Historia de La República Del Perú T 1

8/9/2019 Historia de La Repblica Del Per T 1

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ba v`ka [al irjvj, jb ar[j [albared kj aprjlkjr

EJDHHYJP GNAZGJY(17;=-1;==)


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Gufpb`fds gdl ul `ljbukìbj y eratd kjijr ab jltrjear a lujstrds bjgtdrjs ba ldvjla jk`g`l kj ba N`stdrà kjba Yjpib`ga kjb ]jr, kj kdl Odrej Iasakrj (10=7-10>=), dira fjkubar kjltrd kj ba vab`dsa y fbt`pbj i`derahakjb `bustrj n`stdràkdr tagljd. A bd bared kj su hjgulka jx`stjlgà, kdl Odrej kjfdstr quj su autlt`ga y h`rfjvdgag`l pdr jb jstuk`d kj lujstrd pasakd jstaia agdfpaaka pdr ula s`leubar gapag`kak kj traiaod, quj ldkjgay s`ld nasta pdgd altjs kj jfprjlkjr jb vàoj s`l rjtdrld.

Iasakrj huj ul `ltjbjgtuab fdkb`gd, pjrd ld kj aqujbbds quj sj rjhueàl jl ula `ljxpuelaibj y jedsta tdrrjkj farh`b, s`ld kj bds quj gdfpart`jrdl, ka a ka, bds avatarjs kj lujstra patrà, sus ndras kj abjera y kj jspj-ralza, as gdfd tafi`l jsas dtras afareura, traejkà y kdbdr. Odrej Iasakrj afaia prdhulkafjltj ab ]jr, alujstrd pas Kubgj y grujb sdl sus pabairas- kj gufirjs y kj ai`sfds. P aaka? ]as quj rjqu`jrj urejltj-fjltj ba supjrag`l kjb Jstakd jfpr`gd y kjb ai`sfd sdgàb3 pjrd ab f`sfd t`jfpd, ljgjs`ta tjljr prjsjltj,

gdl bug`kjz, su kjb`gaka ui`gag`l ejdpdbt`ga jl lujstra Afr`ga.

Jb ]jr, i`jl bd saijfds, js ul pas f`bjlar`d y a gaka ula kj sus jtapas njfds kjk`gakd k`vjrsas puib`gag`d-ljs, pdrquj jstafds gdlvjlg`kds kj quj tdkas jbbas sdl `fpdrtaltjs jl ba hdrfag`l kj lujstra lag`dlab`kak.Jstj prdgjsd t`jlj su pultd gubf`laltj gualkd a h`ljs kjb sèbd ^X@@@, jl jb Fjrgur`d ]jruald, reald kj baWdg`jkak Afaltjs kjb ]as, sj puib`ga ul artgubd hulkag`dlab y sjjrd, kj trasgjlkjltab `fpdrtalgà? @kjaEjljrab kjb ]jr. Abb ld grjjfds jxaejrar, jst ba part`ka kj lag`f`jltd kj lujstra patrà quj, jl ba rjab`kak,ya ld jra ul v`rrj`latd fs kj Jspaa s`ld ula jlt`kak k`hjrjltj, k`st`lta, prdhulkafjltj fjst`za ld sdbd jljb aspjgtd i`dbe`gd s`ld jl tdkds bds fi`tds. Pa jl jsj fdfjltd jb ]jr jst jl gdlk`g`dljs kj iusgar su`lkjpjlkjlga pdbt`ga quj dgurr`ra pdgds ads kjspus- para bujed gdlvjrt`rsj jl ula Yjpib`ga, tarja qujld js hg`b, quj sj rjab`za jltrj gdlvubs`dljs y bugnas hratr`g`kas. Jsj js jb ]jr quj, sjel Iasakrj, jra ul prd-ibjfa, pjrd ab f`sfd t`jfpd ula pdsì`b`kak pdr kjseragà al ld abgalzaia a pbjl`tuk. ]jrd b ld pjrka bahj jl kas fjodrjs y pdr jsd sjabaia? Ba jspjralza fs ndlka js ba quj lagj kjb hdlkd f`sfd kj ba kjsjs-pjrag`l. Bd k`gj qu`jl jl ba ouvjltuk sd vjr jl bds ads h`labjs kj su v`ka, dtra patrà fuy k`st`lta kj ba qujndy tjljfds tdkds altj lujstrds dods, qu`jl f`ralkd ab pdrvjl`r `lfjkàtd p`jlsa quj sj rjqu`jrj gdrkura,bug`kjz y ba supjrag`l kj bds v`jods v`g`ds kj ba bugna pdbt`ga gr`dbba, quj sdl jb hagg`dlab`sfd, ba apt`tuk parajb k`gtjr`d, jb atdbdlkraf`jltd.

Ab jstuk`d rèurdsd, sjr`d, diojt`vd kj ba n`stdrà rjpuib`gala kjk`g Odrej Iasakrj ba faydr partj kj su trayjg-tdrà v`tab. Wu hdrfag`l n`str`ga huj jxgjbjltj. Gdfjlz jl su qujr`ka Zl`vjrs`kak kj Wal Fargds y sj jlr`-qujg` jl Jspaa, Abjfalà, Hralgà y bds Jstakds Zl`kds kj Afr`ga. Eragàs a su kdf`l`d kj var`ds `k`dfas

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jstuvd s`jfprj ab taltd kj bas lujvas gdrr`jltjs n`stdr`derh`gas, y gdl sai`kura y gr`tjr`d akdpt tdkd aqujbbdquj gdls`kjraia t`b d jlr`qujgjkdr. Gdldg` bds traiaods kj Fargjb Iata`bbdl (1>0:-1055), jb ldtaibj n`spal`s-ta quj bbje a k`rè`r jb @lst`tutd kj Jstuk`ds N`spl`gds jl ]ars, as gdfd bds kj Fag Ibdgn (1>>8-10;;), qu`jloultd gdl Bug jl Hjivrj hulk jl 1090 ba hafdsa rjv`staAllabjs, vjrkakjrd n`td jl bds jstuk`ds n`str`gds kjbfulkd jltjrd. Iasakrj tafi`l akf`raia jb rèdr y ba jruk`g`l kj bds n`stdràkdrjs ejrfalds, y ld bj jralkjsgdldg`kas bas fs `fpdrtaltjs `lvjstèag`dljs kj sus gdbjeas kj varàkds pasjs. Ba fjltj kj Iasakrj,

fs abb kjb pasd kj bds ads, s`jfprj jstuvd abjrta y ai`jrta a bds avalgjs y kjsguir`f`jltds quj tjlal buearjl jb r`gd fi`td kj ba N`stdrà.

Iasakrj asdfira pdr su prjgdg`kak y su dira jsgr`ta bd gdlsaera altjs kj gufpb`r bds trj`lta ads. Jl 1090,gualkd sdbd gdltaia gdl vj`lt`s`s ads, puib`ga jb pr`fjr tdfd kj Ba l`gàg`l kj ba Yjpib`ga, kjltrd kj baIìb`dtjga ]jruala quj k`rèa Odrej Eu`bbjrfd Bjeua. Jb sjeulkd vdbufjl, quj bbjea nasta jb h`lab kj baGdlhjkjrag`l ]jr-idb`vàla aparjgj jl 107=. Jb traiaod kjb odvjl gatjkrt`gd salfarqu`ld ld sdrprjlkj aqu`jljs gdldgjl y saijl kj su ldtaibj gapag`kak `ltjbjgtuab. [altd jb jsqujfa, ba jruk`g`l para rjgdp`bar bashujltjs, su alb`s`s, y jb jst`bd, a ba vjz prjg`sd y jbjealtj, sdl ula sujrtj kj gafpalaka quj alulgà qujtjljfds jltrj ldsdtrds a ul ir`bbaltj y guaoakd n`stdràkdr.

Jl 1070, jl ul vdbufjl quj bbjea nasta jb ad 1>00, aparjgj ba pr`fjra jk`g`l kj ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga.Jl bas sugjs`vas jk`g`dljs, nasta ba spt`fa kj 10>7, quj njfds ut`b`zakd para ba prjsjltj, Iasakrj huj aufjl-talkd gdls`kjraibjfjltj ba tjft`ga trataka y jlr`qujg`jlkd fugnds asultds gdl lujvds apdrtjs kj tjst`-fdl`ds, hjgnas, gdfjltar`ds, jtgtjra. Jra gdfd ul drhjirj quj ld sj hatèaia jl pjrhjgg`dlar su dira.

Fas jb jspjgàb`sta jl jb pasakd v`va fuy pjlk`jltj kjb prjsjltj ab quj apdrt su patr`dt`sfd j `ltjbèjlgàjl bas abtas hulg`dljs pib`gas. Huj kds vjgjs f`l`strd kj Jkugag`l y, jfubalkd a Y`garkd ]abfa, rjgdlstruyba Iìb`dtjga Lag`dlab gas` tdtabfjltj kjstru`ka pdr ul `lgjlk`d dgurr`kd jl 10;7. Nay jv`kjlgàs quj kdlOdrej suhr` ba tjltag`l kj ba pdbt`ga, pjrd ld sugufi` a sus nabaeds.

Iasakrj, jltrj dtras v`rtukjs, kjstagaia pdr ba gbar`kak kj sus `kjas. Kjga bas gdsas gdl bas pabairas prjg`sas, s`l`louràs l` sargasfds. Jl ula dpdrtul`kak, rjh`r`lkdsj a ba s`tuag`l pdbt`ga kjb fdfjltd, kòd? ]ara abgalzar

lujstra fakurag`l y lujstra fdkjrl`zag`l jhjgt`vas gdfd Jstakd y gdfd sdg`jkak, js ljgjsar`d quj sjalsustalgàbfjltj autlt`gds dreal`sfds gdfd jb kjb suhrae`d, bìjrlkdbd kj bds v`g`ds taltas vjgjs rj`tjrakdskjb hraukj, ba supbaltag`l, jb jsgafdtjd d ba fal`pubag`l jl bds vdtds d jl bds jsgrut`l`ds. Jstd `fpb`ga, akj-fs, ba sala gdjx`stjlgà kj bds pdkjrjs pib`gds s`l quj `ltjrh`jral bds ulds jl bds dtrds3 y, sdirj tdkd, ba`lkjpjlkjlgà y ba austjr`kak kjb pdkjr ouk`gàb. P aulquj ba rjab`kak vjlea a iurbar lujstras jspjralzas,abeu`jl kjij jxè`r pdrhàkafjltj ba kag`l kj ul gkèd kj t`ga jl jb edi`jrld y kj ul re`fjl jspjgàbpara ba salg`l gdltra jb kjb`td kj jlr`qujg`f`jltd `bg`td a iasj kj ourakds ndldraibjs j `lkjpjlk`jltjs qujhabbjl gdl gr`tjr`d kj gdlg`jlgà, a tdkd bd guab gdlv`jlj aerjear ul s`stjfa kj salg`dljs sjvjras, gdltra bdsk`hafakdrjs y bds gabuflàkdrjs. Kj ba rjijb`l s`stjft`ga gdltra jb jlr`qujg`f`jltd `bg`td pujkjl kjr`varsjhrfubas para gdltrdbar k`st`ltds t`pds kj kjsp`bharrd y tafi`l jstfubds para rdiustjgjr lujstra fdrab gdbjg-t`va k`sf`lu`ka jl taltds gasds, pdr fbt`pbjs, grjg`jltjs y nasta `fpuljs jv`kjlgàs kj `lgufpb`f`jltd kjbkjijr. Wdl pabairas quj, bafjltaibjfjltj, ld nal pjrk`kd su agusakdra vèjlgà.

Lujstrd prdps`td jl jsta ldvjla jk`g`l js jltrjear ab pib`gd ula N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`gaquj sja ul kèldndfjlaoj a ba fjfdrà kj kdl Odrej Iasakrj. Bas quj ba prjgjk`jrdl fjrjgjl lujstra faydr kjhjrjlgà pdrjb jshujrzd y kjk`gag`l quj, jl su ka, bas n`zd pdsìbjs. Andra, rjspjtalkd h`jbfjltj jb tjxtd kjb autdr, njfds`ltrdkug`kd abeulds jbjfjltds quj iusgal jlr`qujgjrbd, tabjs gdfd `lhderahas a tdkd gdbdr kj bds tjfas fs`fpdrtaltjs kj gaka tdfd3 y agtuab`zag`dljs n`str`gas, quj ld jxgjkjl kj ula pe`la, gdfpbjfjltalkdabel asultd gdl iìb`deraha aparjg`ka kjspus kj 10>= quj ayukj a ba fjodr gdfprjls`l kjb bjgtdr.@euabfjltj sj na `lgdrpdrakd ula sjr`j kj tjxtds batjrabjs, guya hulg`l js agdfpaar jb rjgdrr`kd kjb tjxtd ykjspjrtar `ltjrs sdirj ul pjrsdlaoj d sugjsd kjtjrf`lakd. Jsta p`jzas, gdfd bas njfds bbafakd, sdl kj


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varàs gbasjs? jhjfr`kjs, i`derahas, bìrds y dtras puib`gag`dljs, hdtdbjyjlkas, g`tas kj Jb Gdfjrg`dsdirj njgnds`fpdrtaltjs quj gdltrìuyal a ba fjodr `lhdrfag`l kjb bjgtdr, suf`bbas kjb prdp`d tjxtd, abeulds pjrh`bjs i`d-erh`gds fs jxtjlsds y bljas kjb t`jfpd. Jb lk`gj gdfpbjtd hèura ab `l`g`d kj gaka vdbufjl.

Gualkd `l`gàfds jstj traiaod, quj gdlsta kj k`jg`s`jtj tdfds jl papjb gdugn, a tdkd gdbdr, gdl 7=; pe`lasgaka uld, akvjrt`fds quj lujstra jk`g`l bbjeara tal sdbd ab ad 1077. Kjskj jsa hjgna, nasta jb h`lab kjb sèbd

^^, qujkaia ul jspag`d kj fs kj sjtjlta ads kdlkj nal tjl`kd buear jp`sdk`ds kj trasgjlkjltab `fpdr-talgà quj ld pdkafds divàr. Kjg`k`fds jltdlgjs quj sj prjparara ula akjlka quj bbjeara ab ad 9===,tarja quj na s`kd jlgdfjlkaka a bds n`stdràkdrjs Ngtdr Bpjz Fartljz y Yab ]abag`ds Ydkreujz. Jbbds t`j-ljl a su gared jb tdfd k`jg`dgnd, gdl èuab lfjrd kj pe`las, kdlkj sj tratar hulkafjltabfjltj ba tjf-t`ga pdbt`ga, jgdlf`ga y sdgàb kj jstj pjrdkd.

