Verbals VerbalPatternsIntroducedin01A

Affirmative Negative

Imperfective(unfinished)

Perfective(finished) ImportantNotesaboutVerbals:

1. Averbalcanoccurasacompletesentencebyitself.2. Unlessindicatedbycontextortheverbalspecifically,statementsendingintheabove

formsrefertothespeaker,whilequestionsrefertotheaddressee.3. InJapanese,finishedvs.unfinishedisthemaindistinction(ascomparedtoEnglishs

past,presentandfuture).4. The(beforeconsonants)isthedistalstylemarkerthatis,indicatesthe

speakerisshowingsolitudetoward,andmaintainingsomelinguisticdistancefrom,theaddressee.

5. Thesoundinindicatestheimperfectivetheindicatestheperfective.

Sentence-Particle Asentenceparticleoccursonlyattheendofasentence,qualifyingthemeaningofwhathasprecededtheyfollowthepreviouswordwithoutpause.

:questionmarkeroccursattheendofbothinformationquestionsandyesnoquestionsmakesastatementintoayesnoquestionusuallyendsinempatheticorterminaldeclarativeintonation.

:confirmationseekerwithrisingintonation,seeksconfirmationofanassumptionmadebythespeakerright?,dontyouagree?,isntit?,etc.

:assertioncommoninassurances,contradictions,andwarnings(totheaddressee)indicatesthatthespeakerassumestheyareprovidingtheaddresseewithnewinformationoranewsuggestionoccurswithbothempatheticorterminaldeclarativeintonations. ***Avoiduseinsituationsinwhichassertionbecomesrude(particularlywhensuperiorsareinvolved).

Negative Questions; Invitations Negativequestionsoccurinthefollowingcontexts:

1. Tocheckinorconfirmanegativesituationalreadyintroducedintothecontextorassumed,onthebasisofgeneralcontext,ascorrect:Icantdoit.Youcantdoit?Yourenotgoingtogoright?

2. Tocheckonthepossibilityofanegativesituationcontrarytothespeakersunderlyingassumptions:Imnotgoingtomake[it].Youcantdoit?(asin,Ithoughtyoucould,but)

3. Asaninvitation:Wontyoucome?

Affirming and Negating areusedtoindicateagreement:

Didyouunderstand?Yes,Idid.

Ididntunderstand.Youdidntunderstand?Thatsright.Ididntunderstand.

areusedtoindicatenegation/lackofagreement:

Areyougoing?No,Imnotgoing.

Youarentgoing,right?No,Iamgoing.

Negativeinvitationsaretreateddifferently:

Yourenotgoingtoeat[it]right?Thatsright.(Asin,Imnotgoingtoeatit).

Wontyoueat?(invitation)Yes,thankyou.(acceptance)

Affirmativeresponsestocheckingonthepossibilityofanegativesituationimpliesagreementwiththequestionersunderlyingassumptionofanaffirmative,andanegativeresponsetheopposite.

Arentyoucoming?Yes,Iam(coming).

Arentyoucoming?No,Imnot(coming).

Adjectivals AdjectivalPatternsIntroducedin01B:

Affirmative

Direct Distal

Imperfective

Perfective

1. Theindicatestheimperfectivetheindicatestheimperfective.2. convertsdirectstyletodistal.3. Theendingofanadjectiveisalwaysprecededbyanothervowelotherthanthatis,

adjectivalsintheirimperfectiveformallendin,,,or(althoughnoteverywordthatendsthiswayisanadjectival).

4.

Negative

Direct Distal

Imperfective

Perfective