moswavlis wigni

7istoriagiorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani, lali fircxalava

sarCevi

ra aris istoria

I

II

1. 8 2. 11

rogor gavigoT Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb. dro da sivrceadamianis warmoSoba, pirvelyofili samyaro

3. 15 4. 19 5. 24 6. 28 7. 32 8. 35 9. 39 10. 43

11. 47 12. 51 13. 54 14. 58

15. 61 16. 64 17. 6718. 7019.

74

nilosis auzi – Zveli egvipteSuamdinareTixuanxes auzi – Zveli CineTiindis auzi – Zveli indoeTixeTebis samefofinikia. iudea da israelimidia da sparseTikreta-mikeni (argonavtebis laSqroba, troas omi)

sparta - ugalavno polisi. aTeni - demokratiis samSobloaleqsandre makedonelietruskebi, romi mefeebisa da respublikis xanaSiromis imperia: oqtavianes reformebi da romauli kulturis `oqros xana~ traiane, markus avreliusi; diokletianes reformebi

konstantine didis reformebi romis imperiis gadasarCenadxalxTa didi gadasaxlebaromis imperiis dacema da barbarosuli samefoebi evropis teritoriazesasanianTa irani`bizantiis imperiis oqros xana~ - romis erTianobis aRdgenis mcdeloba, aRmSenebloba, prokopi kesarielis ori istoria

Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi – saxelmwifoebriobis dasawyisi

berZnuli da romauli civilizaciebi

Sua saukuneebi

III

IV

8

11

24

29

54

58

70

68

74

IV20. 7821. 8122. 8423. 8824. 9225. 9626. 10027. 10328. 10629. 11030. 11331. 11732. 12133. 12534. 12835. 13136. 13437. 13938. 14339. 14740. 15241. 154

merovingebis frankTa samefo, `salikuri samarTali~, karlos marteli da misi reformebikarolingebis frankTaA samefo`karolinguri renesansi~muhamadi da islamiomaianTa da abasianTa saxalifoebinormanebi da skandinaviuri eposi. normanebi dasavleT evropasa da atlantis okeaneSianglo-saqsebis mier britaneTis dapyrobadanielebi (normanebi) inglisSislavebivariagebi da kievis ruseTi. variagebi da saqarTvelo.saRvTo romis imperia`il de fransi~, kapetingebi safrangeTSiarabuli espaneTiuiliam dampyrobeli inglisSi, saSineli samsjavros wigniGgermania Staufenebis dinastiis mmarTvelobisas bizantia da selCukebijvarosnuli laSqrobebi (I periodi) jvarosnuli laSqrobebi (II periodi)monRolebiosmalebi axlo aRmosavleTSibizantiis restavraciidan konstantinopolis dacemamde (paleologosebis xanis kultura)kolumbamdeli amerikis civilizaciebi: maia, actekebi da inkebi

42. 15843. 16244. 16545. 16846. 17247. 17648. 18049. 18450. 188

italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebi XII-XV ss. (kavSiri saqarTvelosTan)Ggermania XIII-XV saukuneebSigermanul qalaqTa savaWro kavSirebiruseTi XII-XV saukuneebSihusituri moZraobakaTolikuri eklesia da eretikosebiebraelebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSiaswliani omivardebis omi

evropa Sua saukuneebis miwurulsa da axali drois dasawyisSi

V

89

106

115

117

131

143

154

165

184

51. 19252. 19653. 20154. 20555. 20956. 21257. 215

`kaTolike mefeebi~ - isabel kastilieli da ferdinand aragonelisaRvTo romis imperia karl V-is drostiudorebistiuartebikardinal riSelies mmarTveloba safrangeTSilui XIVpetre I-is ruseTi. ruseTi da kavkasia

axlo da Soreuli aRmosavleTi

VI 58. 22059. 22460. 22861. 23262. 236

osmaleTis imperiis Zlierebis xana da dakninebis dasawyisisefianTa iranis saxelmwifoindoeTi Sua saukuneebSiCineTi Sua saukuneebSiiaponia Sua saukuneebSi

VII 63. 240 64. 244

samefo kari, etiketi da qcevis normebiwodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi

saxelmwifo aparati da warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi

65. 248 66. 251 67. 253 68. 255 69. 259 70. 263 71. 267 72. 271 73. 275 74. 279 75. 282 76. 286 77. 289 78. 292

kasturi sistema indoeTSiaTeneli moqalaqeebi da monebimonoba da kolonati romSifeodaluri sazogadoebaaindTa sasuliero ordenebiGglexoba Sua saukuneebSiturnirebi da trubadurebiqalaqebi da moqalaqeebigildiebi da amqrebifeodalizmi saqarTveloSimmarTvelobebi da TviTmmarTvelobebibavSvTa uflebebi da socialuri statusebibavSvTa uflebebis dacva saqarTveloSisaswavleblebi da saswavleblebSi damkvidrebuli wesebi

adamiani da sazogadoeba

VIII

193

209

216

228

236

243

250

258

276

299

312

314

IX79. 29580. 29781. 30082. 30483. 30884. 31285. 31886. 32187. 32488. 32789. 33090. 333

gilgameSis eposi (miTi warRvnis Sesaxeb)homerosi da troa (Slimani)msoflios Svidi saocrebaSua saukuneebis eposi – sagebi da TqmulebebipoliTeizmidan monoTeizmamde: religiebi da konfesiebisataZro qalaqebi da sakulto nagebobebikaTolikuri evropis Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturaganaTleba Sua saukuneebSiaRorZinebaaRorZinebis droindeli italiuri xelovnebaaRorZinebis xanis literaturaganmanaTlebloba

kultura da religia

8

Tavi pir

vel

i

1. rogor gavigoT Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb.

dro da sivrce

istoria aris mecniereba, romelic war-suls swavlobs. misi mTavari kiTxvebia: ra moxda? sad da rodis moxda esa Tu is movlena?

rogorc nebismieri sxva mecniereba, is-toriac interesdeba movlenaTa mizeze-biT, maTi urTierTkavSiriT da cdilobs, daadginos istoriuli procesis kanonzo-mierebebi.

nebismier movlenasa Tu sagans SeiZle-ba hqondes sakuTari warsuli, sakuTari istoria. rodesac ar vakonkre tebT, ris warsulzea saubari da mxolod sityvas `istoria~ vambobT, igulisxmeba kaco-briobis istoria.

adamianis gaCenidan dRemde didi droa gasuli. drois es monakveTi ar aris CvenT-vis erTnairad kargad cnobili. uZvelesi adamianisgan Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod ramdenime Zvalma, iaraRma, samosaxloTa nangrevebma. gacilebiT metia Cveni codna warsulis Sesaxeb im momentidan, rodes-ac adamiani weras iwyebs. Zveli nawerebi-dan vigebT Cveni winaprebis saxelebs, maT konkretul saqmeebs, gancdebs, warmod-genebs. aqedan moyolebuli, SesaZlebeli xdeba kacobriobis met-naklebad gabmu-li, srulfasovani istoriis dadgena. Se-sabamisad, xangrZliv periods adamianis gaCenidan damwerlobis Seqmnamde `wina-reistoriuli, preistoriuli~ SeiZleba vuwodoT, xolo periods damwerlobis Seqmnidan dRemde – `istoriuli~.

Tavad `istoriuli~ dro tradiciulad iyofa Zvel, Sua, axal da uaxles perio-debad. es dayofa sakmaod pirobiTia da emyareba umniSvnelovanes gardatexebs kacobriobis istoriaSi.

drois dinebis SegrZneba, drois garkveuli monakveTebis gamoyofa adamia-nisaTvis Soreul warsulSive iyo damaxa-

astronomiuli saaTi praRaSi

istoriis mamad miCneuli Zveli berZeni,

herodote

I ra aris istoria

9

ra ar

is ist

or

ia

siaTebeli. dRe-Ramisa da wlis droTa monacvleoba Tavad karnaxobda adamians drois am ori erTeulis arsebobas. mTvareze dakvirveba SesaZlebels xdida kvirisa da Tvis gamoyofas. maTematikuri da astronomiuli codnis gaRrmave-bis Sedegad TandaTanobiT dazustda weliwadis xangrZlivoba, gamoiyo drois sxva erTeulebi.

magram mainc sxvadasxva civilizacias drois aRricxvis, movlenaTa daTari-Rebis sxvadasxva sistema hqonda. dRes planetis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili iyenebs welTaRricxvis im sistemas, romelic qristes Sobas emyareba. es mo-vlena msoflio istorias orad hyofs: qristes Sobamde (SemoklebiT q.S.-mde) anu Zveli welTaRricxviT (SemoklebiT Zv.w.) da qristes Sobidan (SemoklebiT qr.S-dan) anu axali welTaRricxviT (SemoklebiT ax.w.) momxdar ambebad. wel-TaRricxvis es sistema hgavs ricxviT wrfes, sadac qristes Soba Seesabameba 0 wertils, Zveli welTaRricxvis wlebi da saukuneebi misken iklebs, xolo axali welTaRricxvisa – misgan matulobs. Sesabamisad, Zveli welTaRricxvis V saukune uswrebs IV-es, xolo axali welTaRrixvis V ki, piriqiT, mosdevs IV-es.

istoriaSi drois aRricxvisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Semdegi erTeulebi: weli, saukune (=100 weliwads), aTaswleuli (=1000 weliwads anu 10 saukunes). radgan qristes Soba aris nulovani wertili da ar Sedis arc erT welTaRricx-vaSi, TiToeuli welTaRricxvisaTvis sastarto weli aris `pirveli~, anu drois monakveTi 0-idan im momentamde, rodesac erTi weli Sesruldeba. Sesabamisad, pirveli saukune moicavs wlebs 1-idan (pirvelidan) 100-mde (measemde), pirveli aTaswleuli ki wlebs 1-idan 1000-mde da saukuneebs pirvelidan meaTemde.

Zvelad movlenaTa daTariRebisaTvis yvela xalxi sakuTar sistemas iyenebda.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo movlenis daTariReba mefis mmarTvelobis wlebiT. ase

magaliTad, egviptelebis gadmocemiT, qadeSis brZola ramses II-is mefobis meeqvse

wels moxda.

asureTis dedaqalaq asurSi, agreTve aTenSi, sadac yovelwliurad icvleboda

qalaqis Tavi, weliwads mis saxels arqmevdnen.

berZnebi zogjer movlenas olimpiadebiT aTariRebdnen. pirveli olimpiada Zv.w.