Fugna kjk`gag`l, traiaod y grjat`v`kak sj na pujstd jl jsta ldvjla jk`g`l kj ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib ga, prd-kugtd kjb qujnagjr ijljk`gt`ld kj ul ndfirj akf`raibj quj sèu` bas nujbbas kj Falujb Fjlkìuru, FaràldHjb`pj ]az Wdbkl d jb Y.]. Yuil Xareas Zeartj W.O. Gdl `ldgubtaibj sat`shagg`l jltrjeafds a bds bjgtdrjs fs kjg`lgd f`b pe`las quj gdlt`jljl bds avatarjs kj bds sèbds ^@^ y ^^, kjskj quj lds sjparafds kj ba fjtrpdb`n`spala. ]ara rjsuf`r tal `lejltj j lgdfparaibj traiaod laka fjodr quj rjprdkug`r bas pabairas kj su autdr,quj nagjfds lujstras? [ab na s`kd jl gdloultd, jb ]jr rjpuib`gald. Jspjralzas `lfjlsas quj bds sdbjfljsagdrkjs kjb n`fld jxprjsal3 jbdgujlgà kj trìulds iusgalkd ba Garta fs pjrhjgta3 ru`kd kj gaiabbds y k`spardsf`jltras bds v`jods pdrtdljs rjgn`lal ab gjrrarsj jl ba Gap`tab jlerjka3 abearaka kj prdlulgàf`jltds tras kj baserujsas parjkjs kj altèuds gdlvjltds tralshdrfakds jl guartjbjs3 gaiabeatas quj rdfpjl ba paz sdfldb`jltakj bds v`bbdrr`ds alk`lds3 kjseralarsj bjltd kj bas trdpas gdbjgt`gàs pdr bas qujirakas kj bds Alkjs y bds arjlabjskj ba gdsta jl ba hatèa kj bas bareas gafpaas3 ba tapaka y ba raidla3 jb fdltdljrd gdl su traiugd, jb `lk`djlvujbtd jl su pdlgnd3 jb `ltjbjgtuab pjlsalkd jl ]ars y jb ar`stgrata pjlsalkd jl Fakr`k3 agbafag`dljs yk`gtjr`ds3 rjtr`gas jl bds fal`h`jstds3 jk`tdràbjs afpubdsds jl bds kàr`ds g`rgulspjgtds j `ls`kà sut`b y gjrtjra,hjrdz y apbauk`ka jl bas ndoas jvjltuabjs3 r`qujzas quj sj prdkèal3 dpdrtul`kakjs quj sj p`jrkjl 3 gapag`kakjsfabderakas gdl ba fujrtj prjfatura, ba pdstjreag`l lousta d jb agdfdkd gl`gd3 `lvjgt`vas trjfjlkas3 kjs-eragàs quj sj sjfjoal sjr kjh`l`t`vas y rjlag`f`jltds asdfirdsds3 prjpdtjlgàs quj aparjgjl lgdlfdvìbjs ysugufijl jl ul ka3 eralkjs jspjralzas si`tas y bareds s`bjlg`ds3 sjrv`b`sfds j `lgdlsjgujlgàs ab bakd kj

rjijbkas tjlagjs y bjabtakjs altèuas3 hubedrjs kjb njrdsfd jspartald ab bakd kj k`sputas i`zalt`las3 rjh`la-f`jltds kj ba raza v`joa y pr`f`t`v`sfd kj trìu3 ba kubzura fjzgbaka gdl ba grujbkak3 ba jxabtag`l si`ta y jbdbv`kd hg`b3 ba `ltjbèjlgà e`b y ba jlv`kà prdlta3 ba fs`ga kjb Ataquj kj Zgnufayd y kj ba Fargna Fdrl3[arqu` y Fapas leuj3 ] qu za j @leav 3 jb trdlar kj bds gadljs jl jb Gabbad jb 9 kj Fayd kj 1>88 y jb sagr h`g d kjErau y Idbdeljs`3 jb Hjrrdgarr`b Gjltrab y bds eralkjs jfprst`tds3 jb pujrtd kj @qu`tds y ba gdbdl`zag`l kjb ]dzuzd3bds `lkèjl`stas y bds n`spal`stas3 bds gdstufir`stas y bds satr`gds3 ba Gatjkrab kj Arjqu`pa, ba ]jl`tjlgàra3 jb]abag`d kj ba Jxpds`g`l, jb ]ujltj kj Iabta, jb grjg`f`jltd kj B`fa nagà jb far3 bas sdfiras lulga kjh`l`t`va-fjltj trùlhaltjs kj ba alarqua y jb kjspdt`sfd3 ba supjrv`vjlgà prdv`kjlgàb kjb ]as a pjsar kj tdkas basprujias y kj tdkds bds gdltrastjs3 ba faojstak kj ula n`stdrà kdlkj nay rjfdrk`f`jltds y kdlkj nay ebdràs ykdlkj bds ai`sfds jstl idrkjakds pdr gufirjs. P ula `lfjlsa tarja pdr nagjr. P ula prdfjsa pdr gufpb`r.

IJYlAYkD YDGA YJP F`Y QZJsAkAk`rjg[dr kj puib`gag`dljs y Fub[`Fjk`ds

jFprjsa jk`[dra jb gdFjrg`d


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1 LD[AW ]YJB@ F@LAYJW [DFD 1

lD[A ]YJB`F`lAY kJ BA QZ`l[A Jk`G`l kJ BA N`s[DYÀ kJ BA YJ]IB`GAkJB ]JY(1089)

Jl artgubds sujbtds puib`gakds jl Ba ]atràkj 1>57 y jl Ba [rìulakj 10>;, Fdkjstd Iasakrj y Gndgald`l`g` jb jstuk`d kj ba n`stdrà rjpuib`gala kjb ]jr pdstjr`dr a ba pdga kj ba `lkjpjlkjlgà gdl jb prdp-s`td kj nagjrlds bujed hdrfar partj kj ul bìrd (1).

Bbafd f`s fajstrds a jstj td aiujbd y a Garbds U`jssj, tagljd, gatjkrt`gd kj N`stdrà kjb ]jr jl baZl`vjrs`kak kj Wal Fargds, a qu`jl gdldg gualkd hdrf partj kj ul ourakd kj jxfjljs jl jb Gdbje`d

Abjfl jl 1015.Jb k`sgursd quj prdlulg` gdfd abufld kjb Gdbje`d Lujstra Wjdra kj Euakabupj jb 5 kj oul`d kj

101> altj jb fdlufjltd kj Idbdeljs` `ltjlt prjsjltar ula rjsja kj ba iatabba kj Ar`ga. Huj jbba f`pr`fjr jsidzd kj jlsayd n`str`gd kakd a gdldgjr pib`gafjltj.

Ab `lerjsar a ba Zl`vjrs`kak jl 1010, ba af`stak gdl Odrej Eu`bbjrfd Bjeua, Yab ]drras Iarrjljgnja yBu`s Abijrtd Wlgnjz, faydrjs quj yd, jst`fub f` vdgag`l. Jl 1010 gdfjlg a aguk`r a ba Iìb`dtjgaLag`dlab, gualkd jra jstukàltj jl ba Hagubtak kj Bjtras. ]artj kj bas lufjrdsas h`gnas quj jltdlgjsn`g`fds oultd a ]drras, Bjeua y dtrds afèds agjrga kj bds hdbbjtds k`spjrsds jl ba sjgg`l bbafaka]apjbjs Xar`ds, huj puib`gaka jl jb Idbjtl Iìb`derh`gd kj 109> y 1090. Hulg`dlar`d kj aqujb jstaibjg`-f`jltd jl 109=, sjeu abb nasta 107=. Bu`s Abijrtd Wlgnjz huj uld kj f`s gdbjeas y gdrkàbjs afèds atravs kj jsds k`jz ads.

Zl artgubd quj puib`qu jl 1097 jl jb Idbjtl Iìb`derh`gdsdirj Hbdra [r`stl grj jb ltjrs quj bujed

sj k`hulk` agjrga kj tal `ltjrjsaltj pjrsdlaoj. @ltjltaia ahaldsafjltj, pdr aqujbbds ads, jstukàr bahèura kj Falujb @elag`d kj X`valgd y jb bared pjrdkd sdirj jb quj jbba sj prdyjgta k`d buear a quj bjyj-ra lufjrdsa kdgufjltag`l quj kjsidrkaia bds bf`tjs kj ul jlsayd iìb`derh`gd. Jl 109; jltrjeu abFjrgur`d ]jruald ula aprjtaka sltjs`s kj bas ldtas y apultjs quj naia rjul`kd kjb gauk`bbd kj baYjejljrag`l, `lsp`rlkdfj jl prdps`tds kj ui`gag`l j `ltjrprjtag`l y ld kj jlgdf`d d ataquj.Gdfd abufld kj ba gtjkra kj H`lalzas y Bje`sbag`l H`lalg`jra kjb ]jr, prjpar jl 1095 para jb gatj-krt`gd Njrlalkd kj Bavabbj ul bared jstuk`d sdirj jb grjg`f`jltd kj bds ]rjsupujstds kjskj su

S ldtasprjb`f`larjsV

(1)Abeulds kj jstds artgubds hujrdl gdfp`bakds jl 10:7 iaod jb ttubd K`jz ads kj n`stdrà pdbt`ga kjb ]jr, y jk`takds jl baIìb`dtjga kj ba Yjpib`ga.


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[DFD 1 LD[AW ]YJB@ F@LAYJW19

`fpbaltag`l, puib`gakd bujed sdbd hraefjltaràfjltj jl ba Yjv`sta kj G`jlgàs Ourk`gas y Wdgàbjs. ]dgdaltjs naia njgnd, gdfd traiaod pjrsdlab para jb kdgtdr Falujb X`gjltj X`bbarl, ul f`lug`dsd alb`s`ssdirj ba hdrfag`l y ba gaka kj bds eai`ljtjs kjskj 1>87, hjgna kj ba bjy kj f`l`strds, nasta 1010. Asbbjeu a abtjrlar, kjskj fuy odvjl, ba n`stdrà i`derh`ga gdl ba `lst`tug`dlab kj t`pd jgdlf`gd d ourk`gdfjlds gubt`vaka jl jb ]jr.

Ba ljgjs`kak kj dptar jb erakd kj kdgtdr jl ba Hagubtak kj Bjtras jl 109> fj `lkuod a oultar h`gnas,

apultjs y jsidzds rjul`kds jl dgnd ads para `ltjltar ul guakrd jsqujft`gd agjrga kj ba jvdbug`lsdgàb kuraltj ba pdga rjpuib`gala. Ba tjs`s na kjsaparjg`kd f`stjr`dsafjltj kj bds argn`vds kj ba Hagubtak.

Jsj f`sfd ad kj 109> hu` ldfirakd gatjkrt`gd kj ul gursd fdlderh`gd kj N`stdrà kjb ]jr, gual-kd sdirj jsta fatjrà ld naia dtra asèlatura quj ba kjb kdgtdr Garbds U`jssj. Gdrrjspdlk` a bds ads1090 y 107= ba jk`g`l kj kds vdbfjljs kj Ba @l`gàg`l kj ba Yjpib`ga, gdl ul tdtab kj gas` 0== pe`las.]rjtjlka jstj bìrd (jsgr`td a bds vj`lt`s`s `ljxpjrtds ads) dhrjgjr, oultd gdl ul pbaltjaf`jltd sdgàb,ldt`gàs y katds ejljrabfjltj pdgd gdldg`kds agjrga kj agdltjg`f`jltds y pjrsdlaojs. Jstaia iasakd jllufjrdsds hdbbjtds, pjr`k`gds y ndoas sujbtas y tafi`l jl kdgufjltds kjb Argn`vd ]az Wdbkl quj sjeuarkaia jl ba Iìb`dtjga Lag`dlab Safpbàfjltj usakd, sdirj tdkd jl jb vdbufjl @@V y jl abeulds kjbArgn`vd kjb F`l`stjr`d kj Yjbag`dljs Jxtjr`drjs. Jl 1090 y 107= jlsj akjfs N`stdrà kjb ]jr jl jb gdbj-e`d kj Euakabupj, y jl 107= y 1071 jl jb @lst`tutd ]jkaee`gd Lag`dlab.

Kjspus kj ul vàoj a Jstakds Zl`kds, Abjfalà y Jspaa jltrj 1071 y 107:, vdbv a ba gtjkra jl B`fa

jl jsj bt`fd ad. F` kjhjlsa kj bds kjrjgnds kj Yab ]drras, jltdlgjs ausjltj, n`zd quj jb Kjgald kj baHagubtak kj Bjtras, kdgtdr Ndrag`d N. Artjaea, abtjrasj ba k`strìug`l kj bds gursds jl quj naia k`v`k`kd bajlsjalza kj ba N`stdrà kjb ]jr ab oui`barsj jb kdgtdr U`jssj, y ld sj fj asèl jb kj ba Yjpib`ga qujkjsjfpjara jl 1090 y 107= s`ld dtrd quj rjgì` jb ldfirj kj `lvjstèag`l. Abb fj dgupj jltrj 107:y 10;; kj aspjgtds fdlderh`gds d jspjgàbjs kjb pjrdkd lag`dlab kj ba n`stdrà, A aqujbbds ads gdrrjs-pdlk`jrdl abeulds jlsayds quj bujed fj nal s`kd t`bjs, gdfd ul jstuk`d sdirj bas hujltjs agjrga kj basuibjvag`l kj bds Eut`rrjz, `lkaealkd bd quj jl jbbas nay gdfd tjst`fdl`ds kj jxagt`tuk y s`lgjr`kak, ydtrds sdirj jb ]jr ab gdlgbu`r ba eujrra gdl Gn`bj. Jl 10;: pukj jlsjar lujvafjltj N`stdrà kj baYjpib`ga3 pjrd jb prjs`kjltj Iustafaltj y Y`vjrd fj n`zd jl oub`d kj aqujb ad f`l`strd jl su pr`fjreai`ljtj y ab sab`r kj jsa tarja sj `ltjls`h`gardl bds traiaods kj ba lujva Iìb`dtjga Lag`dlab y kj ba Jsgujbakj Iìb`dtjgar`ds quj jstaial a f` gared pdr bd quj ld pukj rjerjsar a ba gtjkra.

Jl 10;> vào a Uasn`letdl a traiaoar jl ba Dreal`zag`l kj Jstakds Afjr`galds. Gualkd rjerjs jl

10:1, fj jlgdltr quj jl jb pbal kj jstuk`ds aprdiakd pdr ba hagubtak kj Bjtras, a raz kjb edbpj f`b`tar kj10;>, f` gursd naia kjspbazakd ab bt`fd ad jl jb kdgtdrakd kj N`stdrà, sj bj fare`l. Huj as gdfd atravs kj k`st`ltas jtapas, fj tdg v`v`r arr`lgdlakd jl ba Hagubtak quj tal gdrkàbfjltj fj agde`jra jl109>3 jl dtrds ads v`v ausjltj kj jbba. Zla gdlhjrjlgà sdirj ba eujrra gdl Gn`bj, a iasj kj bas fjfdràs`lk`tas kj kdl Ods Altdl`d kj Bavabbj, tuvj quj karba jl ba Hagubtak kj Kjrjgnd, y jl ba rjv`sta abb jk`ta-ka aparjg` ula partj kj f`s jstuk`ds njgnds jl Uasn`letdl sdirj ba gdrrjspdlkjlgà k`pbdft`ga ldr-tjafjr`gala jl jb gursd kj k`gna eujrra. Zla kj bas pdgas gdfpjlsag`dljs eratas quj dituvj hujrdl basgnarbas sdirj gujst`dljs tjr`gas rjbag`dlakas gdl ba n`stdrà jl ejljrab y gdl ba n`stdrà pjruala jl jspj-gàb quj k jl jb @lst`tutd kj H`bdsdha jl 10:9, pdr `l`gàt`va kj Hralg`sgd F`r Qujsaka.

Jl 1070 aparjg` ba pr`fjra jk`g`l kjb prjsjltj bìrd quj rjprjsjltaia ul jshujrzd sdb`tar`d, s`l afpa-rd kj ul @lst`tutd d kj ul Wjf`lar`d quj ba ayukasjl. Jl ba Ldta prjb`f`lar n`gj gdlstar quj ba h`lab`kakkj ba dira jra kar, gdl gargtjr prdv`sdr`d, ula v`s`l ebdiab y s`ltt`ga kjb gdfpbjod y jxtjlsd tjfa jl jbba

tratakd. Jb vastd pbal quj bds kds pr`fjrds vdbfjljs kj Ba @l`gàg`l kj ba Yjpib`gaalulgàrdl y gdfjl-zardl a pdljr jl prgt`ga naiasj tralshdrfakd jl jb jlsayd kj puib`gar ul fdkjstd faluab. Abjoakdkjskj 107= kj ba Iìb`dtjga Lag`dlab, f`s ldtas naial jlr`qujg`kd, s`l jfiared, gdl bas quj dituvj jl baIìb`dtjga kj ba Zl`vjrs`kak kj sal fargds, kj ba hu` k`rjgtdr jltrj 107: y 10;9 y para ba quj akqu`r bafael`h`ga gdbjgg`l kj hdbbjtds y pjr`k`gds rjul`ka pdr Ods Gas`f`rd Zbbda. Jltrj 10;1 y 10;: tuvj a f`gared jb gursd kj N`stdrà Grt`ga kjb ]jr jl ba Jsgujba F`b`tar kj Gndrr`bbds, ab quj hu` bbjvakd pdr `l`gàt`vakjb jltdlgjs gdfalkaltj Oual Fjlkdza Ydkreujz y jsta jxpjr`jlgà fj bbjv a dreal`zar fjodr f`sgdldg`f`jltds. Jl ba Jsgujba F`b`tar sj `fpr`f` ba sjeulka jk`g`l kj ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga.

Xdbv a nagjr ba akvjrtjlgà agjrga kjb gargtjr jlkjibj kj f` jshujrzd jl ba guarta jk`g`l kj jsta diraaparjg`ka s`jfprj gdl gargtjr sdb`tar`d, jl 10;0, y aerjeu, akjfs, jltrj dtrds, bds sèu`jltjs pultds kj


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v`sta quj sèujl tjl`jlkd vab`kjz? 1 Jbba ld naia edzakd l`lel fdfjltd kj prdtjgg`l dh`gàb, tdkd bdkjia ab havdr kj sus k`spjrsds bjgtdrjs y dstjltaia sjjra `lkjpjlkjlgà hrjltj a guabqu`jr part`kd, erupd,gbasj, haf`bà d pjrsdla. 9 Wu tjxtd gdlt`luaia rjgì`jlkd ak`g`dljs y fjodras. 7 Ld js vb`kd jb areufjl-td kj quj para jsgrì`r ul bìrd kj gdloultd agjrga kj ba n`stdrà kjb ]jr sj ljgjs`ta, kj fdkd `fprjsg`l-kìbj, ut`b`zar prjvàfjltj tdkds bds argn`vds pib`gds y pr`vakds. W`l jsj rjqu`s`td nal s`kd puib`gakdsfaluabjs d tjxtds jl fugnds pasjs. ]ukjsj qujrjr nagjr jb sufar`d d ba gddrk`lag`l kj bd quj ya js

gdldg`kd pjrd jst k`spjrsd d kjsn`bvalakd. ; Jb autdr, a travs kj ul bared gdltagtd gdl su tjfa, naiabbjeakd a ut`b`zar, akjfs, ula iujla galt`kak kj hujltjs pr`faràs, d sja falusgr`tds, hdbbjtds y pjr`k`gds,apartj kj bas hujltjs sjgulkaràs quj sdl gdfl fjltj ba iasj kj bas diras kj gargtjr ejljrab.

