BGen Josef R ., 189, 189n, 19 4Shelburne, LtCol Charles W ., 112, 28 6Shensi City, 63 2

Shepherd, MajGen Lemuel C., Jr ., 24, 60, 88 ,115, 117, 120, 126, 129, 135, 138, 140, 142 ,142n, 144, 154–155, 169, 173, 173n, 214,218, 234–236, 247, 252, 256, 273, 275, 283 ,297, 299-300, 302, 314, 320, 323–324, 330 ,344, 350, 356, 361, 363, 386, 391, 397, 476,559–561, 561n, 563–565, 575-577, 579, 581 ,581n, 584, 607 ; Gen, 24n, 68, 115, 136n ,152n, 223n, 245n

Sherman, RAdm Forrest P ., 8, 12, 196, 412 ,53 4

Shibushi, 408Shichina, 274, 284, 297, 299

INDEX

933

Shigemitsu, Foreign Minister Mamouri, 43 9Shikoku, 31n, 95, 407, 418, 431, 492, 734, 78 3

Shimajiri, 50Shimizu, 50 3

Shimonoseki, 5, 493, 499, 50 2

Shimonoseki-Moji Occupation Group, 502

Shinagawa, 78 1Shindawaku, 325–326, 328, 331, 342

Shinzato, 281, 29 3

Shipping losse sAmerican, 100, 179, 20 8Japanese, 15–1 7

Ships . See also Landing Craft .American, 13, 21, 46, 57, 64, 70–74, 76–77 ,

81, 83, 93–95, 97, 99–100, 104, 109, 135–136, 162, 162n, 177–178, 180, 186, 210 ,224, 240, 240n, 382, 450, 462–463, 479 ,532–534, 560–561, 569–570, 575, 596–597, 600, 607, 657, 662, 664–665, 667 ,669, 71 6

ammunition ships, 25 0amphibious command ships, 164, 166, 447–

448, 561, 648, 657, 669–67 0battleships, 16, 94, 104, 111, 192–193, 209 ,

211, 305, 384, 467, 476, 479, 479n, 674

cargo vessels, 72, 95, 123, 158, 162, 180n ,478, 551, 582, 64 0

carriers, 16, 26–27, 91, 94, 97–98, 100, 128 ,178, 406, 410–419, 421–422, 424, 426–427, 467, 476, 479, 479n, 674

cruisers, 16, 94, 98, 104, 111, 192–193, 209 ,305, 384, 467, 479, 479n, 483, 496, 534 ,647–648

destroyer escorts, 225, 427, 454, 479n, 552,

560destroyer minesweepers, 9 9destroyers, 99, 104, 111, 192–193, 208–209 ,

224, 228–229, 305, 384, 483, 495–496 ,534, 672

destroyer transports, 99, 106, 162, 164 ,167, 228, 488, 493, 495, 640, 78 1

escort carriers, 26, 95, 177, 411, 414–415 ,422–428, 428n, 441, 448, 468, 642, 657 ,

67 2hospital ships, 73, 73n, 243, 668, 729, 781 ,

786Liberty ships, 493, 59 6LSDs (landing ships, dock), 111, 47 8LSMs (Landing ships, medium), 72, 93 ,

104n, 114, 208, 228, 493, 551–553, 555 ,

628, 647

Ships—Continue dAmerican—Continued

LSTs (Landing Ships, Tank), 72–73, 93–94, 96, 104, 111, 114, 114n, 158–159, 162 ,

166, 169, 180n, 239–241, 272, 390, 450 ,463, 478, 493, 500, 507, 552, 558, 560 ,578, 580, 583–584, 596–597, 603, 607 ,657, 668, 72 9

LST (H) s (Hospital Landing Ships), 73 ,158, 72 9

LSVs (Landing Ships, Vehicle), 47 8minelayers, 208minesweepers, 60, 98, 102n, 104, 162, 208 ,

406, 428, 483, 492, 534, 65 6patrol craft, 60, 179, 211, 233–234, 55 3radar pickets, 99, 177, 179, 181, 186, 208n ,

224, 348, 48 4repair ships, 668submarines, 21, 41, 43, 58, 80, 97, 180 ,

709–710, 744, 765, 771, 774, 77 8tenders, 643transports, 21, 60, '70–72, 93–96, 103, 109,

123, 157, 162, 179–180, 196, 239, 243 ,347, 390–391, 438, 444, 447–448, 467 ,

478–479, 479n, 484, 488, 493, 495–496,506, 512, 517, 535, 545, 551–553, 556, 558 ,560, 563, 579, 585, 640, 647, 656–657 ,

662, 666, 684, 728tugs, 545

Japanese, 20–21, 53, 58, 64, 94, 97, 107, 180 ,400, 450, 484, 580, 596, 739, 74 1

battleships, 180cargo vessels, 97, 77 6carriers, 16, 2 2cruisers, 776destroyers, 22, 776merchant ships, 20, 463, 580, 584, 596

minesweepers, 483, 50 8motor torpedo boats, 56, 10 0submarines, 56, 63–64, 76, 81, 107, 74 5

suicide boats, 53, 10 2

tankers, 46 3transports, 97, 463, 739–740, 768–769

Ship-to-shore movement, 159, 72 8Shisler, LtCol Clair W ., 275, 296, 31 6

Shoals, 106n

Shofner, Capt Austin C ., 770–772 ; LtCol, 220n,326, 327n, 328, 33 3

Sho-Go operations, 18Shore fire control parties, 375n, 670, 673 . See

also Air activities ; Naval gunfire .

934

INDE X

Shore party activities . See also Beach partyactivities . 27, 112n, 157-160, 160n, 184 ,

240-241, 389, 478n, 548, 637, 663-664 ,670, 683, 728

Shore-to-shore operations, 12, 69, 304-30 5Short, Commo Edwin T ., 560-561, 56 3Shuri, 36, 38, 40, 49-51, 54-55, 169, 188-190 ,

194-196, 205, 211-212, 216n, 220, 231-234, 238, 240-241, 244, 247, 250, 252-

254,

256-257, 263-270, 272,

274, 276-278,

280-282, 286-289, 292-293, 293n,297-298, 300, 325, 327, 331, 350, 388, 39 3

Castle, 206, 264, 284, 286-287, 293, 295, 42 7defense systems, 54, 192, 198, 205, 214, 219 ,

230, 232, 236-237, 244, 261, 268, 288-290, 293, 384-393 . See also Defenses .