776 wels Catarda da Semdeg yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel tardeboda. soloni

aTenis mmarTveli Zv.w. 594 wels gaxda. berZens es TariRi SeiZleba amgvarad

gamoeTqva: ormocdamexuTe olimpiadis meore weli (45X4+2).

es sainteresoa

10

Tavi pir

vel

i

1. romeli saukunea:

700 w.

710 w.

2. romeli aTaswleulia:

1200 w.

2012 w.

X s.

XII s.

3. ramdeni weli iarseba saxelmwifom, romlis daarsebisa da dacemis wlebia:

a) Zv.w. 460 – ax.w. 1640

b) ax.w. 460 – 1640

4. ramdeni xnis win ucxovria mefes, romlis mmarTvelobis wlebia:

a)1850-1876

b) 250-215

klasSi samuSao

1. aRwereT mokled welTaRricxvis Tanamedrove sistema. principulad riT gansxvavdeba igi rubrikaSi `es sainteresoa~ motanili sxva sistemebisagan?

saSinao davaleba

Tavi pir

vel

i. isl

ami

welTaRricxva

10

Zv.w. 500 w. ax.w. 500 w.

800 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800

ra ar

is ist

or

ia

11

2. adamianis warmoSoba,

pirvelyofili samyaro

adamianis msgavsi arsebebi – hominide-bi – afrikaSi ramdenime milioni wlis win gaCndnen.

2,5 milioni wlisaa homo habilisi (homo habilis) – `marjve adamiani~, adamianTa (homo) gvaris CvenTvis cnobilTagan yve-laze adreuli warmomadgeneli, rome-lic adamianis uSualo winaprad SeiZle-ba CaiTvalos. mas adamianis magvari sxva arsebebisgan, pirvel rigSi, tvinis zoma gamoarCevda. igi ara marto sxvadasxva sag-nebs iaraRad iyenebda, rasac zogi cxove-lic axerxebs, aramed TviTon amzadebda qvis primitiul iaraRs. amitomac ewoda `marjve~.

misi savaraudo STamomavali, homo ere-qtusi (homo erectus) – `gamarTulad mosia-rule adamiani~ daaxl. 2-1,8 milioni wlis win iwyebs evraziis aTvisebas. misi uZve-lesi sadgomebi afrikis farglebs gareT aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi (daaxl. 1,8 milioni wlis win), agreTve espaneTSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi, indoneziaSi. homo ere-qtusma daxvewa qvis iaraRi, pirvelma ga-moiyena cecxli.

mogvianebiT, kvlav afrikidan gavr-celda adamianis sxva, ufro maRalganvi-Tarebuli saxeobebi – `haidelbergeli adamiani~, neandertaleli da Tanamedrove adamiani – homo sapiens (homo sapiens), `go-nieri an moazrovne adamiani~. homo sapiensi daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis win gaCnda da da-axl. 50 aTasi wlis win man sabolood Camo-yalibebuli saxe miiRo. dRes homo sapiensi adamianis erTaderTi saxeobaa, sxvebma ver gauZles masTan konkurencias, ver moaxer-xes klimatur cvlilebebTan Tu bunebis sxva gamowvevebTan adaptacia da gadaSend-nen, gonierma adamianma ki TiTqmis mTeli planeta aiTvisa.

uZvelesi adamiani moixmarda imas, rasac

homo habilisi

homo ereqtusi

homo sapiensi

mas buneba sTavazobda – agrovebda sakvebad vargis mcenareebsa Tu mis nayofs, nadirobda, Tevzaobda. igi sxvadasxva masalisgan – qvisgan, Zvlisgan, xisgan, amzadebda iaraRs, romelsac iyenebda, pirvel rigSi, sakvebis mosapoveblad. cxovelis tyavisa da mcenareuli masalisgan igi amzadebda agreTve tansac-mels, romelic mas sicivigan, mcxunvare mzisgan an cxovelis nakbenisgan ica-vda.

Tavdapirvelad adamianTa mcire jgufebi – jogebi uvlidnen mozrdil te-ritorias sakvebis mopovebisa da usafrTxo droebiTi sadgomis moZebnis miz-niT. saukeTeso sanadiro da sacxovrebeli adgilebis Ziebam adamiani miiyvana Cveni planetis yvela kuTxeSi, sadac cxovrebisaTvis met-naklebad Sesaferisi pirobebi iyo. gaazrebuli koleqtiuri qmedebebi da damatebiT saSualebaTa gamoyeneba garemo pirobebTan adaptaciisas zrdida adamianis warmatebis Se-saZleblobas sruliad gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebSi. swored garemosTan adaptaciis Sedegia is rasobrivi gansxvavebebi, rac dRes sxvadasxva kontinen-tis mkvidr mosaxleobas Soris SeimCneva.

daaxl. 70 aTasi wlis win, savaraudod, kunZul sumatraze tobas uZlieresi vulkanuri amofrqvevis Semdeg daiwyo `didi gamyinvarebis~ procesi, romelmac planetis mosaxleobis didi nawili Seiwira, magram gadarCenilebi gamoawrTo da Semdgomi warmatebebisTvis Seamzada.

yinulis ukandaxevis Semdeg, daaxl. 12 aTasi wlis win Seiqmna xelSemwyobi pirobebi demografiuli zrdisa da axali miwebis aTvisebisaTvis.

daaxl. 10 aTasi wlis win daiwyo umniSvnelovanesi procesi, romelic `neo-liTuri revoluciis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am dros adamiani nadirobasa da Sem-groveblobas sakuTari sakvebis warmoebiTa (miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) da binadari cxovrebiT anacvlebs. sxvadasxva mcenarisa da cxovelis moSinaurebis kvali mecnierebs msoflios mraval kuTxeSi aRmouCeniaT. axlo aRmosavleTSi

Zroxis mowvela. Zvelegvipturi freska

12

Tavi pir

vel

i

ra ar

is ist

or

ia

mdebareobda miwaTmoqmedebis yvelaze Zveli da mniSvnelovani kera, romelsac `nayofieri naxevarmTvare~ ewodeba.

miuxedavad saxelisa `revolucia~, rac Cven cnobierebaSi swraf da radika-lur cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo da aTaswleulebs moicavda.

sakvebis mopovebis wesis Secvlas mniSvnelovani Zvrebi mohyva sazogadoeba-Si. Tanasworuflebian adamianTa mcire da mobiluri jgufebi binadar cxovre-baze gadadian, iwyeben soflebisa da qalaqebis Senebas. maT garSemo icvleba bunebrivi garemoc. miwaTmoqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saqmia-noba, mag., irigacia (sarwyavi sistemebis mowyoba) iZleoda zedmeti produqtis Seqmnis saSualebas. aman, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mosaxleobis zrdas, Sromis danawilebas, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis gaCenas. viTardeboda xelovneba, arqite-qtura, sazogadoebrivi Tu politikuri struqturebi, gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba da damwerloba. am yovelives vxvdebiT samxreT SuamdinareTis (mdinareebis, evfratisa da tigrosis auzebSi, dRevandeli erayis teritoria) qalaqebSi ukve 5-6 aTasi wlis win. swored aq mTavrdeba preistoriuli (winareistoriuli) xana da iwyeba istoriuli dro.

saqarTvelos teritoriazec neoliTis xanaSi xdeba gadasvla mwarmoeblur meurneobaze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi adreul neoliTSi viTardeba mesaqon-leoba, arqeologiur masalaSi Cndeba marcvleuli kulturebis – fetvis, xor-blis, qeris warmoebis niSnebi. neoliTis xanas ganekuTvneba vazis moSinaurebac. Sinauri yurZnis dReisaTvis cnobili uZvelesi naSTebi samxreT saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili.

radaptacia – Segueba, Sewyoba

rdemografia – statistikis dargi, romelic ikvlevs mosaxleobis Semadgenlobas da moZraobas.

leqsikoni

13

adamianis uZvelesi winapris gavrcelebis ruka

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1. rodis da sad gaCnda pirveli adamiani?

2. riTi gansxvavdeboda igi cxovelisagan?

3. rodis gamoCnda pirveli adamiani saqarTveloSi?

4. ra warmoadgenda adamianis ZiriTad saqmianobas aTaswleulebis manZilze?

5. raSi mdgomareobs `neoliTuri revoluciis~ arsi?

klasSi samuSao

1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba adamianis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebis Sesaxeb.

2. moiZieT masalebi saqarTveloSi pirvelyofili adamianis Sesaxeb. amisaTvis SegiZliaT ewvioT saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums an mis internet-saits. moZiebuli masalis safuZvelze moamzadeT prezentacia `pirvelyofili adamianis samosaxlo saqarTvelos teritoriaze~.

saSinao davaleba

14

Tavi pir

vel

i

2,5 mln w. – gaCnda pirveli adamiani, homo habilisi

10 aTasi wlis win – iwyeba `neoliTuri revolucia~, adamiani Semgroveblobasa da monadireobas miwismoq-medebiTa da mecxoveleobiT anacvlebs

2 mln w. – gaCnda homo ereqtusi

1,8 mln w. – homo ereqtusi dmanisSi

200-150 aTasi wlis win – afrikaSi gaCnda homo sapiensi – Tanamedrove adamiani

3 mln 2 mln 1 mln 0

15

Zvel

i aR

mo

savl

eT

is civil

iz

aciebi

3. nilosis auzi - Zveli egvipte

uZvelesi civilizaciebi didi mdi-nareebis napirebze aRmocenda: egvipte – nilosis, Sumeri, babiloni, asureTi – evfratisa da tigrosis, indoeTi – indi-sa da gangis, CineTi – xuanxesa da ianZis. es arcaa SemTxveviTi. mdinaris roli am civilizaciebisTvis Zalze mniSvne-lovani iyo. mdinare uzrunvelyofda mimdebare teritoriis nayofierebas, amavdroulad adamians organizebul Sromas aCvevda. es jer kidev `istoriis mamam~ – herodotem SeniSna da egviptes `nilosis nobaTi~ uwoda.

