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H THNG QUN L CHT LNG V SINH ANTON THC PHM THEO GMP V HACCP

I. Sra i v ngha ca GMP v HACCP

GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) a ra cc ni dung cbn ca iu kin thc hnhsn sut tt, nhm kim sot tt c cc yu tnh hng ti an ton v sinh thc phmtrong qu trnh ch bin thc phm t thit k, xy lp nh xng, thit b, dng c chbin, iu kin phc v cho cng vic chun b ch bin n qu trnh ch bin, bao gi,bo qun v con ngi thc hin cc thao tc ch bin thc phm. Nhng qui nh nyto iu kin cho cc cssn xut thc phm xy dng nhng qui phm c th ph hpvi iu kin, qui m, trnh cng ngh ca mnh. Cc qui nh a ra cc nguyn tcthc hnh v sinh chung p dng trong ch bin thc phm (bao gm nui trng v thuhi, x l, ch bin, ng gi, lu gi, vn chuyn, phn phi v bn) cho ngi mbo thc phm sn xut ra an ton, lnh mnh v b dng. Ngoi ra n cn nhm mc

ch, da trn cs xy dng cc qui phm v thc hnh v sinh thc phm chocc hng ho hay cc nhm hng c bit i hi phi p ng cc yu cu c bit v vsinh thc phm.HACCP l tiu chun t ra cc nguyn tc ca h thng phn tch mi nguy v imkim sot ti hn (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) c hnh thnh vonhng nm 1960 khi cng ty Pillsbury ca qun i M v cquan nghin cu hngkhng M (NASA) cng phi hp tm cch sn xut cc thc phm an ton cho ccchng trnh khng gian. NASA mun c mt chng trnh hon ton khng khuyttt m bo an ton cho cc thc phm m cc nh du hnh dng trong v tr. Cngty Pillsbury xut v ci bin HACCP thnh h thng c th to mc an ton cao

nht song vn c th gim nh hot ng ly mu v th nghim khu thnh phm.HACCP ch trng vo vic kim sot ti cc cng on v dng cc k thut gim stthng xuyn ti cc im kim sot trng yu ngay t cc bc u tin trong qu trnhch bin. Nhng khi nim v HACCP c Pillsbury trnh by cng khai ti hi nghbo v thc phm nm 1971. Nm 1974 nhng nguyn tc ca HACCP c cquanThc phm v dc phm M (FDA) thc hin y i vi cc loi thc phm nghp. Vo nhng nm 80 phng thc ny c nhiu cng ty thc phm c ting khctrin khai p dng. Nm 1985, Vin hn lm Khoa hc Quc gia M khuyn co rngm bo an ton cho thc phm, cc qu trnh ch bin chng phi tun theo cc yucu ca h thng HACCP. Gn y nhiu t chc Quc t nh U ban quc t v thcphm( ICMSF), Hip hi quc t v sa, thc phm v v sinh mi trng (IAMFES) c nhiu khuyn co v p dng HACCP.Phng php HACCP mang tnh h thng v khoa hc, n xc nh cc mi nguy hi cbit cng nh cc gii php kim sot nhm m bo tnh an ton cho thc phm. Nl cng cnh gi cc mi nguy hi v xc lp cc h thng kim sot ch trng vovic ngn nga hn l vic th nghim ti khu thnh phm. Trong mi trng hp, hthng HACCP u to mi iu kin cho s pht trin cng ngh v quy trnh ch bintin b.

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II. Ni dung ca GMP v HACCPCc yu cu ca GMP:

- Yu cu v nh, xng v phng tin ch bin: Yu cu ny i hi khi xy dng csch bin thc phm cn phi xem xt n v tr sao cho ph hp vi mt cschbin thc phm phi sch s thong mt, khng gy nhim mi trng, khng t nhng ni c mi trng khng lnh mnh .v.v.- Qui nh v cc yu cu kim sot v sinh nh xng nh: X l nc thi, sn phmph, bo qun ho cht gy him, kim sot sinh vt gy hi v dng cc nhn- Kim sot qu trnh ch bin : Kim tra tt c mi hot ng phi thc hin theo nguyntc v sinh cbn ca GMP, phi c cc bin php kim sot cht lng sao cho ccim kim sot quan trng c kim sot trong sut qu trnh ch bin. Thc hin cc

bin php phng sn phm b nhim bn, th cc ch tiu vi sinh ho hc, tp cht khu cn thit xc nh nguy cgy nhim. Cc sn phm b nhim bn hay bin chtphi b loi b hoc c x l gim bt c cht.- Yu cu v con ngi: i vi csch bin thc phm th yu cu i vi con ngikhi tuyn vo lm vic l ht sc quan trng. Nht thit phi kim tra sc khe ( v thlc, tr lc v bnh tt) ca tt c mi ngi, c bit vi nhng cng nhn tip xc trctip vi thc phm trnh ly bnh truyn nhim. Phi a ra nhng qui nh trong vickhm sc kho cho cn b cng nhn vin nh khm nh km bo ch c nhngngi c tiu chun sc kho mi c tip tc lm vic trong cssn xut thcphm .Phi thng xuyn gio dc cho cc cn b cng nhn vin trong csmnh bitgi gn sc kho v v sinh cc nhn m bo cc yu cu ra.- Kim sot khu bo qun v phn phi: a ra cc yu cu v vic vn chuyn v boqun sao cho thnh phm phi m bo trnh nhim bn thc phm bi cc tc nhnvt l, ho hc, vi sinh. . . v khng lm phn hu thc phm.Qua nhng yu cu nu trn cho thy, GMP c c th coi l h thng tin , n cpn tt c mi yu t ti thiu c lin quan ti cht lng v sinh trong ch bin thcphm. T v tr ca csn cu trc ca tng b phn, t dy chuyn cng ngh timi trng, t thit b, dng c ti con ngi, t cht ph thi ti sn phm trung gian,ph gia, nguyn vt liu v thnh phm. Xy dng thnh cng GMP sm bo chodoanh nghip chc chn c sn phm t cht lng cao v v sinh an ton thc phm.III. Cc yu cu ca h thng HACCP:H thng HACCP bao gm 7 nguyn tc cbn nh sau:Nguyn tc 1. Phi phn tch c mi nguy hi: Xc nh cc nguy hi hoc tim nngnguy hi c lin qua ti tt c cc giai on sn xut thc phm; t khu sn sut nguyn