Shutts, Sgt Kenneth A., 128 nSiberia, 530, 541, 608Silver Star, 729 . See also Awards and deco -

rations .Silverthorn, Col Merwin H ., 66, 66n ; BGen,

83n, 397n ; LtGen, 354n, 363 n

Simpson, Commo Rodger W ., 781

Singapore, 439, 764, 767-765, 786Sino-Japanese War, 34, 522, 70 8Siskin, Chaplain Edgar E ., 727Sitkoh Bay, 9 5

Smith, Maj Bernard L ., 712Smith, LtCol Harry 0 ., Jr., 183

Smith, MajGen Holland M., 656, 664; LtGen23, 197n, 397n, 412n ; Gen, 24n, 411, 657,661, 674, 72 1

Smith, lstSgt Nathan A ., 733Smith, BGen Oliver P ., 62, 155, 155n, 175n,

365, 468 ; Gen, 62, 66-67, 84n, 85, 90, 175n ,259n, 271n, 353, 680n

Smoke screensAmerican, 111-112, 179, 182, 201-203, 221-

222, 236-238, 248, 259, 314, 332, 339, 341 ,354, 358, 36 2

Japanese, 341, 374Snedeker, Col Edward W ., 112, 116, 127, 127n ,

130, 220, 236, 238, 259, 262, 299, 337, 337n ,338 ; BGen, 120n, 127n, 130n, 132n, 329n ,332n, 340n; LtGen, 36n, 339n, 351n

Sobe, 116, 125, 208Soerabaja, 763nSoida, 508 nSolomon Islands, 4, 67, 74, 84n, 93, 129, 410-

411, 659n, 665, 667, 690, 711, 716, 718, 763

South China, 11, 84, 97, 522, 524, 526-527, 534-

535, 544, 603, 64 4South China Sea, 18, 41 6South Dakota, 479nSoutheast Asia, 3n, 31, 77 9Southeast Asia Command, 35 4Southern Attack Force, 60, 93, 10 8Southern Landing Force, 85, 9 6Southern Marianas, 6, 8Southern Tractor Flotilla, 9 6South Field, 599, 62 4South Korea, 530, 53 4South Pacific, 4, 71, 84-85, 87, 180n, 331, 412 ,

659, 665-666, 710, 72 9South Pacific Combat Air Transport Com-

mand, 25 . See also MAG-25, Marine Ai rUnits .

South Seas Government, 45 5South SiakRiver, 768Southwest Pacific, 5, 20, 60, 71, 42 9Southwest Pacific Area, 3n, 9, 12, 401, 430 ,

659, 703, 720Soviet Far East General Army, 53 0Soviet occupation, 569, 571, 584, 60 4Soviet Union, 431, 434, 436, 525, 531, 569, 584 ,

603, 632-633. See also Union of Sovie tSocialist Republics .

Spaatz, Gen Carl A ., 430, 433, 43 6Spaniards, 45 5Spanish-American War, 503, 65 3Special Operations Executive, 746 nSpecial Weapons Battalion, 692-693, 702 . See

also Marine units.Special Weapons Group, 689 . See also Marine

units .Speckman, LtCol Peter J ., 183nSpringfield, 479 nSpruance, Adm Raymond A ., 6, 11, 16, 24, 57-

58, 97, 100, 226, 242, 280, 404, 406, 416 ,419, 421, 492, 493n, 509, 658, 661, 674

Spurlock, Maj Lyman D ., 699 ; LtCol 45 6Staging areas, 24, 67, 92-93, 662, 70 7Stalin, Marshal Josef, 399, 431, 431n, 432, 434 ,

530-53 1Star Spangled Banner, 759State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, 43 3St . Cezaire, 748Steman, Col Louis H., 426nStent, Col Howard N ., 454Stewart, PFC Charles, Jr., 754-755Stilwell, LtGen Joseph W., 368-369, 373n, 393 ,

430, 528-529, 529n, 533 ; Gen, 354, 786

INDEX

935

Stimson, Secretary of War Henry L ., 43 2

St . Louis, 52 1St. Nicholas Point, 739, 763nStockades, 118, 121-122, 172, 333, 361, 380 .

See also Prisoner of War Camps .Stockholm, 434, 436Stolley, MSgt Fred, 765Story, Cpl Jerold, 752n, 754-75 5St . Paul, 647Straits of Malacca, 768Straits of Shimonoseki, 50 1Strategy

American, 5-9, 11, 17, 70, 39 9Japanese, 13-14, 17, 20 6

Stratemeyer, Gen George C., 535, 555-556, 559,56 9

Stretcher bearers, 150, 287, 329, 365n. Seealso Medical activities.

Strike Command, Commander Air Solomons,41 0

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 448Stuart, LtCol Arthur J ., 114, 703 nStuart, Ambassador John Leighton, 639-641

Subic Bay, 740, 776Sugar Loaf Hill, 237-238, 244-245, 247-252 ,

254, 266, 269-270, 725Sugawara, LtGen Michio, 178nSulu Sea, 77 3Sumatra, 3n, 78 6Sumay, Guam, 734Sunabe, 50Sunda Straits, 740Sun Yat-sen, 524-526Supplies and equipment. See also Ammuni-

tion; Logistics ; Shore Party Activities .

American, 65, 65n, 70-76, 90, 103, 118, 122-123,

128,

130-132, 134-135,

141, 149n ,150, 152, 157, 159, 160n, 166, 171, 172n,180n, 231, 234-235, 237, 240-242, 256 ,261,

270-275, 277, 282,

293,

295, 297 ,302-304,

309, 342, 382,

391-392, 481 ,512,

528,

551, 553, 555, 560,

565, 567 ,602,

640,

654, 657, 663-664,

678, 723 ,762

ammunition, 150, 192, 240, 242, 250, 267,293, 295, 297, 579n, 62 5

aviation, 74-75, 70 5barge cranes, 157-158, 24 1belts, 69 7bridging material, 21 9cargo, 73, 95, 104, 122, 158-159, 162n, 240 ,

240n, 390, 550-551, 555, 558, 560, 576

Supplies and equipment-ContinuedAmerican-Continued

cargo parachutes, 329, 374, 783, 785cargo slings, 489clothing, 75, 551-552, 576, 60 1communications, 595, 70 5construction, 157, 166, 31 8dumps and storage, 74, 144, 149n, 157-

158, 160, 172, 175, 180n, 184, 192, 208 ,240-241, 256, 271-272, 325, 331, 379 ,541, 551, 567, 576, 618, 625, 627, 664

early-warning equipment, 20 8electronic, 22 6equipment, 72-76, 111, 136, 557, 479, 551 ,

583, 657, 67 8explosives, 102, 218, 296, 701, 720, 72 4food and rations, 74, 86n, 128, 130, 196 ,