Jltrj bds lujvds fatjràbjs gdrrjspdlk`jltjs ab pjrdkd kj traiaod altjr`dr a ba apar`g`l kj ba guartajk`g`l, jstuv`jrdl bds pjrtjljg`jltjs a ba lujva Iìb`dtjga Lag`dlab quj jstaibjg, dreal`g y air jl 10;5kjspus kjb `lgjlk`d kj 10;7 jl ul jshujrzd fprdid quj kur guatrd ads, y ndy dbv`kakd y kjsgdldg`kd,y quj kuraltj ul t`jfpd fj abjo kj f`s prdpàs tarjas `ltjbjgtuabjs.

Ba guarta jk`g`l, tjrf`laka jl 10;>, sj puib`g gdfd qujka k`gnd, jl 10;0. Yjs`ka yd jltdlgjs,sjel nj rjgdrkakd altjs, jl Uasn`letdl y jstaia ab sjrv`g`d kj ba Dreal`zag`l kj Jstakds Afjr`galds.Ba habta kj ul gu`kakdsd gdtjod jltrj bas gdpàs fjgalderh`gas y bds drè`labjs, as gdfd dtras g`rgulstal-gàs, k`jrdl buear a lufjrdsas jrratas quj andra sj nal tratakd kj supjrar.

Ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`gatuvd ul kjst`ld quj supjr a sus fjrjg`f`jltds. Wj prdyjgt fs abb kj bds

jspjgàb`stas, kj bds grgubds `ltjbjgtuabjs y kjb fulkd ul`vjrs`tar`d y bbje ab eral pib`gd. Huj fuy iusga-ka jl jb ]jr y tafi`l jl jb jxtralojrd. Ba sjeulka jk`g`l ltjera sj vjlk` jl prdv`lgàs. Eal afèdsjspdltljds y ayuk a k`hulk`r ul sjlt`kd diojt`vd y gdnjrjltj kjb pasakd lag`dlab. Ld habtardl qu`jljsgdpàrdl abeulas kj sus pe`las y abeuld kj bds aprdvjgnakdrjs sj gdlv`rt`, ab f`sfd t`jfpd, jl jljf`-ed abjvdsd. Nuid gtjkra ul`vjrs`tarà (jl jb Gafpd kjb Kjrjgnd gdlst`tug`dlab pjruald), gbasjs jsgdbarjsy nasta k`sgursds gdlfjfdrat`vds quj rjp`t`jrdl s`l g`tarbds, ld sdbd bds katds d ldt`gàs kj jstj bìrd qujgdlst`tuyjl patr`fdl`d gdfl, s`ld hrasjs tjxtuabjs y gdlgjptds `ltjrprjtat`vds. Aparjg`jrdl, a ba vjz, bagjlsura k`rjgta d sjseaka kj gdbjeas gjbdsds, bds aspav`jltds altj abeulds jrrdrjs u df`s`dljs kjsb`zakdsjl dira tal vasta y s`ltt`ga y nasta ba diojg`l kj quj agdea algkdtas, gdfd s` hujra ul pjgakd tratarkj kar afjl`kak ab rjbatd.

Jl 10:1, ab rjerjsar ab ]jr, ba Hulkag`l Ydgcjhjbbjr fj gdlgjk` ula ijga para prdsjeu`r f`s jstuk`dsn`str`gds sdirj ba Yjpib`ga y afpbàrbds nasta aiargar jb sèbd ^^. Kjid a jsta ayuka bas iasjs kjb prjsjl-

tj bìrd.Jb gdltagtd gdl jb Argn`vd ]`rdba v`ld a sjr para f dtrd kj bds `fpdrtaltjs agdltjg`f`jltds kj aquj-

bba pdga. Albdea sèl`h`gag`l tuvd ba dpdrtul`kak kj rjv`sar abeulds kj bds vab`dss`fds hdbbjtds jl abgdbjgg`l kj jsj ndfirj iujld y sjbjgtd quj huj Hjb`pj [ndrlk`cj Eabup. Dtra kj f`s dgupag`dljs kjjltdlgjs huj ba kj gdjk`tdr kj ba bbafaka Iìb`dtjga kj ba Yjpib`ga. Kj jbba bbjeardl a aparjgjr g`lgdvdbfjljs, kds kj bds guabjs k`jrdl a gdldgjr bas fjfdràs kjb ejljrab Ods Yuh`ld Jgnjl`quj quj fargalul agdltjg`f`jltd jl ba n`stdr`deraha lag`dlab.

Wjeu akjbaltj gdl bjlt`tuk jl jb traiaod para ba lujva jk`g`l quj sj naga gaka vjz fs ljgjsarà altjjb altaedl`sfd kj ba quj naia jstakd g`rgubalkd. [uvj quj `ltjrrufp`rbd jl 10:9 y 10:;-:: gualkd vàoa Jstakds Zl`kds a k`gtar ulds gursds ul`vjrs`tar`ds, y jltrj oub`d kj 10:8 y dgtuirj kj 10:> ab dgupar jbF`l`stjr`d kj Jkugag`l. Kjsjfpj jstj gared nasta quj gdrr` pjbèrd f` sabuk y fj apart kj b pdrk`gnd fdt`vd y pdr dtrds fuy pdkjrdsds quj jxpb`gar dpdrtulafjltj. Jl ldv`jfirj kj 10:> gdfjlz

as ula jtapa kj kjk`gag`l jxgbus`va a ba tarja n`stdr`derh`ga. ]dr pr`fjra vjz jl f` v`ka jsgrì`r kjo kjsjr dh`g`d batjrab ab bakd kj aisdrijltjs dibèag`dljs akf`l`strat`vas y kdgjltjs.

]ujkj ah`rfarsj, jl sltjs`s quj ba qu`lta jk`g`l na kjfalkakd gas` kdgj ads kj bds guabjs trjs yfjk`d hujrdl kj parab`zag`l y kds y fjk`d kj `ltjlsd traiaod, quj jb t`jfpd tralsgurr`kd jltrj ba pr`fjray ba prjsjltj jk`g`l na s`kd vj`lt`ks ads, y quj jb pbazd tdtab kj jbaidrag`l kj ba dira, s`l gdltar `ltj-rrupg`dljs d kjsvds, na bbjeakd a supjrar bas guarjlta ads.

@fpdrtaltjs jhjgtds sdirj ba faljra kj gdlgji`r y rjkagtar jb tjxtd quj andra js jltrjeakd ab pib`gdsj nal kjr`vakd kj f` jxpjr`jlgà jl ba gdf`s`l `ltjrlag`dlab jstaibjg`ka pdr ba Zljsgd para jk`tar ulan`stdrà kjb kjsjlvdbv`f`jltd g`jlth`gd y gubturab kj ba nufal`kak. Ab jstaibjgjrsj jsta gdf`s`l fj hujgdlhjr`kd jb ndlrdsd gared kj sjr jk`tdr kjb vdbufjl qu`ltd rjbat`vd ab pjrdkd 1558-10=:. Gdl tab fdt`vd


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[DFD 1 LD[AW ]YJB@ F@LAYJW1;

tuvj dpdrtul`kak kj vàoar a ]ars varàs vjgjs nasta 10::. Bjgturas, gnarbas y disjrvag`dljs kj aqujbbapdga andlkardl ba `kja, ya jsidzaka jl ba ldta prjb`f`lar kj ba sjeulka jk`g`l kj ba N`stdrà kj baYjpib`ga, kj quj jra prjg`sd tratar jl jbba kj ba gubtura, bas `lst`tug`dljs y bas gbasjs sdgàbjs. Bds hjlfjldspdbt`gds ld pujkjl sjr df`t`kds gualkd sj trata kj jsgukràr jb pasakd kj ul pas gdfd jb lujstrdkdlkj jbbds nal tjl`kd y sèujl tjl`jlkd talta `fpdrtalgà. Gualkd sj k`gj Yjpib`ga sj jst naibalkd,ab h`l y ab gaid, kj ula hdrfa kj dreal`zag`l kjb Jstakd. Jb kjskl pdr ba n`stdrà kj bds agdltjg`f`jltds

prdgbafakd pdr Bug`jl Hjivrj (a qu`jl trat iastaltj jl ]ars) js jxpb`gaibj jl Jurdpa kdlkj nay pbtdrakj tjst`fdl`ds agjrga kj jbbds, pjrd pujkj rjsubtar jxgjs`vd gualkd l` s`qu`jra sdl i`jl gdldg`kds, gualkdpujkjl sjrv`r para jltjlkjr fjodr a ula pdga y sus ndfirjs, gualkd aparjgjl gdfd sfidbds d jxprj-s`dljs, gualkd kjiaod kj su dbjaoj fdvjk`zd gaij jlgdltrar fugnas vjgjs gdsas rjprjsjltat`vas, pjrfa-ljltjs, d `fpdrtaltjs. ]jrd js ljgjsar`d `r fs abb kj bds agdltjg`f`jltds y fs abb kj ba pdbt`ga jl baisqujka tjlaz kj dtrd t`jfpd n`str`gd, jb t`jfpd bared3 guyd tralsgursd t`jlj faydr bjlt`tuk. P abàkdkj bas fdlderahas jspjgàb`zakas js pdsìbj `ltjltar ba v`s`l ebdiab, para drkjlar bd quj saij ula ejljra-

g`l d ula pdga. Kjltrd kj jsa pjrspjgt`va nay ul buear pr`fdrkàb para bds hagtdrjs jgdlf`gds jl sukdibj aspjgtd gdlgjrl`jltj a ba nag`jlka pib`ga y a ba jgdldfa pr`vaka y jx`stj, as`f`sfd, gafpd paraf`rar jl gdloultd ba v`ka `ltjrlag`dlab, ba fargna akf`l`strat`va, jb kjsarrdbbd ourk`gd, ba agt`v`kak gubturab,jb fulkd kj bds nuf`bkjs, kjvdbv`lkdsj as a ba n`stdrà su papjb gdfd g`jlgà nufala pdr jxgjbjlgà.

Kjltrd kj jsta gdlgjpg`l quj t`jlj ul sjlt`kd arqu`tjgtl`gd y, a ba vjz, s`lhl`gd, surej ba prjsjltj

dira, jlsayd kj n`stdrà hulg`dlab d rjbag`dlab `ltjltakd pdr vjz pr`fjra jl jb ]jr.]dr dtra partj, l`lel tjfa altjs abuk`kd na kjoakd kj sjr v`std kj lujvd, y sj na prdgurakd abbjear

agjrga kj b ak`g`dlabjs tjst`fdl`ds y pultds kj v`sta. Faltjled pjrjllj jb ahl kj vdbvjr ula y dtra vjzsdirj asultds quj fj `ltjrjsardl fugnds ads atrs. A bds ovjljs quj jfp`jzal qu`s`jra kjoarbjs banuf`bkj bjgg`l kj ld kjgbararsj sat`shjgnd lulga gdl bd quj ya sj aprjlk`, kj qujrjr supjrarsj, kj ius-gar s`jfprj lujvds leubds y ndr`zdltjs altjs èldrakds, nag`jlkd uld f`sfd jl s f`sfd ba grt`gagdlstrugt`va quj dtrds pdkral jhjgtuar oust`h`gakafjltj. Ld dgubtd ba jspjralza kj puib`gar prdltd ulalujva y fjodraka jk`g`l.

Nay qu`jljs vjl ba n`stdrà rjpuib`gala kjb ]jr gdfd ula gujva kj ialkdbjrds d ul fubakar quj sdbdfjrjgj kjsprjg`d d gdlkjla. Abeulds, jl gafi`d, sj prjg`p`tal jl su rjg`ltd para qujrjr gdlvjrt`rbd jlul saltuar`d y vjljrar jl b a bds altjpasakds prdp`ds d aojlds. P ld habtal bds quj sj jfijbjsal, gdfdaltj ul tjsdrd, altj jb katd jsgujtd. Aqu sj na iusgakd, altj tdkd, gdfprjls`l, diojt`v`kak, gddrk`la-

g`l, jlsafibj, s`l dk`d para lak`j y s`l akubag`l para lak`j, gdl jb ahl kj supjrar jb atdbdlkraf`jltd,ba vjnjfjlgà, jb jlgdld, ba sug`jkak y ba fjzqu`lkak, pbaeas kj ba v`ka gr`dbba. Ab prdgurar quj sj naeaba tdfa kj gdlg`jlgà kj ul pasakd tal turiubjltd y tal jsgairdsd y ab f`sfd t`jfpd tal pjrualdgdfd js jb kjb pjrdkd kj ba Yjpib`ga jl lujstra n`stdrà, sj jst iusgalkd, jl rjab`kak, ula hdrfa kjfakurag`l lag`dlab.

[dfar gdlg`jlgà kj ba n`stdrà js nagjr kjb pasakd jsd? pasakd. Jbbd bbjva a agjptarbd gdfd garea kjebdrà y kj rjfdrk`f`jltds, pjrd `fpb`ga, akjfs pjrgì`r quj bd fujrtd, pdr jb njgnd kj naijr v`v`kd jlhdrfa rrjvdgaibj, ya kjo kj sjr y nay quj as`f`barbd ab patr`fdl`d kjb prjsjltj. Wdfds prdkugtds kjb ayjry jstafds v`v`jlkd jl partj jl bd quj kj b qujk ab kjsb`zarsj para gdlvjrt`rsj jl prjsjltj, pdr tdkaspartjs lds rdkja3 pjrd, a ba vjz, tjljfds quj ahrdltar lujstra prdpà v`ka gdl sus prdp`ds prdibjfas,gdfd `lk`v`kuds, gdfd ejljrag`l, gdfd pujibd, gdfd Jstakd, gdfd nufal`kak. Jb naijr s`kd abed ldkjij sjr ul jstdrid s`ld partj kjb prdp`d sjr, js kjg`r, `ltjerar ba jxpjr`jlgà quj pjrf`ta sjeu`r v`v`jlkd.

Ld js hulg`l kjb n`stdràkdr qujrjr kjtjljr ba n`stdrà. Ba n`stdr`deraha lds kjij bìjrtar kj jbba, na jsgr`-td Grdgj, jl jb sjlt`kd kj quj naea hrjltj ab pasakd, bd rjkuzga a prdibjfa fjltab, bd rjsujbva jl ulaprdpds`g`l kj vjrkak quj sja ba prjf`sa `kjab kj ba lujva v`ka. Jb n`stdr`g`sfd as i`jl jltjlk`kd ld jsrjd pdr prdfdvjr jb hatab`sfd, d pdr prjtjlkjr quj jb t`jfpd kjsalkj su gaf`ld y vujbva a sjr bd quj yahuj d pdr k`sdbvjr bds vabdrjs aisdbutds, d pdr pjrfaljgjr jl xtas`s altj bd quj ya ld js, d pdr agjptar bairutab`kak kjb njgnd gdlsufakd. Jl sufa, ld js gubpaibj kjb kjb`td kj rjstar fpjtu a bas hujrzas grja-kdras, l` garjgj kj gdlhàlza altj jbbas pdr bd guab jfidtara jb sjlt`kd kjb kjijr y prjk`spdlkra a ba`ljrgà y a bds pjdrjs agdfdkds. Jb pjlsaf`jltd n`str`gd autlt`gd ld gdrta, pdr g`jrtd, rjbag`dljs gdl jbpasakd3 pjrd tafpdgd v`vj sdbd sufjre`kd jl b. Wj bjvalta sdirj b `kjabfjltj y bd trujga jl gdldg`-f`jltd kjsjfpjalkd ul dh`g`d kj gatars`s d pur`h`gag`l fuy sjfjoaltj ab quj kjsjfpja ba pdjsa


