Gilded Age Main Pesentation - Breckenridge Independent ......Presidents of the Gilded Age U.S. Grant...

Gilded Age Gilded Age

18701870--19001900

Presidents of the Gilded AgePresidents of the Gilded Age

U.S. Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

James Garfield 1881

Chester A. Arthur 1881-

1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 and

1893-1897Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893William McKinley

1897-1901

Gilded AgeGilded Age--originorigin►► Gilded AgeGilded Age --Period when Period when

corruption existed in society corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period (wealth of the period (““gildedgilded”” is is when something is when something is golden/beautiful on the surface golden/beautiful on the surface but is really cheap/worthless but is really cheap/worthless underneathunderneath

►► Abuses in business and Abuses in business and government caused problems government caused problems for immigrants, laborers, and for immigrants, laborers, and farmersfarmers

►► Term comes from a book Term comes from a book written about the time period written about the time period by Mark Twain and Charles by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in 1873 Dudley Warner in 1873 The The Gilded AgeGilded Age

View Intro to America’s

Industrial Revolution

Inventors/Inventions Inventors/Inventions

►► Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

�� Perfected the light bulb in 1880, Perfected the light bulb in 1880, and motion pictureand motion picture

�� Organized power plantsOrganized power plants

�� Established first research labEstablished first research lab

►► Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

�� Telephone (1876)Telephone (1876)

►► Henry FordHenry Ford

�� Assembly LineAssembly Line

►► George EastmanGeorge Eastman

�� Camera (1885)Camera (1885)

►► Samuel MorseSamuel Morse

�� Telegraph (1837)Telegraph (1837)

►► Wright BrothersWright Brothers

�� Airplane (1903)Airplane (1903)

►► Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes

�� Typewriter (1867)Typewriter (1867)

►► Guglielmo MarconiGuglielmo Marconi�� RadioRadio

Samuel Morse

Alexander Graham Bell

19th Century

Camera

19th Century

Typewriter

Wright Brothers on

1903 Flight

Marconi

The Steel IndustryThe Steel Industry’’s Impact on s Impact on

AmericaAmerica►► Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process--

developed around 1850 developed around 1850 injected air into molten injected air into molten iron to remove impurities iron to remove impurities and make steeland make steel--a lighter, a lighter, more flexible, rust more flexible, rust resistant metalresistant metal

►► Steel is used in railroads, Steel is used in railroads, farm equipment, canned farm equipment, canned goodsgoods

►► Engineers use steel to Engineers use steel to create create skyscrapersskyscrapers and and longer bridges (Brooklyn longer bridges (Brooklyn Bridge)Bridge) View Steel Industry

Video

Impact of Railroads on America Impact of Railroads on America

during the Gilded Ageduring the Gilded Age►► BenefitsBenefits

�� Stimulated growth of other Stimulated growth of other industries (steel, iron, coal, lumber, industries (steel, iron, coal, lumber, glass)glass)

�� Helped cities growHelped cities grow

�� Helped increase westward Helped increase westward expansion of Americaexpansion of America

�� Standard time zones were created Standard time zones were created to get everyone on correct timeto get everyone on correct time

►► CorruptionCorruption

�� Charged much higher rates to Charged much higher rates to western farmerswestern farmers

�� Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868

►► Union Pacific Union Pacific

►► Fake construction companyFake construction company

►► Bribed members of CongressBribed members of Congress

►► Represented corruption of Represented corruption of periodperiod

View Corruption in Railroads

Standard Oil Cartoon based on Ida B. Tarbell’s book- The History of Standard Oil

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

►► Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie�� Industrialists who made Industrialists who made

a fortune in steel in the a fortune in steel in the late 1800late 1800’’s, as a s, as a philanthropistsphilanthropists, he gave , he gave away some $350 away some $350 million.million.

►► John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller�� Industrialists who made Industrialists who made

a fortune in the oil a fortune in the oil refining industryrefining industry

�� U.S. Standard OilU.S. Standard Oil


►► J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan

�� Industrialists who Industrialists who

started U.S. Steel from started U.S. Steel from

Carnegie Steel and Carnegie Steel and

other companies. other companies.

Became 1Became 1stst Billion dollar Billion dollar

Corporation.Corporation.