234, 262, 275, 293, 295, 295n, 304, 326 ,330-331, 339, 342, 344, 551, 553, 555 ,591, 601, 742, 761-762, 769, 77 5

fuel and lubricants, 74-75, 103, 158n, 228 ,241, 379, 419, 426, 541, 551, 555, 565 ,606, 703, 71 6

gas masks, 697heavy equipment, 55 1helmets, 69 7maintenance, 65nmedical, 234, 275, 293, 331n, 339, 769, 77 7ordnance, 70 5sound-ranging equipment, 185nspare parts, 71 6stretchers, 15 0T-6 flotation equipment, 111n, 11 4water, 74, 128, 149n, 150-151, 172, 175,

234, 293, 295, 297, 331n, 74 2Japanese

581, 63 2ammunition, 152, 288-289, 557 ,clothing, 15 2dumps, 139, 152, 174, 193, 231, 251, 503 ,

710, 74 4equipment, 139, 152, 312, 557, 581, 59 6

food and rations, 152, 709, 743, 76 3fuel and lubricants, 51, 65medical, 28 9ordnance, 15 1signal, 51 1supplies, 53, 65, 98, 139, 289, 312, 557, 59 6

Support Air Direction net, 383, 671Supreme Commander for the Allied Power s

(SCAP), 393, 436, 439, 488, 490, 492-493, 497-498, 500, 506, 508, 786. Seealso Gen MacArthur.

936

INDEX

Surf, 91, 109, 16 4Suzuki, MajGen Shigeji, 43, 28 9Swatow, 41 6Swedish Government, 43 6Swedish Legation, 78 1Swedish Minister, 434Swiss Consulate, 75 3

Swiss diplomatic channels, 732, 75 5Swiss government, 436, 732-733, 739 nSwiss Legation, 78 1

Swiss nationals, 50 3Swordfish, 8 0Szechwan Province, 52 8

Tables of Allowance (T/A), 47 8Tables of Equipment, Marine Corps, 692, 696 ,

701-70 2Tables of Organization, Marine Corps, 470 ,

478, 635, 663-664, 689, 691-692, 693n,694-696, 698, 71 1

D-Series, 693, 695, 702, 717E-Series, 693, 695-696, 698, 70 4F-Series, 467, 693-696, 698, 702, 704G-Series, 353n, 384, 467-468, 598, 693-696 ,

702, 71 4Air, 606, 71 7Ground, 444, 635, 688-689, 691, 695-696,

70 0

Tachibana, LtGen Yosio, 460-462Tactics

Americanairborne operation, 484amphibious raid, 65, 97, 706, 709-710, 744 ,

772armor, engineer, and infantry teamwork ,

264armor, infantry, and artillery cooperation ,

86, 131, 335, 72 1assault demolition teams, 218, 222, 256n ,

265, 315, 364, 721, 723-72 4assault of a fortified position, 72 4base of fire, 697, 70 1bayonet assault, 31 2chemical warfare, 663"contact imminent," 719converging attack, 23 4coordinated attack, 298-29 9"corkscrew and blowtorch," 218, 364, 384 ,

72 4counterbattery fire, 68, 214, 216, 308, 34 3counterguerrilla operations, 175, 697

Tactics-Continue dAmerican-Continued

diversion, 51n, 9 7double envelopment, 196, 253, 287, 310engineer-infantry teams, 38 6feint landing, 64, 67, 90, 107, 109, 259, 347fire and manuever, 142, 199, 32 9flanking maneuver, 23 6frontal attack, 14 6harassing and interdiction fire, 68, 189n ,

216, 218n, 277-27 8infiltration, 33 2jungle warfare, 697-698, 700, 718-72 0mopping up, 85, 155, 199n, 210, 231, 247 ,

344, 36 2night attacks, 86, 190, 267, 269, 271, 337 ,

337n, 338, 341, 387-388, 388 npenetration, 199, 201, 219, 256, 268, 290 ,

358search-and-kill missions, 71 8skirmish line, 171, 323sniping, 32 0supporting arms coordination, 68, 86n, 144 ,

151,

182, 238, 249, 259, 261, 265, 267 ,

286, 330, 335, 344, 351-352, 384, 386 ,669, 673, 719, 721-722, 724-726

tank-infantry assault, 132, 141, 217, 235-236, 239, 247, 249, 251, 261, 264-265 ,268, 270, 288, 299, 306, 312, 320, 333 ,337, 345, 354, 362, 364, 386-388, 718 ,721-723, 725-72 6

Japaneseairborne attack, 81, 87, 126, 274ambush, 125, 138n, 142, 145, 171, 17 4banzai attack, 118, 151, 245, 393bayonet charge, 25 0cave warfare, 393, 695

counterattack, 80-81, 98, 150, 197, 204 ,206-207, 210, 212-213, 220-221, 230 ,234, 238-239, 244-245, 247-248, 250 ,252, 252n, 254, 254n, 265, 270, 272, 274 ,276-277, 300, 309, 320, 335, 339, 343,345-347, 352, 356, 393

counterbattery fire, 142

counterlanding, 207, 209, 23 4delaying, 18, 54-55, 146, 20 7envelopment, 207, 210guerrillas, 47, 86, 121, 148, 169, 171-17 5hit-and-run attack, 100, 172infiltration, 117, 125-126, 130, 146, 148n,

171, 174, 197-198, 202, 207, 210, 221 ,

INDEX

937

Tactics—ContinuedJapanese—Continue d

infiltration—Continue d232, 236, 239n, 252, 277, 282, 303, 308 ,321, 335, 341, 347, 356, 36 0

jungle warfare, 675, 719mopping up, 2 3night attack, 121, 139, 235penetration, 238, 254raid, 100, 41 9sniping, 115, 121, 125, 172, 220, 231, 234 ,

236-237, 260, 263, 276, 296-297, 308 ,328-329, 340-341, 344, 346, 356, 358 ,362

suicide attack, 21-22, 100, 179, 194, 222 ,

380supporting arms, 44withdrawal, 121, 152, 29 0

Tahara, Mr., 774-775Taian, 57 7Taira, 173-174, 17 6Taiwan, 19 7Takabanare Shima, 164, 388nTakagi, RAdm Sokichi, 1 5Takamotoji, 24 8Takanyuta, 32 9

Takao, 777Takasu, 507

Takeo, 50 1

Taku, 533-534Taku Bar, 539, 545, 552, 62 1

Talienwan, 52 2

Tanabaru, 20 6Tanambogo, 70 8Tanega Shima, 40 7Tangku, 535, 539, 541-542, 548, 550-551, 553 ,

555, 558, 560, 566-568, 575, 584-585, 590 ,592, 597-599, 617-619, 622, 625, 628, 641 ,670

Tangshan, 547-548, 556, 568, 575, 585-586 ,590-591, 599, 60 2

Tarawa, 27, 55, 242n, 410-411, 450, 460, 500n ,658, 661, 666-667, 669, 670, 672-674, 720-72 2

Tarawa, 62 1Target information centers, 102, 103n, 382-

383, 670Tartar City, 54 0Tasimboko, 686, 709

Task Organizations . See also Army units ;Marine units; Navy units .