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gualkd sj sagukj kj ba sjrv`kufirj kj ba pas`l. ]jrd aqu bd quj sj prdgura js ula dr`jltag`l kjltrdkjb fulkd jl quj v`v`fds, jl jb quj gdlv`vjl, a ba vjz, rjgujrkds y nujbbas kj bd quj pas, hujrzas batjl-tjs quj altjr`drfjltj ld bbjeardl a fakurar y lujvas y drè`labjs jljreas, y quj js kdlkj njfds kjgufpb`r lujstra prdpà f`s`l y lujstrd kjijr prdp`d. ]dr jbbd ba gdlg`jlgà n`str`ga autlt`ga (k`gjGrdgj) jst`fuba para nagjr ula vjrkakjra vjba kj arfas quj ld akf`tj jstupjhag`jltjs l` jljrvaltjs, yjl vjz kj gufpb`r hulg`dljs kj gargjbjrd lds airj bas pujrtas kj ula pr`s`l jl ba quj, kj dtra sujrtj,

pjrfaljgjrafds jlgjrrakds.Ba g`jlgà y ba gubtura n`str`ga vjrkakjras jx`stjl, jl su fs prdhulkd sjlt`kd, gdl jb prdps`td jsjlgàb

kj faltjljr y tafi`l kj kjsarrdbbar ba v`ka agt`va y g`v`b`zaka kj ba sdg`jkak nufala.]dr bd kjfs, qu`jl na jsgr`td jstj bìrd v`v`lkdbd, js jb pr`fjrd jl rjgdldgjr bas fbt`pbjs kjh`g`jl-

gàs quj gdlt`jlj y bds `llufjraibjs vagds kj quj akdbjgj. Hg`b sjr jlgdltrar bds kjtabbjs aqu ld`lgbu`kds, pjrd fuy k`hg`b v`ld a sjr traiaoar tdkds bds quj sj na oultakd. Jl bds quj sj prjsjlta jfpbasjjb ftdkd kjb fujstrjd. Js apjlas, ul hraefjltd kj ula rjab`kak fuy vasta agjrga kj ba guab jsgasjalbds traiaods fdlderh`gds. Xabj sdbd jl hulg`l kjb gdloultd. W`fidb`za laka fs quj ul jshujrzd paragaf`lar nagà ul ndr`zdltj, para sjabar sus r`gas pjrspjgt`vas, para jst`fubar a fs gaiabjs `lvjstèag`d-ljs ejljrabjs y kj kjtabbj. Ljgjs`tafds, ld sdbd fjodrjs trataf`jltds jruk`tds (s` i`jl kjijfds prdgurarquj jbbds ld jstl gfdkafjltj aojlds a bas eralkjs gujst`dljs n`stdr`derh`gas). Qujrjfds, akjfs,jstuk`ds lst`tug`dlabjs, kj prjhjrjlgà jl jb gafpd sdgàb y jgdlf`gd. Jspjgàb atjlg`l kjij gdlgjkjr-

sj ab hjlfjld kj ba kjfderaha y kjb urial`sfd, ab jxafjl kjb kjsarrdbbd d ba jvdbug`l kj ba prdp`jkak,ab jsgbarjg`f`jltd kj bds l`vjbjs y ba fjltab`kak kj bas k`st`ltas gbasjs y erupds sdgàbjs. Jl rjbag`l gdljstj bt`fd tjfa habtal tjst`fdl`ds agjrga kj ba abta iureujsa, jb gbjrd, ba f`b`gà, bas gbasjs fjkàs, bask`st`ltas prdhjs`dljs, jb fulkd kj bds gafpjs`lds y kj bds dirjrds gdfd gdbjgt`v`kakjs nufalas y gdfdjlt`kakjs lag`dlabjs jl pjrdkds jspjgh`gds y a travs kjb agdltjgjr rjpuib`gald. [afi`l nay fugndsgafpds pdr kjsirdzar jl ba n`stdrà purafjltj jgdlf`ga kjb ]jr lag`dlab jl su gdloultd y jl susaspjgtds nagjlkar`ds, fjrgalt`bjs, `lkustràbjs, aergdbas, f`ljrds, ialgar`ds y fdljtar`ds, `lgbuyjlkd bajvdbug`l kj bds prjg`ds. Jl t`jfpds prx`fds sure`r ba vasta jfprjsa kj nagjr, kjltrd kj ul fjtk`gdpbal, ula n`stdrà gdfpbjta kj ba lag`l pjruala. Ba jra kjb traiaod jl jqu`pd jst gjrgala kjltrd kj bajvdbug`l kj bds jstuk`ds agjrga kjb pasakd lag`dlab, y jl b kjijrl tjljr buear kjstagakd y sdb`kar`d jbjgdldf`sta, jb altrdpbded, jb our`sta, jb h`bbded y jb n`stdràkdr kj ba b`tjratura, kj bds artjs, kj bas g`jlgàs,kj ba tgl`ga y kj ba v`ka sdgàb.

Bas jxprjs`dljs kj erat`tuk a bas pjrsdlas y jlt`kakjs quj nal ayukakd jl jb bared pjrdkd kj 10:1 a1081 rjqujr`ral ula barea b`sta. Qu`jrd rjkug`rba a abeulas kj bas fs `fpdrtaltjs. Jl pr`fjr buear, a baHulkag`l Ydgcjhjbbjr pdr su ijga jl 10:1 y 10:9. W`l jbba ld fj naira s`kd pdsìbj pbaljar y jfprjlkjrjsta dira. Jl 108= fj huj dtdreaka dtra ijga pdr ba Dreal`zag`l kj Jstakds Afjr`galds, eragàs a ba gdf-prjls`l kjb kdgtdr Ods A. Fdra, Wjgrjtar`d Ejljrab kj k`gnd dreal`sfd `ltjrlag`dlab, y kjb kdgtdr Oav`jrFabael, ojhj kj jstj prderafa. Bbjeu pdr k`gnd fdt`vd a vàoar a Jstakds Zl`kds y jl Uasn`letdl gdltgdl ba ayuka kj ba Hulkag`l N`spl`ga kj ba Iìb`dtjga kjb Gdlerjsd. Kjid ab k`rjgtdr kj jbba, kdgtdrNdwark Gb`lj, ula vab`dsa gddpjrag`l a travs kj `lhdrfag`dljs, h`gnas y gdpàs hdtderh`gas suf`l`strakasjsj f`sfd ad y jl 1081. Zla kj bas bt`fas prujias kj gdrkàb`kak quj fj k`d jb kdgtdr Falujb X`gjltjX`bbarl huj ba kj kjvdbvjrfj jb bìrd falusgr`td gdl f`s apultjs sdirj ba hdrfag`l y ba gaka kj bds eai`-ljtjs f`l`stjràbjs jltrj 1>87 y 1010. Ba sjdra Gdlsujbd ]`rdba kj ]`rdba fj pjrf`t`, gdl ula idlkaky ula gdlhàlza `ldbv`kaibjs, rjv`sar kuraltj abel t`jfpd jb argn`vd kj L`gdbs kj ]`rdba. Jb prdhjsdr Abal

Nutgn`lsdl, gdbjea kj ba Zl`vjrs`kak kj X`re`là, n`zd h`gnas quj nal ayukakd a ba iìb`deraha. Jb kdgtdrHb`x Kjljer` Bula fj na suf`l`strakd abeulds kdgufjltds j `fprjsds. Ab kdgtdr Fèujb Icuba kjid jbgdldg`f`jltd kj var`ds bìrds gdbdfiàlds `fpdrtaltjs para f`s prdps`tds. Jb prdhjsdr Bjl Njbeujra fjjlv` ba gdpà jl f`grdh`bf kj ula tjs`s suya. ]dr `ltjrfjk`d kj ba af`stak kj Far`d Zrjta pukj ut`b`zark`vjrsas diras kjb F`l`stjr`d kj Nag`jlka.

Nay dtrds ldfirjs fs `lk`sdbuibjfjltj bèakds a ba prjparag`l kj bds drè`labjs kjb prjsjltj bìrd.Gjbà Uu B. rjab`z abeulas f`lug`dsas isqujkas kj katds jl B`fa. Albdea baidr jhjgtu gdl gdlstalgàjl Uasn`letdl, Gardb`la Hralgj. @saijb ]astdr huj jh`g`jltj y ailjeaka gdbaidrakdra jl ba pr`fjra jtapa kjbtraiaod nasta 10:>. Fugnd bder akjbaltar bujed eragàs a ba ayuka kjb kdgtdr Falujb Fdrl Abva jl 10:>y 10:0. ]jrgy Gayd y ba sjdra Gjg`bà Iustafaltj jstuv`jrdl jltrj qu`jljs hag`b`tardl eralkjfjltj ba tarja


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jltrj 10:0 y 1081. Ba pag`jlgà, ba gapag`kak y ba baidr`ds`kak kj Oual Galab [r`lt jl jsta bt`fa jtapahujrdl jxgjpg`dlabjs. Garfjl Drt`z kj Gjvabbds rjv`s var`ds kj bds gaptubds.

Jl bd quj gdlg`jrlj a ba jk`g`l Hjb`pj [ndrlk`cj Ijbtrl y Arturd Wabazar Barral jlgdltrardl ba hrfu-ba para su `lkjpjlkjlgà jgdlf`ga, y ba sup`jrdl ejljrdsafjltj nagjr pdsìbj. Qu`jljs nal gdbaidrakdjl bds aspjgtds jk`tdràbjs kj bds var`ds vdbfjljs jstl fjlg`dlakds jl dtras pe`las.

lD[A ]YJB`F`lAY kJ BA sJ^[A Jk`G`Dl (108>)

Gualkd aparjg`jrdl bds pr`fjrds sj`s vdbfjljs kj ba qu`lta jk`g`l kj N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga kjb ]jr jl1089, hujrdl rjgì`kds gdl eral `ltjrs pdr jb pib`gd bjgtdr. K`gna jk`g`l qujk rp`kafjltj aedtaka ynuid ljgjs`kak kj nagjr kj jbba -gasd `lsb`td jl diras kj jsta gbasj- ula sjeulka `fprjs`l jl Fx`gd,k`strìu`ka jl 108:. Air` as ul gaf`ld lujvd para bds autdrjs pjrualds quj var`ds sèu`jrdl gas` `lfj-kàtafjltj. Dtrds naial dkd altjs, jl rjbag`l gdl bas k`st`ltas pdgas kj ba n`stdrà pjruala, jb bbafakda ula sltjs`s s`qu`jra prdv`s`dlab, njgnd tg`tafjltj kjskj 1070 gdl jb faluab sdirj ba jra rjpuib`gala.Bds bt`fds guatrd tdfds g`rgubardl kjskj 108;. Ld nay, nasta ba hjgna, traiaod fs jxtjlsd sdirj lujstran`stdrà. Gdl jsta sdl trjs jk`g`dljs jl sdbd sj`s ads.

Jb autdr aerakjgj prdhulkafjltj bds gdfjltar`ds kj Eu`bbjrfd Bdnfall X`bbjla (Yjv`sta @ltjrafjr`galakj Iìb`deraha), Falujb Fdrjyra y ]az Wdbkl (Yjv`sta N`str`ga), Hb`x Kjljer` Bula (Yjv`sta ]jruala kjGubtura), Gsar ]agnjgd Xbjz (prbded kj uld kj bds vdbfjljs gdrrjspdlk`jltjs a ba Iìb`dtjga kj Gubtura]jruala Gdltjfpdrlja), Yab Y`vjra Gjrla (Kdgufjlta), Njrfal Iusj y Yab Xareas (Jb Gdfjrg`d), NuedLj`ra Wafaljz (Jxprjsd), Jlr`quj Gn`r`lds Wdtd y Odrej Bu`s Yjgavarrjl (Ba ]rjlsa), Abhdlsd Kjbidy (W`jtjKas) y Bu`s Fdlt`jb (Ba Grl`ga).[afi`l jxjltd kj fjzqu`lkakjs v`jlj a sjr jb ou`g`d kj Jstuarkd Ljzjl su bìrd Ba b`tjratura pjruala jl jb sèbd ^^(Fx`gd, Jk`tdràb ]drfaga, 108:). Bas rjhjrjlgàs afaibjs kjbds prdhjsdrjs Y. A. Nufpnrjys y Odnl Bylgn jl su bìrd [nj Drè`ls dh tnj Bat`l-Afjr`gal Yjvdbut`dl(LujvaPdrc, Cldps 108:), kj Bjl Njbeujra jl jb Nalkiddc dh Bat`l Afjr`gal Wtuk`jsy kj E`bijrt Gnasj jl susak`g`dljs a ba n`stdrà kj ba gubtura bat`ldafjr`gala, kj ]jkrd Njlrqujz Zrja (Lujva Pdrc, 1088) kjijlsjr, as`f`sfd, rjgde`kas aqu gdl v`va erat`tuk.

Zl prjf`d jspjgàb kj gubtura huj dtdreakd a ba N`stdrà jl 1087 pdr ldibj `l`gàt`va kj Ods Fara

Areujkas, jltdlgjs k`rjgtdr kj ba Gasa kj ba Gubtura.Jl gafi`d, ba Hagubtak kj Bjtras kj ba Zl`vjrs`kak kj Wal Fargds (quj agdrk kj nagjrfj gatjkrt`gd

jfr`td ab aparjgjr jl 1089 bds sj`s pr`fjrds tdfds kj ba N`stdrà, gualkd sj naial gufpb`kd s`jtj adskj f` abjoaf`jltd kj bas aubas) pjrf`t` bujed, `fpasìbj, quj prdspjrasjl bas `ltrèas kj abeulds, rjsujb-tds a `fpjk`r quj sj fj gdlhàra, jl jb f`sfd 1089, ul sjf`lar`d, fuy t`b, s`l kuka, para vjr`h`gar, rjgt`h`-gar y afpbàr bds katds kj ula dira gdl tal vastd gdltjl`kd3 para nagjr bbjear abed kj f`s gdldg`f`jltdsagtuabjs a bas ovjljs ejljrag`dljs3 y para `ltjltar ba hdrfag`l kj ul jqu`pd quj prjparj bds fatjràbjsquj pujkjl sjrv`r jl tdrld a ul pr`fjr pbaltjaf`jltd drel`gd kj ba n`stdrà pjruala pdbt`ga, ltjrlag`d-lab, jgdlf`ga, nagjlkarà, ourk`ga, akf`l`strat`va, jkugag`dlab, gubturab, artst`ga y tgl`ga jl ba pdgapdstjr`dr a 107=.

Hrjkjr`gc I. ]`cj jl su [nj Fdkjrl N`stdry dh ]jru (Bdlkrjs Uj`lkjlhjbk & L`gdbsdl, 1085) k`gj jl jbprbded quj para su jstuk`d na tdfakd kj f`s bìrds fs quj kj dtrds (p. ^X@@)3 sj rjh`jrj a f gdl n`pr-

idbj gualkd trata kj bds n`stdràkdrjs pjrualds (p. 8)3 y g`ta gdl hrjgujlgà f`s ou`g`ds (s` i`jl, pdr f` partj,jstdy jl kjsagujrkd gdl abeulds kj bds pultds kj v`sta quj b jxprjsa jl su sltjs`s, g`rgulsgr`ta, sdirjtdkd, ab agdltjgjr pdbt`gd). W`l jfiared, jl jb gdrtd jlsayd iìb`derh`gd gdl jb quj tjrf`la su dira, pdl-kjra ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga kjb ]jry kjstaga jl jbba jb gu`kakd jl ba `lvjstèag`l y su diojt`v`kak3 paraaerjear, jl sjeu`ka, quj ba bt`fa jk`g`l kj jsta dira garjgj (aulquj jbbd ld na dgurr`kd jl ba altjr`dr),jl rjbag`l gdl pjrsdlaojs d gujst`dljs gdltrdvjrtìbjs, kj dp`l`dljs prdpàs y prjh`jrj g`tar bas kj dtrds(p.790). Aqu ]`cj na jsgugnakd abel gn`sfj sure`kd kj ba jlv`kà, s`l gdfprdiar su vjrag`kak. Zla gartakj b quj nj rjprdkug`kd, hags`f`bar jl @ltrdkugg`l a bas iasjs kdgufjltabjs kj ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`gakjb ]jr, `lgbuy ula afpbà rjgt`h`gag`l. Fj k`ròd kjskj aqu a guabqu`jr bjgtdr kj iujla hj para prjeul-tarbj s` ld nay jl jstj bìrd pds`g`dljs kjh`l`kas altj asultds tal pdbf`gds gdfd, pdr jojfpbd, ba K`gtakura


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kj Idbvar, ba Gdlhjkjrag`l ]jr-idb`vàla, bas gdlsèlag`dljs kjb euald, bds drejljs kj ba eujrra gdlGn`bj y taltds dtrds, as gdfd altj lufjrdsds pjrsdlaojs guyas sjfibalzas `ltjltd. Jb prdp`d ]`cj ebdsa ysèuj, gdfd ya njfds aldtakd, abeulds kj jstds gdlgjptds (jltrj dtras gdsas, jl rjbag`l gdl pultds talk`staltjs gdfd bas odrlakas kj 1>59 y I`bb`lenurst, quj ld tdfa k`rjgtafjltj kj ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga,aulquj pjrtjljgjl a jbba). P gualkd sj bafjlta kj quj bds pjrualds ld nal prdgurakd bbjear a ula vabd-rag`l diojt`va kj bds ads pjrtjljg`jltjs ab re`fjl kj Aueustd >. Bjeua jltrj 1010 y 107=, pujs bds

ou`g`ds quj sdirj jsj tjfa jf`tjl s`jfprj t`jlkjl a ba ebdr`h`gag`l d ab v`b`pjlk`d (p. 79>), sj vj quj jbk`st`leu`kd n`stdràkdr ldrtjafjr`gald kj ba v`ka gdltjfpdrlja kjb ]jr ld na bjkd jb alb`s`s `ltjrprj-tat`vd kjb Dlgjl`d quj aparjgj jl jb gaptubd GB^^^, jl jb tdfd @^ kj ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`gajl baqu`lta jk`g`l y jl jb gaptubd GB^^^@ kj ba prjsjltj jk`g`l.