nilosis napirebze ganlagebuli da-saxlebebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi gaer-Tianda jer or samefod (nilosis del-taSi Seiqmna qvemo anu CrdiloeTi same-fo, nilosis pirveli Woromidan delta-mde ki – zemo anu samxreTi samefo), Sem-deg ki erT saxelmwifod, romlis mefec – faraoni – orive samefos mflobelis titulebsa da gvirgvinebs atarebda eg-viptis arsebobis mravalaTaswlovani arsebobis manZilze. egviptelebi fa-raons RmerTad miiCnevdnen, xolo mTel mosaxleobas – mis msaxurebad. RmerTe-bisa da faraonis winaSe yvela Tanaswo-ri iyo da adamianis warmateba da samsaxurebrivi winsvla, pirvel rigSi, mis pirad Rirsebebsa da miRebul ganaTleba-ze iyo damokidebuli.

ramses II saomar etlze

qadeSis samSvidobo xelSekruleba.

qvaze amokveTili warwera

egvipturi piramidebi

IIZveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi - saxelmwifoebriobis dasawyisi

15

16

Tavi meo

re

egviptelebi bevrs fiqrobdnen imqveyniur cxo-vrebaze da amqveynad yofnas mniSvnelovanwilad saiqiosaTvis mzadebad aRiqvamdnen. SemuSavda garkveuli zneobrivi (eTikuri) normebi, romelTa dacvac savaldebulo iyo rogorc am, aseve imqveynad Rirseuli adgilis dasakaveblad.

egviptelebi saiqio cxovrebis materialur mxa-rezec zrunavdnen. gardacvlilis sxeuls specia-luri xerxiT amuSavebdnen, raTa ar gaxrwniliyo da patrons SemdgomSic gamosdgomoda. amgvarad Senaxul cxedars mumia ewodeboda. droTa ganmav-lobaSi mumiis damzadebis (mumifikaciis) xelovneba Zalian daixvewa. arsebobda sxvadasxva kategoriisa da fasis momsaxureba. maRali kategoriis mumiebma aTaswleulebs gauZles da Cvenamde sakmaod karg mdgomareobaSi moaRwies. dRes mecnierebi maT sxvadasxva analizs utareben, rac egviptelTa cxovrebis mraval detals hfens Suqs. micvalebuls SeZlebis-dagvarad oqro-vercxlsa da pirveli moxmarebis nivTebsac atandnen da iseT samarxs ugebdnen, romelic mis amqveyniur saxls ar Camouvardeboda.

samarxebis Zarcva Zvel droSive daiwyo. dRemde sul ramdenimem moaRwia xeluxlebeli saxiT. faraonTa samarxebSi Catanebuli saganZuris Sesaxeb war-modgenas gviqmnis siWabukeSi gardacvlili faraonis, tutanxamonis (Zv.w. 1341-1323) samarxi. Tavad samarxTagan ki gamoirCeva piramidebi, romlebic adamianma odiTganve msoflios saocrebaTa ricxvs miakuTvna.

mkacr bunebriv sazRvrebSi (aRmosavleTiTa da dasavleTiT udabno, samxre-TiT nilosis Woromebi da CrdiloeTiT xmelTaSua zRva) Caketili egvipte aTaswleulebis manZilze garesamyarosgan TiTqmis izolirebulad viTardeboda.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebSi egvipte daipyres aziidan mosulma hiqsosebma. mtris gandevnis Semdeg egviptelebma Tavad wamoiwyes warmatebuli Soreuli dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi. Zv.w. XV-XIII saukuneebi egviptis Zlierebis xanaa. is imorCilebs mcire samefoebs siria-palestinaSi da uSualod umezobldeba wina aziis did saxelmwifoebs – miTans, xeTebs, babilons. yvelaze Sors egviptis Zalaufleba Totmes (Tutmos) III-m ganavrco Zv.w. XV s. pirvel naxevarSi, xolo ramses II-is mier qadeSis maxloblad Zv.w. 1274 wels gadaxdili brZola xeTebTan erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili brZolaa Zvel samyaroSi. orive mxare mas sakuTar warmatebad miiCnevda, Sedegad ki daido sazavo xelSekruleba egviptesa da xeTebs Soris. am xelSekrulebis asli dRes gaeros Stabbinas amSvenebs. igi uZvelesi nimuSia Tanaswori da urTierTsasargeblo xelSekrulebisa.

Semdgom xanaSi egvipte SedarebiT dasustda da, miuxedavad imisa, rom kidev didxans darCa mniSvnelovan moTamaSed, rogorc kulturis, aseve politikisa Tu ekonomikis sferoSi, Tanmimdevrulad moeqca aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi msoflio imperiebis gavlenis sferoSi. egvipte jer asureTma daimorCila, Semdeg sparseTma, makedoniam, romma.

Zvelma egviptem, rogorc kulturulma da politikurma fenomenma, sabo-lood Sewyvita arseboba ax.w. VII saukuneSi, arabebis mier misi dapyrobis Semdeg.

tutanxamonis oqros niRabi

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ptaxotepis darigeba (nawyvetebi):

`nu iamayeb Seni codniT, giyvardes, dausva kiTxva, rogorc brZens, ise mas, vinc ar

migaCnia brZenad.

daxelovnebas ar aqvs sazRvari, aravis miuRwevia srulyofilebisTvis.

Tu Sen gekamaTeba, vinc Seni Tanasworia, SesZeli, Seni Tavmoyvareoba gaaCumo...,

Tu Sen gekamaTeba sabralo, romelsac Senze naklebi codna aqvs, nu gaujavrdebi.

daisjeba, vinc sjis Tavisze umcross.

arasodes gaimeoro sxvisi ciliswameba. sjobia, arc ki moismino igi.

Tu daeWvdi megobarSi, nu daiwyeb gamoZiebas, midi masTan, mowmis gareSe

daelaparake. gaxsovdes, vinc dagexmara, Tu gsurs keTildReoba, arasodes Caidino

usamarTloba megobris mimarT, megobari igivea, rac morwyuli yanebi da metia,

vidre simdidre.~

micvalebulTa wigni (nawyveti):

`me ar Camidenia boroteba, me ar Camidenia codva wminda adgilas, me ar miyvarda

mkrexeloba, me ar damiCagravs susti, me ar gamaCnia codva RmerTebis winaSe, me ar

damiCagravs mona batonis TandaswrebiT, me ar vyofilvar aravis avadmyofobis

mizezi, me ar momiklavs, me ar mibrZanebia aravis mokvla, me aravisTvis mimiyenebia

tanjva, me ar vazianebdi sataZro beRlebs, me ar mimiTvisebia micvalebulTa

qoneba, me ar Camidenia mruSoba, me ar mqonda bilwi ena, me arasodes momityuebia

wonaSi, me arasodes Camiqria samsxverplo cecxli, me arasodes gamomitovebia

msxverplSewirva,

me sufTa var, me sufTa var, me sufTa var...~

rdelta – nilosis (da saer-Tod, mdinareebis) gantotvi-li SesarTavi, romelic berZ-nul aso deltas (Δ) waagavda da aqedan miiRo saxeli

r ptaxotepi – veziri, pirveli ministri Zv.w. XXV saukunis erT-erTi faraonis karze

leqsikoni

ZiriTadi TariRebi

1. vin iyo faraoni egviptelTaTvis?

2. rogor warmoedginaT Zvel egviptelebs imqveyniuri cxovreba?

3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs mumiebs Tanamedrove mecnierebisaTvis?

4. ra daniSnuleba hqonda egviptelTa piramidebs?

5. TanmimdevrobiT CamoTvaleT msoflio imperiebi, romlebic gabatondnen

egvipteSi saxelmwifoebriobis moSlis Semdeg.

6. moawyveT diskusia Temaze: `Tanamedrove TvaliT danaxuli egvipturi

samarTali~.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaroebis mixedviT dawereT mokle Txzuleba egviptelTa warmodgenebis Sesaxeb codnaze, samarTlianobaze da saiqio cxovrebaze.

saSinao davaleba

ax.w. VII s. – egviptis dapyroba arabebis mier

Zv.w. XIII s. pirveli naxevari – ramses II-is mefoba

Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis miwuruli – egviptis erTiani samefos Camoyalibeba

Zv.w. XV s. pirveli naxevari – Totmes III-is mefoba da dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi

Zv.w. 1274 – qadeSis brZola

Zv.w. 1341-1323 – tutanxamonis mefoba

Zv.w. XVI s. – hiqsosebi egvipteSi

XXXX s. XV s. X s. V s. 0 V s. X s. XV s.

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1919

4. SuamdinareTi

Sumeri/babilonimdinareebs, evfratsa da tigross Soris,

dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi da saxelmwifoebrio-ba jer kidev neoliTSi Cnde ba. samxreT SuamdinareTSi (mesopotamiaSi) Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi yvavis civilizacia, ro-melsac Sumeruls vuwodebT. es ucno-bi warmoSobis xalxi enacvleba aq ufro adreul binadarT da did simaRleebs aRwe-vs sulieri da materialuri kulturis sferoSi. maTi kulturuli miRwevebi, pir-vel rigSi, lursmuli damwerloba, daedo safuZvlad SuamdinareTisa da saerTod, wina aziis mraval civilizacias.

Sumerebi damoukidebel qalaq-saxel-mwifoebSi cxovrobdnen. erT-erTi aseTi qalaqis, uruqis mefe – gilgameSi Sumerul TqmulebaTa gmirad iqca. periodulad, ro-melime qalaqis mefe axerxebda sxvebis da-morCilebasa da qveynis gaerTianebas.

pirveli didi gaerTianeba, romelic gascda samxreT SuamdinareTis farglebs, aqadis mefis, sargon didis (Zv.w. XXIV s.) saxels ukavSirdeba.

xamurabis kanonebis stela

babilonis nangrevebi

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aqadelebi semituri warmoSobis xalxi iyo, romelic Sumerebis gverdiT sax-lobda. mesame aTaswleulis miwuruls semituri tomebi intensiurad Semodian mesopotamiaSi da Sumerebis TandaTanobiT asimilacias axdenen. Sumeruli rCeba mwerlobisa da mecnierebis enad, mis gverdiT dgeba aqaduri, romlis calkeul dialeqtebze laparakobdnen babilonelebi, asurelebi da SuamdinareTis sxva xalxebi. Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi aqaduri saerTaSoriso enis statuss iZens da did samefoebs Soris mimowera swored am enaze warmoebda.