Central Pacific Task Forces, 4, 6, 57, 10 9TF 31, 229n, 370, 372, 438, 476, 479, 481 ,

483-485, 487-48 8TF 35, 43 8TF 37, 431, 43 8TF 38, 94, 96-97, 280, 416, 421, 431, 438-43 9TF 40, 40 7TF 50, 57-58, 6 3TF 51, 58, 60, 80, 192, 229n, 242-24 3TF 52, 56, 60, 69, 99, 99n, 102, 102n, 103 ,

192TF 53, 60, 91, 93-9 4TF 54, 60, 99n, 102TF 55, 6 0TF 56, 60, 354, 354nTF 57, 60, 10 0TF 58, 60, 97-100, 178-181, 185, 192, 280 ,

411, 415-418, 42 1TF 59, 9 8TF 71, 53 4TF 72, 534, 561, 56 6TF 78, 534TF 79, 53 5• 95, 37 3• 96, 449, 450 n• Able, 476, 478, 48 8• 30 .2, 438• 30 .6, 78 1• 31 .2, 42 8• 31 .3, 43 8• 35 .9, 438• 51 .1, 62• 51 .2, 62, 90• 51 .3, 62• 52 .1, 69• 94 .3, 450• 99 .2, 37 3• Able, 534TU 32 .1 .3, 427TU 58 .1, 9 7TU 58 .2, 97TU 58 .3, 97

Tateyama Naval Air Station, 48 8Taxis, Col Samuel G ., 507n, BGen, 507n

Taylor, 2dLt Walter W., 746-749

Teeters, Nathan Dan, 755

Tengan, 128Tennessee, 15 2Tenryu River, 765

938

INDE X

Tentative Landing Operations Manual, 655 ,

66 3Tentative

Manual for Landing

Operations ,655, 663n

Terrain-Continue driver flats, 323rivers, 201, 212, 276, 53 7slopes, 114, 144, 146, 150, 204, 217, 232, 236-

Tent Camp #1, New River, N.C ., 68 0Tera, 300, 303, 325, 326n, 333, 335, 337, 339Terabaru, 12 6Terauchi, Field Marshall Count Hisaichi, 177nTerrain

boulders, 112, 36 0caves, 49, 116, 128, 148, 203, 247, 252n, 265,

237, 248, 251, 253, 261-262, 266, 269, 271 ,277, 282, 312, 337, 346, 356, 363, 39 3

soil, 34, 85, 106n, 15 8streams, 34, 36, 116, 219, 257, 273, 330, 333 ,

130, 136,

53 7swamps, 307, 719-720, 770-77 1valleys and ravines, 36, 50, 118 ,

288-290, 295-296, 307, 310, 312, 314-316, 139, 145, 151, 201-203, 247-248, 250-251,

321, 324, 346, 357, 361-362, 364, 367, 377 271-272, 274, 296, 310, 325-326, 335, 337-

cliffs, 34, 36-37, 139, 158, 169, 201, 233, 288- 339, 345, 537, 577, 72 6289, 360-361, 704, 726 Teton, 9 2

coastal plains, 233, 26 7creek, 32 6defiles, 134, 20 3depressions, 244, 254description, 32n, 34, 36, 49, 51, 69, 78-79,

86-87, 106, 112, 115-116, 118, 120n, 123 ,126, 129-132, 134-135, 142, 145, 148, 149n,151, 155, 167, 169, 171, 175, 197, 203-204,238, 265, 270, 311, 337, 358, 386, 460, 697 ,705, 720, 722-723, 725

draws, 118, 150, 205, 217, 221, 257, 259, 262,264-265, 321, 72 6

escarpments, 204, 335,flatlands, 34, 32 3gorges, 171, 25 9hills, 34, 36-37, 49-50, 111, 116, 121, 128n,

131, 145, 148, 151, 172, 174, 197-198, 202,204, 216-217, 231, 233, 250-253, 263, 265-266, 269, 271-272, 281, 284, 287-290, 297-299, 303, 306, 309-310, 312, 321, 324-325,330, 333, 380, 53 7

isthmus, 3 4

jungles, 87-88, 697, 719-720, 76 7marshes, 323, 53 7mountains, 34, 130, 134-135, 138,

171, 174, 406, 537, 541, 546, 564,146, 162 ,

60 3mud flats, 53 7peninsulas, 126, 135, 138, 154-155, 299-300 ,

302, 306, 311, 31 6plateaus, 36, 166, 260-261, 306, 34 6ridges, 50, 87, 126, 131, 144-146, 162,

171 ,188, 194, 198-199, 202, 205, 216, 222, 232-233, 236, 248-249, 260-263, 265, 267-269 ,273, 276, 286, 289-300, 304, 306, 310-312 ,315-316, 318, 326, 328, 330, 332-333, 338-341, 343-345, 358, 360, 393, 709, 725

Thailand, 750, 767-76 8Thanbyuzayat, 766-767The North China Marine, 58 3The Pinnacle, 343-34 4The Stars and Stripes, 58 3Thomas, Col Gerald C., 690 ; BGen, 196, 412 ,

631, 635, 637-639, 643 ; Gen, 414n, 638n,688n, 690n, 701n

Ticonderoga, 479nTides, 112, 114, 157, 55 1Tientsin, 531, 533-536, 539, 541-544, 546-547 ,

Tientsin-Peiping road, 56 7Tientsin Race Club, 553nTinian, 4, 71, 95n, 242n, 412, 674, 704, 704n, 72 2Tobaru, 125Toguchi, 139-141, 144, 146, 151-152Tojo, Gen Hideki, 15-17, 20Tokara, 3 4Tokashiki Shima, 106, 45 2

Tokuyama Naval Base, 18 0Tokyo, 5, 14n, 16, 18, 21-22, 40, 97-98, 207,

321, 368, 400, 409, 416-418, 428n, 431, 434,436, 439, 452, 475, 483, 485, 488, 490, 496,498, 500n, 596, 673, 745, 760, 774, 781n,783, 785-786

Tokyo Bay, 438, 470, 479n, 481, 508, 78 1Tokyo Plain, 7, 9, 403 . See also Kanto Plain .Toma, 308-30 9Tomb of the Unknowns, 73 0Tolman, 5 6Tomigusuki, 47, 300, 318, 320-32 1Tominaga, LtGen Kyoji, 732

550-552, 555n, 556-558, 563-564, 566, 568,337, 351, 351n 575n, 576-577, 583-585, 588, 590, 598-599,

602, 607-608, 610, 612-613, 615, 617-618 ,622, 627-631, 637, 639, 641, 731, 733, 759