�� Bailed out the U.S. Bailed out the U.S.

economy on more than economy on more than

one occasion. one occasion.


►► Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

�� A process in which a A process in which a

company buys out all of the company buys out all of the

suppliers. (Ex. coal and iron suppliers. (Ex. coal and iron

mines, ore freighters, rr mines, ore freighters, rr

lines)lines)

►► Horizontal ConsolidationHorizontal Consolidation

--A process in which a company A process in which a company

buys out or merges with all buys out or merges with all

competing companies (JP competing companies (JP

Morgan bought out Carnegie Morgan bought out Carnegie

steel and other companies)steel and other companies)


►► TrustsTrusts --A group of A group of

separate companies separate companies

placed under the placed under the

control of a single control of a single

managing boardmanaging board

►► Critics called these Critics called these

practices unfair and practices unfair and

the business leaders the business leaders

““Robber BaronsRobber Barons””


►► Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism�� Used DarwinUsed Darwin’’s theory to s theory to

explain businessexplain business

�� Natural Selection, Survival of Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittestthe Fittest

�� Govt. should not interfere Govt. should not interfere

�� LaissezLaissez--fairefaire --policy that US policy that US had followed since inception had followed since inception to not allow govt. to to not allow govt. to interfere with businessinterfere with business

►► Captains of IndustryCaptains of Industry�� A positive idea that industrial A positive idea that industrial

leaders worked hard and leaders worked hard and deserved their wealthdeserved their wealth

Carnegie Hall

Carnegie Library

Vanderbilt University


►► Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth --belief belief that the wealthy are that the wealthy are ““chosen by Godchosen by God”” to be to be successful and were successful and were therefore responsible to therefore responsible to look out for the well being look out for the well being of those less fortunate. of those less fortunate. Many Industrialist shared Many Industrialist shared wealth although rarely wealth although rarely through direct welfare. through direct welfare. Started museums, etc. Started museums, etc.

►► MonopolyMonopoly--complete control complete control of a product or serviceof a product or service


►► Sherman AntiSherman Anti--Trust Trust

Act of 1890Act of 1890

�� Law outlawing a Law outlawing a

combination of combination of

companies that companies that

restrained interstate restrained interstate

trade or commerce; trade or commerce;

important to prevent important to prevent

monopolies. Not monopolies. Not

initially enforced initially enforced

properly.properly.

Benjamin Harrison

“What can I do when both Parties insist on kicking”

Poor Working Conditions in the Late Poor Working Conditions in the Late

18001800’’ss

►► Most factory workers Most factory workers worked 12 hour days, 6 worked 12 hour days, 6 days a weekdays a week

►► Steel mills often demanded Steel mills often demanded 7 days a week7 days a week

►► No vacations, sick leave, No vacations, sick leave, unemployment unemployment compensation, or workers compensation, or workers compensation for injuries compensation for injuries on the jobon the job

►► Children as young as 5 Children as young as 5 often worked as much as often worked as much as 12 or sometimes 14 hours 12 or sometimes 14 hours a day, for as little as .$27 a day, for as little as .$27 a day.a day.

Video on factory

work

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

►► The Purpose of a labor The Purpose of a labor union was union was ““strength in strength in numbers.numbers.”” Attempted to Attempted to gain better working gain better working conditions and pay.conditions and pay.

►► The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor�� Was the first union to accept Was the first union to accept

workers of all races and workers of all races and gender. Pushed for 8 hour gender. Pushed for 8 hour workday, equal pay for workday, equal pay for women, accepted skilled and women, accepted skilled and unskilled workersunskilled workers


►► The American The American

Federation of Labor Federation of Labor

(AFL)(AFL)-- Accepted only Accepted only

skilled white males, skilled white males,

won higher wages and won higher wages and

shorter work weeks for shorter work weeks for

its membersits members

►► Head of AFL was Head of AFL was

Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers


►► Industrial Workers of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or WobbliesWorld (IWW) or Wobblies

�� Created in 1905, was a Created in 1905, was a radical group of mostly radical group of mostly unskilled workers who unskilled workers who believed in socialismbelieved in socialism

�� SocialismSocialism--an economic an economic or political philosophy or political philosophy that favors public (or that favors public (or social) control of social) control of property and income.property and income.

