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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

The practice of instructing people The practice of instructing people and communities in the principles of and communities in the principles of hygiene and in ways of avoiding hygiene and in ways of avoiding disease is a very ancient one.disease is a very ancient one.

An elementary study of the history of An elementary study of the history of medicine reveals that since time medicine reveals that since time immemorial it has been considered a immemorial it has been considered a necessity to instruct communities in health necessity to instruct communities in health matters for their protection and survival.matters for their protection and survival.

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

The National Conference on Preventive The National Conference on Preventive Medicine [USA]Medicine [USA]

Health education is a process which informs, Health education is a process which informs, motivate and helps people to adopt and maintain motivate and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and life styles; advocates healthy practices and life styles; advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training and this goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end.research to the same end.

WHO DefinitionWHO Definition Health education, like general education, Health education, like general education,

is concerned with changes in knowledge, is concerned with changes in knowledge, feelings and behaviour of people.In its feelings and behaviour of people.In its most usual forms, it concentrates on most usual forms, it concentrates on devoloping such health practices as are devoloping such health practices as are believed to bring about the best possible believed to bring about the best possible state of well being.state of well being.

AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATIONAIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION

To inform the general public of the principles of To inform the general public of the principles of physical and mental hygiene and methods of physical and mental hygiene and methods of preventing avoidable diseases.preventing avoidable diseases.

To create an informed body of opinion and To create an informed body of opinion and knowledge. (social workers, teachers)knowledge. (social workers, teachers)

To give the public accurate information of To give the public accurate information of medical discoveries.medical discoveries.

To facilitate the acceptance and proper usage of To facilitate the acceptance and proper usage of medical measures.medical measures.

METHODS OF APPROACHES IN METHODS OF APPROACHES IN HEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EDUCATION

1.1. Legal or Regulatory ApproachLegal or Regulatory Approach

2.2. Administrative or Service ApproachAdministrative or Service Approach

3.3. Educational ApproachEducational Approach

Legal or Regulatory ApproachLegal or Regulatory Approach

Makes use of the law to protect the health Makes use of the law to protect the health of the public.of the public.

Eg : Epidemic Diseases Act , Pollution ActEg : Epidemic Diseases Act , Pollution ActLimitations :Limitations :

1. applicable only at certain times or 1. applicable only at certain times or limited situations.limited situations.

2. they may not alter the behaviour of the 2. they may not alter the behaviour of the individual.individual.

Administrative or Service ApproachAdministrative or Service Approach

Intends to provide all the health facilities Intends to provide all the health facilities needed by the peopleneeded by the people

‘‘felt needs of people’felt needs of people’

Educatinal ApproachEducatinal Approach most effectivemost effective Components :Components : 1. motivation1. motivation 2. communication2. communication 3. decision making3. decision making

• results slow , but permanent and enduring.results slow , but permanent and enduring.• Suffient time for an individual to bring about changes Suffient time for an individual to bring about changes • learning new facts as well as unlearning wrong learning new facts as well as unlearning wrong

information as well.information as well.

CONTENTS OF HEALTH CONTENTS OF HEALTH EDUCATIONEDUCATION

1.1. Human BiologyHuman Biology2.2. NutritionNutrition3.3. HygieneHygiene4.4. Family Health CareFamily Health Care5.5. Control of Communicable and Non- Control of Communicable and Non-

Communicable DiseasesCommunicable Diseases6.6. Mental healthMental health7.7. Prevention of AccidentsPrevention of Accidents8.8. Use of Health ServicesUse of Health Services

Human BiologyHuman Biology

NutritionNutrition

for prevention of malnutritionfor prevention of malnutritionTaught nutrient value of food stufsTaught nutrient value of food stufsMethod of preparation , storageMethod of preparation , storageHelp people to choose balanced dietHelp people to choose balanced diet

HygieneHygiene

Personal Environmental

Family Health CareFamily Health Care

Strengthen and improve the health of the Strengthen and improve the health of the family as a unit rather than as an family as a unit rather than as an individual.individual.

Maternal and child health care, family Maternal and child health care, family planning, immunization, nutrition, etc.planning, immunization, nutrition, etc.