INDEX

939

Tomui, 29 8Tomusu, 290, 32 8Tonachi Shima, 9 9Tongking, 52 2Topeka, 479 nTori Shima, 348, 38 1Torrey, Col Daniel W., Jr., 230n, 49 5Toshino, 776, 776n, 77 7Totsuka, VAdm, 484, 487 nTower, VAdm John H., 7-8, 41 2Townley, Capt Edward F., Jr ., 407nTowns, 38, 120n, 139, 19 9Townshend, Sir Charles, 65 5Toyama, 30 3Toya Maru, 4 3Toyoda, Adm Soemu, 178-17 9Trails, 126, 134-135, 171, 175, 325 . See als o

roads .Training

American, 23, 26-27, 83, 83n, 84-89, 92, 94 ,195, 276, 281, 389, 398, 411, 423-425, 466-467, 579, 590, 592, 615, 623, 630, 635, 650 ,654, 656, 663, 672, 679-684, 686-687, 689-690, 700, 705-707, 712, 718-721, 72 6

Japanese, 46, 53, 120, 25 1Transfer lines, 91, 114, 116-117, 15 7Transport areas, 99, 104, 108, 111-112, 116 ,

158, 179, 184, 241, 66 5Transport quartermasters, 95-96, 391, 447 ,

467, 662, 664. See also Loading operations ;Logistics Activities .

Treasury Islands, 668Treaties, 521-522, 531, 569Trilling, Sgt Paul, 128nTruce agreement, 594-596, 601, 604, 608, 620Truce teams, 595, 601, 603-604, 61 0Truk, 4, 39, 444, 449-450, 454-457, 464, 468-

Tsukasan, 40, 55, 290, 297-298, 303-30 4Tsuno, 404, 406, 40 8Tsuwa, 188, 20 7Tuberculosis, 754, 75 7Tulagi, 658, 659n, 706, 707n, 70 8Tu Li Ming, LtGen, 584, 58 6Turner, RAdm Richmond K., 659 ; VAdm, 6 ,

11, 58, 60, 62-64, 65n, 71, 73, 78n, 92, 103 ,109, 118, 140, 158-160, 162, 166, 177, 180 ,196, 209n, 225, 229n, 242, 348, 407, 660-661, 667n, 67 4

Tutuila, 707n, 70 8Twining, Gen Merrill B ., 430nTwining, LtGen Nathan F., 430, 430n

Uchida, LtGen Ginnosuke, 542, 55 7Uchima, 199, 203, 21 9Uchitomari, 20 3Udo, Col Takesiko, 49, 55, 141, 148, 171, 36 2Uebaru, 18 8Uibaru, 314, 316, 320Ulithi Atoll, 4, 21-22, 60n, 65n, 70n, 71, 93-95 ,

97-98, 415-419, 421, 427, 450Umezu, Gen Yoshijiro, 439Unconditional surrender, 43 2UNION, 746UNION II, 747, 747nUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics. See also

Soviet Union . 193, 399, 431, 434, 436, 439,476, 522, 525-526, 528, 530, 533, 573, '769,78 1

United Kingdom, 434, 436, 43 9United Kingdom of the Netherlands, 439United Nations, 600, 63 3

Charter, 572Relief & Rehabilitation Administration

(UNRRA), 600-601, 612, 623745 United States, 19-20, 26, 39, 70-71, 78, 78n,

Truk Occupation Force, 450, 456, 460 87-88,

434,

436,

439, 441, 443, 447-448,Truman,

President Harry S., 400, 402-403, 468, 470, 490, 509, 512, 514, 517, 521-522,431-434, 436, 498, 532, 572-574, 619-620, 524-528, 531-532, 53'7, 566, 572, 598, 600,632, 633n 616, 633, 648, 653-654, 656, 658, 662, 665,

Tsangkou, 541, 566, 579-580, 623, 629, 636 668, 675, 679-681, 706, 710, 714, 716, 729,Tsangkou Field, 560, 563-564, 575-577, 600, 732-733, 739n, 746, 749, 755, 757, 759, 762-

608, 616, 618, 623, 627, 638, 643 786Tsinan, 541-542, 565, 577, 579-580, 623, 63 9Tsingtao, 490, 522, 533-534, 536-537, 540-541 ,

544, 547, 559-561, 563-566, 568, 575-583 ,592-593, 597-598, 600, 602, 604-608, 615-616, 622-623, 627-632, 635-640, 642-644 ,647, 650

Tsugen Shima, 162, 164, 166, 193, 388n

aid programs, 528, 57 4Congress, 503, 523n, 592, 623n, 633, 657, 68 7Consulates, 636. 63 9Department of State, 573, 618, 622, 628, 631,

638, 645, 650, 733, 750, 755•Personnel, 546-547, 597, 636, 63 9

Economic missions, 52 8

940

INDEX

United States-Continue dEmbassies, 544, 639-64 0Foreign Policy, 532-533, 561, 573-574, 590 ,

64 8Government, 573-574, 75 5

U. S. Army, 3n, 74-76, 400-401, 407, 484, 497 ,505, 509, 514, 517, 583, 591, 601, 607 ,655, 667, 703, 712-713, 786 . See alsoArmy units .

U. S . Army Forces, China, 60 4U. S . Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Areas, 354n ,

438, 783U. S . Coast Guard, 664U. S. Forces, China Theater, 533, 536, 545 ,

555, 557, 559, 568-569, 574, 596-597 ,600, 603, 606 . See also China Theater .

U. S . Marine Corps, 12n, 23, 74, 365, 387, 411 ,413,

442-444, 446-449, 466-468,

518,544, 592,

598, 605,

635, 649, 653-654,656-658,

662, 666,

670, 675-677, 679-681, 687-688, 691,

695, 697, 699, 701-702, 705,

707, 711-715, 726,

741,

746 ,789 . See also Marine units.

Equipment Board, 60 6Programs

barrage balloon, 71 2defense battalion, 68 8demobilization,

442-443, 445,

450,

469-470, 499, 556, 571, 590-592, 61 5

escort carrier, 64 9FMFPac base roll-up, 445glider, 71 3mobilization, 689parachute, 707, 71 3personnel procurement, 442, 445-44 6postwar garrisons, 463Women's Reserve, 23, 678

U. S . Naval Station, Olongapo, 74 0U. S . Naval Training Center, Bainbridge, Md. ,

44 3U. S. Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Ill . ,

44 3U. S. Navy, 3n, 8, 63, 75, 78, 209, 382, 400-401 ,

411, 439, 460, 467, 484n, 490, 553, 591n,622, 642, 647, 656-658, 660, 667, 707 ,712 . See also Navy units.