II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi SuamdinareTSi ori saxelmwifo iwyebs aR-masvlas – babiloni da asureTi.

qalaqi babiloni vaWrobisTvis Zalze mosaxerxebel da strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas mdebareobs, sadac evfrati da tigrosi yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs. babilonis aRzeveba mefe xamurabis (Zv.w. XVIII s.) saxels ukavSirdeba. xamurabim moqnili diplomatiiTa da samxedro warmatebebiT moaxerxa, patara qalaq-saxelmwifo mTeli mesopotamiis batonad eqcia. da mainc, xamurabi, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi kanonebiTaa cnobili. Savi qvis, diori-tis stelaze dawerili teqsti Cvenamde srulad moRweulTagan yvelaze Zveli kanonTa krebulia. es krebuli umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa babilonis saxelmwifo mowyobisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesaswavlad.

babiloni, mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze msoflios udidesi qalaqi, 8 kva-dratul kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli. amitom, imis miuxedavad, mesopotamiis did nawils akontrolebda (rogorc xamurabis an nabuqodonosoris (Zv.w. 605-562) dros), Tu qalaq-saxelmwifos pirvelad sazRvrebs ubrundeboda, is did samefod da angariSgasawev Zalad rCeboda, sanam sabolood ar dakarga damouki-debloba Zv.w. 539 wels sparselebis mier dapyrobis Sedegad. SemdgomSi qalaqi mcire xniT aleqsandre makedonelis msoflio imperiis dedaqalaqic iyo.

asureTiSuamdinareTis CrdiloeT nawilSi asureTi batonobda. qveynis saxelwodeba

misi dedaqalaqisa da mfarveli RvTaebis – asuris saxelidan modis. mogvianebiT ki qalaqi ninevia ikavebs qveynis mniSvnelovani centris pozicias.

asureTs ramdenjerme daudga aRmavlobis xana. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi asureTi mTel Crdilo SuamdinareTs akontrolebda, xolo asuruli savaWro ko-loniebi mTel wina aziaSi iyo modebuli. asureli vaWrebi akontrolebdnen mTel saerTaSoriso vaWrobas ZiriTadi strategiuli saqonliT, agreTve sakuTari samefos agenturis funqciasac iTavsebdnen. bevr qalaqSi maT sakuTari TviTm-marTveli ubnebi hqondaT. maTgan yvelaze cnobili da kargad Seswavlili qanesia (dRevandeli qiul-Tefe TurqeTSi, qalaq kaiseris maxloblad). Zv. w. XIX-XVIII ss. mijnaze asureTSi mefobda SamSiadadi, romelmac mTeli CrdiloeT mesopotamiis damorCileba SeZlo. mis saxelmwifos bolo mouRo xamurabim. qalaqi asuri jer babilonis gavlenis sferoSi moeqca, Semdeg ki is miTanis samefom daimorCila.

Zv.w. XIV saukunidan asureTis saxelmwifo kvlav gamodis saerTaSoriso as-parezze, xolo momdevno saukuneebSi asurelTa eqspansiis axali talRebi vrceldeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. gansakuTrebul warmatebebs aRweven TuqulTininurta I (1244-1208) da tiglaTfalasar I (1115-1077), romelmac asu-relTagan erTaderTma miaRwia Sav zRvas.

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asurelTa Zlierebis mwvervali Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebze modis, rodesac isini TiTqmis mTel axlo aRmosavleTze batonobdnen: isini imorCileben babilonsa da samxreT SuamdinareTs sparseTis yuremde, israels xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, aviwroeben urartus samefos vanisa da urmiis tbebis midamoebSi da garkveuli droiT egviptesac ki ipyroben. magram mxolod samxedro Zalaze damyarebu-li saxelmwifo Sinaganad mainc susti da aramdgradi iyo. maTma mezoblebmac gauTavebel omebSi daxvewes samxedro xelovneba da moaxerxes winaaRmdegobis organizeba. Zv.w. 615 wels babilonis mefem, nabuqodonosorma da midiis mefem, kiaqsarma sxvadasxva mxridan Seuties asureTs. brZola aT wels gagrZelda da babilonis mefis gamarjvebis Semdeg qarxemiSTan brZolaSi (605 w.) asureTma arseboba Sewyvita.

asureTis imperia

berZnuli qalaq-

saxelmwifoebi lidiis samefo

iuda

ierusalemi

aTeni

babiloni

ekbatana

ninevia

aSuri

frigiis samefo

kimerielebi

urartus samefo (Zv.w. 712 w-mde)

egviptis samefo

asureTis imperia Zv.w. 824

asureTis imperia Zv.w. 671

r analebi – matiane, istoriuli Jan-ris nawarmoebi

r dialeqti – ama Tu im enis loka-luri nairsaxeoba. erTi enis dia-leqtebi erTmaneTisagan naklebad gansxvavdebian, vidre ragind axlo monaTesave enebi.

r kolonia – ama Tu im qalaqis an qve-ynis (metropolis) mier Seqmnili met-naklebad damoukidebeli da-saxleba, romelsac Tavis damfuZ-nebelTan garkveulwilad mWidro politikuri, ekonomikuri da kul-

turuli kavSirebi hqonda.

r semitebi – semituri enobrivi ojaxis warmomadgeneli xalxebi. dRes am jgufis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebi arabebi da ebrae-lebi arian.

r statusi – garkveul sazogadoeba-Si met-naklebad aRiarebuli, dad-genili mdgomareoba, wodeba (ro-desac adamianis mimarT ixmareba)

r stela – didi qva warweriT an gamo-saxulebiT, romelic TvalsaCino adgilas idgmeboda.

leqsikoni

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wya ro 3

sargon aqadelis warweridan:

`Saruqini, samyaros mefe, 54 brZolis gamarjvebiT gadamxdeli, zRvaTa

sanapiroebamde galavnebis damangreveli... Saruqini, mefe, romelsac RvTaeba

enlilma toli metoqe ar gauCina: 5400 kaci yoveldRe mis winaSe Wams purs. vinc es

warwera gadaSalos misi saxelis waSlis mizniT, dae, enlilma misi saxsenebeli

amoagdos.~

xamurabis kanonebidan:

1. ukeTu kacma kaci daasmina, mkvleloba daabrala da ver daumtkica, misi damsmeneli

sikvdiliT unda daisajos.

2. ukeTu kacma kacs jadoqroba daabrala da ver daumtkica, is, visac jadoqroba

dabralda, mdinaresTan unda mivides, mdinareSi unda Sevides da Tu igi mdinarem

daiWira, misi damsmeneli mis saxls waiRebs. Tu es kaci mdinarem gawminda da igi

gadarCa, vinc mas jadoqroba daabrala, sikvdiliT unda daisajos. vinc mdinareSi

Sevida, Tavisi damsmenelis saxls waiRebs.

3. ukeTu kaci sasamarTloSi danaSaulis mowmed gamovida da Tavisi naTqvami ver

daamtkica, Tuki es sicocxlis saqmea, es kaci sikvdiliT unda daiosajos.

tiglaTfalasar I-is analebidan

Cemi mefobis dasawyisSi 20000 muSqi da maTi 5 mefe, romlebmac ukve 50 welia

miitaces (qveynebi) alzi da furulumzi, adre (RvTaeba) aSurs, Cems batons, rom

uxdidnen xarks, romlebic verc erTma mefem ver daamarcxa brZolaSi da romlebic

sakuTar Zalas endobodnen, daeSvnen (mTebidan) da daipyres qaTmuxis qveyana.

aSuris, Cemi batonis imediT Sevkribe Cemi etlebi da laSqari, sxvebs aRar davelode

(da) qaSiaris mTebi, Znelad savali, gadavlaxe. maT 20000 mebrZolsa da 5 mefes

qaTmuxis qveyanaSi Severkine, vZlie maT, meomarTa gvamebi brZolisas ise movaquCe,

rogorc niaRvarma, maTi sisxli maRali mTebidan xevebSi moedineboda, Tavebi

davaWeri da dasaxlebebis maxloblad marcvleuliviT movagrove, maTi nadavli,

qoneba, simdidre uricxvi wamoviRe. 6000 kaci, maTi laSqris narCenebi, vinc Cems

iaraRs gaeqca, fexebze momexvivnen, me Seviwyale isini da Cemi qveynis xalxs SevuerTe.

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ZiriTadi TariRebi

1. riT aris mniSvnelovani Sumeruli civilizacia?

2. ra enebi iyo gavrcelebuli SuamdinareTSi?

3. ram Seuwyo xeli babilonis aRzevebas?

4. ganixileT klasSi xamurabis kanonebi (wyaro 2). romeli kanoni

geCvenebaT azrsmoklebulad?

5. imsjeleT, raze iyo damyarebuli asureTis samefo da ram ganapiroba

misi dacema. gamoiyeneT wyaroebi 1 da 3.

klasSi samuSao

1. dawereT Tema SuamdinareTSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb. mokled daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.

saSinao davaleba

XXXX s. XXXV s. XXX s. XXV s. XX s. XV s. X s. V s. 0

Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevari – Sumerul qalaq-saxelmwifoTa gaCena

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisi – asuruli savaWro koloniebi mcire aziaSi

Zv.w. 1244-1208 – TuqulTininurta I-is mefoba asureTSi

Zv.w. 605 – asureTis dacema

Zv.w. 539 – babilonis aReba sparselebis mier

Zv.w. 605-562 – nabuqodonosor II-is mefoba babilonSi

Zv.w. XXIV s. – sargon aqadeli mefoba

Zv.w. XVIII s. – xamurabis mefoba babilonSi

Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebi – asureTis Zlierebis xana

Zv.w. 1115-1077 – tiglaTfalasar I-is mefoba asureTSi

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pirveli Cinuri civilizaciebi war-moiqmna sami didi mdinaris – xuanxes (yvi-Teli mdinaris), ianZisa da qsi Zianis auzeb-Si. mdinareebi miwaTmoqmedebs uzunvelyo-fda naTesebisaTvis aucilebeli sarwyavi wyliT. daaxl. Zv.w. 2200 wlidan CineTis sxvadasxva nawilebSi saxelmwifoebi Sei-qmna. pirveli dinastia ki, romlis mmarTve-lobac istoriulad dadasturebulia, iyo Sanis (inis) dinastia, romelic daaxl. Zv.w. 1700 wlidan 1046 wlamde batonobda. am di-nastiis mmarTvelobis periodSi (Zv.w. XV s.) Seiqmna Cinuri damwerlobis pirveli saxeoba, romelic warmoadgenda sxvadasxva sagnebisa da movlenebis simbolur gamo-saxulebas. arsebobda aTasobiT simbolo-niSani, maTi mcodne ki bevri ar iyo. am mi-zeziT simboloebis raodenoba SemdgomSi Semcirda, simboloebic ufro daixvewa da SedarebiT advili gasagebi gaxda. warwere-bs (romlebic, ZiriTadad, momavlis Sesaxeb marCieloba iyo), Tavdapirvelad cxovele-bis Zvlebze kveTdnen. amave xanebSi daiwyo brinjaosa da Tixis WurWlis, aseve abreSu-mis warmoeba.

