Greece

Based on the map below, how does geography play a role in the

development of Greece?

Geography of GreeceGreece is mountainous!Greek communities often times developed independently because of the mountains, thus they were diverseAs a result, they had their own government, laws, and customs.

The Emergence of Greek City-StatesThe Emergence of Greek City-States

Greek Polis

Around 800 BC, Greece stabilized!Polis- City State

• Each polis was unique, and developed separately.

Acropolis- a walled “high area” containing fortifications and temples and located in the center of a polisAgora- an open area that served as a meeting place & market in early Greek city-states

• Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces.

The two major city-states were Athens and Sparta.

Athens was the first democracy.

Democracy: type of government where people vote.Athens was a direct democracy where people vote on everything. However, only citizens could vote

Breakdown of Athenian Social Structure

Adult Male Citizens with political rights

Women, children with no political rights

Non-citizens, slaves, resident foreigners

SpartaSparta was an oligarchy: rule by the few!

Sparta was ruled by two kings Helots outnumbered Spartans 7 to 1! This was the main reason for the strict war-like society…

• Breakdown of Spartan Social Structure

Spartiates

Perioeci (Perioikoi)

Helots

SpartaSparta was an isolated city-state that was culturally and politically different from Athens.Great military, army feared by other nations.

Fighting Machines!

During the Peloponnesian War Sparta sacked Athens.

Greek Military

This is a hoplite, a Greek infantry soldier.Hoplites were middle class freemen who had to pay for their own weapon and shield.

Greek Military: PhalanxSoldiers get in a tight box. They each have a large shield and a 9 foot long spear.

Was used in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The Athenians defeated the Persians with this tactic.

Greeks were Polytheistic!

Group WorkYou are to get 2 computers for your group. Make sure 2 people in your group can log into the computer system otherwise, you will have to use the book. You are to make a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting Athens and Spartan society based on the reading located on my Wiki site.

Working in pairs you need to ensure your Venn covers social, government, legal, military, religious, and gender issues. You should have at least 10-15 items in each part of your Venn. We will share as a class.

The Golden Age of Greece

A Revolt leads to War!Persia wants all of Greece in their possession.

Certain Greek city-states in Ionia have come under Persian rule. Growing tensions erupt into a revolt. The revolt leads to a war of epic proportions between Greece and Persia.

Where is Persia?

The Beginnings of the Persian War (490 – 479 BC)

The cause of the Persian Wars started with the Ionian Revolt in started the war in 499 BC. Athens sent troops to support the cause!The Persian put down the revolt easily, but the actions of Athens angered King Darius.

It took several years to get the full Persian army gathered, but he sent them to Greece in the year of 490 BC.

The Major Battles of the Persian War

The First Invasion Battle of Marathon (490 BC)– Persians landed on the shores at Marathon, and the Greeks heard of this and rushed to meet the Persians.

• Greeks used the military tactic, the phalanx.• Victory for Greeks!

Significance of Marathon• Greeks fight off a clearly more powerful enemy, and

after this Greece becomes a dominant power in the ancient world.

Why does the phalanx work so well?

The Major Battles of the Persian War cont…

The Second Invasion- In 486 BC Darius died but in 480 BC, Xerxes (Darius’ son) sent more powerful force by land.

Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) – Victory for Persians• Delayed by Spartans• Athens captured & burned

Battle of Salamis• Themistocles tricks Xerxes into leading his ships into the narrow

straight of Salamis. Persian ships are to big and are slow to maneuver. • Persians defeated by Athenian navy

Battle of Plataea (479 BC) Persian army defeated at Plataea

Aftermath of the Persian WarPersia wasn’t as much of a threat to the Greeks, but the Delian League was created just as a safe-guard.

Delian League was a band of city-states that sought to maintain defense against Persia.

• Treasury was on the Island of Delos

Athens starts growing more powerful because it was the lead city-state in the league.

• Athens begins to conquer neighboring city-states• Treasury money used to rebuild Athens, at the other city-states

displeasure.

30 years peace, agreement made by all Greek city-states. (This doesn’t last long!)

Makings of a Greek Civil War!As Athens overstepped its bounds on numerous occasions.

Built Long Walls Used treasury money to rebuild cityForced Delian League membership

Sparta headed the Peloponnesian League, and tension mounted once again. Only this time the Greeks were battling each other.

The Peloponnesian War (431- 404 BC)

First PhaseAthenian advantage: Large Athenian Naval Fleet• Sea Battle Advantage

Spartan advantage: Honed warrior society• Land Battle Advantage

Athenian Long Walls

The Plague Emerges in Athens

Pericles, a skilled politician came up with the idea to retreat within the city walls of Athens.

Unfortunately, sanitation problems grew in the city and many people started showing signs of illness.• Pericles dies from this mysterious illness

Athens is crippled, and a truce was formed in 421 BC.

The End of the Peloponnesian War

Second Phase: Athens strengthens and fights Sparta at the naval Battle of Aegospotami.

Athens losses 90% of shipsSparta cuts trade lines and Athens can’t recover from this deadly blow

SignificanceAthens never regains former glory of the Golden Age.Allows a Macedonian king to gain importance, and Phillip II of Macedon will conquer all of Greece.

Part Two: Greek Achievements

Warm up

Looking back at your notes from yesterday think of at least 1 contribution the Greeks made to history that has impacted Western culture to this day.

Nature of Athenian Democracy

Three main bodies:Assembly- all citizens eligible to take part in governmentThe Council of 500- wrote the laws that would be voted on by the AssemblyComplex Court Systems- 6,000 people from the Assembly would hear trials and sentence criminals.

Definition of Athenian Citizen

Only free men over the age of 30 who completed military training.

Only about 10% of population could participate in government affairs.

• Vote in all elections• Serve in office if elected• Serve on juries• Serve in military during war

Overview of Athenian Democracy

Important Aristocrats (Noblemen) Draco- reformed laws

• He believed that harsh punishment would solve unrest. Rich/Poor gap grew!

Solon- revised Draco’s laws• Overturn harshest laws:

– Debt Slavery abolished– Allowed ALL men to participate in the Assembly, not all can hold office.

Greek PhilosophyThree Greatest Greek Philosophers

Socrates• Sought truths about broad concepts such as truth,

justice, and virtuePlato

• Most famous work is, the Republic.– Timaeus and Critias (speak of Atlantis)

Aristotle• Used logic and reason to study the natural world.

– Reason- is clear and ordered thinking– Logic- the process of making inferences

• Taught Alexander the Great

Greek Architecture

Parthanon Dedicated to Goddess Athena

Columns DoricIonicCorinthian

Greek Drama

Tragedies, plays that told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster.

Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides

Comedies, humorous plays that mocked people or customs.

Aristophanes

Greek Art

Statues very lifelike and active.

History & Science

HistoryHerodotus “first historian” or “father of history”Thucydides showed the need to avoid bias.

MedicineHippocrates & the Hippocratic Oath – all patients must be treated regardless of class