Basic Post-War Plan No . 2, 446personnel, 24, 479, 507n, 552, 546, 600, 664 ,

670, 691, 726, 75 5V-12 College Program, 445-44 6

U. S. Strategic Air Force in the Pacific, 430 ,433

U. S . Strategic Bombing Survey, 68 4U. S . War Department, 13, 76, 351n, 354n, 655 ,

68 7Units of fire, 74, 57 9

Unjo, 12 5Unloading activities, 63, 93, 111, 118, 122-123 ,

125, 135, 155, 157-160, 166, 241, 272 ,55 6

Unten-ko, 46, 56, 139, 142Uraga, 481, 48 9Uragashira, 499Uraga Strait, 48 3

Urasoe-Mura escarpment, 194, 205, 21 1Ushijima, LtGen Mitsuru, 40-41, 43, 46-48 ,

50-51, 53-55, 97, 103, 107, 120, 177, 194 ,205, 210-211, 213, 217n, 219-220, 247 ,251, 257, 264, 270, 274, 278, 280-281 ,284, 287-290, 292, 298, 321, 338, 338n ,340, 350-352, 356-357, 364, 367, 370 ,386, 392-393, 67 5

Vandegrift, MajGen Alexander A ., 657-660 ;LtGen, 12n, 84n, 196, 412, 412n, 413-414 ,414n, 422, 448 ; Gen, 570n, 589n, 592n ,605n, 606n, 615n, 621n, 622n, 624n,' 656 ,663, 664, 676, 686, 686n, 690, 691, 70 9

Vegetation, 34-35, 38, 86, 135, 145, 166, 171 ,307, 310, 360, 537, 719 . See also Terrainfeatures .

bamboo, 17 1banana trees, 76 9cereal grains, 53 7citrus trees, 77 0coconut groves, 86kaoliang, 527, 539, 61 0kunai grass, 88palmetto, 307papaya, 77 0rice paddies, 38, 139, 204n, 323, 337, 346, 492 ,

502n, 527, 537rubber trees, 764sweet potatoes, 38, 455, 49 2sugar cane, 38, 210, 323, 70 4

V-E Day, 218, 76 7Vehicle s

American, 74, 111-112, 123, 135, 174,

241 ,270, 293, 325, 333, 551, 555, 560,

612 ,625, 667, 693, '703, 705

ambulance jeeps, 335, 72 9amphibian tractors, 90, 93, 104, 111-112,

114, 116-117, 123, 141, 157-158, 176,

INDEX

941

Vehicles—ContinuedAmerican—Continued

amphibian tractors—Continued241, 272, 275n, 302, 302n, 304-306, 309-310, 315, 330, 551, 667-669, 704, 723

amphibian trucks, 112, 114, 116, 157-158 ,303, 305, 667-66 8

armored amphibian tractors, 86, 104, 111-112, 114, 140, 193, 209-210, 218n, 222 ,235, 269, 302, 305, 324, 332, 360n, 384-385, 385n, 704

automobiles, 612, 742bulldozers, 134, 325, 392, 551, 72 3cargo carriers (Weasels), 123, 705jeeps, 123, 259n, 353, 558, 586, 612-613 ,

625, 694, 72 7prime movers, 123, 39 2tractors, 112, 160, 325, 478, 74 2trailers, 123, 169, 70 5trucks, 123, 235, 372, 325, 346, 528, 612 ,

625, 664, 714, 74 2Japanese, 139, 277-278

trucks, 132, 230, 289, 545, 56 3Vella Lavella, '70 6Vella Gulf, 426, 42 8Veterans Administration, 50 3V-J Day, 441, 445-446, 448-450, 682, 78 5Vladivostok, 52 2Vogel, MajGen Clayton B ., 699, 70 7Volcano Islands, 14, 46 1

Wachtler, Col Walter A., 66, 19 7Wada, MajGen Kosuke, 45, 289Wade, LtCol Sidney S., 66Wainwright, LtGen Jonathan M ., 439, 744, 768Wakayama, 492, 78 6Wake Island, 450, 452, 455, 457, 459, 464, 464n,

690, 733, 737, 737n, 738, 755-756, 758 ,78 6

Waldorf, LtCol Harry A., 353Walker, Maj Anthony, 118, 135, 173, 275-276 ,

280n, 283, 299 ; LtCol, 136nWallace, Col Clarence R ., 347, 350, 353n, BGen ,

500nWallace, MajGen Fred C., 62, 160, 378-380Wallace, LtCol Ricard W ., 12 3Wallace, BGen William J., 61, 95, 176-177, 181 ,

183, 226, 24 1Walsh, Capt Kenneth A., 37 1Walt, Col Lewis W., 72 3Wana, 203, 231, 234, 236, 238, 256-257, 262 ,

264, 266

Wana Draw, 234, 236, 257, 258-263, 265-266 ,281-282, 287, 293, 296-29 7

Wana Ridge, 232, 238-239, 257, 259-266, 287 ,72 6

War Area Service Corps (WASC), 583War Crimes Commission, 46 4War crimes trials, 462, 745, 752, 775n, 78 7War crimes tribunals, 45 7War criminals, 456, 463-464, 498, 499, 75 2War Criminal Stockade, Guam, 46 4War Dogs, 25, 171, 360n, 695, 713-71 4Ward Road Gaol, 75 5Warm Springs, Ga ., 708Warner, LtCol Jack F ., 602War Plans Section, Div P&P, HQMC, 68 8Washburn, Maj Richard T., 36 4Washington, D . C ., 5, 9, 13, 56, 431, 437, 448-

449, 508, 532, 546, 555, 569, 571-572 ,547, 604, 621, 623, 627n, 628, 633n, 641-642, 677-678, 70 6

Wasp, 26, 98, 416, 418-419, 479 nWatanabe, LtGen Masao, 34-4 0Watson, MajGen Thomas E ., 24, 62, 65-67, 90 ,

95, 195, 34 7Wavell, General Sir Archibald V., 3nWeapon s

American, 74, 85, 479, 579, 590, 664, 695 ,703-704, 720, 724 . See also Ammuni-tion ; Army units ; Marine units ;Vehicles .

antiaircraft guns, 784 nassault guns, 217automatic rifles, 697-698, 70 1automatic weapons, 69 7bangalore torpedoes, 72 4bayonets, 267, 697, 72 1bazookas, 286, 701-702, 72 3BAR's, 692n, 696-700, 72 4carbines, 184, 696, 70 0crew-served weapons, 235, 269, 282, 314,

3648-inch howitzers, 186n, 189, 193, 211, 249 ,

385, 385n, 38681mm mortars, 74n, 127, 140, 142, 204, 235 ,

259-260, 333, 341, 343, 387, 692n 69511 .75-inch rockets (Tiny Tims), 421, 71 5.50 caliber machine guns, 74n, 177n, 184 ,

6905-inch guns, 104, 68 95-inch rockets, 340, 348, 364n, 71 557mm recoilless rifles, 351, 387