Ld iusgar ba ebdr`h`gag`l l` jb v`b`pjlk`d! [ratar kj faltjljrsj kjltrd kj ba diojt`v`kak! K`hg`bjs jfpj-ds. Jb ahl kj sjr sjrjld pujkj sjr gdlhulk`kd gdl ba ibalkura. Fugnds ld gdfprjlkjl jb `ltjltd kjrdfpjr bds hjrdgjs k`bjfas part`kar`stas jl ul pas quj jstuvd gdrrdkd pdr bas puelas jltrj Atanuabpa yNusgar, ]`zarrd y Abfaerd, Idbvar y Y`va-Aejrd, Y`va-Aejrd y [aebj, Walta Gruz y Eafarra, Walta Gruz yWabavjrry, Gast`bba y X`valgd, Falujb ]arkd y ]`rdba, ]`rdba y jb g`v`b`sfd pdstjr`dr a Falujb ]arkd, Ggjrjsj @ebjsàs, Bjeua y jb g`v`b`sfd, Wlgnjz Gjrrd y jb apr`sfd y taltas dtras kj lujstra n`stdrà tal kjsearraka3jl ul pas quj v`d, fs kj ula vjz, jb agn`gnarra f`jltd kj njrjojs y quj tdkava afa bas pjbjas kj eabbdsy bas gdrr`kas kj tdrds. Aqu kdlkj na nai`kd y nay taltds erupds `ldrel`gds y rjgjbdsds, kdlkj nal aiul-

kakd y aiulkal jb kjsafpard y ba k`serjeag`l quj jlejlkral ndsqujkakjs y k`hafag`dljs, vabj, gdfdpara tdka Afr`ga, jb apdtjefa kj Faràld ]`gl Wabas?W` ba gubtura s`rvj para abed js para galab`zar jbkjsdrkjl y jb hrjljs? Ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga kjb ]jrjs, rjsujbta aulquj fdkjstafjltj, ul apdrtj ahavdr kj ba gubtura3 jb jbjvakd sjlt`kd kj ba `lk`v`kuab`kak, jb jqu`bìr`d y ba fdkjrag`l jl jb ou`g`d quj naprjsgr`td gdfd ul `kjab jb eral n`stdràkdr ndbalks ]`jtjr Ejyb. Ld df`tj, s`l jfiared, l`lel katd qujgdls`kjrj jsjlgàb, as sja kjsaerakaibj. @lgbuyj rjhjrjlgàs a njgnds gdfd bas kjlulgàs kj bas gdlsèla-g`dljs kjb euald jl 1>W:, bas agusag`dljs kj Eu`bbjrfd Idearkus y jb ubtjr`dr ou`g`d kj Bdlkrjs, jsgafd-tjakd jl Alabjs kj ba Nag`jlka ]ib`ga, kj Kalguart y Ydkreujz. Zt`b`za ltjerafjltj bds katds suf`l`s-trakds pdr Ods Arlabkd Frqujz jl su eldraka dira Ba drea h`lalg`jra kjb ]jr. P as jl fugnds gasds. W`sj hujra a gdfparar gdl bds bìrds kj ]jkrd Kvabds y B`ssl y Garbds U`jssj, jstds sdl fugnds fsibalkds". Bd quj nay kj ldgturld, kj tre`gd d kj bafjltaibj jl ba v`ka pjruala kjb ayjr ld na s`kddf`t`kd aqu.

[afi`l ah`rfa ]`cj quj sj na traiaoakd fuy pdgd jl ba n`stdrà kj bas `kjas jl jb ]jr. Kjskj fuyodvjl fj `ltjrjs jl jstj asultd y jl Ba @l`gàg`l kj ba Yjpib`ga(1090 y 107=) k` prujias kj jbbd ab tratarld sdbd kj ba pdbf`ga jltrj fdlarqu`stas y rjpuib`galds s`ld, jl dtras pe`las, gdfd, pdr jojfpbd, bas qujtratal kj ui`gar ab pr`fjr re`fjl kj Eafarra kjltrd kjb k`bded jltrj bìjrabjs y gdlsjrvakdrjs (gdsa quj,gdfd ba altjr`drfjltj fjlg`dlaka, ld naia fjrjg`kd ba atjlg`l kj Faràld Hjb`pj ]az Wdbkl l` kjLjfjs`d Xareas). P jb prderafa kjb gursd fdlderh`gd kj N`stdrà kjb ]jr jl ba Hagubtak kj Bjtras, puib`-gakd jl 109>, vjrsa, jltrj dtras gdsas, sdirj bas bugnas `kjdbe`gas nasta 1>59 y huj rjsuf`kd jl jb jlsaydBds ndfirjs kj traoj ljerd (Bjtras v.1 U 1,1090). Kjskj ba pr`fjra jk`g`l kj N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga kjb]jrtrat kj `lgbu`r jl sus pe`las ba f`sfa `lqu`jtuk, abàkd kj dtras3 y as hu` nag`jlkd ba n`stdrà `ltjrlay jxtjrla kj bas Gdlst`tug`dljs jl ul jshujrzd quj sèu`, gdlt`lu y kjsarrdbb jb gaf`ld ai`jrtd pdrFalujb X`gjltj X`bbarl y quj dtrds aprdvjgnardl bujed. [dkd jb prdgjsd kjb kjiatj jltrj bìjrabjs y gdl-sjrvakdrjs kuraltj jb sèbd ^@^ na s`kd rjgdlstru`kd ab h`l jl sus bljas jsjlgàbjs, s`l quj jsd qu`jra kjg`r

quj l`jeuj jb vabdr kj bds `fpdrtaltjs apdrtjs njgnds pdr bds kjfs n`stdràkdrjs rjg`jltjs d quj dbv`kjbd fugnd quj habta pdr `lvjstèar3 y f` gdltrìug`l sj rjlujva, jl ba bt`fa jk`g`l kj ba N`stdrà, gdl barjhjrjlgà a bas hèuras kj Ods Fara Qufpjr, Gjbsd Iafiarl, Fèujb Gdbulea, Falujb [dvar y dtras qujaltjs naial s`kd prjtjr`kas.

Ba lujva jk`g`l kj jstj bìrd na tratakd kj gdrrje`r jqu`vdgag`dljs y vagds kj bas altjr`drjs. Ld naygaptubd quj ld naya s`kd tdgakd, ulds fs quj dtrds. Garjgj kj prdi`kak qu`jl jlaridba ba jqu`vdgag`ljl abeula hjgna d jl dtrds katds gdrrjspdlk`jltjs a jk`g`dljs altjr`drjs, s` nal s`kd rjgt`h`gakds bujed.Apartj kj bas jrratas, `ljv`taibjs jl lujstrd fjk`d, y kj habtas jl bas gdpàs kj bds drè`labjs (tdkas jbbassusgjptìbjs kj aufjltar jl ul bìrd bared, kjsbèakd kj tdkd apdyd `lst`tug`dlab y quj, jl fugnas partjs,trdp`jza gdl ba garjlgà d ba jsgasjz kj apdrtjs fdlderh`gds) surejl bds gdlstaltjs jlr`qujg`f`jltds jl


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[DFD 1 LD[AW ]YJB@ F@LAYJW1>

bds pultds kj v`sta. Jbbd na susg`takd grt`gas y nasta ba vjrs`l gabufl`dsa jsparg`ka jl bas abgaltar`bbas kjg`jrtds gjlgubds, kj quj, ab aparjgjr ba N`stdrà jl 1070 tuvd ul hjrdz ataquj ab vàoj kjb ejljrab Faràld@elag`d ]rakd a Jurdpa jl 1>50, quj bujed huj jb`f`lakd. Ba vjrkak, hg`bfjltj gdfprdiaibj pdr guabqu`j-ra, js quj ba jk`g`l kj 1070, ab èuab quj bas kj 10;8 y 10;0, ka ba f`sfa sdfjra ldt`gà kj k`gnd vàoj, aba vjz quj `lgbuyj jb gdfjltar`d kj Ods Fara Qufpjr3 jl gafi`d, sdbd a ba jk`g`l kj 1089 gdrrjspdlkjul alb`s`s kjtabbakd y diojt`vd kjb jp`sdk`d gdl bas razdljs quj abb qujkal jxpujstas. [dkd `ltjltd kj

qujrjr sjfirar ba kuka sdirj ba pubgr`tuk fdrab kjb autdr jstar s`jfprj gdltrak`gnd pdr ba vjrkak kj qujld jst l` na jstakd ab sjrv`g`d kj l`lel pjrsdlaoj, part`kd, sjgta, gafar`bba d gbasj, nai`jlkd pdk`kdaggjkjr hg`b j `fpuljfjltj a ba tjltag`l kj jstarbd. Ld pjrtjljzgd tafpdgd a l`leuld kj bds erupdskj prjs`l quj a vjgjs prjtjlkjl pdljr a ba n`stdrà a su sjrv`g`d.

Ld sj na prdkug`kd ula sdba gdltrak`gg`l, df`s`l d rjlulg`d jl bds ou`g`ds d tjst`fdl`ds kj ba pr`fj-ra jk`g`l kj ba N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga kjb ]jry bds kj bas dtras jk`g`dljs. Na nai`kd, s, afpbàg`dljs dkjsarrdbbds kj jbbds y ba gdlstaltj `lgbus`l kj lujvds apdrtjs, as gdfd tafi`l ba b`fp`jza kj abeuldsjrrdrjs jl gualtd a bds katds aldtakds.

Bd quj s js ul njgnd quj `fpb`ga ula `lsdbjlgà, js prjtjlkjr jsgrì`r sjvjrafjltj y para tdkd bjgtdrgubtd (ld sdbd para bds `l`gàkds) sdirj asultds quj, fugnas vjgjs, rjpjrgutjl, kj ul fdkd u dtrd, sdirjba agtuab`kak y ab f`sfd t`jfpd, qujrjr prjsjltar ula dira s`stjft`ga y gdlgbu`ka aulquj jl pjrjlljahl kj pjrhjgg`dlaf`jltd. Jb gdlsjlsd lag`dlab parjgj pdljr su gar`d jl bds jshujrzds quj ld bderal

bbjear a su trf`ld, jl bas prdfjsas trulgas3 y ld sdl pdgds bds quj prjh`jrjl nulk`rsj, gfdkafjltj, jlba jruk`g`l rjglk`ta. ]dr dtra partj, abb jstl bds agb`tds, bds abaiarkjrds, bds nòds d bds l`jtds kj bdspjrsdlaojs hafdsds d sjf`hafdsds, rjsujbtds a quj jstds rjgìal bds jbde`ds fx`fds. Hrjltj a ba eralgalt`kak kj ejltj quj sj kjoa euàr pdr `ltjrjsjs prjgar`ds, a vjgjs fuy tjrrìbjs y ejst`gubaltjs, gulvubljraibj rjsubta jb l`fd kjb quj, a sdbas, iusga kjg`r gdl kjgjlgà ba vjrkak y gdrrj `lgalsaibj y kjiujla hj jl su isqujka, ld distaltj saijr quj jbba js jsqu`va y gdfpbjoa y, a vjgjs, `lasìbj. P gualkdsj prjsjlta ul traiaod fuy vastd (y, pdr jbbd, ljgjsaràfjltj, kj sltjs`s, pujs gaka uld kj sus prrahdspujkj gdlvjrt`rsj bujed jl ul bìrd) qu gfdkd js a bds quj vjl jb ridb y ld jb idsquj jojrgjr, `fpba-gaibjs, ba grt`ga kjfdbjkdra hrjltj a ula df`s`l d ul jrrdr quj, a ba barea, ld jfpaal, s`l jfiared, bav`s`l paldrf`ga.

]dr dtra partj, qu hg`b js, gualkd nay ul bìrd kj k`jz d kj k`jg`s`s tdfds sdirj ul tjfa, jsgrì`r dtrdjl uld d kds vdbfjljs tdfalkd fugnds katds kj b aulquj s`l g`tarbd! Bd quj para abeu`jl gdst ul

traiaod kj bareds ads gdl gdlstaltjs andlkaf`jltds y isqujka `lgjoaibj kj hujltjs k`rjgtas, para dtrdspujkj sjr tarja kj fuy gdrtd t`jfpd. P tdkd jbbd dgurrj altj ba tdbjralgà, ba `lk`hjrjlgà d ba `lgdlg`jlgàejljrabjs, gdfd para rat`h`gar ba hrasj kj ]`rdba sdirj quj jl jb ]jr laka ka l` qu`ta ndlra.

Abeulds jruk`tds nal gjlsurakd vjriabfjltj pdrquj ld bbjva ldtas jb tjxtd kj ba N`stdrà kj baYjpib`ga. Ld èldrd jsa tgl`ga y nj njgnd usd kj jbba jl dtrds kj f`s bìrds, fjlds jxtjlsds jl su pjrs-pjgt`va. Yjp`td quj nj rjab`zakd ul jshujrzd jspjgàb pdr prjsjltar ula iìb`deraha kjtabbaka3 jbba gdlstakj ul aplk`gj kj 77: pe`las ak`g`dlabjs a bds sj`s pr`fjrds tdfds jl ba sjeulka `fprjs`l y kj 1;;pe`las quj hèural jl jb tdfd ^ kj ba jk`g`l altjr`dr, js kjg`r, bbjea a ;50 pe`las quj sjrl gdls`kjra-ibjfjltj afpbàkas jl ba prjsjltj jk`g`l y quj lak`j na gdlsaerakd altjs a ba iìb`deraha kj ba pdgarjpuib`gala. Naed akjfs, jl jb tjxtd, rjhjrjlgàs a jk`g`dljs kj kàr`ds y dtrds pjr`k`gds, sjs`dljs jl basGfaras kj K`putakds d kj Wjlakdrjs, hdbbjtds, bìrds u dtras hujltjs. Jl ula dira kj sltjs`s quj ld `lg`kjsdirj ul sjgtdr jspjgàb`zakd s`ld sdirj fi`tds fuy k`vjrsds, bas ldtas nairal tjl`kd quj sjr fuy

lufjrdsas y nairal njgnd grjgjr jb lfjrd kj vdbfjljs. Ld nj gdltakd, pdr dtra partj, gdl ul jqu`pdkj aux`bàrjs quj fj ayukara a prjpararbas d a gdlhrdltarbas. Garjg`jrdl kj ldtas ba n`stdrà jgdlf`ga kjGsar Altdl`d Zeartj, ba n`stdrà jgdlf`ga kj Jf`b`d Ydfjrd, ba n`stdrà k`pbdft`ga kj Arturd EargaWabazar, ba n`stdrà f`b`tar kj Garbds Kjbbjpàlj, ba n`stdrà lavab kj Falujb Xjeas Earga, ba N`stdrà kjb ]jr@lkjpjlk`jltjkj Ljfjs`d Xareas y l`lel grt`gd bas kjfalk. Akjfs, sdl fugnds bds bìrds albdedsab fd (s`l jltrar a nagjr `lakf`sìbjs gdfparag`dljs kj fr`tds) quj nal bderakd g`rgubag`l `ltjrlag`d-lab, garjltjs kj jsj aparatd. Wdbd g`tar ulds pdgds jojfpbds. Jb fs `bustrj js agasd jb kj ba N`stdràYdfala kj [njdkdr Fdffsjl, fdkjbd kj ba n`stdrà quj gaij bbafar pjr`dkst`ga jl jb fs ldibj sjlt`kdkj jsta pabaira. Jl su rjg`jltj y akf`raibj dira Bjs idurejd`s gdlquralts, ^@^ s`gbj (]ars, Gdbjgg`lKjst`ls ku Fdlkj3 Arfalk Gdb`l, 10:5) quj na rjvdbug`dlakd jb jstuk`d kj jsa gjlturà, Gnarbjs Fdraz


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ld pdlj ula sdba ldta j `lgbuyj sdbd ula irjvs`fa iìb`deraha. @euab dgurrj gdl BAfr`quj jt bjs Afr`qujskj ]`jrrj Gnaulu, jl ba f`sfa gdbjgg`l (]ars 108;). irasj ba N`std`rj kj ba Hralgj pdur tdus bjs hrala`skjba Bìrjra Nagnjttj (]ars, 10:=) y ld sj nabbar tafpdgd ula ldta3 y abb ld nay ula sdba rjhjrjlgà iìb`d-erh`ga. Ba partj quj va kjskj bds drejljs nasta 155; ba jsgrì`jrdl Jkduark ]jrrdy, Ydejr Kdugjt y AlkrBjtrj`bbj y jb pjrdkd jltrj 15;; y lujstrds kas jstuvd a gared kj eralkjs autdr`kakjs gdfd EjdrejsBjhjivrj, Gnarbjs N. ]dutnas y Faur`gj Ijaufdlt. Ld t`jlj ldtas l` iìb`deraha [nj Dxhdrk N`stdry dh tnj

Afjr`gal ]jdpbjkj Wafujb Jb`dt Fdr`sdl (Lujva Pdrc, Dxhdrk Zl`vjrs`ty ]rjss, 108:)3 y jb bìrd kjb f`sfdautdr jl gdbaidrag`l gdl Njlry Wtjjbj Gdffaejr [nj Erdwtn dh tnj Afjr`gal Yjpuib`gjl kds vdbfjljs(Lujva Pdrc, Dxhdrk Zl`vjrs`ty ]rjss, 107=, 9a jk`g`l, 1089) garjgjl tafi`l kj ldtas, aulquj `lgbuyjiìb`deraha. P para fjlg`dlar sdbd ul gasd fuy `fpdrtaltj jl lujstrd `k`dfa, abb jst ba N`stdrà sdgàb yjgdlf`ga kj Jspaa y Afr`ga jl g`lgd vdbfjljs, ldtaibj prdkugg`l k`rè`ka pdr O. X`gjls X`vjs(Iargjbdla, Jk`tdràb [j`kj, 10:5) s`l ula ldta y gdl ula parga iìb`deraha. Gaij ah`rfar, jl sufa, qujpujkj naijr k`hjrjlgà jl ba tgl`ga kj bas diras kjst`lakas ab eral pib`gd y jl ba kj bas quj `ltjltalbbjear a bjgtdrjs jruk`tds d jspjgàb`zakds.