Sanis dinastias Caenacvla CJous dinas-tia, romlis gamgeblobac Zv.w. 221 wlamde gagrZelda. am periodSi ganviTarda Cine-Tis ekonomika, vaWroba – daiwyo Cinuri abreSumis, Zvirfasi qvebis, faifuris nawarmis eqsporti.

CJous dinastiis mmarTve-lobis periodSi moRvaweobda filosofosi konfuci (Zv.w. 551-479) – konfucianelobis religiur-eTikuri sistemis Semqneli. legendis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. VI saukuneSi cxovrobda lao Zi. man safuZveli Cauyara daoizms, romelmac Camoyali-bebuli religiis saxe Zv.w. II saukuneSi miiRo. lao Zis mo-

5. xuanxes auzi - Zveli CineTi

konfuci

imperatori Si huangdi

Si huangdis terakotis armia

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ZRvrebis Tanaxmad, adamianma unda icxovros sakuTari nebis mixedviT da xeli-sufleba Tavisi kanonebiT rac SeiZleba naklebad unda Caerios mis cxovrebaSi. adamiani unda dakmayofildes mcirediT da ar isurvos fufunebiT cxovreba.

CineTi CJous dinastiis mmarTvelobis dros erTiani centralizebuli saxelmwifo ar iyo. sxvadasxva regionebis mmarTvelebi gauTavebel omebs awarmoebdnen erTmaneTSi. am omebis periodSi TandaTanobiT gaZlierda Cinis (cinis) dinastia qveynis Crd.-aRm.-Si, romelmac Zv.w. 221 wlisaTvis gaaerTiana qveyana da swored misi damsaxurebiT ewoda mas CineTi. gaerTianebuli CineTis pirvelma imperatorma Si huangdim Seqmna saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis axali sistema; SemoiRo erTiani fuladi (yvela monetas mrgvali forma hqonda SuaSi naxvretiT) da zoma-wonis erTeulebis sistema. gaiyvanes axali gzebi da arxebi. swored am dros daiwyo CineTis didi kedlis mSenebloba, romelic Crdiloe-Tidan momTabareebis Semosevebisagan icavda qveyanas. Si huangdi gamWriaxi, magram amave dros sastiki mmarTveli iyo. is wvavda wignebs da sikvdiliT sjida im swavlulebs (pirvel rigSi, konfucis mimdevrebs), romelTa Sexedulebebic ar emTxveoda misas. is Zv.w. 210 wels gardaicvala da uzarmazar miwisqveSa akl-damaSi dakrZales. mas Caatanes yovelive is, rac SeiZleboda saiqio cxovrebaSi gamosdgomoda. mis neSts Tixisgan gamoZerwili naturaluri zomis meomrebis 10 aTas kaciani armia icavda. Si huangdis sikvdilidan sul male, Zv.w. 206 wels Cinis dinastiis arseboba dasrulda.

konfucianeloba

konfucis SexedulebiT, saxelmwifo unda marTon keTilSobilma adamianebma,

romelTa saTaveSic xelmwife (imperatori) – `cis Svili~ dgas. is unda iyos

zneobrivad srulyofili da misi qceva emyarebodes moralis principebis mkacr

dacvas. mSoblebma unda izrunon Svilebze; ojaxSi axalgazrdebma pativiscema unda

gamoamJRavnon ufrosebisadmi; urTierTpativscemas unda daemyaros im adamianebis

urTierTobac, romlebic erTmaneTis naTesavebi ar arian. es principebi unda iyos

saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis safuZvelic. `marTva niSnavs samarTlianad qcevas~ –

es evaleboda mmarTvels. Tavis mxriv, misi qveSevdromebi pativs unda scemdnen mas da

usityvod emorCilebodnen.

konfuci kanonebze damyarebuli mmarTvelobis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo: `xalxis

kanonebiT marTvisa da sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT wesrigis SenarCunebis mcdelobis

SemTxvevaSi, xalxi Seecdeba Tavi aaridos sasjels da ar eqneba danaSaulis grZnoba;

da Tu xalxis marTva ganxorcieldeba siqvelisa da tradiciebis safuZvelze, xalxs

ecodineba, Tu ra aris sircxvili da gamoswordeba.~

konfucianelobis religiur-eTikuri sistema did zegavlenas axdenda aramarto

CineTis, aramed zogadad aRmosavleT aziis xalxebis msoflmxedvelobasa da

sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze XX saukunis dasawyisamde.

evropam konfucis Semoqmedeba CineTSi moRvawe qristiani misionerebis –

iezuitebis saSualebiT gaicno. jer kidev 1687 wels gamoica laTinurad wigni

konfucis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.

es sainteresoa

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is Secvala hanis dinastiam (Zv.w. 202-ax.w. 200), romlis drosac CineTis imperia gadaWi-muli iyo CineTis zRvidan centraluri azia-mde da koreidan indoCineTis naxevarkunZula-mde. am periodSi safuZveli Caeyara abreSumis gzas, romelic CineTs evropasTan akavSirebda. ax.w. I saukuneSi Cinuri abreSumi da saneleble-bi ukve Semodioda romSi. Cinuri wyaroebis mixedviT, ax.w. 166 wliT TariRdeba romis pir-veli elCoba CineTis imperatoris karze.

am periodSi CineTSi Seiqmna sajaro samsaxuris sistema, romlis safuZvelze xdeboda saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze das-aniSni pirebis SerCeva. konfucianeloba iqca saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ideologiur safuZvlad. arqeologiuri masalebis safuZvelze dasturdeba, rom Zv.w. II saukunidan CineTSi iwarmoeboda qaRaldi. qaRaldma mraval sferoSi Secvala masze bevrad Zviri abreSumi da Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli gaxda ufro didi raodenobiT abreSumis eqsporti. es ki qveyanas did Semosavals aZlevda.

rmorali – im wesebis, normebis erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvravs adamianTa yofaqcevas ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi; zneoba.moraluri – zneobrivi

reTika – filosofiuri moZRvreba moralis, zneobis Sesaxeb. eTikuri – eTikis TvalsazrisiT misaRebi.

leqsikoni

wya ro 1

premier-ministr li sis rCevebi imperator Si huangdisadmi:

`...am swavlulebs codna mxolod Zvels da ara axals emyareba... isini iyeneben

TavianT codnas Cveni mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg... Zvel droSi, rodesac samyaro

qaosiT da areulobiT iyo moculi da ver erTiandeboda... isini iyenebdnen warsuls

awmyos dasagmobad da TavianT moZRvrebas upirispirebdnen xelisuflebis mier

Seqmnil wesrigs. axla Tqvenma udidebulesobam daipyro mTeli samyaro, ganasxvava

TeTri da Savi, SemoiRo erTiani standartebi. magram dRemde es jiuti swavlulebi

erToblivad gmoben kanonebs da afaseben TiToeul axal brZanebas sakuTari

moZRvrebis mixedviT. gulSi farulad upirispirdebian [am brZanebebs] da quCebSi

xmamaRla bWoben maT Sesaxeb; xels uwyoben Worebis gavrcelebas. Tu es ar aikrZala,

suverenis prestiJs ziani miadgeba da misi qveSevrdomebi daiyofian.

me gTavazobT, rom yvela istoriuli Canaweri garda Cinis (epoqisa), daiwvas.

isini, vinc bedavs saubarSi daimowmos Zveli... Canawerebi, sajarod unda

daisajon sikvdiliT. isini, vinc iyeneben Zvel tradiciebs axal wesrigTan

dasapirispireblad, ojaxTan erTad unda ganadgurdnen. moxeleebi ki, vinc icis

maTi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, magram umoqmedobas iCens, amgvaradve unda daisajon.

am brZanebis gamocemidan ocdaaTi dRis manZilze Tu aseTi wignebis mflobelebma ar

gaanadgures isini, maSin maT saxeze SanTiT unda amoewvaT damRa da gaigzavnon didi

kedlis mSeneblobis mZime samuSaoebze. ar unda ganadgurdes mxolod is wignebi,

romlebic exeba medicinas, marCielobas da soflis meurneobas.~

sima qiani, `didi istorikosis Canawerebi~ (Zv.w. 213).

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1. teqstis mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu ras gulisxmobs premier-ministri li

si (wyaro 1) gamoTqmaSi `erTiani standartebi~.

2. isaubreT qaRaldis gamogonebis mniSvnelobaze.

3. Tqveni azriT, ratom Tvlida premier-ministri saWirod im wignebis

SenarCunebas, romlebic exeba medicinas, marCielobas da soflis

meurneobas?

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro 1-isa da rubrikis `es sainteresoa~ mixedviT, SeadareT konfucis ideebi li sis rCevebs imperatorisadmi. gansazRvreT, Tu ratom iyo miuRebeli konfucis ideebi imperator Si huangisaTvis.

2. internetiT moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi CineTis didi kedlis Sesaxeb. moamzadeT prezentacia klasisTvis.

saSinao davaleba

CineTis didi kedeli

ZiriTadi TariRebi

Zv.w. VI s. – lao Zi Zv.w. 202-ax.w.200 – hanis dinastia

Zv.w 551-479 – konfuci

Zv.w. 221-210 – Si huangdis mmarTveloba.

600 400 200 0 200

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mdinare indis auzSi pirveli civili-zaciebi Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan iRebs sa-Taves. Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Crd. indoeTis qalaqebSi, mohenjo-darosa da harapaSi, arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili masalebi adasturebs, rom aq arsebuli civiliza-cia ar CamorCeboda imdroindel egvip-tesa da mesopotamias. mosaxleoba liTo-nebidan ZiriTadad iyenebda brinjaosa da spilenZs. saxlebs gamomwvari aguriT agebdnen. aq aRmoCenili wylis arxebis sistema maRali donis sainJinro codnaze miuTiTebs. magram am civilizaciis arse-boba daaxl. Zv.w. 1500 wlisaTvis dasrul-da. erTi mosazrebiT, civilizaciis dakni-neba gamoiwvia masStaburma wyaldidobam, romlis Sedegadac md. indma kalapoti Seicvala da nayofieri miwebi xriokad iqca. meore mosazrebiT ki, adamianebma miwis resursebi amowures.

daaxl. Zv.w. 1500 wlidan 500 wlamde periods moicavs e.w. `vedebis epoqa~. am drois Sesaxeb cnobebs viRebT religiuri Txzulebebidan – `vedebidan~. `vedebiT~ safuZveli Caeyara indur religias – in-duizms.

