Grammer book
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Transcript of Grammer book
![Page 1: Grammer book](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052509/55a183561a28abe55a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Blanca Birdsong
![Page 2: Grammer book](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052509/55a183561a28abe55a8b456f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Table of contents Imperfect preterite Preterite : -car, -gar,-zar; spock, cucaracha; snake Modal verbs Adverbs Progressive : present & past Future – irregular Conditional Superlatives Formal commands Prepositions Demonstratives
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Imperfect Ar
Aba
Abas
Aba
Abamos
Aban
Er/ Ir
Ia
Ias
Ia
Iamos
ian
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Preterite (past) Tense
-ar
• -é
• -aste
• -ó
• -amos
• -aron
-er/ir
• -í
• -iste
• -ió
• imos
• ieron
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Preterite
TOCAR
Toque
Tocaste
Toco
Tocamos
Tocaron
JUGAR
Jugue
Jugaste
Jugo
Jugamos
Jugaron
COMENZAR
Comence
Comenzaste
Comenzo
Comenzamos
Comezaron
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Preterite continued
car
• yo
• Qué
gar
• yo
• gué
zar
• yo
• cé
Sacar : c -> qu (yo) saqué
Pagar: g -> gu (yo) pagué
Empezar: z-> c (yo) empecé
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hacer
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hiceron
ir/ser
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuimos
Fueron
Dar(d)/Ver(v)
i
Iste
ió
Imos
ieron
Spock (irregular preteriteverbs)
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Preterite Trigger Words
Ayer
Anoche
Anteayer
La semana pasada
El año pasado
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cucarachaAndar
Estar
Poder
Poner
Quere
Saber
Tener
venir
Anduve-
Estuve-
Pud-
Pus-
Quis-
Sup-
Tuv-
Vin-
Conducir
Producir
Traducir
Decir
Traer
Conduj-
Produj-
Traduj-
Dij-
Traj-
-e
• -iste
• -o
-imos
• -isteis
• -ieron
Take off the “I”
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snake
Dormí
Dormimos
Dormiste
Durmió
Dumieron
Dormir
Leí
Leimos
Leiste
Leyó
leyeron
Leer
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Modal Verbsir a infinitive
poder infinitive(one able to
do something)
querer infinitive(want to do something)
deber infinitive(should do something)
Tenerque
infinitive(To have to
do something)
soler infinitive(to be
accustomed to)
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Los adverbios
adjective
Claro
Constante
Feminine Form
Clara
Constante
Adverb
Claramente
Constantemente
Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding –mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to –ly in English. –E ending does not change r in constenant.
When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the second one uses the –menteending. Note the adverb is the same as the feminine singular form of the adjective.Ex:Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente.
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Progressive Tense (present)
estar -ando-iendo or
Yendo
Examples:1. Estaba hablando a ti. (I was talking to you.)2. Estabas nadando en el rio. ( you were swimming in the river.)
er/ircomer: comiendo(comer - er + iendo)hacer: haciendo(hacer - er + iendo)vivir: viviendo(vivir - ir + iendo)escribir: escribiendo(escribir - ir + iendo)
arhablar: hablando(hablar - ar + ando)trabajar: trabajando(trabajar - ar + ando)estudiar:
The present progressive is formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle. (-ing part of verb)
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Progressive Tense (past)
Examples:1. Estaba hablando a ti. (I was talking to you.)2. Estabas nadando en el rio. ( you were swimming in the river.)
Yo
estaba
comiendo
Tu
estabas
comiendo
El-Ella-Usd.
estaba
comiendo
Nosotros
estábmos
comiendo
Ellos-Ellas-Usds.
estaban
comiendo
A past progressive tense that is EXACTLY THE SAME as the present progressive, except that the verb estar is in the imperfect tense.
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ConditionalTo conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of
the following to the infintive:
Examples:Yo sabía que abrirían la tienda a las siete.I knew that they would open the store at seven o'clock.Si yo tuviera tiempo, iría al cine esta noche.If I had time, I would go to the movies tonight.
Ía Ías Ía Íamos Íais ían
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Future infinitive + é
infinitive + ás
infinitive + á
infinitive + emos
infinitive + án
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Irregular adverbs: Mucho- a lot Muy- very bastante- quite enough Mal- bad Bien- good Ya- already Tan- so Demasiado- too Siempre- always Nunca- never Poco- little Peor- worse
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SuperlativesWhen you want to say that something has the most or the least of a certain quality, use a superlative!
El másEl
menos
Los más
Los menos
La másLa
menos
Las más
Las menos
Ex:Luis es el más alto.( Luis is the tallest.)Carmen es la más pequeña.
(Carmen is the smallest.)
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Formal CommandsThe formal commands are formed the same way as the present
subjunctive:1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.2. Then drop the -o ending.3. Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)
-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)
Examples:Compre Ud. el anillo.(You) Buy the ring.Haga Ud. la tarea.(You) Do the homework.Compren Uds. los libros.(You-all) Buy the books.
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PrepositionsList of Spanish Prepositions
a (to, at) en vez de (instead of)
al (upon) en (in, at)al lado de (beside) encima de (above, on top)
ante (before) enfrente de (in front of)
antes de (before) entre (between, among)
bajo (under) fuera de (outside)
cerca de (near) hacia (towards)
como (like) hasta (until)con (with) lejos de (far from)
contra (against) menos (except)
de (from, of, about) para (for)debajo de (under, beneath) por (for, on account of)
delante de (in front of) salvo (except)dentro de (inside) según (according to)
desde (since) sin (without)después de (after) sobre (about, above/on)detrás de (behind) tras (after)
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Demonstratives eso, esto, aquello are nuter- refer to situations or ideas, not to specific nouns. accent marks denotes pronouns which take the place of a noun. all demonstratives always agree in gender and number of the noun they modify.
Sing. male
Plural male
Sing.female
PluralFemale
translations
Allífar)
Ese Esos Esa Esas That
Aquí
(here)
Este Estos Esta Estas This
Alla(way far away)
aquel aquellos Aquella Aquellas That way over there