Dtrds nal njgnd ba sltjs`s kj bds agdltjg`f`jltds pdbt`gds y f`b`tarjs gdrrjspdlk`jltjs ab pjrdkd kjba Jfalg`pag`l, d sja ba larrag`l, bd quj ba lujva n`stdr`deraha bbafa jb rjbatd kjb t`jfpd irjvj3 ba jspu-fa kj ba n`stdrà? Jl jstj bìrd, jb bakd kj bds sj`s gaptubds sdirj tjfas pdbt`gds kjltrd kj jsa pdga (quj`lgbuyjl, ld kjij dbv`karsj, ul jsqujfa kj ba n`stdrà kj bds part`kds d erupds pdbt`gds y ba rjhjrjlgà a bas

`kjas gdlst`tug`dlabjs, tjrrjld jstj bt`fd jl jb quj nal fjrdkjakd, kjskj nagj ads, ula vjz fs, bdsaprdvjgnakdrjs) nay, pdr aak`kura, guatrd gaptubds quj sj dgupal kjb t`jfpd bared (X@@, X@@@, @^ P ^)3 sj naaerjeakd jl ba prjsjltj jk`g`l uld fs sdirj ba @ebjsà y jb Jstakd jl ba `l`gàg`l kj ba Yjpib`ga. Jbsjlt`kd kj jbbds sj gdfpbjfjlta bujed gdl sj`s gaptubds s`f`barjs para jb pjrdkd `lfjkàtafjltj pdstj-r`dr (^^X@, ^^X@@, ^^X@@@, ^^@^, ^^^ y ^^^@) y gdl ula sjgg`l ltjera jl ba partj h`lab kj ba dira Bds rjsubtakdskj ba jxpjr`jlgà n`str`ga pjruala y bas pjrspjgt`vas ai`jrtas jl jb sèbd ^^ gdl gaptubds sdirj ba pdiba-g`l, jb k`ljrd y ba prdp`jkak, ba t`jrra, bas `lkustràs, jb l`vjb kj v`ka, ba prdkugt`v`kak y jb kjsarrdbbd y bajstrugtura sdgàb, jstj bt`fd, `ltjltd kj sltjs`s kj tdkds bds altjr`drjs.

Jb tjxtd agtuab na s`kd gdlstaltj y s`stjft`gafjltj jlr`qujg`kd eragàs ab usd kj lujvas hujltjs. Jltrjjbbas kjijl sjr kjstagakas bas kjb Argn`vd kjb F`l`stjr`d kj Yjbag`dljs Jxtjr`drjs para jb sèbd ^^ y bas kjbvab`dss`fd argn`vd kjb k`pbdft`gd y b`tjratd Njrll Xjbarkj, ejlt`bfjltj suf`l`strakd pdr su nòd jb arqu`-tjgtd y jsgr`tdr Ngtdr Xjbarkj (para bds katds suf`l`strakds pdr jsas hujltjs jspjgàbjs falusgr`tas, nj

pujstd, pdr su `fpdrtalgà, ldtas). [afi`l js ljgjsar`d fjlg`dlar ula iujla galt`kak kj kdgufjltds`lk`tds kjb pdbt`gd y puib`g`sta @saag Abzafdra, gjk`kds kuraltj ul t`jfpd pdr idlkak kj Garbds Abzafdray Jkuarkd Xareas Abzafdra, y ula sjr`j kj kdgufjltds quj pjrtjljg`jrdl ab pdbt`gd y k`pbdft`gd AliabX`b bjeas y quj pukj faljoar pdr gdrtjsa kj Jkuarkd Y. B`zrraea. Eu`bbjrfd Hjb` Gruz y Y`garkd Kdldsd,jf`ljltjs n`stdràkdrjs gn`bjlds, ayukardl fugnd gdl jb suf`l`strd kj hdtdgdpàs. Jspjgàb rjhjrjlgàfjrjgj ba gdpà (suf`l`straka pdr jb pjrsdlab kj ba Hulkag`l N`spl`ga kj ba Iìb`dtjga kjb Gdlerjsd kjUasn`letdl) kjb hdbbjtd @lhdrfj quj prjsjlta jb kdgtdr ]jkrd G. X`bbjla, gdf`s`dlakd pdr jb WuprjfdEdi`jrld para `lvjstèar bas qujoas kj bds `lkejlas kj ba prdv`lgà kj Bafpa, jl jb kjpartafjltd kj ]uld(B`fa, @fprjlta kjb Jstakd, 1017) `lk`spjlsaibj hujltj para ba n`stdrà sdgàb.

]ara bds dlgj lujvds gaptubds gdrrjspdlk`jltjs ab pjrdkd 107=-1077 na s`kd ut`b`zaka eral partj kjbfatjràb iìb`derh`gd quj aparjgj jlufjrakd jl ba sjgg`l rjspjgt`va y quj, pdr tratarsj kj ula pdgatal gjrgala, na s`kd aerupakd gaptubd pdr gaptubd. Jb kdgtdr ]jkrd Zeartjgnj tuvd ba ejlt`bjza kj gdl-

gjkjrfj aggjsd ab hdrf`kaibj argn`vd pdr b rjul`kd jl gdljx`l gdl jb prjs`kjltj Wlgnjz Gjrrd, kjqu`jl huj sjgrjtar`d y kjstagakd gdbaidrakdr. Bd n`zd gdl eral sjdrd, s`l tratar kj `ltjrhjr`r, jl l`lelfdfjltd, jl ba `lkjpjlkjlgà kj ou`g`d kj qu`jl ditjla tal sjabakd sjrv`g`d. Lak`j pdkr jstukàrjstj pjrdkd s`l aguk`r a tal prjgàka hujltj. Nay abb fatjràb para var`ds bìrds, y nuij kj gdlstrj`r f`tarja, pdr andra, a bd quj ataa ab gargtjr ejljrab kj ba prjsjltj dira. Far`d Zrjta fj prdpdrg`dl ulagdpà falusgr`ta kjb atjstakd gdrrjspdlk`jltj a ba fujrtj kjb gdfalkaltj Eustavd A. O`fljz. Kj jstjf`sfd `lhdrtulakd ojhj dituvj jb fal`h`jstd gdl quj sj `lsurrjgg`dl jl Gaoafarga eragàs a ba ejlt`bjzakj su njrfald kdl Bjdlg`d [. O`fljz, pdr `ltjrfjk`d idlkakdsd kjb gdltrabf`raltj Hjkjr`gd Wabflkj ba Oara. Zla gdpà kj dtrd jsgr`td, ba prdgbafa kjb gdfalkaltj O`fljz jl ba f`sfa pdga, bbje a f`pdkjr pdr agg`l kj Jkfulkd Arala Edlzabjs, qu`jl ba dituvd jl Gaoafarga kj ba agug`ds`kak kj Oub`d


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[DFD 1 LD[AW ]YJB@ F@LAYJW9=

G. Eujrrjrd. Kdgufjltds k`vjrsds kj sufa `fpdrtalgà sdirj jb pjrdkd 107=-1077 fj hujrdl suf`l`s-trakds, gdl ejljrds`kak, pdr bds kdgtdrjs Yahajb Ijbalkj, @elag`d A. Iralkar`z y Abijrtd Zbbda. Lufjrdsdsnal s`kd bds katds drabjs suf`l`strakds pdr agtdrjs d tjstèds.

K`gnds dlgj gaptubds, pdr razdljs divàs, sdl sdbd tjxtds prdv`s`dlabjs.Jl rjbag`l gdl jb hjlfjld kjb alarqu`sfd jl jb ]jr, nj ut`b`zakd bas pe`las kjk`gakas a lujstrd

pas jl jb vdbufjl 11 kj ba dira falusgr`ta kj Fax Ljttbau sdirj n`stdrà ejljrab kj jsj fdv`f`jltd

euarkaka jl jb @lst`tutd @ltjrlag`dlab kj N`stdrà Wdgàb quj hulg`dla jl fstjrkaf. Bas gdpàs rjspjgt`vashujrdl prdpdrg`dlakas pdr gdrtjsa kjb sjdr Yukdbh kj Odle, ojhj kjb Kjpartafjltd kjk`gakd ab alarqu`s-fd jl Jspaa y Afr`ga Bat`la jl k`gnd @lst`tutd. Ak`g`dlabjs katds prdv`l`jrdl kj ba puib`gag`l jhjgtua-ka pdr ba Hjkjrag`l Alarqu`sta kjb ]jr iaod jb ttubd Jb alargds`lk`gab`sfd jl jb ]jr (Fx`gd, 1081), guyaspe`las suf`l`stral ulas pdgas bugjs, ld tdkas bas quj hujrdl ljgjsaràs, sdirj ul fdv`f`jltd sdgàb j`kjdbe`gd quj kjij sjr jstukàkd a hdlkd kjskj jb pultd kj v`sta n`str`gd.

Jltrj bds dtrds bìrds jk`takds jl jb jxtralojrd quj nal s`kd ut`b`zakds, sj kjstaga jb kj sgar IjrfkjzF`rab N`stdrà kjb Wab`trj kjskj sus drejljs nasta ba eujrra kjb ]agh`gd (Waltàed, Zl`vjrs`kak kj Gn`bj,1087)3 jb autdr tuvd ba jxtrjfa ejlt`bjza kj kjk`garfj ul jojfpbar gdl ba ah`rfag`l n`pjrib`ga kj qujf` dira farga rufids a ba n`stdr`deraha afjr`gala? Dtrd apdrtj rjg`jltj a ba n`stdrà jgdlf`ga js jb kjU. F. Fatnjw t`tubakd Alebd-]jruvàl Gdfjrgàb alk H`lalgàb Yjbat`dls w`tn spjgàb tdAltndly Eìis alktnj euald trakj (Bdlkrjs, 108;). Fuy t`b na s`kd, para rjv`sar jb pjrdkd idb`varàld, ba faelh`ga jk`g`l

hags`f`bar kj ba Eagjta kjb Edi`jrld kjb ]jr(1>97-1>98) njgna jl 1085 pdr ba Hulkag`l Juejl`d Fjlkdzakj Garagas, jojfpbar fujstra iìb`derh`ga avabaka pdr bds jxgjbjltjs prbdeds kj Gr`stiab B. Fjlkdza yHb`x Kjljer` Bula y quj prjsjlta ba ldvjkak kj k`vubear, gdfpbjta, as`f`sfd, ba Eagjta puib`gaka pdrY`va-Aejrd jl [ruo`bbd. [afi`l nal sjrv`kd para jb prjsjltj tjxtd bds kds vdbfjljs jk`takds jl 1088pdr jb Fusjd Lavab kj Fakr`k gdl kdgufjltds rjbat`vds a ba gafpaa kjb ]agh`gd (1>87-1>85). (Js bafjl-taibj quj nayal s`kd df`t`kds bds quj gdrrjspdlkjl ab pjrdkd jl quj Wabazar y Fazarrjkd y ]`lzljstuv`jrdl jl jb gdfalkd kj ba jsguakra jspadba). Wdirj jb f`sfd tjfa gaij g`tar ula dira quj kjsgd-ldga ab puib`gar ba jk`g`l altjr`dr? jb bìrd kj Farc O. Xal Acjl, ]al-N`spal sf, ts Drè`l alk Kjvjbdpfjlttd 1>88(Ijrcjbjy, Gab`hdrlà, 10:0) gdl kdgufjltds `lk`tds kj argn`vds jspadbjs. @loustd sjra, pdr dtrapartj, s`bjlgàr jb jbde`d ab jxnaust`vd jstuk`d kj Bu`s Fdleu` t`tubakd Kdl Ods Odaqul kj Fdra y jb ]jrkjb Dgndg`jltds (Fakr`k 1085) Jltrj bas kjfs jk`g`dljs njgnas jl jb tjxtd, vabj ba pjla rjsabtar, jl jbgaptubd sdirj ba n`stdrà kj ba `kja kj ]atrà (a f` ou`g`d, uld kj bds gark`labjs jl N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga)

jb gdfjltar`d agjrga kj ba tjs`s kjb jf`ljltj n`stdràkdr hralgs ]`jrrj Gnaulu gdlgjrl`jltj a ba@lkjpjlkjlgà kj ba Afr`ga jspadba.

Zla kj bas ldtas garagtjrst`gas kjb prjsjltj bìrd js ba kj bbafar ba atjlg`l kjb bjgtdr nagà bds abza-f`jltds fubt`tuk`lar`ds kj 1>95, 1>7;, 1>:;, 1>8:, 1>59 (gdltra bds Eut`rrjz) y 1>0:. W` i`jl l`lel fdv`-f`jltd jl jb ]jr rjpuib`gald tuvd bas garagtjrst`gas kj ula rjvdbug`l sdgàb, kjstgasj bds ya fjlg`dla-kds pdrquj jl jbbds aparjg`jrdl gdl prjsjlgà kjg`s`va, jl ul l`vjb lag`dlab y gdl garagtjrst`gas pbji`sg`-taràs, bds irazds y jb hjrvdr kjb pujibd, jb dbdr kj fubt`tuk. Jb kj 1>95 huj `lgrujltd3 pjrd kj jldrfj tras-gjlkjlgà para jb kjst`ld kjb ]jr. Jl 1>7;,1>:;, 1>8: y 1>0:, nuid vjrkakjras eujrras g`v`bjs jl bas qujsure`jrdl a vjgjs kj ba laka, jorg`tds kj ejltj kj aiaod. Ba rjijb`l kj 1>59 gdltra bds Eut`rrjz sj bdga-b`z jl B`fa, y s` i`jl nuid pdgds fujrtds, jltrj jbbds bds trjs gdrdljbjs y jb prjs`kjltj Iabta, sèl`h`g uljstabb`kd gdbjgt`vd gdl abeulas garagtjrst`gas s`f`barjs a bas kjb 9> kj jljrd kj 1>7; tafi`l sure`kd jl bagap`tab a ba quj abeulds nal agusakd kj hr`vdb`kak d `ljrgà. [dkd bd altjr`dr ld `fpb`ga ah`rfar quj jl bds

kjfs hjlfjlds suivjrs`vds ld jx`st` fs quj ba fjra agg`l kj ba hujrza iruta. ]dr fugnd quj sj`lvdquj ba habta kj ula gdlg`jlgà gv`ga kjltrd kj bas fasas rurabjs, sdirj tdkd jl ba s`jrra, sure` uladp`l`l pib`ga quj sj hdrf y jxprjs jl bas gùkakjs y jl bds sjgtdrjs gubtds d sjf`gubtds kj ba pdiba-g`l. Jsa dp`l`l pib`ga ld sdbd agtu jl bas dgas`dljs altjk`gnas. Bds fdt`ljs f`b`tarjs quj sj sugjk`j-rdl, pdr jojfpbd, jl 1>;7, gdltardl gdl su ijljpbg`td oui`bdsd. Jl ba eujrra g`v`b kj 1>>:-1>>8, jbba agdf-pa jl hdrfa airufakdra a bas nujstjs kj Ggjrjs y huj jsqu`va altj bas kj @ebjsàs. Jl aedstd kj 107=aparjg` jspdltlja j `fpdljltj para rdkjar a Wlgnjz Gjrrd kjspus kj su prdlulgàf`jltd jlArjqu`pa. Nuid dtras dgas`dljs jl quj sdirjv`ld gdfd ul tre`gd kjsearrarsj jl jb abfa lag`dlab. Basgdlt`jlkas Wabavjrry - Walta Gruz - Eafarra - Drijedsd y bas kds gafpaas rjstaurakdras hujrdl a bd baredkj g`lgd ads (1>7:-1>70), kdbdrdsas eujrras g`v`bjs `ltjrlag`dlabjs gdl pjrualds jsg`lk`kds jl kds y nasta


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JB GDl[YAs[J Jl[YJ N`s]AlDAFY`GA P JB IYAs`B.-Ydtd jb s`stjfa fe`gd kj rjbag`l rjbè`d-sd-fdlrqu`gd jltrj Jspaa y Afr`ga, bas altèuas prdv`lgàs kjb `fpjr`d jspadb sj kjsfjfirardlpdrquj ab jfalg`parsj ld jlgdltrardl dtra hj u dtra `kja quj bas faltuv`jra a tdkas oultas. Jb Iras`b, jlgafi`d, jv`t, jsj hjlfjld kj iabgal`zag`l y gdlsjrv y ah`rf su ul`kak pdr ba jfèrag`l kjb fdlar-ga kj ]drtueab y kj su gdrtj altj ba `lvas`l lapdbjl`ga gdl jb apdyd ir`tl`gd3 y pdr naijr euarkakd, ab`lkjpjlk`zarsj, ba rjabjza y jb `fpjr`d quj gdlsjrv nasta 1>>0.