Tavdapirvelad vedebs ar iwerdnen – isini zepirad gadaicemoda. maTi Cawera moxda gvian, `vedebis epoqis~ dasrule-bis Semdeg Zveli indoeTis literaturul enaze – sanskritze. am periodis miwuruls (Zv.w. VI saukuneSi) moRvaweobda kidev erTi induri warmomavlobis religiis – budizmis fuZemdebeli buda.

am epoqaSi indoarielebma (indoevro-peli xalxebis erT-erTi ganStoeba) Tan-daTanobiT Seaviwroes da daimorCiles indoeTSi mosaxle sxva xalxebi – upir-velesad dravidebi, romlebic kanis muqi feriT gamoirCeodnen da maT indoarie-lebi ufro dabal safexurze mdgomebad miiCnevdnen.

6. indis auzi - Zveli indoeTi

buda

Zvelinduri qandakeba

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Camoyalibda kastebis sistema, romelic vedebSia asaxuli. Tavdapirvelad arsebob-da oTxi kasta. kastebis sistemis mixedviT, adamians dabadebisTanave gansazRvruli hqonda Tavisi adgili sazogadoebaSi. in-doarielebma Seqmnes mcire saxelmwifoebi, romelTac rajebi marTavdnen.

Zv.w. V s-dan indoeTis dasavleTi nawili sparseTis aqemenianTa imperiis Semadgen-lobaSi Sedioda. Semdgom, xanmokle perio-dis ganmavlobaSi, indoeTis am nawilSi aq Tavisi xelisufleba aleqsandre makedo-nelma daamyara. misi sikvdilis Semdeg ki indoelebma berZnebi gaaZeves.

Zv.w. 331 wels Candragupta mauriam Seqm-na Zlieri induri saxelmwifo. misi SviliS-vilis, aSokas dros (Zv.w. 273-232) TiTqmis mTeli indoeTi gaerTianebuli iyo. Zv.w. 260 wels aSokas armiam mZime brZolaSi da-amarcxa aRmosavleTi indoeTis saxelmwi-fos – kalingas jarebi. sastiki sisxlisR-vriT SeZrwunebulma aSokam Sewyvita ome-bi da gadawyvita, yovelgvar Zaladobaze uari eTqva. is budizmze moeqca. brZenma, guluxvma da tolerantma mmarTvelma bu-dizmi gaavrcela indoeTSi, ceilonze, ti-betSi, siamsa da birmaSi. sartanSi, sadac budam pirvelad iqadaga, aSokas brZEanebiT aigo uzamarzari sveti, romelsac amSve-nebda budizmis simbolo – oTxi borBbliT Semkul kvarcxlbekze mdgari oTxi lomis qandakeba. dRes es qandakeba warmoAadgens indoeTis erovnul gerbs.

aSokas sikvdilis Semdeg misi imperia erTmaneTTan moqiSpe saxelmwifoebad dai-yo. Sina areuloba ramdenime saukune gagr-Zelda. sabolood guptas dinastiam moaxer-xa Crd. indoeTis gaerTianeba. am dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodi (ax.w.320-467) erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeulia indoeTis isto-riaSi, xolo Candragupta II-is mefoba (ax.w. 380-413) indoeTis `oqros xanad~ iTvleba. guptas dinastiis dros indoeTis mTavar religiad iqca induizmi, Tumca dinastia mxars uWerda budizmis gavrcelebasac.

sami lomi – budizmis simbolo da

Tanamedrove indoeTis gerbi

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guptas dinastiis periodi indu-ri kulturis ayvavebis xana iyo. ax.w. daaxl. II saukuneSi Seiqmna epikuri poemebi `mahabharata~ da `ramaiana~. pirvelSi moTxrobilia ori samefo gvaris mtrobis ambavi, xolo meore eZRvneba gmirebis brZolas boroti Zalebis winaaRmdeg. ax.w. IV saukuneSi moRvaweobda cnobili poeti da dra-maturgi kalidasa, romelsac zogjer uiliam Seqspirs adareben. indoele-bma gamoigones cifri nuli, niSani minusi da cifrebi (indoeTSi gamo-gonebul cifrebs evropaSi arabuli ewoda, radganac evropelebisaTvis isini arabebisgan gaxda cnobili). indoelebi daxelovnebulebi iyvnen qsovilebis SeRebvaSi, tyavis damuS-avebaSi, sapnisa da SuSis damzadebaSi.

wya ro 1

`vaWrobis zedamxedvelma unda gaigos

sxvadasxva saqonelze dabali da

maRali fasebis zRvari, unda icodes

maTze moTxovnilebis arsebobis

an ararsebobis Sesaxeb. aseve unda

icodes Sesyidvisa da gayidvis

xelsayreli dro.

adgilobrivi nawarmisa da mefis

saqonlis gasayidad unda dadgindes

erTi adgili, xolo ucxo qveynebis

saqoneli sxvadasxva adgilebSi

gaiyidos.

mefis xazinaSi Sesatani Tanxa unda

dadgindes saqonlis moculobis an

sigrZis gazomviT...

vaWrobis zedamxedvelma gulisxmieri

damokidebulebiT xeli unda Seuwyos

vaWrebs, raTa maT Semoitanon

ucxouri saqoneli. mezRvaurebi da

vaWrebis qaravnebi gaaTavisuflos

sabaJo gadasaxadisagan, Tu es Sedis

mefis interesebSi...

rac Seexeba vaWrobas ucxo qveynebSi,

imis codnasTan erTad, Tu ra fasi

aqvs saqonels, ucxo qveyanaSi SesaZlo

mogebis gaTvlisas, zedamxedvelma

unda gaiTvaliswinos sabaJo

gadasaxadebi, saqonlis gadatanis

safasuri mdinaresa da xmeleTze,

samxedro saguSagoebze gadasaxdeli

Tanxa, vaWris danaxarjebi gzaSi,

sadgomis daqiraveba, gzaSi

msxverplTSewirva... ~

`artxaSastra~ (mefis praqtikuli

moRvaweobis saxelmZRvanelo)

(miewereba Candragupta maurias

mTavar mrCevels, kautilias)

(Zv.w. IV s-is dasasruli)

rtoleranti – momTmeni, Semwynarebeli.

rtolerantoba – sxvisi azrebis, rwmenis Semwynarebloba.

leqsikoni

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ZiriTadi TariRebi

Zv.w. 273-232 – aSoka

ax.w. 380-413 – Candragupta II

Zv.w. 1500-500 – `vedebis epoqa~

ax.w. 320-467 – guptas dinastia

600 400 200 0 200 400

1. ra mosazrebebi arsebobs pirveli induri civilizaciebis aRsasrulis

mizezebis Sesaxeb?

2. Tqveni azriT, risTvis sWirdebodaT Zvel indoelebs wylis arxebis

sistema?

3. daaxasiaTeT mefe aSokas mmarTveloba.

4. CamoTvaleT induri kulturisa da mecnierebis miRwevebi. moawyveT

diskusia am miRwevebis TanamedroveobisaTvis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

klasSi samuSao

1. wyaro1-ze dayrdnobiT moamzadeT mcire Txzuleba indoeTis vaWrobis Sesaxeb. Tqveni azriT, indoeTis geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, romel qveynebTan unda hqonoda indoeTs savaWro urTierTobebi da romel qveynebs Soris SeiZleboda is yofiliyo savaWro Suamavali?

saSinao davaleba

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7. xeTebis samefo

mcire azia – dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoria – uZvelesi civilizaciebis kera iyo. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi aq mravali sxvadasxva xalxi da qalaq-saxel-mwifo iyo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobas ki asu-rel vaWarTa dasaxlebebi awarmoebdnen. indoevropuli warmoSobis xalxma, xeTeb-ma, qalaq qanesis mefe aniTas meTaurobiT moaxerxes mcire aziis didi nawilis erT samefoSi moqceva. aniTam daipyro xaTebis qveyana da miwasTan gaaswora maTi sataxto qalaqi xaTusa. mogvianebiT xeTebma es qa-laqi aRadgines da is Tavis dedaqalaqad aqcies. xeTebis samefo marbiel laSqro-bebs awyobda siriasa da SuamdinareTSi. erTma aseTma laSqrobam mefe mursilis sardlobiT Zv.w. 1531 w. babilonsac ki miaRwia da xamurabis dinastias mouRo bolo. Tavis mxriv, xeTebs Crdilo-aRmo-savleTidan gauTaveblad esxmodnen Tavs qasqebis momTabare tomebi.

dapyrobiTi da marbieli laSqrobebis dros xeTebs oqro-vercxlTan da saqo-nelTan erTad mohyavdaT tyveebi – ada-mianebi da RmerTebi. ucxo RmerTebis qandakebebs isini TavianT taZrebSi aTav-sebdnen da sakuTari RmerTebis Tanaswor pativs miagebdnen, radgan swamdaT, rom amiT axal mfarvelsa da Semwes moipovebd-nen, tyve xalxs ki Tavis samefos Soreul raionebSi asaxlebdnen meurneobaSi mu-Saxelis raodenobis gazrdisa da Tavdac-visunarianobis amaRlebis mizniT.

Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebSi xeTebis samefo Zlierebis mwvervals aRwevs da imdroin-deli msoflios udides saxelmwifoTa rigSi eqceva. mefe sufiluliuma I war-matebas aRwevs miTanis Zlier samefos-Tan brZolaSi da mis taxtze sasurvel kandidats svams. amis Semdeg is egviptes ecileba Crdilo siriaze batonobaSi. eg-viptesTan Widili didxans gagrZelda da

qadeSis brZola

xeTebis qalRmerTi CviliT

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dasrulda Zv.w. 1274 wels qadeSis brZoliTa da sazavo xelSekrulebiT. qadeSis brZolis gmiri, mefe muvaTali, brZolaSi daiWra da male gardaicva-

la. qiSpoba mis vaJsa da Zmas, xaTusili III-s Soris am ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. xaTusilim daimorCila qveyana da vasalebi, moagvara urTierTobebi mezoblebTan da egviptis faraons, ramses II-s qaliSvili miaTxova colad. amis Semdeg xeTebis samefo male daqveiTda. aRmosavleTidan is Seaviwrova xelaxali aRmavlobis gzaze damdgarma asureTma. XIII saukunis miwuruls taxtis maZiebel-Ta Soris dapirispirebas emateba `zRvis xalxebisa~ da qasqebis Semosevebi, ris Sedegadac xeTebis imperia ecema da ramdenime patara samefod iSleba.

wya ro 1

sufiluliumas xelSekrulebidan xukana xaiaselTan

ase (ambobs) «mze» sufiluiluma, xaTis qveynis mefe: xedav, Sen, xukana, ubralo

meomari agiyvane da warCinebuli gagxade! me Sen xaTusaSi da xaiasas mcxovrebTa

(teqstSi: «kacTa») Soris keTilad warmogaCine, xolo Sen Cemi da colad mogeci.

da Sens (Sesaxeb) mTelma xaTis qveyanam, xaiasas qveyanam da yvela (sxva) qveyanam,

mezobelma Tu adgilobrivma, ismina. Sen, xukana, mxolod «mzis» batonoba unda cno!

agreTve Cemi Ze, romelzedac me «mze», vityvi: «dae, es yvelam cnos!» da (romelsac)

me (sxvebs) Soris warmovaCen, Sen, xukana, swored igi unda cno! SemdgomSi ki vinc

Cemi Svilebia, xolo misi (e.i. gamorCeuli ufliswulis) Zmebia, agreTve vinc [Cemi]

Zmebia, isini Sen keTilad, viTarca Zmani da megobarni, (ise) unda cno. SemdgomSi

sxva vinme batoni, rogori [kacic] ar unda iyos igi, «mzis» zurgs ukan ar unda cno.

mxolod «mze» unda cno da daicva igi, «mze».

xaTusili III-is avtobiografiidan:

moxda ise, rom mteri fisxurudan SemoiWra. qaraxna da marisTa mtris garemocvaSi

aRmoCndnen. mas erTi mxridan TagasTa esazRvreboda, meore mxridan ki Talmalia iyo

misi sazRvari. cxenebis rvaasi Sebma hyavdaT, qveiTebis ki Tvla ar hqondaT. xolo

me Cemma Zmam, muvaTalim gamgzavna da as oci Sebma cxenebisa momca, qveiTebidan ki

arc erTi kacic ar maxlda. maSinac iSTari, Cemi qalbatoni, gamiZRva win da maSin me

mters sakuTari ZalebiT gavumklavdi. da, rodesac yvela, vinc ki mtris mokavSire

iyo, davamarcxe, mteri gaiqca, xolo qalaqebi, romlebic mowyvetilni iyvnen

xaTis qveyanas, Tavdasxmebs awyobdnen da mterTan brZola daiwyes. visTavandaSi

ki me (RvTaebis) stela aRvmarTe. da maSinac me iSTaris, Cemi qalbatonis, wyaloba

mqonda. xolo iaraRi, romelsac maSin vatarebdi, movavaraye da qalRmerTis, Cemi

qalbatonis winaSe movaTavse.

wya ro 2

ZiriTadi TariRebi

Zv.w. 1531 w. – babilonis aReba mursilis mier

Zv.w. 1274 – qadeSis brZola

Zv.w. XVIII s. – aniTas mefoba

Zv.w. XIV s. meore naxevari – sufiluliumas mefoba

Zv.w. XIII s. miwuruli – xeTebis samefos dacema

XVIII s. XVII s. XVI s. XV s. XIV s. XIII s.

1. romel saxelmwifoebs ebrZodnen xeTebi da ra SedegebiT dasrulda es

brZolebi?

2. ram ganapiroba xeTebis imperiis dacema?

3. wyaro 2-is mixedviT, vis miawers sakuTar gamarjvebas xaTusili III?

4. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. rogor fiqrobT, es xelSekruleba

Tanaswor mxareebs Soris ideba Tu ara?

klasSi samuSao

1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba `xeTebis dapyrobebi~.

saSinao davaleba

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8. finikia. iudea da israeli

finikia xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, dRevandeli libanis terito-riaze mdebareobda. qveyana mdidari iyo xi-liT, RviniT, zeTisxiliT, xe-tyiT. libanis kedari uZvelesi droidan Zvirfas samSene-blo masalad iTvleboda, xolo xilis erT saxeobas qveyanam Tavisi saxeli misca – fi-niki. zRvasa da mTebs Soris viwro zolSi finikielTa mravali qalaq-saxelmwifo iyo gaSenebuli. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi adgili ekava tviross, bibloss, ugaritsa da sidons. am qalaqebis ZiriTad saqmiano-bas vaWroba da zRvaosnoba warmoadgenda.

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan moyo-lebuli, axlo aRmosavleTis didi saxel-mwifoebi cdilobdnen am qalaqebze saku-Tari gavlenis gavrcelebas. gansakuTre-biT warmatebuli egvipte iyo, romelmac finikiis didi nawili daimorCila, xolo xeTebma CrdiloeTiT mdebare ugaritis samefo aqcies sakuTar vasalad. Zv. w. XII saukunis miwuruls finikia tiglaTfala-sar I-ma dalaSqra.

Zv. w X saukunidan finikia damoukide-beli iyo. qalaqebs Soris pirvelobas tvi-rosi aRwevs. finikieli vaWrebi ara mar-to dacuravdnen mTel xmelTaSua zRvaSi, aramed misi sanapiroebis kolonizaciasac axdendnen. finikielTa axalSenebi gaCnda siciliaze, iberiis (pirineis) naxevarkun-Zulze, afrikaSi. 825 wels dRevandeli tu-nisis teritoriaze daarsda qalaqi karTa-geni, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi Zlie-ri saxelmwifo Seqmna da dasavleT xmel-TaSuazRvispireTis didi nawili moicva. Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSi sami sisxlismRvreli omis Sedegad romma daamarcxa karTageni da male xmelTaSua zRvis patroni gaxda.

II aTaswleulis II naxevridan moyolebu-li, finikielTa partniorebi da metoqeebi zRvaze berZnebi iyvnen. TviTon saxeli fi-nikiac berZnulia da Zv.w. XIV saukunidan gvxvdeba.

finikiuri xomaldi

solomonis taZris maketi

finikiuri moneta

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finikielebi ara marto kargi vaWrebi, aramed kargi meomrebic iyvnen. maTi samxedro floti saimedod akontrolebda zRvas SesaniSnavi did qveynebs araerTxel miumarTavT maTTvis dasaxmareblad.

finikielebis saxels ukavSirdeba agreTve kacobriobis mniSvnelovani aRmoCena – anbani.

iudea da israelixmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT napirze, finikiis samxreTiT, dRevandeli

israel-palestinis teritoriaze ebrauli tomebi II aTaswleulis II naxevridan Cndebian, bibliis Tanaxmad, brundebian `egvipturi tyveobidan~. isini pirve-lobisaTvis ebrZvian qanaanelebs, filistimelebsa da sxva mezobel tomebs. 12 ebrauli tomis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna israelis samefo. misi pirveli mefe sauli (1050-1030) iyo. sauli da misi sami vaJi erT-erT brZolaSi daiRupnen. iudas tomis mxardaWeriT samefo taxti saulis siZes, daviTs (1030-990) ergo. daviTma ganagrZo warmatebuli laSqrobebi mezoblebis winaaRmdeg, mniSvne-lovnad gaafarTova qveynis sazRvrebi da israeli Tavisi drois erT-erT uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcia. mis dedaqalaqad, politikur da religiur centrad ierusalimi iqca. daviTis Semdeg taxtze avida misi Ze, solomoni (990-950), romlis mefobac israelis samefos ayvavebis xanad iTvleba. solo-monis saxels ukavSirdeba saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis gonivruli reforma, ekonomikuri aRmavloba, aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianoba.

solomonis memkvidreebma ver SeinarCunes qveynis erToba da mis adgilze ori samefo gaCnda – israeli da iudea. israelis samefos asurelebma mouRes bolo Zv.w. VIII saukunis miwuruls. iudea ki cdilobda, Tavi daecva didi me-zoblebisagan – asureTisgan, egviptisgan, babilonisgan, romlebic rigri-gobiT esxmodnen mas Tavs da morCilebas Txovdnen. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo babilonis mefis, nabuqodonosoris (605-562) laSqrobaTa Sedegebi. man aiRo ierusalimi, daangria taZari da mosaxleobis didi nawili tyved waiyvana. ebraelTa `babilonuri tyveoba~ aqemenianTa iranis mefis, kirosis mier babi-lonis dapyrobiT dasrulda. man ebraelebs Sin dabrunebisa da taZris aRd-genis ufleba misca (538). ierusalimSi dabrunebuli iudevelebi garkveuli avtonomiiT sargeblobdnen sparseTis imperiis farglebSi, Tumca religiur Tems sparsuli administracia eWvis TvaliT uyurebda. Temis Camoyalibeba, qalaqisa da taZris mSenebloba Zalian gaWianurda. avtonomias inarCunebda ebrauli Temi aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebis Sedegad Seqmnili eli-nisturi samefoebisa da Semdgom romis saxelmwifos farglebSic. romaelTa winaaRmdeg ebraelebis sami didi ajanyebis Semdeg imperatorma adrianem ax.w. 135 wels gadawyvita, moespo iudevelTa saxsenebeli, amitom qveyanasac da ierusalimsac saxelebi Seucvala.