Control of Communicable and Non-Control of Communicable and Non-Communicable diseasesCommunicable diseases

Provide elementary knowledge about the Provide elementary knowledge about the nature of the diseases and methods of nature of the diseases and methods of preventing them.preventing them.

Mental HealthMental Health

Depression, neurosis, mental anxiety and Depression, neurosis, mental anxiety and emotional disturbancesemotional disturbances

Basic knowledge of common Basic knowledge of common psychological ailments, its detectio, psychological ailments, its detectio, methods of prevention and treatment.methods of prevention and treatment.

Prevention of AccidentsPrevention of Accidents

People taught about basic safety rules and People taught about basic safety rules and prevent common accidents.prevent common accidents.

Use of Health servicesUse of Health services

People should be informed about various People should be informed about various health services and preventive health services and preventive programmes available to them.programmes available to them.

STAGES IN ADOPTION OF NEW STAGES IN ADOPTION OF NEW IDEAS AND PRACTICESIDEAS AND PRACTICES

STAGE OF UNAWARENESSNot aware of new idea or practice

STAGE OF AWARENESSGets some information but not

know much

STAGE OF INTERESTShows interest to know more

Listen, read

STAGE OF EVALUATIONFind out advantages &

disadvantages

STAGE OF TRIALPuts it into practice

STAGE OF ADOPTIONAccepts new idea as beneficial

to him & adopts it

PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATIONEDUCATION

INTERESTINTEREST PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION REINFORCEMENTREINFORCEMENT KNOWN TO UNKNOWNKNOWN TO UNKNOWN LEARNING BY DOINGLEARNING BY DOING SOIL, SEED & SOWERSOIL, SEED & SOWER COMMUNITY LEADERSCOMMUNITY LEADERS GOOD HEALTH RELATIONSGOOD HEALTH RELATIONS

InterestInterest

Topic of interestTopic of interest Identify the ”felt needs” of the peopleIdentify the ”felt needs” of the peopleThen prepare a programmeThen prepare a programme

ParticipationParticipation

Educator should encourage people to Educator should encourage people to participate in health education participate in health education programmesprogrammes

Group discussions, panel discussions, etc Group discussions, panel discussions, etc provide oppurtunities for people’s provide oppurtunities for people’s participationparticipation

Leads to acceptanceLeads to acceptance

Known to UnknownKnown to Unknown

Start with what the people already know Start with what the people already know and then give the new knowledgeand then give the new knowledge

Existing knowledge as people as the basic Existing knowledge as people as the basic stepstep

ComprehensionComprehension

Determine the level of literacy and Determine the level of literacy and understanding of audience.understanding of audience.

Language of communication, Language of communication, understandable to audienceunderstandable to audience

Usage of technical or medical terms Usage of technical or medical terms should be avoided.should be avoided.

ReinforcementReinforcement

Also called as “booster dose”Also called as “booster dose”Refers to repetition neededRefers to repetition neededWhen not possible for people to learn new When not possible for people to learn new

things in short timethings in short time

MotivationMotivation

Defined as “the fundamental desire for learning Defined as “the fundamental desire for learning in an individual”in an individual”

2 types :2 types :

primary motive primary motive inborn desires inborn desires

food, clothing, housingfood, clothing, housing

secondary motive secondary motive outside forcesoutside forces

gifts, a word of praise,gifts, a word of praise,

love, rewardslove, rewards

Learning by DoingLearning by Doing

Learning process accompanied by doing Learning process accompanied by doing the new things.the new things.

Based on famous Chinese proverb “if I Based on famous Chinese proverb “if I hear, I forget ; if I see, I remember ; if I do, hear, I forget ; if I see, I remember ; if I do, I know.I know.

Soil, Seed & SowerSoil, Seed & Sower

Soil Soil people to whom education is givenpeople to whom education is givenSeeds Seeds Health facts to be givenHealth facts to be givenSower Sower media tomedia to transmit the factstransmit the factsAll components are interdependent and All components are interdependent and

result in dynamic interaction.result in dynamic interaction.

