Chapter one grammar notes
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Transcript of Chapter one grammar notes
![Page 1: Chapter one grammar notes](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061220/54bb0d1d4a7959800f8b459c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter OnePage 5
GRAMMAR NOTES
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1.
Use the simple present to show actions, events or states that are true in general or happen habitually.
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1.
For example:
• We use the Internet to stay in touch with friends. (true in general)
• After dinner every night, Elena gets out her laptop. (habitual)
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1.
We also use the simple present to narrate events in sequence.
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1.
For example:
• Elena logs on to the Internet, reads her email, and starts responding.
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1.
Simple Present (informal): This morning the teacher comes in, unlocks the cabinet, and takes out a big box.
Simple Past (formal): This morning the teacher came in, unlocked the cabinet, and took out a big box.
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1.
!Events in a story can be told in the simple present (informal)
ORthe simple past (more formal):
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1.
BUTYou must decide which tense to
use in your story, and be consistent.
DON’T mix up the tenses in the same story!!
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1.
This is wrong!!!
**This morning the teacher comes in, unlocked the cabinet, and takes out a big box.
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2.
Use the present progressive (= present continuous) to show actions or events in progress at the moment (not finished).
For example:
• Allison is sitting in front of the computer.
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2.
BE CAREFUL!!
We generally don’t use the progressive with non-action
verbs.
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2.
For example:
• We need to put things in balance.
NOT
** We’re needing to put things in balance.
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3.
The present perfect and present perfect progressive (= present perfect continuous)
CAN
Connect the past with the present. Use them to show actions and states that began in the past and continue until now.
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3.
The perfect tenses are often used with
• for + a length of timeor• since + a starting point in the
past:
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3.
For example:
• I’ve had my iPod for six months. (I got my iPod six months ago and I still have it.)
or• He’s been writing a blog since
2008. (He started writing a blog in 2008, and he is still writing it.
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3.
Use the present perfect, not the present perfect progressive, to describe completed, repeated actions with a connection to the present.
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3.
For example:
• I’ve bought four cell phones in the past four years.
not**I’ve been buying four cell phones in the past four years.
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4.
Action verbs (also called active) describe actions.
For example, perform is an action verb:
• Computers perform tasks quickly.
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4.
Action verbs (also called active) describe actions.
Write is also an action verb:
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4.
Use simple verb forms (without -ing) to describe an action in general.
For example:
• I write articles for a psychology magazine (in general or again and again)
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4.
Use progressive verb forms (with -ing) to describe an action in progress at a specific time:
For example:
• Right now I’m writing my blog. (in progress at the moment)
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5.
Non-action verbs (also called stative) describe states such as appearance (seem), emotions (love), mental states (know), perceptions (hear), possession (own), and wants (need).
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5.
For example:• You seem stressed.• Elena loves email• We hear that all the
time.• They own four
computers• I need a new phone.
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5.
We most often use non-action verbs in the simple tense and not in the progressive:• I know my coworker
well.NOT** I’m knowing …
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5.
Some non-action verbs can be used to describe either states or actions. When they are used to describe actions, they usually have different meanings.
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5.
For example:
• We have a new laptop. (= We possess a new laptop. It belongs to us.)
but• We’re having trouble with it. ( = We
are experiencing trouble right now. The situation is temporary—we expect to solve the problem.
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5.
For example:
• He is a nice fellow. (= He is generally nice. That is his general state.)
but• Today he’s not being nice.( = He is
not behaving in a nice way right now. The situation is temporary; he is a nice person at other times.
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6.
We normally use adverbs with action verbs:
For example:
• She always listens carefully.
• She works hard at her job.
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6.
We normally use the verbs look, sound, feel, smell and taste to show states, in which case they are used with adjectives and not adverbs:
For example:
• You sound excited!NOT** You sound excitedly!
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6.
For example:
• She feels bad about what she said.
NOT
** She feels badly …
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6.
BE CAREFUL!The sense verbs are
sometimes used to show actions, in which case they
are used with adverbs.
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6.
For example:
• The fire alarm sounded a warning loudly.
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6.
Note:
Your textbook uses the verb hear in another example here. The verb hear is always an action verb used with an adverb.
For example:
• I don’t hear well when other people are talking.