eNGLISH gRAMMAR notes - hi-static.z-dn.net · Ramandeep Singh ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES Ramandeep Singh
Grammar Notes
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Verbals Verbal Patterns Introduced in 01A Affirmative Negative Imperfective (unfinished) ｘ−ます ｘ−ません Perfective (finished) ｘ−ました ｘ−ませんでした Important Notes about Verbals: 1. A verbal can occur as a complete sentence by itself. 2. Unless indicated by context or the verbal specifically, statements ending in the above forms refer to the speaker, while questions refer to the addressee. 3. In Japanese, finished vs. unfinished is the main distinction (as compared to English’s past, present and future). 4. The ます (まし before consonants) is the distalstyle marker; that is, indicates the speaker is showing solitude toward, and maintaining some linguistic distance from, the addressee. 5. The う sound in す indicates the imperfective; the た indicates the perfective. Sentence-Particle A sentenceparticle occurs only at the end of a sentence, qualifying the meaning of what has preceded; they follow the previous word without pause. ● か: questionmarker; occurs at the end of both information questions and yesno questions; makes a statement into a yes no question; usually ends in empathetic or terminal declarative intonation. ● ね: confirmationseeker; with rising intonation, seeks confirmation of an assumption made by the speaker; “right?”, “don’t you agree?”, “isn’t it?”, etc. ● よ: assertion; common in assurances, contradictions, and warnings (to the addressee); indicates that the speaker assumes they are providing the addressee with new information or a new suggestion; occurs with both empathetic or terminal declarative intonations. *** Avoid use in situations in which assertion becomes rude (particularly when superiors are involved). Negative Questions; Invitations Negative questions occur in the following contexts: 1. To check in or confirm a negative situation already introduced into the context or assumed, on the basis of general context, as correct: できません。ーできませんか。”I can’t do it.” ”You can’t do it?” 行きませんね。”You’re not going to go right?”
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Transcript of Grammar Notes
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Verbals VerbalPatternsIntroducedin01A
Affirmative Negative
Imperfective(unfinished)
Perfective(finished) ImportantNotesaboutVerbals:
1. Averbalcanoccurasacompletesentencebyitself.2. Unlessindicatedbycontextortheverbalspecifically,statementsendingintheabove
formsrefertothespeaker,whilequestionsrefertotheaddressee.3. InJapanese,finishedvs.unfinishedisthemaindistinction(ascomparedtoEnglishs
past,presentandfuture).4. The(beforeconsonants)isthedistalstylemarkerthatis,indicatesthe
speakerisshowingsolitudetoward,andmaintainingsomelinguisticdistancefrom,theaddressee.
5. Thesoundinindicatestheimperfectivetheindicatestheperfective.
Sentence-Particle Asentenceparticleoccursonlyattheendofasentence,qualifyingthemeaningofwhathasprecededtheyfollowthepreviouswordwithoutpause.
:questionmarkeroccursattheendofbothinformationquestionsandyesnoquestionsmakesastatementintoayesnoquestionusuallyendsinempatheticorterminaldeclarativeintonation.
:confirmationseekerwithrisingintonation,seeksconfirmationofanassumptionmadebythespeakerright?,dontyouagree?,isntit?,etc.
:assertioncommoninassurances,contradictions,andwarnings(totheaddressee)indicatesthatthespeakerassumestheyareprovidingtheaddresseewithnewinformationoranewsuggestionoccurswithbothempatheticorterminaldeclarativeintonations. ***Avoiduseinsituationsinwhichassertionbecomesrude(particularlywhensuperiorsareinvolved).
Negative Questions; Invitations Negativequestionsoccurinthefollowingcontexts:
1. Tocheckinorconfirmanegativesituationalreadyintroducedintothecontextorassumed,onthebasisofgeneralcontext,ascorrect:Icantdoit.Youcantdoit?Yourenotgoingtogoright?
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2. Tocheckonthepossibilityofanegativesituationcontrarytothespeakersunderlyingassumptions:Imnotgoingtomake[it].Youcantdoit?(asin,Ithoughtyoucould,but)
3. Asaninvitation:Wontyoucome?
Affirming and Negating areusedtoindicateagreement:
Didyouunderstand?Yes,Idid.
Ididntunderstand.Youdidntunderstand?Thatsright.Ididntunderstand.
areusedtoindicatenegation/lackofagreement:
Areyougoing?No,Imnotgoing.
Youarentgoing,right?No,Iamgoing.
Negativeinvitationsaretreateddifferently:
Yourenotgoingtoeat[it]right?Thatsright.(Asin,Imnotgoingtoeatit).
Wontyoueat?(invitation)Yes,thankyou.(acceptance)
Affirmativeresponsestocheckingonthepossibilityofanegativesituationimpliesagreementwiththequestionersunderlyingassumptionofanaffirmative,andanegativeresponsetheopposite.
Arentyoucoming?Yes,Iam(coming).
Arentyoucoming?No,Imnot(coming).
Adjectivals AdjectivalPatternsIntroducedin01B:
Affirmative
Direct Distal
Imperfective
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Perfective
1. Theindicatestheimperfectivetheindicatestheimperfective.2. convertsdirectstyletodistal.3. Theendingofanadjectiveisalwaysprecededbyanothervowelotherthanthatis,
adjectivalsintheirimperfectiveformallendin,,,or(althoughnoteverywordthatendsthiswayisanadjectival).
4.
Negative
Direct Distal
Imperfective
Perfective