Good Human RelationsGood Human Relations

health educator should have good health educator should have good personal qualities personal qualities

Should be able to maintain friendly Should be able to maintain friendly relations with peoplerelations with people

Should have a kind nad sympathetic Should have a kind nad sympathetic attitudeattitude

Community leadersCommunity leaders

Leaders can be used to reach people of Leaders can be used to reach people of the community and to convince them the community and to convince them about the need for health education.about the need for health education.

HINDRANCES OR BARRIERS IN HINDRANCES OR BARRIERS IN PROCESS OF COMMUNICATIONPROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Psychological barriersPsychological barriers emotional disturbancesemotional disturbances depressiondepression neurosisneurosisPhysiological barriersPhysiological barriers difficulties in self-expressiondifficulties in self-expression difficulties in hearing or seeingdifficulties in hearing or seeing difficulties in understandingdifficulties in understanding

HINDRANCES…HINDRANCES…

Environmental barriersEnvironmental barriers

excessive noiseexcessive noise

difficulties in visiondifficulties in vision

congested areascongested areasCultural barriersCultural barriers

persistent patterns of behaviour, habits, persistent patterns of behaviour, habits, beliefs, customs, attitudes, religion, etcbeliefs, customs, attitudes, religion, etc

EDUCATIONAL AIDS USED IN EDUCATIONAL AIDS USED IN HEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EDUCATION

1. Audio aids1. Audio aids

2. Visual aids2. Visual aids

3. Combination of Audio-Visual aids3. Combination of Audio-Visual aids

Audio AidsAudio Aids Based on principles of sound, electricity and Based on principles of sound, electricity and

magnetismmagnetism megaphonesmegaphones public addressing systems or public addressing systems or microphonesmicrophones Gramophone records Gramophone records Tape recordersTape recorders RadiosRadios Sound amplifiersSound amplifiers

Visual AidsVisual Aids Based on principles of projectionBased on principles of projection Projected aids – needs projection from aProjected aids – needs projection from a source on to a screensource on to a screen films or cinemasfilms or cinemas film stripsfilm strips slidesslides overhead projectorsoverhead projectors epidiascopesepidiascopes transparenciestransparencies bioscopesbioscopes video cassettesvideo cassettes silent filmssilent films

Non-projected Aids – do not require Non-projected Aids – do not require projectionprojection blackboardblackboard picturespictures cartoonscartoons photographsphotographs postersposters flashcardsflashcards chartscharts brochuresbrochures modelsmodels

Other aids – traditional media which makes use of light and sound stimuliOther aids – traditional media which makes use of light and sound stimuli Folk dances and Folk songsFolk dances and Folk songs Puppet showsPuppet shows DramasDramas

Combination of Audio-Visual AidsCombination of Audio-Visual Aids

Modern media availableModern media availableSound & sight combined together to create Sound & sight combined together to create

a better presentationa better presentation televisionstelevisions tape and slide combinationstape and slide combinations Video Cassette Players and RecordersVideo Cassette Players and Recorders Motivation pictures or CinemasMotivation pictures or Cinemas Multimedia ComputersMultimedia Computers

HEALTH EDUCATION FOR THE HEALTH EDUCATION FOR THE GENERAL PUBLICGENERAL PUBLIC

Mass communication literally means Mass communication literally means communication that is given to a community communication that is given to a community where the people gathered together does not where the people gathered together does not belong to one particular group.belong to one particular group.

AdvantagesAdvantages large no. of people can be reachedlarge no. of people can be reached people of all socio-economic status people of all socio-economic status irrespective of their caste, creed and religion irrespective of their caste, creed and religion MediasMedias televisions, radios, posters, news papers, etctelevisions, radios, posters, news papers, etc

ESSENTIALS OF HEALTH ESSENTIALS OF HEALTH EDUCATON TO THE PUBLICEDUCATON TO THE PUBLIC

1.1. Accuracy and TruthAccuracy and Truth

2.2. Presentation must be simplePresentation must be simple

3.3. Health education should be factualHealth education should be factual

4.4. Principles of health should be taughtPrinciples of health should be taught

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

In a field such as health, it is natural that In a field such as health, it is natural that “helping people to help themselves”“helping people to help themselves”

should be as important as direct service.should be as important as direct service.