942

INDE X

Weapons—ContinuedAmerican—Continued

flamethrowers, 231, 250, 253, 262–263, 258 ,312, 361n, 386n, 667, 701–704, 704n ,720–721, 723–72 4

flamethrowing tanks, 201, 201n, 221, 260–261, 267, 320, 343, 351, 362–364, 384 ,386n, 703, 705, 718, 722–723, 72 5

flat trajectory cannon, 201, 22 24 .2-inch mortars, 112, 238, 259, 364, 387 ,

70 34 .5-inch rocket, 71 414-inch rifles, 18 840mm guns, 672, 690.45 caliber pistols, 18 4grenades, 149–150, 217, 237, 244, 247, 251 ,

267, 296, 612, 72 5grenade launchers, 191, 696, 696n, 697, 70 0guns, 192, 274, 66 7half-tracks, 236, 384, 384n, 695, 70 2howitzers, 116, 192, 384, 387, 66 7light tanks, 703–704, 72 2Long Toms, 10 6machine guns, 150, 184, 209, 228, 263, 267 ,

277, 590, 613, 619, 689, 692n, 695–696 ,700, 720–721, 723

medium tanks, llln, 201n, 235, 259, 262 ,264–265, 267–268, 309, 312, 333, 339340, 354, 358, 503n, 703, 705, 722, 72 5

mines, 62 7mortars, 146, 201, 209, 216–217, 220, 248 ,

260, 263, 265, 277, 314, 339, 345, 384–385, 387, 586, 589–590, 613, 61 9

naval guns, 38290mm guns, 183, 184n, 689–690, 692, 71 2155mm guns, 24, 106, 186n, 189, 211, 385,

385n, 386, 689155mm guns (self-propelled), 385155mm howitzers, 74n, 167, 211, 320, 385 ,

385n, 386105mm guns, 72 5105mm howitzers, 74n, 114, 144, 167, 189 ,

194, 216n, 262, 267, 320, 355n, 613, 625 ,629, 635, 668n, 692–69 4

105mm howitzers, self-propelled (M–7s) ,218n, 257, 263–264, 305–306, 309, 311 ,314, 318, 362, 384, 384n, 385, 385n, 695 ,725

pole charges, 724, 724nrecoilless rifles, 351n, 387

700,rifles, 74n, 184,

696, 696n, 697–698,702, 724–725

Weapons—Continue dAmerican—Continued

rocket launchers, 25, 104n, 154–155, 192 ,217, 238, 264, 296, 305, 316, 343, 363 ,413, 419, 426, 695, 714–715

7-inch guns, 68975mm guns, 201n, 385n, 692n, 695, 703 ,

72 375mm howitzers, 86, 114, 189n, 193, 216n ,

218, 218n, 267, 385, 385n, 689, 692, 694 ,72 5

75mm recoilless rifles, 351n, 387200mm guns, 690, 692n, 702240mm howitzers, 38 52 .36-inch bazookas, 38 716-inch guns, 24 960mm mortars, 74n, 320n, 589–590, 692n ,

695-696, 71 1submachine guns, 696–698tank dozers, 134, 306, 318, 340, 345, 360 ,

362, 72 3tanks, 86n, 93, 111–112, 114–115, 120, 126 ,

131–132, 135, 158n, 190, 194, 199–201 ,201n, 203, 204n, 214, 217, 218n, 221 –222, 222n, 231–232, 235–238, 247–249 ,251, 253, 256–257, 259–265, 267, 269 ,271–272, 298, 302, 305–306, 308–310 ,314-315, 316n, 318, 320, 324–325, 335 ,337, 339–346, 353–354, 357–358, 360 ,362–363, 384–385, 385n, 386, 386n, 409 ,503, 551, 558, 579, 675, 703n, 704, 718 ,721–72 5

37mm guns, 236, 264, 305, 308, 311–312 ,318, 384n, 692n, 695, 696n, 703, 72 3

3-inch guns, 68 912-inch rifles, 17 520mm cannon, 177n

Japanese, 19, 45, 152, 289, 312, 557, 581 ,

720, 72 4antiaircraft guns, 144, 374antipersonnel land mines, 17 2antitank guns, 194, 201, 236, 239, 248, 251 ,

260, 265, 337, 341, 354, 38 6automatic weapons, 45, 232, 237, 248, 251 ,

308, 310, 312, 33 0"Baka" bomb, 18 6bamboo spears, 13 0bayonets, 130, 221

booby traps, 13 4cannon, 35 0depth charges, 51 1

INDEX

943

Weapons—ContinuedJapanese—Continue d

dual-purpose guns, 4848-inch guns, 152, 32 48-inch rockets, 30 881mm mortars, 44, 45, 49, 54field guns, 30815cm guns, 50, 106, 186n57mm guns, 45flat-trajectory cannon, 28214cm guns, 4 747mm antitank guns, 44-45, 49, 199, 231 ,

259, 296, 34 4grenades, 128, 130, 146, 150, 172, 202, 207 ,

227–228, 232, 236–237, 248, 250, 260 ,339, 341, 34 3

grenade launchers, 49, 120, 150n, 237 ,251n, 262, 30 9

guns, 207, 407, 484harbor mines, 506nhowitzers, 207knee mortars, 150, 150n, 17 2light tanks, 4 5machine cannon, 45, 47, 304machine guns, 44–46, 49, 54, 115, 117–118 ,

120, 126, 128–129, 131, 138–139, 142 ,144–145, 148, 150, 162, 173, 188, 191 ,193–194, 201-202, 204, 212, 221–222,231, 234–236, 238, 239n, 244, 248–249 ,251, 251n, 253, 260, 262–263, 265, 267 ,273, 281, 284, 309, 335, 350, 393, 511 ,723, 77 3

medium tanks, 45mines, 64, 99–100, 102, 114, 125, 131, 134,

139, 154, 194, 203, 204n, 222n, 236, 265,275n, 310–311, 318, 324, 344, 346, 511 ,726

mortars, 44–45, 111, 114, 117–118, 126-128, 131, 139–140, 144–146, 148, 150–151, 162, 164, 173, 188, 193–194, 198 ,201, 204, 207, 212, 221, 230–234, 236–238, 244-245, 248–252, 254, 256, 259260, 263, 265, 267, 271, 275–276, 281 ,284, 286, 309, 311, 341, 350–351, 383 ,48 5

mountain guns, 148, 15090mm mortars, 19 1150mm guns, 451, 350105mm howitzers, 45, 142, 247, 35 0120mm guns, 47, 30 8rifles, 120, 130, 138, 145–146, 150, 248,

251n, 262, 273, 773

Weapons—Continue dJapanese—Continued

rockets, 18 675mm guns, 44-45, 49, 142, 191, 316, 71 870mm howitzers, 44, 4 96-inch guns, 142, 142n, 308smoke grenades, 254, 262, 27 6tanks, 82, 206, 212, 278torpedoes, 51 113mm antiaircraft guns, 47, 5437mm guns, 44320mm spigot mortars, 45, 30 812cm guns, 4 720mm cannon, 45, 120, 127, 137, 142, 146 ,

151, 310-311, 692n25mm antiaircraft guns, 54

Weapons companies, platoons, 135, 171, 305 ,692, 692n, 695–696, 702, 711 . See als oArmy units ; Marine units .

