GIS: Geographic Information Systems A short introduction
Transcript of GIS: Geographic Information Systems A short introduction
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GIS: Geographic Information Systems A short introduction
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Outline
● The Center for Digital Scholarship
● What is GIS? ● Data types
● GIS software and analysis
● Campus GIS resources
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Center for Digital Scholarship
• Center services: • Text Analysis • Research design • Data management • Statistic analysis • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
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What is GIS ? ● In short: “computerized mapping software” ● Formal definition
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized database management system for capture, storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis and display of spatial (i.e. locationally defined) data
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Layers
● A GIS is composed of layers of spatial information
● Can be different types of data
● Everything is referenced to a coordinate system ● e.g. latitude /
longitude
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GIS digitally models the real world using:
Three types of geometry -Points -Lines -Areas
Cells in an image
Data tables
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Raster Data – Based on pixel
Vector Data – Based on discrete
points
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Rasters
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● The fundamental unit of a raster image is the pixel
● This is the same as a digital picture
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Raster Data Model
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10 m
10 m
Spatial Resolution The length, in real world measurements, of each side of a square pixel
100 m2
10 m
10 m
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Raster Resolution Comparison
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Raster Data Model
Raster Advantages • Continuous Coverage • Detail beyond human
perception • Easily manipulated
Raster Disadvantages • Fixed resolution • Large file size • Difficult to edit individual
pixels
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Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Type of raster where the pixel value corresponds to elevation
Used for analyzing slope, waterflow, visibility, etc.
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 30m resolution
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Raster Data – Based on pixel
Vector Data – Based on discrete
points
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Vectors
Data Types Attribute Tables
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Vector Raster
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Raster Resolution Comparison
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Vector Resolution Comparison
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Vector vs. Raster
Vector Advantages • Economical in space • Good for discrete features • More flexible with regard
to scale
Vector Disadvantages • More schematized
version of reality • Poorly suited for
continuous phenomena
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Point Vectors: Field Observations
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Polyline Vectors: Rivers & Ancient Roads
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Polygon Vectors: Agricultural Fields
Polygon Vectors: Ancient fields and city
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Each feature is made up of discrete points
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Each feature is made up of discrete points
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River as Points
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River as Polyline
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River as Polygon
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Attribute Data
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Attribute Data
Tabular data associated with each feature
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Building a GIS map
Individual data layers combine with ways of symbolizing data, charts and figures, editing rules and other tools to form a full GIS map
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Not just pretty maps
• Google Maps and similar software are a type of simple GIS
• Full GIS packages usually have additional editing and analytical tools
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There is very little in the GIS toolkit that cannot be done by traditional means, but it might be computationally difficult or very time consuming
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● GIS adds “space” to research dimensions ● Geographical significance & patterning
– Does location make any difference? ● Real estate, new business locations
– Are there any patterns? ● Migration patterns? How did the disease spread?
● Geographical correlations and relationships – Are A and B in this location related?
● Crime rate and average income
● Prediction and predictive modeling – How many people will be affected by something? – Where are we likely to find something?
What can GIS be used for?
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Why is GIS important? Government • 80% of local government activities
estimated to be geographically based • plots, zoning, public works (streets,
water supply, sewers), garbage collection, land ownership and valuation, public safety (fire and police)
• natural resource management • highways and transportation
Businesses • retail site selection & customer
analysis • logistics: vehicle tracking & routing • natural resource exploration
• civil engineering and construction
Military and defense • Battlefield management
• Satellite imagery interpretation
Research: • Hard Sciences: Geography,
geology, botany, epidemiology
• Social Sciences: Anthropology, sociology, economics, political science
• Humanities: History, criminology
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Examples of how GIS can be used
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Example: Patterns
● Socio-economic – 2000 Census data – Unit – Census Tract – Over the community area boundaries
– % families below poverty level
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GIS Ex: Patterns – historical/trend
● Trend ● Changes over time using historical (time-series) data
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Example: Relationship
• Association • Demography x Libraries • Are there enough libraries
to serve local residents?
Population density and locations of the Chicago Public Libraries
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Example: Associations
Crime hotspots % families below poverty level
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200 meter rise Areas impacted by sea-level rise
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Geographers have even analyzed the distribution of generic names for soft drinks by US county
Same analysis, but done via geotagged tweets mentioning one of the key words
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Prediction of likely right whale locations off of Cape Cod
Models of plague activity in California ground squirrels Used to identify potential plague risk areas based on future climate scenarios
Predictive Modeling
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Input Data 1. Soils
Prediction and Modeling: Erosion Risk
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Input Data 2. Slope
Prediction and Modeling: Erosion Risk
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Input Data 3: Vegetation Density (NDVI)
Prediction and Modeling: Erosion Risk
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Complex Calculation: Erosion Risk
Erosion risk model
Use GIS tools to weight each factor and create a single layer representing erosion risk
30 %: Slope 20 %: Vegetation 50 %: Soils
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Final map: Erosion risk is ranked from 1 – 10
Complex Calculation: Erosion Risk
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Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Type of raster where the pixel value corresponds to elevation
Used for analyzing slope, waterflow, visibility, etc.
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 30m resolution
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GIS software and analytical tools
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GIS Software
GRASS: Open source GIS
Quantum GIS: Open source GIS
ArcInfo GIS: Proprietary, industry standard, GIS package
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ArcGIS 10.1
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2d Visualization ArcMap
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3d Visualization ArcScene and ArcGlobe
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Model building and Scripting
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GIS resources in the library
• Center for Digital Scholarship • Bank of 8 computers with extensive GIS software
• ESRI ArcGIS • DIVA-GIS • GRASS • Quantum GIS • Google Earth Professional
• 42” sheet-feed map scanner • 8 baseline GPS units and 2 high-end data collectors
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GIS resources in the library
• Staff • Matthew Sisk (CDS): General GIS questions, Data
acquisition and management, Satellite imagery analysis
• Milan Budhathoki (CRC): Industry GIS, Vector analysis, GIS Analysis