Hist2 13 relationship between filipino and american leadership
-
Upload
yvan-gumbao -
Category
Government & Nonprofit
-
view
588 -
download
0
Transcript of Hist2 13 relationship between filipino and american leadership
Collaboration and Compromise
It should be noted that some of the elite, or ilustrados, joined the revolution only when they saw the possibility of success.
Their participation also characterized by their willingness to compromise with the revolution especially to ensure their interests.
Collaboration and Compromise The ilustrados helped in reorganizing
the local government In November 1898, the Negros elite
organized themselves into a provincial government that was against the Aguinaldo government. In 1899, the American flag was raised in Bacolod
Accomodation
American colonial policy was designed to win the support of the Filipinos
Elite personalities were rewarded with important positions in the government
William H. Taft, adopted the “policy of attraction” (Philippines for the Filipinos)
Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act) established the Philippine Assembly in 1907
American officials allowed the establishment of the Federal Party whose platform was annexation
Accomodation
American also implemented Filipinization
The Supreme Court (1899) was composed of 9 judges, 6 of whom were Filipinos but was decreased into 3 after the Reorganization Act of 1901. However, the number of Filipinos in lower courts increased.Provincial and municipal governments were under Filipinos control
By 1913, the Philippine Commission was Filipinized
During the term of Governor-General Francis B. Harisson (1913-1921), there was rapid FilipinizationThe Jones Law (1916), created a bicameral and an-all Filipino legislature
Accomodation
Suffrage was granted suffrage but only to males (21 and above), the propertied, and those who could speak, read, and write in English and Spanish.
The Americans were also successful in co-opting the ruling elite in the cultural communities.
Min
danaoAmerican
teachers and missionaries provided social services and education with the assistance of Sultans and datus
Cord
illeraThey used their military firepower and goodwill to establish political structures
SuluUnder Bates
Treaty, Americans were allowed in trade and commerce but not to interfere with internal affairs
Min
danaoCarpenter-
Kiram Agreement in 1915, US extended total sovereignty over all territories of the sultanate
Miguel Malvar
Batangas and Laguna
Luciano San Miguel
Rizal and Bulacan
Artemio Ricarte
Vicente Lucban
Samar
Resistance of Former Officials of the Revolutionary Army
Resistance with Nativistic Features
Many rebel leaders had the support of the peasants
Salvador Felipe (a.k.a Apo Ipe), who organized a movement called Santa Iglesia, or Holy Church and was regarded by peasants as their Robin Hood and Messiah
Ruperto Rios established a municipal government in Quezon who claimed to be the “Son of God” and gave his men amulets to make them invulnerable
Resistance with Nativistic FeaturesPapa Iso, in Negros, had a group
called babaylanes or pulahanes burned haciendas owned by pro-American elite
Pulahan movements emerged in Cebu, Panay, Leyte, and Samar (called Dios-dios)
Resistance of the Muslims and other cultural groups
American policy was
to neutralize Muslim
resistance through the Bates Treaty
of 1899
Resistance prevailed in Cotabato,
Maguindanao, and Lanao
Lumads, like Mandayas
and Subanons, also rose against
American government
Beginnings
Americans suppressed the nationalist political parties
In 1906, the ban was lifted and the Nacionalista Party was established who called for “immediate independence” while the Federalists, who later called their party “Partido Nacional Progresista” called for “eventual independence”
Osmeña-Quezon Rift
With the creation of Senate under Jones Law in 1916, Quezon became the Senate President
Quezon challenged the leadership of Osmeña (was called dictatorial), who since the time of Taft was the undisputed leader of the Filipinos
Osmeña defended that his style of leadership as representative in nature for the majority of the majority party represented public opinion.
Nature/Characteristics of Colonial Politics
Political parties emphasized independence
No ideological differences among parties
There were turncoatism, coalitions, and party splits
Discrepancy existed• Americans warned Quezon, who was then the
majority floor leader, that his opposition to free trade would be “dangerous” to his career, thus, the Assembly privately agreed to support free trade
• On the question of independence, Filipinos leaders advocated it as gimmick to win voted
Nature/Characteristics of Colonial Politics
Senator Claro M. Recto hinted anomalies committed by the majority party (i.e Nacionalista Party)
In his book The Cornerstone of the Philippine Independence: A Narrative of Seven Years, Gov.Gen. Francis Harrsion Burton (1913-1921) enumerated the defects of the Philippine Legislature
Historical Background
Americans wanted to duplicate in the Philippines the ideals of democratic self-rule
In 1901, the Americans allowed the Filipinos to assume positions in municipal and provincial governments
Establishment of the Philippine Assembly in 1907
Historical Background
The Jones Law of 1916 promised independence as soon as stable government can be established
The Filipino position on independence was not always clear.
Measures Employed by the Filipinos to Campaign for Independence
The Philippine Assembly (after 1916, Philippine
Legislature), passed resolutions advocating
independence
The Philippine Assembly created the
Commission of Independence
The Supreme Council was launched by
Quezon to bring all political parties
together for a more active campaign for
independence
The Philippine Legislature passed
the bill providing for a plebiscite on
immediate independence of
1925 but was vetoed by Gov. Gen Leonard
Wood
Results
American authorities consistently rejected the appeal of Filipinos for independence in the belief
that Filipinos were not ready for self-government and that it was
not the real desire of their leaders
Quezon had the law rejected by the Philippine Legislature for several reasons:• It had unfavorable trade and immigration
provisions• It allowed the retention of American
military and naval reservations• It was politically motivated: Quezon
refused to acknowledge the leadership of Osmeña and Roxas
Results
Quezon secured another
independence law, the Tydings-
McDuffie Act, which was just a re-run of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was
promoted by the American interest groups
Farm groups affected by economic depression that hit the US in the
1930s
The American Federation
of Labor and other
“patriotic” societies favored
granting of Philippine
Independence
The isolationsits
were worried that
the retention of Philippines
by US involvement
in a war with Japan