[dkd nui`jsj pdk`kd `lk`gar ula tjlkjlg a ab sjgg`dlab`sfd jl ba gdbdl zag`l pdrtueujsa jl jb Iras b.]drtueab jra ul Jstakd fugnd fjlds pdpubdsd quj Jspaa3 su re`fjl gdbdlàb prjsjltaia ula jstrugtu-ra fugnd fjlds rdiusta y kjsarrdbbaka quj jb n`spl`gd y abeulas kj bas autdr`kakjs rje`dlabjs jl jb Iras`bedzaial kj sjfàutdldfa y nasta tjlal gdrrjspdlkjlgà k`rjgta gdl ba fjtrpdb`. ]dr dtra partj, Yd kjOalj`rd sdbd tdf garagtjrst`gas kj gap`tab lag`dlab y sj kjh`l` gbarafjltj gdfd abed k`st`ltd kjb `ltjr`dr3kj bas prdv`lgàs d kjb gafpd gdl ba bbjeaka kjb ]rlg`pj Yjejltj, kdl Oual y su Gdrtj.

A pjsar kj ba k`vubeag`l kjb `k`dfa gastjbbald y kj ba s`f`bar drkjlag`l gubturab, ourk`ga y pdbt`ga,nuid, kjskj jb sèbd ^X@, jbjfjltds quj hujrdl kjh`l`jlkd ula h`sdldfa fubt`hdrfj jl bds tjrr`tdr`dsafjr`galds kjb `fpjr`d jspadb. Zld kj bds erfjljs kj jsta var`jkak jstuvd jl ba prdpà afpb`tuk kjbkdf`l`d jspadb jl Afr`ga, quj k`d buear a ba var`jkak kj our`sk`gg`dljs grjaka para jb Edi`jrld y badreal`zag`l kj jstds tjrr`tdr`ds d pdr ba fjtrpdb`. Bds X`rrj`latds, bas Auk`jlgàs y bas Gap`talasEjljrabjs sure`jrdl gdfd prdv`lgàs faydrjs kjb `fpjr`d n`spl`gd. Jsgasa d luba huj ba rjbag`l quj

tuv`jrdl jltrj s, ya sja pdr bas eralkjs k`stalgàs, pdr ba k`h`gubtak kj fjk`ds kj tralspdrtj y gdful`ga-g`l, d pdr ula prjv`sdra susp`gagà.

Jb sjeulkd jbjfjltd para ba ausjlgà kj ndfdejlj`kak huj ba gdjx`stjlgà, jl bas k`st`ltas rje`dljskj ba f`sfa sdg`jkak afjr`gala, kj jbjfjltds sdgàbjs y gubturabjs prjn`spl`gds `ltagtds d sjf``ltag-tds3 jbjfjltds gdfuljs a tdka ba gubtura dgg`kjltab3 jbjfjltds n`spl`gds3 jbjfjltds ljerds3 y jbjfjl-tds f`xtds prdvjl`jltjs kj ba gdfi`lag`l kj bds altjr`drfjltj fjlg`dlakds, jl ba prdpdrg`l fsk`vjrsa. Bas varàltjs kj jstas garagtjrst`gas k`jrdl buear a ula eafa varàks`fa sjel bas bdgab`kakjs,gdfargas d prdv`lgàs, kjltrd kj fbt`pbjs gdlk`g`dljs ejderh`gas, jgdlf`gas y sdgàbjs3 pjrd, a pjsarkj jsd, ba k`spjrs`l d a`sbaf`jltd gdfpbjtds, ld bbjeardl a prdkug`rsj. Naia ul vlgubd ul`t`vd v`sìbjquj jra jb Jstakd.

BAs GDFZl`kAkJs `l[JYFJkÀs Jl[YJ BA FJ[Y]DB` Js]ADBA P JB `F]JY`DZB[YAFAY`lD.-Jl Afr`ga jb Jstakd (aulquj tjr`gafjltj jra ul rjhbjod kjb @fpjr`d fjtrdpdb`tald)para bds jhjgtds prgt`gds kjb re`fjl akf`l`strat`vd y sdgàb, hulg`dl a travs kj k`vjrsas rjas qujpdkral sjr bbafakas gdful`kakjs `ltjrfjkàs ui`gakas jltrj ba fjtrpdb` y ba v`ka bdgab. K`gnas gdfu-l`kakjs ltjrfjkàs jlsafibrdlsj jl bas rje`dljs kj fs abta trak`g`l lkejla -Fx`gd y ]jr- kjltrdkj bds X`rrj`latds3 y jl bas zdla pjr`hr`gas kjltrd kj bas Auk`jlgàs y bas Gap`talas Ejljrabjs. As sj hujrdlkjsarrdbbalkd, jl jb sjld f`sfd kj jsas rjas kj dreal`zag`l `ltjrla gdbdlàb, k`husds erfjljs kjjlt`kakjs jstatabjs gdl prdyjgg`dljs k`vjrsas sdirj ba pdibag`l kj sus rjas. Wu jbjfjltd aebut`laltjjstuvd jl ba kjfargag`l trazaka jl Afr`ga pdr jb @fpjr`d jspadb, kjltrd kj ba njtjrdelja lag`dla-b`kak gubturab n`spaldafjr`gala - `lkejla - fjst`za - ljerd`kj. Ba Yjpib`ga kjb ]jr huj ba njrjkjra kjbX`rrj`latd kjb ]jr.

BA `kJl[`kAk N`s[Y`GA kJB ]JY.- Qu tjlal kj gdfl jl 1>9; ul bair`jed kj ]ùra y ulbair`jed kjb Guzgd, pdr jojfpbd4 Fuy pdgd, jv`kjltjfjltj. ]jrd afids y dtrds gdfd jbbds y sus altjpa-sakds v`val kjltrd kjb f`sfd fi`td pdbt`gd-akf`l`strat`vd y ld l`gafjltj kjskj jb sèbd ^X@ s`ldkjskj fugnds sèbds altjs kj bds @lgas. Jstj fdbkj `fpabpaibj `lhbuy, kj ula faljra u dtra, sdirj sul`jz, su ouvjltuk, su akdbjsgjlgà, su algàl`kak y sdirj bas kj sus haf`bàrjs. `Gultds sdl bds pujibdsjurdpjds, as`t`gds y ahr`galds quj garjgjl kj jsa barea gdlt`lu`kak jl su kjst`ld n`str`gd! Ld habtal, pdrjb gdltrar`d, bds quj nbbalsj aebut`lakds apjlas kjskj nagj pdgds ads. Kj dtrd bakd, aqujb pùrald yaqujb gusqujd, a pjsar kj sus ldtdràs k`hjrjlgàs, sjeurafjltj kjsgjlkal kj sik`tds kjb [anualt`lsuyud kj rj`lds altjr`drjs, bèakds a jsas t`jrras d a dtras jl gdltagtd gdl jbbas3 y tjlal jl su salerj d, pdr bd


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fjlds, jl partj kj sus gubt`vds, su ealakd, sus avjs kdfst`gas, sus vjst`kds, sus v`v`jlkas y dtras gdsas,tabjs d guabjs, aulquj hujsjl fl`fds jbjfjltds gubturabjs prdvjl`jltjs kj bds gdlqu`stakdrjs y gdbdl`-zakdrjs jspadbjs d kj qu`jljs bbjeardl kjspus kj jbbds. Ld huj jb gasd kj ba kdf`lag`l austraga sdirjNulera kjskj jb sèbd ^X@ nasta 101> quj ld abtjr ba `kjlt`kak kj jstj pas, ba raza, jb `k`dfa y ba gdlg`jl-gà faeàrjs. P aulquj ndy sai`ds f`lug`dsds k`sgr`f`ljl lujstrds hagtdrjs autgtdlds iaod k`st`ltds s`l-grjt`sfds, aqujbbas f`sfas parakdoas dstjltal sjfjoalzas jltrj s. Disjrvalkd jb agdltjgjr n`str`gd

kjskj dtrd l`vjb, jl jb ya tal v`jod X`rrj`latd kjb ]jr aiulkaial, pdr g`jrtd, bas k`hjrjlgàs, bas gdltrak`g-g`dljs y bas kjsèuabkakjs. F`dpjs sdl qu`jljs prjtjlkjl èldrarbas. ]jrd jb fjst`zaoj, pdr fs sjlt`kdrjbat`vd d b`f`takd quj sj bj dtdreuj, bj gdlhjra ula pjgubàr`kak s`l sjfjoalza gdl ba jstrugtura kj hr`gakjb Wur kdlkj pdr taltd t`jfpd na rje`kd jb apartnj`k jltrj ba f`ldra ibalga edijrlaltj y bas faydrasljeras k`spjrsas3 y aul gdl jb guakrd quj prjsjltaia y prjsjlta Jstakds Zl`kds kdlkj jra y js hg`b jlgdl-trar ula gdjx`stjlgà i`pdbar quj ui`ga a bds ibalgds kj ul bakd y a bds ljerds j `lk`ds jl dtrd pbald. A jstjbt`fd areufjltd, a vjgjs, rjspdlkjl jsgr`tdrjs ldrtjafjr`galds, gdl su gdfpbjod kj supjr`dr`kak jlrjbag`l gdl Afr`ga Bat`la, quj abb jb lèejr y jb altèud p`jb rdoa saijl jl qu pas sj jlgujltral3f`jltras quj ul aidrèjl kj ]augartafid d kj Aòa, pdr jojfpbd, èldra ba gdlk`g`l kj pjruald. W`ljfiared.sj trata kj ul kdbdrdsd prdibjfa kj alabhaijt`sfd quj t`jlkj a sjr supjrakd erakuabfjltj jlul pas suikjsarrdbbakd y jl ula sdg`jkak fuy bjoala ab fulkd pdst`lkustràb . Jl tdkd gasd, bas falgnasragàbjs qujgnuas y ayfaras jl jb ]jr ld hdrfal lgbjds ndfdeljds, l` gdfpagtds, l` sdl gdlsg`jltjs

kj su pjrsdlab`kak gdbjgt`va. Nbbalsj k`spjrsas j `lgrustakas kj ldrtj a sur, jl zdlas kdlkj v`vjl tafi`lgndbds d fjst`zds kj k`st`ltas var`jkakjs y nasta ibalgds. ]dr jsd, huj vala ba tjltat`va kj ba iurdgragàgdful`sta jl bds gdlerjsds kj Fdltjv`kjd y kj Iujlds A`rjs jl 1090 para jlaridbar jl jstas t`jrras baialkjra jurdpja kj bas f`ldras (faydras4) dpr`f`kas y prdp`gàr ba hdrfag`l kj Yjpib`gas `lkejlas.

Xàojrds gdltjfpdrljds kj @lkdljsà nabbal jl aqujb `lfjlsd tjrr`tdr`d guya `lkjpjlkjlgà ld gujl-ta al fugnds ads, jb grjg`jltj k`stalgàf`jltd jltrj ba faydra fusubfala prjkdf`laltj jl ba pdiba-g`l aulquj ld jl ba v`ka pib`ga agtuab y bds quj v`vjl hujra kjb `sbaf`sfd. Jltrj jstds bt`fds gaij nabbar,kj ul bakd, gr`stàlds3 y, kj dtrd, a qu`jljs t`jlkjl gaka vjz fs a agjrgarsj a ba hj oavaljsa gdl su prdp`djqu`pd kj k`dsjs y kj k`dsas y gdl ragjs al`f`stas j `lhbujlgàs kjb n`lku`sfd y aul kj bds prdsb`tds kjFandfa. Bds gdltrastjs kj drèjl rjbè`dsd ayukal a v`joas hujrzas gjltrhueas kj t`pd tl`gd y ejderh`gd3y sus kjr`vag`dljs erav`tal gdl pdsì`b`kakjs jxpbds`vas jl jb huturd sdirj ba v`ka sdgàb y pdbt`ga. Jl@lkdljsà s nay jldrfj k`h`gubtak para s`qu`jra iusgar ula `kjlt`kak lag`dlab.

Kj dtrd bakd, tafpdgd jx`stjl, jltrj ldsdtrds, agt`vas j `lsabvaibjs r`vab`kakjs kj drèjl gubturab yjxprjs`l b`lest`ga gdfd jb quj sjpara n`str`gafjltj a aleba-galak`jlsjs y a hralgd-galak`jlsjs y bbjeaa ba pdga agtuab.

P kjltrd kj bds fbt`pbjs y eravjs prdibjfas dstjlsìbjs d batjltjs jl jb vasd tjrr`tdr`d kjb X`rrj`latdpjruald quj ba Yjpib`ga njrjk, ld naia l` nay laka sjfjoaltj ab quj s`fidb`zal bds tjrr`tdr`ds, bas pdiba-g`dljs y bds `k`dfas kjb ]as Xasgd y kj Gatabua (y jl fjldr erakd bds kj Eab`gà) jl Jspaa. @euabfjltjld pdsjjfds l` njfds tjl`kd f`grdlag`dlab`sfds gdfd jb irjtl, jb gdrsd y jb vasgd jl Hralgà, jb eabsy jb jsgdgs jl @lebatjrra, jb kj Wark`là y W`g`bà jl @tabà, jb kj hbafjlgds y vabdljs jl Ibe`ga, parakdoab-fjltj rjv`v`kds jl jsta pdga kj bas supjrpdtjlgàs y kjb grjg`f`jltd jl jb fulkd pdst`lkustràb.

Bas Yjpib`gas n`spaldafjr`galas -y jb ]jr ld huj s`ld ula jltrj jbbas- sj s`lt`jrdl, kjskj ba pr`fjrajtapa kj su v`ka `lkjpjlk`jltj, sjparakas j `lk`v`kuab`zakas kjskj jb pultd kj v`sta pdbt`gd y akf`l`stra-t`vd3 k`hjrjltjs kj dtras gdbjgt`v`kakjs njrfalas, `lgbus`vj kj bas quj hujrdl, jl bds fdfjltds jpdgabjs kj

ba spjra y barea eujrra gdltra bds jspadbjs kj 1>9= a 1>9;,aux`bàrjs d abàkas? Ld huj sdbd pdr ba vdbul-tak kj ndfirjs afi`g`dsds quj tjlal bas arfas jl bas falds3 hulg`dl tafi`l jb vdtd kj bds Gdlerjsdsy bds gai`bkds, jlt`kakjs jstas, kj t`pd bdgab, njrjkakas kjb re`fjl gdbdlàb as gdfd jb gbafdr kj bdsGai`bkds Ai`jrtds3 asafibjas fubt`part`karàs jl bas gùkakjs eralkjs y pjqujas. A pjsar kj ba ausjlgàkj ula ul`kak kj raza jl gaka hbafaltj Jstakd, l`leuld kj bds jrè`kds a part`r kj 1>95 kjsaparjg`3 y,altjs i`jl, sure`jrdl dtrds kjspus. As, ld distaltj quj tdkds pdsjal dh`gàbfjltj jb f`sfd `k`dfa, v`ldba k`hjrjlgàg`l kj jlt`kakjs jstatabjs. Nasta bbjeardl, kjfasàkd prdltd, aisurkafjltj, a eujrrjar vjg`-lds gdltra vjg`lds. Jl jsas gafpaas, tab gdfd dgurr`jrdl jltrj 1>1= P 1>9: P tafi`l jl bas hrjgujltjsodrlakas kj bas qujrjbbas `ltjrlas, jstuv`jrdl oultds qu`jljs jb rjgbutaf jltd gaptur jl jb ldrtj, jl jbgjltrd d jl jb sur.