Weart, MajGen Douglas L., 545Weather, 36, 64, 66, 78, 90–91, 109, 118, 129 ,

132, 182, 201, 219, 223, 229, 266, 275, 292–293, 29 7

climate, 86, 537clouds, 79, 109, 22 3dust storms, 53 7fog, 118, 22 2gales, 64humidity, 12 9monsoons, 64rain, 36, 132, 160, 190, 201-202, 218, 229 ,

241n, 265-266, 271, 275, 293, 325storms, 293temperature, 109, 537typhoons, 38, 201, 241n, 483, 503, 560-561 ,

566, 603winds, 64, 109, 560winter, 551, 73 4

Wedemeyer, MajGen Albert C ., 529 ; LtGen,

437, 533, 535, 544-545, 555, 571-574, 579 ,585-586, 596–597, 603–604, 632–633 ; Gen ,529n

Weihaiwei, 522, 544, 564, 578Weihsien, 547, 566, 577, 57 9Weiland, Maj Charles P ., 419

Weir, Col Kenneth H ., 181, 37 8

Wellington, N .Z ., 663, 663n, 710

Wensinger, Col Walter W ., 493, 49 5

Weser River, 74 7Western Carolines, 449Western Islands Attack Group, 92, 104, 178

944

INDEX

Western Manchuria, 532Western Pacific, 3n, 18, 94, 97, 430, 462, 47 0Westertimke, 74 9West Field, 59 9Westphalia, 54 1Whaling, Col William J ., 146, 146n, 148n, 151 ,

283, 307, 360, 69 4Whampoa, 525–52 6Whangpoo River, 642, 644–645, 73 3White House, 40 2White Plains, 9 6White, Maj Robert 0 ., 18 6Wichita, 49 6Wieseman, LtCol Frederick L., 628, 63 1Wilkes Barre, 479nWilkes Islands, 45 9Wilkinson, VAdm Theodore S ., 408Window, 185, 185n, 201n, 20 8Winslow, SgtMaj Robert R ., 785Wisconsin, 479nWoleai Atoll, 450, 455, 462, 463nWoodhouse, LtCol Horatio, C ., Jr., 115, 129 ,

141, 237, 245, 247, 280, 29 6Woodruff, MajGen Roscoe B., 514, 51 7Woods, MajGen Louis E ., 26, 373–373, 376, 430 ,

566, 576, 578, 608 ; LtGen, 225n, 372n ,373n, 376n, 552n, 566n, 583n, 586n, 591n ,686n, 704n, 786n, 78 9

Woosung, 734, 734n, 752Woosung Prison Camp, 733, 738, 750, 752 –

757, 760, 78 1World War I, 525, 653, 662, 691, 71 2World War II, 39, 573, 653–654, 656, 658, 663 ,

667–668, 670, 672, 677–678, 682, 685, 689,693n, 702, 705, 712, 715, 717, 727, 730–731 ,787–78 8

Worton, BGen William A., 397n, 465, 534, 544–548, 552, 553, 558, 573, 606, 618 ; MajGen ,465n, 534n, 553n, 554n, 555n

Wotje, 455, 46 2Wright, LtCol Erma A., 139, 18 9Wright, RAdm Jerauld, 62Wyckoff, Maj Don P., 239n

X-Day, 404, 407–408

Yabuchi Shima, 13 2Yae Take, 142, 142n, 144, 146, 148, 148n, 150

151, 154, 169, 17 2Yaeju Dake, 351,352Yaeju Dake-Yuza Dake Escarpment, 28 9Yagachi Shima, 139, 173, 388n

Yagihara, 50 1Yahara, Col Hiromichi, 41, 41n, 51n, 190–191 ,

206–207, 213, 338n, 357, 389Yaka, 129, 13 4Yakabi Shima, 10 4Yakada, 129, 134Yakamaru, Maj, 51nYalta Conference, 399, 432, 530–53 1Yamadadobaru, 13 8Yamaguchi Prefecture, 493, 500–502, 506, 51 4Yamashita, Gen Tomoyuki, 775 n

Yamato, 18 0Yamazaki, 40 8Yangtze River, 372, 522, 528, 533, 594, 640 ,

642–645, 75 8Yangtze Valley, 637–638Yap, 9, 84n, 449–450, 453, 46 2

Yeaton, LtCol Samuel S ., 283nYeh-Chien-Ying, Gen, 59 4Yehhsien, 577Yellow List, 783Yellow Sea, 534, 56 1Yenan, 526–527, 532, 548, 564, 588, 609–610 ,

632Yingkow, 569Yofuke, 142, 14 4Yokohama, 484, 488, 492, 509, 738, 745, 760 ,

781, 783Yokosuka, 45, 438n 439, 441, 464, 470, 481, 483–

485, 487–490, 495, 509, 509nAir Station, 479, 481, 485, 48 8Naval Base, 438, 475, 481, 483–484, 489nOccupation Force, 438, 464, 476, 48 4

Yonabaru, 36, 50, 66, 233, 236, 266–270, 272 ,290, 293, 29 6

Yonabaru-Naha road, 27 2Yonai, Adm Mitsumasa, 1 5Yonawa, 272, 27 4Yontan airfield, 46, 50, 54–55, 68, 115, 117, 120 ,

120n, 123, 126, 128, 129n, 130, 158, 158n ,159, 176–177, 181, 183–184, 227–228, 228n ,230n, 274, 37 9

Yontan Hill, 12 6Yorktown, 419, 479 nYoron Shima, 3 4Yost, LtCol Donald K., 428, 428n ; BGen, 424n,

428 n

Young, Sir Mark, 75 2Yunagusuku, 290

INDEX

945

Yuan Shih-K'ai, 525Yuza, 331, 333, 33 5Yuza Dake, 335, 337, 351—35 2Yuza Dake-Yaeju Dake Escarpment, 333, 351—

35 2Yuza Hill, 333, 335, 342

Zamboanga, 535, 55 2Zampa Misaki, 118, 12 6Zawa, 330-331, 333Zentsuji Prison Camp, 734, 736n, 76 0Zillig, Edward, 503Zushi area, 48 1

U .S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1969 0-310-224

History of the U.S. Marine Corps in WWII Vol V - Victory ... · 734 VICTORY AND OCCUPATION...

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