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berZnuli Tqmulebebis Tanaxmad, finikiidan gadmosaxlda saberZneTSi kadmosi,

Tebes damaarsebeli.

finikieli mefis asuli, evrope Seuyvarda zevss, berZenTa uzenaes RmerTs. igi qals

xaris saxiT gamoecxada, zurgze Seisva da kretaze gaitaca. aq maT eyolaT vaJi

minosi, kretis legendaruli mefe. finikielma asulma Tavisi saxeli misca mTel

kontinents, evropas.

finikielebs ukavSirdeba evropasa da azias Soris SuRlis gaCena. herodotes

Tanaxmad, jer finikielebma gaitaces mefis asuli io da egvipteSi waiyvanes. amis

pasuxad berZnebma gaitaces kolxeTidan medea, Semdeg kvlav azielma, troelma

ufliswulma moitaca spartis dedofali elene, rasac troas omi mohyva.

rkolonizacia – koloniebis, dasaxlebebis dafuZneba. es dasaxlebebi xSir SemTxve-vaSi ar emorCilebodnen da-mfuZnebels, magram inarCu-nebnen metropoliasTan mWi-dro politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirebs. Zvel samyaroSi cnobilia asuruli, finikiuri, berZnu-li kolonizacia.

leqsikoni

israelisa da iudeis samefoebi

biblosibeiruTi

sidonitirosi

israelis

samefo

aram-damaskos

samefo

moabis

samefo

edomis

samefo

iudas

samefofi

li

st

im

el

Ta

sa

mT

av

ro

eb

i

asureTis imperia

xmelTaSua

zRva

akra

samaria

ieriqoni

diboni

hebroni

petra

ierusalimiaSdodi

aSkeloni

Raza

iafa

damasko

es sainteresoa

ZiriTadi TariRebi

XX s. XV s. X s. V s. 0 V s.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevari – finikiuri qalaqebi didi samefoebis gavlenis qveS

Zv.w. 1030-990 – daviTis mefoba

Zv.w. 1050-1030 – israelis pirveli mefe sauli

Zv.w. 990-950 – solomonis mefoba

Zv.w. VI s. – ebraelTa `babilonuri tyveoba~Zv.w. 825 –

karTagenis daarseba

Zv.w. X s. meore naxevari – israelis daSla or samefod

ax.w. 135 – iudeis Temis gauqmeba romis imperator adrianes mier

1. ra ganapirobebda axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis interess finikiis

qala qebisadmi?

2. sad daarses finikielebma axalSenebi?

3. ra mniSvnelovani aRmoCena ukavSirdeba finikielTa saxels?

4. ra aris `babilonuri tyveoba~? rodis daiwyo da dasrulda is?

5. romeli mefeebis dros aRwevs Zlierebis mwvervals israeli? ra

gaakeTes am mefeebma?

6. ratom gadawyvita imperatorma adrianem iudevelTa saxsenebelis

mospoba da ra gaakeTa amisaTvis?

klasSi samuSao

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi TemisaTvis `israelisa da iudeis samefoebi~. moawyveT klasSi Temis prezentacia.

saSinao davaleba

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XX s. XV s. X s. V s. 0 V s.

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midielebi da sparselebi, sxva monaTes-ave iranel xalxebTan erTad, Tanamedrove iranisa da centraluri aziis teritoria-ze daaxl. Zv. w. 1000 wlisaTvis dasaxldnen. Tavdapirvelad, jer kidev susti midiele-bi da sparselebi xarks uxdidnen asureTs. daaxl. Zv. w. 700 wlisTvis ki midielebma Zlieri samefo Seqmnes, gaxdnen babilonis mokavSireebi da Zv.w. 612 wels aiRes asure-Tis dedaqalaqi ninevia. midielebma bolo mouRes maTi samflobeloebis dasavleTiT mdebare urartus samefosac.

im xalxebs Soris, vinc midielebs emor-Cileboda, iyvnen maTi monaTesave, iranis samxreTSi mcxovrebi sparselebi. Zv.w. 559 wels maT damoukidebeli samefo Seqmnes, romelsac aqemenianTa sagvareulo edga saTaveSi. Zv.w. 549 wels aqemeniani kiros II (Zv.w. 559-530) daeufla midielebis sataxto qalaq ekbatanas (Tanamedrove hamadani) da taxtidan Camoagdo midielTa ukanaskneli mefe, astiagi. midia aqemenianTa mier Seqm-nili imperiis provincia gaxda. Tumca mi-dielebma gansakuTrebuli adgili Seinar-Cunes axladSeqmnil imperiaSi. berZnebi am imperias zogjer `midielTa da sparselTa samefod~ moixseniebdnen, sparseTTan ome-bs ki `midiis omebs~ uwodebdnen.

aqemenianebma Zveli msoflios udidesi imperia Seqmnes. sparselebma jer kidev kirosis dros gaanadgures babilonis sa-mefo. kirosma ufro dasavleTiTac gai-laSqra da SemoierTa lidiis samefo (Ta-namedrove TurqeTis teritoriaze). misma memkvidrem, kambizma (Zv. w. 529-522) ki dai-pyro egvipte da Tavi egviptis faraonad gamoacxada.

aqemenianTa imperiam Tavisi Zliere-bis mwvervals miaRwia darios I-is (Zv.w. 521-486) dros. man aago aqemenianTa axali, brwyinvale sataxto qalaqi, persepolisi. dariosma imperia oc provinciad – satra-

9. midia da sparseTi

kirosis cilindri

sparsi meomrebi

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piad dahyo, romlebic satrapebis mier imarTeboda (erT-erT satrapiaSi Sedio-da kolxeTis nawili). mefe miCneuli iyo imperiis uzenaes mmarTvelad, magram satrapebsac didi uflebebi hqondaT miniWebuli. imisaTvis, rom satrapebs damoukideblobisaken swrafva ar gamoeCinaT, mefes yvela provinciaSi hyavda jaSuSebi, romlebic mis `Tvalebsa da yurebs~ warmoadgendnen. satrapebs ar hqondaT sakuTari jaris Seqmnis ufleba, maT mxolo mcirericxovani Seiara-Rebuli razmebi emsaxurebodaT. TiToeul satrapias evaleboda, centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis gadaeca Semosavlebis gansazRvruli nawili. satrapiebis yvelaze daSorebul regionebSi adgilobrivi tomebi inarCunebdnen tradi-ciuli mmarTvelobis sistemas, magram maT xarkis gadaxda da mefisaTvis ZR-venis mirTmeva evalebodaT. am daSorebul raionebSi aqemenianebi sazRvrebis dasacavad cixesimagreebs agebdnen da jarebs ayenebdnen.

aqemenianebi Semwynareblur damokidebulebas iCendnen dapyrobili xalxe-bis mimarT; pativs scemdnen maT religias da tradiciebs. kirosma babilonis tyveobidan gaaTavisufla ebraelebi da samSobloSi daabruna. garda amisa, man saxsrebi gaiRo ierusalimSi solomonis taZris aRsadgenad.

aqemenianTa religia zoroastrizmi iyo, romlis legendarul Seqmnelad iTvleba zoroastri (zaraTuSTra). zoroastruli rwmenis mixedviT, samyaro da cocxali arsebebi Seqmna `sinaTlis~, `sikeTis~ RmerTma, ahuramazdam, ro-melsac mudmivi brZola uwevs `wyvdiadisa da borotebis~ RmerTTan, ahriman-Tan. zoroastrizmma didi gavlena moaxdina axlo aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis xalxebis religiebze.

aqemenianTa imperia 200 wlis manZilze uZlieresi da udidesi imperia iyo. sparselebi evropaSic SeiWrnen. dariosis dros maT berZnebis damorCileba scades. berZnul-sparsuli omebi gagrZelda misi memkvidris, qserqses drosac (Zv.w. 486-465), magram sabolood sparselebis marcxiT dasrulda.

amis Semdeg aqemenianTa imperia TandaTanobiT dasustda da sabolood is aleqsandre makedonelma gaanadgura Zv.w. 331 wels.

wya ro 1

Zv.w. V s.-is berZeni istorikosi herodote aRtacebiT saubrobs aqemenianTa dros

arsebul gzebis sistemaze, romelTa gayvanac daiwyo kirosis, xolo srulyofili

saxe miiRo dariosis dros. mTavari gza sataxto qalaq susadan lidiis centralur

qalaq sardamde miemarTeboda da sigrZiT 1500 km-s aWarbebda. am gzaze moZraobdnen

imperiis jarebi, romlebic yovelTvis mzad iyvnen, CaexSoT ajanyebebi provinciebSi.

mefis Sikrikebs gadahqondaT mniSvnelovani werilebi da amanaTebi. maT SeeZloT

es manZili erT kviraSi daefaraT, radgan gzaze specialur safosto sadgurebSi

icvlidnen cxenebs. vaWrebs ki saqoneli gadahqondaT am gziT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo msoflio istoriaSi pirveli gzatkecili.

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lursmuli warwera babilonis gaTxrebis dros napovn e.w. `kirosis cilindrze~:

`rodesac me Sevedi babilonSi, rogorc megobari da davamyare... samarTlianoba da

keTildReoba, marduqma, didma RmerTma, mouwoda babilonis mkvidrT, Seveyvarebine

me da yoveldRe locvas aRvuvlendi mas. Cemi uricxvi jarebi mSvidobianad

moZraobdnen babilonis garSemo. me aravis miveci ufleba, gaenadgurebina arc erTi

adgili Sumeris da aqadis qveynebSi. me viRvwodi mSvidobisaTvis babilonsa da yvela

mis wminda qalaqSi.

....me [yvelgan] davabrune da [aRvadgine] Zveli taZrebi da davabrune iq mosaxleoba.

marduqis, didi RmerTis nebiT, Tavis adgilze davabrune Sumeris da aqadis yvela

RmerTi... romlebic nabidonusma (babilonis mmarTveli) babilonSi gadmoitana

didi RmerTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod da mivuCine adgili maT Zvel taZrebSi.~

aqemenianTa imperia

Savi zRva

xmelTaSua zRva

kaspiis

zRvaiberia

kolxeTi

olbia

maraToni

memfisi

ierusalimi

ekbatana

persepolisi

susa

salamisi

platea

libia

egvipte

midia

arabeTi

parTia

drangiana

baqtriana

sogdania

babiloniaaria

sparseTi

elami

asureTi

kapadokia

somxeTi

aqemenianTa imperiis maqsimaluri sazRvrebi

aqemenianTa Zalauflebis centrebi

samefo gza

brZolebi

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1. teqstsa da wyaro 2-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT aqemenianTa religiur

politikaze.

2. SeadareT erTmaneTs asureTisa da sparseTis imperiebis politika

dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT.

3. ra xerxebiT cdilobdnen aqemenianebi satrapebis Zalauflebis

SezRudvas?

klasSi samuSao

1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba aqemenianTa imperiis mmarTvelobis struqturis Sesaxeb. CamoTvaleT is RonisZiebebi, romliTac aqemenianebi cdilobdnen imperiis erTianobis SenarCunebas.

2. internetiT moiZieT masalebi aqemenianTa dedaqalaqis – persepolisis Sesaxeb da moamzadeT prezentacia mis istoriasa da Tanamedrove mdgomareobaze.

saSinao davaleba

ZiriTadi TariRebi

700 600 500 400 300 200

Zv.w. 559-530 - kiros II

Zv.w. 331 – aqemenianTa imperiis aRsasruli

Zv.w. 521-486 – darios IZv.w. 612 – mi-dielebis mier nineviis aReba.

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