Setbacks for Labor UnionsSetbacks for Labor Unions

►► Great Railroad Strike of Great Railroad Strike of 18771877�� RR workers strike to protest RR workers strike to protest

wage cutwage cut

�� Violence erupted in many Violence erupted in many cities for a weekcities for a week

�� President Rutherford B. President Rutherford B. Hayes sends in Federal Hayes sends in Federal Troops to put down strikeTroops to put down strike

�� ScabScab ––worker called in by an worker called in by an employer to replace strikersemployer to replace strikers

�� Courts and Federal govt. Courts and Federal govt. often sided with business often sided with business during Gilded Ageduring Gilded Age


►► Haymarket Riot 1886Haymarket Riot 1886�� Workers protesting and Workers protesting and

holding demonstrations in holding demonstrations in Haymarket Square ChicagoHaymarket Square Chicago

�� Speakers are socialist and Speakers are socialist and anarchist (no govt.)anarchist (no govt.)

�� Police arrive and bomb is Police arrive and bomb is thrown at police killing some thrown at police killing some and causing riotand causing riot

�� Public blames labor unions Public blames labor unions and views them as radical, and views them as radical, violent, and mostly violent, and mostly foreignersforeigners


►► Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike--18921892

�� Workers strike against Workers strike against

Carnegie Steel plantCarnegie Steel plant

�� Henry Frick was antiHenry Frick was anti--union union

leader of plantleader of plant

►► Pullman Strike 1894Pullman Strike 1894

�� Railroad industry strike in Railroad industry strike in

which 120,000 striking which 120,000 striking

railroad workers were railroad workers were

stopped only by the stopped only by the

intervention of the federal intervention of the federal

governmentgovernment

The New ImmigrantsThe New Immigrants

►► New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants --Between 1870 Between 1870 and 1920and 1920--20 million 20 million EuropeansEuropeans--mostly from Southern and mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe came to Eastern Europe came to AmericaAmerica-- ((Jews/Catholics)Jews/Catholics)

►► Hundreds of thousands more Hundreds of thousands more came from Mexico, Caribbean, came from Mexico, Caribbean, and Chinaand China

►► Looked and sounded different Looked and sounded different than nativesthan natives

►► NativismNativism--Movement to ensure Movement to ensure that nativethat native--born Americans born Americans received better treatment than received better treatment than immigrantsimmigrants

Russian Jews

1888 Puck Magazine cartoon about American businessmen 1888 Puck Magazine cartoon about American businessmen

encouraging immigration for cheap labor which hurts encouraging immigration for cheap labor which hurts

AmericansAmericans


►► Ellis IslandEllis Island-- In New In New York harbor where York harbor where most European most European immigrants came to immigrants came to get processedget processed

►► Angel IslandAngel Island-- In San In San Francisco where most Francisco where most Asians entered USAsians entered US

►► Culture ShockCulture Shock

►► Melting PotMelting Pot


►► 18821882--Chinese Exclusion Chinese Exclusion

ActAct-- prohibited Chinese prohibited Chinese

laborers from entering the laborers from entering the

country. Was not lifted country. Was not lifted

until 1943.until 1943.

►► GentlemenGentlemen’’s Agreements Agreement

19071907–– was reached was reached

between U.S. and Japan in between U.S. and Japan in

which Japan agreed to which Japan agreed to

restrict immigration to the restrict immigration to the

U.S. U.S.

Political Cartoon depicting how Chinese immigrants workers livedand regular American workers lived. Rats, Yummy!

Problems of Rapid UrbanizationProblems of Rapid Urbanization

►► UrbanizationUrbanization-- growth of growth of citiescities

►► 3 reasons cities grew in 3 reasons cities grew in late 1800late 1800’’s and early s and early 19001900’’ss�� New immigrants arrived in New immigrants arrived in

cities for workcities for work

�� As farm machines replaced As farm machines replaced farmers they moved to citiesfarmers they moved to cities

�� African Americans left South African Americans left South after Civil War and came to after Civil War and came to Northern cities.Northern cities.

