Chapter 17

To the Cities-massive increase in population Rural to Urban

Great Migration of African Americans

Immigrants- “Push” & “Pull”

Ethnic Enclaves- Urban neighborhoods dominated by one particular immigrant group Germantown-Little Italy-

Chinatown

Comfortable & Secure

Troubled City Overcrowding, turmoil, filth and despair Tenements-slums Against the odds

High rent (25%-40% of skilled salary) High Crime Rate (young unemployed men) Prostitution Anonymity (Puritans would not have

approved)

Political Machine “Boss Rule” Large cities/ Large immigrant

population Candidates strategy to winning

Need large turn outs to win Reward supporters with jobs & contracts

(Police & inspectors) Increase immigrant- denounce Nativist and

anti-immigration laws Handouts-Giveaways Intimidation

Seen as corrupt by wealthy and Nativist Seen as honest graft by immigrants

Trash piled up on Varick Street in 1893 New York City, before sanitation reform. Harper's Weekly

Nativist Impulse Suspicion and hatred for immigrants

Over populated cities/Labor Strikes Irish and German Catholics “New” Immigrant

Successful Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Anti- Immigration Organizations formed Literacy tests for admittance Federal govt. created depots for processing

immigrants Ellis Island- 1892 Angel Island- 1910

Urban Reform-Solutions NY Style Untrained/unpaid police with Police

Departments Volunteer fire fighters with Fire

Departments Sanitation Crews Public Spaces

Central Park

Public School Compulsory Laws

6.9 million to 17.8 million 1870 to 1910

Parochial Schools Created Productive and Informed Citizen

Americanizing the new immigrants

Repeal of Act 1943- 105 admitted

Immigration Act o 1965- Removed Quotas

Angel Island Ellis Island

New View of Poverty Horatio Algers – Jacob

Riis View

Living Among the Poor Settlement House

Middle Class & Educated Women

Provide Services not available in urban poor neighborhoods

Jane Addams- Hull House Advocated for poor

Educated

Trained

Meeting Place

New Urban Landscape Mass Transit Urban centers-Skyscrapers Suburbs-Escape filth of city and

live among like minded Rise of the middle class

Smaller Wealthier More purchasing power

New Roles for Women Higher Education- 13% to 20% of

college grad in 1900 Allowed Freedom from norms Exchange Ideas with other women

Charity and Social Reform Clubs Increase Women’s Christian Temperance Union National American Woman Suffrage

Association Achieved Suffrage in Colorado and

Idaho 19th Amendment in 1920

Leisure & Popular Culture

Demand of eight hour work day results Baseball

College Football

Vaudevilles

Opera Houses

Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous

“Conspicuous Consumption” Gilded Age at it’s best and worst

Mansions

Grand Balls

Out of Touch Politics Electorate evenly divided Laissez-faire/change was socialistic

and harmful to $ & democracy High Tariffs Currency Reform

Sherman Silver Act 1890 (replaced in ‘93)

Civil Service Reform Pendleton Act of 1883

Civil service exam/not connections

The People’s Party Granger Movement-concern farmer’s

plight/ railroads cause of plight Munn v. Illinois (1877) &Wabash v. Illinois

(1886) established the principle of regulation of interstate transportation

Farmers’ Alliances-successors of Granger & concern of falling and rising costs due to bankers CO-OP’s People’s Party /Populist (1892)

Platform mostly for farmers but also for industrial workers

“The popular mind is agitated with problems that may disturb social order,

and among them all none is more threatening than… the concentration of

capital into vast combinations….Congress alone can deal

with them and if we are unwilling or unable there will soon be a trust for

every product and a master to fix the price for every necessity of life.”

Senator John Sherman of Ohio

Homestead Strike-unsuccessful

Chicago’s World’s Fair Closed Opened Panic of 1893 to

showcase America

Closed with Homeless living in complex-Fire

Pullman Strike-unsuccessful

Panic of 1893 Worst up to that time… 20 % unemployed Coxey’s Army- A protest

march from Ohio to Washington, D.C., in 1894 organized by Jacob Coxey to publicize demands for the federal government to alleviate the suffering brought on by the Panic of 1893.

Election of 1896 William J. Bryan runs for

President on anti-expansion/free silver campaign/loses to McKinley

½ million from Rock, A.G., and J.P. Morgan (14

million in today’s $$$