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[DFD 1 LD[AW ]YJB@ F@LAYJW9;

BAs ]JYs]JG[`XAs kJB ]Y`FJY ]JYDkD YJ]ZIB`GAlD. -Ld js kaibj df`t`r ba n`stdrà pdbt`gagdl ba h`lab`kak kj agbarar sufarà fjltj bd quj pas, dpjrag`l fdkjsta, gdfd iasj d tjrrjld paraguabqu`jr jstuk`d sdirj gfd pas d pdr qu pas. Bbjva jl s y jbbd js `ljv`taibj, ula larrag`l kj agdl-tjg`f`jltds. Kjskj quj jl 1090 sj hulk jl ]ars ba rjv`sta Allabjspdr Farg Ibdgn y Bug`jl Hjivrj, najstakd kj fdka jltrj bds n`stdràkdrjs quj sj gdls`kjraial ld trak`g`dlabjs, kjsprjgàrba. Jl jb fdfjl-

td agtuab, nay ul rjldvakd `ltjrs pdr jb agdltjg`f`jltd gdls`kjrakd gdfd lk`gj d `t`ljrar`d, js kjg`rpartj jsjlgàb kj ba jstrugtura3 ab rjspjgtd iasta g`tar jb bìrd kj ]aub Xjylj, Gdffjlt dl gr`t bn`std`rjaparjg`kd jl 1051. Jb agdltjg`f`jltd, na jsgr`td dtrd n`stdràkdr odvjl, ]`jrrj Ldva, jl ula dira kj 105;,js ul prdkè`dsd rjvjbakdr quj nagj jfjrejr irutabfjltj ula sjr`j kj hjlfjlds sure`kds kj bas prd-hulk`kakjs y kj bds jleralaojs kj ba jstrugtura. Abed fs? pujkj sjr tafi`l ul rjvjbakdr ya quj dhrjgjul fujstrjd kj bds fdkds kj sjr, kj v`v`r y kj agtuar3 pdsì`b`ta gafi`ds y futag`dljs, k`laf`sfds yagg`dljs kj hrjlaoj, y, a vjgjs, gdbaidra jl ba prdkugg`l d jl bds b`ljaf`jltds kj aqujbba jstrugtura d jbtrls`td a dtra. Ba g`jlgà n`stdr`derh`ga kjb huturd tjlkr quj sjr ul buear kj gdlhrdltag`l y kj rjhbjx`lsdirj bas gdljx`dljs jltrj jb agdltjg`f`jltd, jsj fujrtd quj, jl su ndra, jstuvd trjfjlkafjltj v`vd, ybas jstrugturas guyd alb`s`s ld kjij `r a ul avjlturjr`sfd pjbèrdsd, s`ld jlra`zarsj jl ftdkds gdfprd-iakds y algbar prukjltjfjltj jl ba grdldbdea y jl ba rjab`kak quj jbba sèl`h`g, rjab`kak a vjgjs k`stdr-s`dlaka pdr qu`jljs trasbakal ab ayjr, agt`tukjs, kdgtr`las d pas`dljs kj ndy. Gaka `lk`v`kud, gaka ejlj-

rag`l v`vj su t`jfpd y kjltrd kj su t`jfpd.Jst kj fdka andra naibar gdl kjsprjg`d kj ba n`stdrà quj sj dgupa kj bds pdbt`gds, kj bds k`pbdf-

t`gds, kj bds ejljrabjs. Jl rjab`kak, autdr hrvdbd sjr jb quj sj dgupj kj bas f`lugàs jl ba v`ka kj jsdspjrsdlaojs y kj dtrds suojtds albdeds. ]jrd ld kjij sjr dbv`kakd pdr bds n`stdràkdrjs y pdr qu`jljs ajbbds agukal quj, kjtrs, kj bas agg`dljs u df`s`dljs kj jsds sjrjs kj garlj y nujsd, fs d fjlds hre`bjs,pukd jstar jl fbt`pbjs dgas`dljs jb kjst`ld kj ul pas d kj ula ejljrag`l. Zl ldvjb`sta gdfd Wtjlknab,pdr jojfpbd, na pdk`kd kjsgrì`r fae`strabfjltj ba iatabba kj Uatjrbdd a travs kj ba jxpjr`jlgà pjrsd-labs`fa kj Hair`g`d kjb Kdled, `lgdljxa, gdlhusa, sdrprjs`va, aisurka. Ld na nai`kd pe`las fjodrjssdirj gasds `lk`v`kuabjs ari`traràfjltj jlqu`stakds jl trasgjlkjltjs sugjsds. ]jrd ula iatabba, guab-qu`jr iatabba, as gdfd tafi`l bas gafpaas, bds tratakds, bas kjgbarag`dljs kj eujrra, bas ljedgàg`dljsdh`gàbjs jsgdlkjl, abàkd kj sus aspjgtds hdrfabjs ul sèl`h`gakd prdp`d kjr`vakd kj ba rjpjrgus`lgdbjgt`va quj puk`jrdl tjljr, ld sdbd jl jb drkjl pdbt`gd j `ltjrlag`dlab, s`ld tafi`l kjltrd kj bds

l`vjbjs jgdlf`gds, sdgàbjs, gubturabjs, jtg.Ld js bg`td dbv`kar quj ba vèdrdsa rjagg`l gdltra ba n`stdr`deraha pdbt`ga trak`g`dlab sure` jl pasjs

-Hralgà jspjgàbfjltj- kdlkj jbba tjla ul gaukab `lfjlsd. K`st`ltd rjsubta jb guakrd kj zdlas suikjsa-rrdbbakas jl bas quj jb gdldg`f`jltd kjb ayjr ljgjs`ta, kj njgnd, `l`gàrsj, s` iusga autjlt`g`kak, part`r kjba g`hra D. Xala sjra ba tralsgr`pg`l kj grt`gas ya fuy k`vubeakas jltrj bds n`stdràkdrjs quj tratal kjsupjrar jb alabhaijt`sfd kj ld jsgasds gdbjeas hrjltj a su g`jlgà. Ndy, ula ejljrag`l odvjl alnjba, pdrjlg`fa kj ba v`joa n`stdrà pdbt`ga, supjrar jb dbv`kd kj bds jbjfjltds quj gdlk`g`dlal jb agdltjgjr3 lgdr-pdrar a su tarja bd quj sèl`h`gal bas fasas y ba sdg`jkak ebdiab3 iusgar, jl bd pdsìbj, ba gdfparag`l y asrdfpjr gdl jb `ltjrs jxgbus`vd jl bas gdsas part`gubarjs3 afpbàr jb paldrafa kj bd `lfjkàtd y jxtjlkjr-bd a bd fjkàtd. Zl pjlsakdr gdltjfpdrljd jf`ljltj, Yayfdlk Ardl, na ah`rfakd? Ld nay razlabeula, be`ga d jp`stjfdbe`ga, para ah`rfar quj jb gdldg`f`jltd n`str`gd kj bds hjlfjlds jgdlf`-gds y sdgàbjs bbjvj jl s ul gargtjr fs g`jlth`gd quj jb kj bas eujrras d bas rjvdbug`dljs? Ba n`stdrà tdtab

-quj js ba vjrkakjra- ld kjij tratar kj èldrar laka kj bd quj n`g`jrdl bds ndfirjs d bas gdbjgt`v`kakjs,fjlds al aqujbbd quj kjg`k` ba sujrtj kj jbbds, j `fpb`g jb jojrg`g`d kjb pdkjr y su rjpartd.

]dr bd kjfs, jsta partj `l`gàb kjb bìrd trata, sdirj tdkd, kj iusgar ul drkjl jl jb gads kj bds agdltj-g`f`jltds y agbarar jb sure`f`jltd y ba jvdbug`l kj bds k`st`ltds part`kds, ialkds d zdlas kj dpds`g`l, bas`kjas y bds jshujrzds gdlst`tug`dlabjs as gdfd ba rjagg`l kj ba rjab`kak hrjltj a jbbds, a bd bared kjb pjrdkdquj va kjb jstaibjg`f`jltd kj ba Yjpib`ga a ba v`gtdrà `lkjpjlkjlt`sta y sus gdlsjgujlgàs `lfjkàtas.

Jl ba dtra sjgg`l, kjk`gaka ab pr`fjr g`gbd kj ba v`ka rjpuib`gala, nay ul jxafjl sufar`d kj bas iasjsejderh`gas, jgdlf`gas y nagjlkaràs kjb ]jr gualkd sure` a ba v`ka lag`dlab3 kj bas iasjs sdgàbjs ygubturabjs kj ba gdjx`stjlgà jltrj ba @ebjsà y jb Jstakd kjltrd kj ba f`sfa pdga3 as gdfd kj bds pr`lg`p`dsgark`labjs quj tjr`gafjltj oust`h`gardl a jsta bt`fa jlt`kak bbafaka ba `lst`tug`l kj bas `lst`tug`dljs.


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Bìjrakd kj bds jspadbjs, jb ]jr suhr` pr`fjrd ba erav`tag`l gjltrhuea nagà jb ldrtj y bujed nagàjb sur. ]ara jstukàrba rjalkasj jb jsqujfa kj bd dgurr`kd pdbt`gafjltj kjspus kj jljrd kj 1>95 ysj prdbdlea nasta 1>;9, jl quj ya v`jlj ba kjh`l`g`l kj ba `lst`tug`dlab`kak pjruala. Jb bìrd jltra jlbds aspjgtds `ltjrlds j `ltjrlag`dlabjs, kuraltj aqujbba pdga y sjaba, abàkd kj ba agg`l kj bas hagg`d-ljs pjrsdlab`stas d kdgtr`laràs, jxprjsaka d ld jl Gdlst`tug`dljs, y kjb fdkd kj sjr gdbjgt`vd, jb papjbkj abeulas `lk`v`kuab`kakjs k`rjgt`vas. Ba erav`tag`l, dr`jltaka pr`fjrd nagà ba Eral Gdbdfià gdl ul

rjs`kud hdrfakd pdr jb b`tè`d quj grja jb Jguakdr, sj vujbga bujed nagà Idb`và. Jb jxafjl kj jstj`fpdrtalts`fd tjfa ld sj b`f`ta a ba pdbt`ga, a ba v`ka `ltjrlag`dlab d k`pbdft`ga ya ba ejdn`stdrà.@lgbuyj ul jsqujfa sdirj ba h`sdldfa kjb pas nasta 1>;13 ba tjdra kj bds dreal`sfds pib`gds, basgbasjs sdgàbjs3 bds tralspdrtjs, bas gdful`gag`dljs3 ba jgdldfa3 ba Nag`jlka pib`ga. Aerjea, jl sjeu`-ka, ldtas sdirj ba prdkugg`l gubturab, ba jkugag`l y bds jstaibjg`f`jltds kj gubtura kjltrd kjb fargdgrdldbe`gd ya `lk`gakd.

Jb autdr rujea a sus bjgtdrjs quj tdfjl jl gujlta bds kjrrdtjrds kj jstj bìrd, guyds l`vjbjs sdl para-bjbds. Nay qu`jljs bd gjlsural pdrquj, a`sblkdbds, ld k`d ul`kak a jbbds3 bd guab nui`jra `fpb`gakd sjr`jssugjs`vas kj jsqujfas taiubarjs d parabjbds kj n`stdrà pdbt`ga j `ltjrlag`dlab, n`stdrà sdgàb y jgdlf`-ga j n`stdrà gubturab jl gdfpart`fjltds jstalgds. A pjsar kj k`gnas rjsjrvas, `ls`stj jl sjeu`r jstj ftd-kd ggb`gd ya quj dhrjgj ul jsidzd kj s`lhdla d kj p`ltura furab agjrga kj bds sugjs`vds pjrdkds kjltrdkjb guab nay algnds vasds gdful`galtjs, js kjg`r, ula `ljv`taibj rjbag`l jltrj bas varàkas hasjs kj gaka

uld kj jbbds, pdr fs k`staltjs quj jstl bas pe`las rjspjgt`vas3 sjabjs para iusgar bds jbjfjltds qujgdlst`tuyjrdl hujrzas k`lf`gas d kj jstaelag`l quj, kj ul fdkd u dtrd, bbjvardl ab pas kj ul jqu`bìr`da dtrd jqu`bìr`d d, a vjgjs, kj ul kjsjqu`bìr`d a dtrd kjsjqu`bìr`d. Bd quj sj qu`jrj aqu js f`rar taltdbas gdyulturas gdfd bas jstrugturas, d sja, tdfar jb pubsd kj ba v`ka pjruala y rastrjar su prdgjsd. Jstjbìrd ld apb`ga ula kdgtr`la prjhair`gaka, s`ld qu`jrj quj jb bjgtdr ditjlea su prdpà dp`l`l agjrga kjbas `ltjrrjbag`dljs jltrj bas hujrzas kj avalgj, jstalgaf`jltd d rjtrdgjsd, gdfd jbjfjltds kj irjvj dbarea kurag`l.


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27/305

N@W[DY@A KJ BA YJ]IB@GA KJB ]JY S1>99-10

Odrej IasakrjErdnfallS=1


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N`stdrà kj ba Yjpib`ga kjb ]jr S1>99-1077V[dfd 1

Autdr? Odrej Iasakrj Erdnfall Faràla Iasakrj Irazz`l` Odrej Abijrtd Iasakrj Irazz`l` Odsj Edlzabd Iasakrj Irazz`l` Ala Fara Iasakrj Irazz`l` - Zhald kj IasakrjKjrjgnds rjsjrvakds para jsta jk`g`l a ]rdkugg`dljs Galtairà WAG

Jbaidrag`l kj gdltjl`kdsK`rjgg`l ejljrab? Ijrlarkd Ydga Yjy F`r QujsakaEjst`l kj prdyjgtd? Yab Gastrd ]rjzYjab`zag`l jojgut`va? Odrej Gdrljod GabbjYjkagg`l j `lvjstèag`l? Ojlly Xar`bbas ]azAs`stjlgà? Hralg`sgd @zqu`jrkd Quja, Kar`jbba Hbdrjs Hbdrjs,Ala ]adba Kuralk Wgn`lcjbK`sjd? Xjruzca Ldr`jea Yu`z, Gbaukà Iurea-G`sljrds ]`zarrdKàerafag`l? Xjruzca Ldr`jea Yu`zKàerafag`l ab g`jrrj? Ejrarkd Gr`stiab ]agnjgdHdtderaha? Gjg`bà Kuralk [drrjs, ]adba Labvartj Aiak@lvjstèag`l hdtderh`ga? Iruld Wlgnjz Falr`qujGddrk`lag`l kj hdtderaha? Gardb`la Ggjrjs GgjrjsGu`kakd kj jk`g`l? Ala Bdb` Gnau, Ydsjbba k` ]adbd Hjrrar`

Asjsdra n`str`ga? Ngtdr Bpjz FartljzGddrk`lag`l kj agtuab`zag`l n`stdr`derh`ga? Garbds GdltrjrasGarralzaYjkagg`l j `lvjstèag`l kj agtuab`zag`dljs n`stdr`derh`gaspara jstj tdfd? Garbds Gdltrjras Garralza (pe`las :;, 58, 11=, 11>,18=, 9==, 91;, 99;, 97;, 9;>, y 98;)

Ejrjltj kj ]rdkugtds Dptat`vds? Yjlzd Far`tjeu` IdssWuiejrjltj kj ]rdkugtds Dptat`vds? Kdra L`qul EujvaraJk`tdr t`tubar kjb ]rdyjgtd Jk`tdràb?]rdkugg`dljs Galtairà W.A.G.Or. F`r Qujsaka 9;5, kptd. ;=5, B`fa 1

]r`fjra jk`g`l? Ldv`jfirj, 9=1;

@WIL kjb prjsjltj tdfd vjrs`l j-iddc? 05>-819-7=8-7:;-9@WIL kj ba dira gdfpbjta vjrs`l j-iddc? 05>-819-7=8-7:7-:

[DKDW BDW KJYJGNDW YJWJYXAKDWJstj bìrd na s`kd puib`gakd jxgbus`vafjltj para ]rdkugg`dljs Galtairà

W.A.G. Ld pujkj sjr rjprdkug`kd, rje`strakd l` tralsf`t`kd pdr ul s`stjfa

kj rjgupjrag`l kj `lhdrfag`l, jl l`leula hdrfa l` pdr l`lel fjk`d,

sja fjgl`gd, hdtdquf`gd, jbjgtrl`gd, faelt`gd, jbjgtrdpt`gd, pdr

hdtdgdpà d guabqu`jr dtrd, s`l pjrf`sd prjv`d y pdr jsgr`td kj bds autdrjs.


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9 LK@GJ [DFD 1

]Y@FJY ]JYDKDBA ]DGA HZLKAG@DLABKJ BA YJ]IB@GA(1>99-1>;9)

GA][ZBD 1JB GNDQZJ Jl[YJ JB FZlkD kJ BAs `kJAs`F]JYÀB`s[As Jl JB GDlEYJsD GDls[`[ZPJl[J P JBFZlkD kJ BDs NJGNDs (1>99-9:)

78 Jb ejljrab Ods kj Wal Fartl S @ V

75 Ba pr`fjra gdlvdgatdrà a ba gùkakala75 Bds pr`fjrds erupds pdbt`gds jl jb ]jr

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Historia de La República Del Perú T 1

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