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liu x l, ch bin, phn phi cho n khu tiu th cui cng. nh gi kh nng d syra cc mi nguy hI v xc nh cc giI php kim sot chng.Nguyn tc 2. Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn( CCPs ): Xc nh im / th tc / ccbc thao tc ti cn c kim sot loi b cc mi nguy hi hoc hn ch mt

cch kh dkh nng xy ra ca chng. Thut ng im y c th l mt cng onhoc mt giai on trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm, k t khu chun b nguyn liuth, tip nhn hay thu hoch, vn chuyn, thu gom, bo qun v.v.Nguyn tc 3: Xc lp cc ngng ti hn: Xc lp cc ngng ti hn m bo ccim kim sot ti hn (CCP) vn trong tnh trng c kim sot.Nguyn tc 4. Thit lp h thng gim st tnh trng c kim sot ca cc ngng tihn: Xc lp h thng th nghim hoc quan trc nh k gim st tnh trng ckim sot ca cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP).

Nguyn tc 5: Nu cc hot ng khc phc cn phi tin hnh khi vic gim st cho thymt im CCP c th khng tnh trng c kim sot.Nguyn tc 6: Nu cc th tc thm tra khng nh rng h thng HACCP ang tintrin tt.Nguyn tc 7: Thit lp cc ti liu lin quan n mi th tc, mi bo co sao cho phhp vi 6 nguyn tc trn v ph hp cho vic p dng chng.IV. p dng GMP v HACCP p dng HACCP thnh cng cn phi c s cam kt v tham gia ca lnh o v tonth mi ngi. N cng i hi s tham gia ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc nh ngnh v sinhan ton trong nng nghip, V sinh cy trng, ho hc, k thut xy dng dn dng.v.v.Vic p dng HACCP hon ton tng hp vi vic p dng cc h thng qun l chtlng khc nh ISO 9000 v ISO 14000 - v bn thn n l mt gii php la chn mangtnh u tin v qun l an ton thc phm. Cc chuyn gia v cht lng cho rng cc csch bin thc phm nn p dng c GMP, HACCP v ISO 9000 nu c th, ba hthng ny s to ra ngi nh cht lng bn vng cho cs. C th v GMP l nn tng,ISO 9000 l nhng tr ct v HACCP l mi nh. Mt ccch bin thc phm ciu kin p dng c ba h thng ny chc chn sn phm ca h s thng c trongcuc cnh tranh trn thng trng.Vic p dng HACCP c tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:- Thit lp mt nhm hot ng v HACCP.- M t sn phm.- Nu r mc ch s dng.- Xy dng lc tin trnh.- Thm nh lc tin trnh ngay ti hin trng thc t ca qu trnh sn sut.

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- Lit k tt c cc mi nguy hi c lin quan ti mi bc , tin hnh phn tch chng vcn nhc mi bin php kim sot cc mi nguy hi c ch ra.- Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn.- Thit lp cc ngng ti hn cho tng im kim sot CCP.- Thit lp h thng theo di gim st cho tng im kim sot.

- Thit lp cc hnh ng khc phc.- Thit lp cc th tc thm tra.- Thit lp phng thc ti liu ho v lu gi chng.Tt c cc doanh nghip v cc ngnh mun p dng thnh cng HACCP u phi tunth nhng nguyn tc v v sinh thc phm - GMP. Nu iu kin csh tng cngnh cc yu cu cp thit v khu v sinh cha c m bo th vic u tin l phigii quyt cc khu trc. Chnh v iu ny m ngi ta gi GMP l h thng tin ,cn HACCP l h thng b trcho cc cs p dng GMP nhng mun lm tt hn.Mun p dng HACCP th cc csbt buc phi p dng GMP trc. Khng c GMPth khng th c HACCP. Khi nh gi v ghi nhn mc an ton thc phm c

ci thin nhp dng H thng HACCP hoc ghi nhn vai tr cho ca n trongngnh cng nghip thc phm, ngi ta nhn thy rng vic p dng HACCP lun luni hi mt phong tro ca c cng ng v i hi Chnh ph cn c mt vai tr chotrong qu trnh thc hin HACCP.Theo o lut gn y nht ca hi ngh bn trn Uruguay v thng mi v thu quan(GATT), v Hip nh p dng cc bin php v sinh an ton cho cy trng v ng vt(SPS) cng nh Hip nh v hng ro k thut trong thng mi, xu th p dng cc quinh ca ca U ban Codex ang rt c quan tm. Chnh v vy cc ti liu ca U banCodex k c " cc ch dn p dng h thng HACCP" trthnh ngun ti liu thamkho cho cc yu cu quc t v an ton thc phm. Vic p dng HACCP c xem lmt phn khng th thiu c trong cc ti liu ch dn ca Codex.p dng cc phng thc qun l mi ca quc t trong lnh vc qun l cht lng vsinh an ton thc phm t c cc yu cu ca GMP v HACCP s gip cc doanhnghip Vit nam iu kin thm nhp vo th trng thng mi th gii, tham giacc Hip nh Thng mi trong AFTA v T chc Thng mi Th gii WTO.Ngun: vsqc.org.vn