View Rise of NYC

video

Problems in Problems in CitiesCities

►► 1. Housing shortages1. Housing shortages-- TenementTenement–– crowded apartment building crowded apartment building with poor standards of sanitation, with poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfortsafety, and comfort

►► 22. . TransportationTransportation ––struggled to struggled to keep up with growthkeep up with growth

►► 3. 3. Clean waterClean water –– was difficult to was difficult to produce and transportproduce and transport

►► 4. 4. Waste and garbageWaste and garbage removal removal was a challenge and often was a challenge and often neglectedneglected

►► 5. 5. Fires Fires were very commonwere very common

�� Great Chicago FireGreat Chicago Fire --18711871

�� San Francisco EarthquakeSan Francisco Earthquake19061906

►► 6. 6. CrimeCrime rose with urbanizationrose with urbanization

A trip down Market Street video

Early Reforms to fix problems of Early Reforms to fix problems of

UrbanizationUrbanization

►► Settlement HouseSettlement House ––Community center Community center organized to provide organized to provide various services to urban various services to urban poorpoor

►► Hull HouseHull House --1889 1889 –– most most famous settlement house famous settlement house established by Jane established by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Addams and Ellen Gates StarrStarr

►► Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement––social reform movement social reform movement that sought to fix social that sought to fix social problems in the name of problems in the name of JesusJesus

The Rise of Political MachinesThe Rise of Political Machines

►► Political MachinesPolitical Machines ––an organized an organized group of people that controlled group of people that controlled the activities of a political partythe activities of a political party�� By giving voters services they By giving voters services they

needed, the machine won their needed, the machine won their vote and controlled city vote and controlled city governmentgovernment

►► City BossCity Boss was head of Political was head of Political MachinesMachines�� ControlledControlled

►► Jobs in police, fire, and Jobs in police, fire, and sanitation departmentssanitation departments

►► Agencies that granted licenses Agencies that granted licenses to businessesto businesses

►► Money to fund large Money to fund large construction projectsconstruction projects

“All Politics center around the Boss”

View Gangs in New York Clip #1

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

►► Political machines loved Political machines loved immigrants, WHY?immigrants, WHY?�� Never voted, tried to sway Never voted, tried to sway

votes by bribery, votes by bribery, intimidation, and other intimidation, and other meansmeans

►► Political machines used Political machines used power topower to�� Rig electionsRig elections

�� Become wealthy from Become wealthy from kickbackskickbacks--illegal paymentsillegal payments

�� Control police force to stay Control police force to stay out of troubleout of trouble

““Boss TweedBoss Tweed”” and Thomas Nastand Thomas Nast

►► William William ““BossBoss”” TweedTweed

City Boss of City Boss of Tammany Tammany

HallHall-- Democratic Democratic

Political Machine in Political Machine in

New York CityNew York City

►► Thomas NastThomas Nast ––political political

cartoonist who was cartoonist who was

critical of machines critical of machines

and Tweedand Tweed

Corruption in GovernmentCorruption in Government

►► Patronage or Spoils SystemPatronage or Spoils System--giving government jobs to giving government jobs to loyal party workers or friends loyal party workers or friends

�� Were not qualifiedWere not qualified

�� Used position to get money Used position to get money from government (from government (graftgraft))

►► President James Garfield President James Garfield is is assassinated by disappointed assassinated by disappointed office seeker favoring Spoils office seeker favoring Spoils SystemSystem

►► President Chester Arthur signs President Chester Arthur signs Pendleton Civil Service Act of Pendleton Civil Service Act of 18831883

James Garfield

Charles Guiteau

View video #2

View video #3

Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883

►► Attempted to end Attempted to end Patronage/Spoils SystemPatronage/Spoils System

►► 1. Creating the 1. Creating the Civil Service Civil Service CommissionCommission which required which required appointed govt. officials to appointed govt. officials to pass the pass the Civil Service ExamCivil Service Examto base jobs on merit instead to base jobs on merit instead of friendshipof friendship

►► 2. Federal employees did not 2. Federal employees did not have to contribute to have to contribute to campaign fundscampaign funds

►► 3. Federal employees could 3. Federal employees could not be fired for political not be fired for political reasonsreasons

Chester A. Arthur signed Pendleton

Act into effect

Gilded Age Main Pesentation - Breckenridge Independent ......Presidents of the Gilded Age U.S. Grant...

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