Giải Phẫu Sinh Lý Hệ Thần Kinh
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Transcript of Giải Phẫu Sinh Lý Hệ Thần Kinh
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H thn kinh gm hai phn : Thn kinh trung ng gm : no, ty sng.
No : no trc (gian no, bn cu i no) No gia (no trung gian) No sau (hnh no, cu no, tiu no)
No : cht xm ngoi, cht trng trong Ty sng : cht trng ngoi, cht xm trong
Thn kinh ngoi vi : gm cc i dy thn kinh
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n v cu trc v chc nng ca h thn kinh Gm : thn, si gai, si trc Thn : Thn c hnh dng v kch thc rt khc
nhau (hnh sao, hnh thp, hnh cu) Mng ca thn c nhiu receptor tip nhn
cht truyn t thn kinh, knh ion ng m do cht gn
Bo tng cha nhn, ribosom, li ni bo c ht (tp trung thnh cc th Nissl to mu xm m thn kinh), ty th, b Golgi, lipofuscin-sc t gi.
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Si gai : Tua bo tng ngn, gn thn v lan ra xung quanh thn, c nhiu receptor tip nhn c hiu cht truyn t thn kinh
Si trc : phn cui chia thnh cc nhnh tn cng, u nhnh tn cng phnh to l cc tn cng cha nhiu bc nh c cht dn truyn thn kinh v ty th. Gm hai loi si l si c myelin v si khng c myelin. Si c myelin c bc bi cc t bo Schwann bi
tit myelin (lipoprotein), c tnh cch in. Bao myelin khng lin tc, b t qung thnh on 1-1,5mm cc eo Ranvier.
Si khng myelin : khng c myelin
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Ch tip xc gia si trc neuron ny vi neuron khc (ui gai hoc thn) hoc vi t bo p ng (c, tuyn)
Gm : Mng trc synap Khe synap Mng sau synap
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Nron cm gic
Truyn thng tin v no v ty sng
Nron trung gian (nron lin hp)
X l, lu gi v khi phc thng tin
Nron vn ng
Mang tn hiu cho cc t bo c v cc hch
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Theo quy lut "tt c hoc khng".
Dn truyn theo c hai chiu
Tc dn truyn si trc c myelin nhanh hn si khng c myelin (xung ng nhy cch qua eo Ranvier).
Tc dn truyn t l vi ng knh si trc
Cng kch thch cng ln th tn s xung ng xut hin trn si thn kinh cng cao
Xung ng c dn truyn ring trong tng si v trn si trc cn nguyn vn.
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Xung ng thn kinh kh cc mng trc synap > m cc knh Ca2+.
Ca2+ vo bo tng cc tn cng, gn vi receptor mng trong cc tn cng, tng i lc v ko cc ti cha cht truyn t thn kinh v mng trc synap.
Cc ti cha cht truyn t thn kinh ho mng vi mng trc synap, gii phng cht truyn t thn kinh.
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Kch thch sau synap
c ch sau synap
c im dn truyn xung ng qua synap
Dn truyn xung ng theo mt chiu
Cng kch thch cng mnh th tn s xung ng (in th hot ng) cng cao
Chm synap: Cn nhiu thi gian cho nhiu qu trnh
Mi synap: Tn s xung pht lc u rt ln nhng sau gim dn kch thch lin tc do cn kit cht truyn t thn kinh, bt hot dn cc receptor, ri lon s phn b cc ion
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Oxy : Ngng cung cp oxy trong vi giy th nron s ngng hot ng (ph no, nhn no).
pH : ti thun l 7,35-7,4. + Nhim kim (pH>7,4): tng tnh hng phn nron, tng tc dn truyn xung ng, gy ra nhng cn co git + Nhim toan (pH
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Nm trong ng sng, di #45cm, c mng ty bao bc
Ty sng gm hai phn : cht xm ( trong), cht trng ( ngoi).
Cht xm do thn neuron v si khng c myelin to nn. Hnh ch H gm 2 sng trc, 2 sng sau, 2 sng bn.
Cht trng do si thn kinh khng myelin to nn, hp thnh b
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Dn truyn cm gic i ln
Theo r sau dy thn kinh ty vo ty sng bng hai ng : dng li cht xm ty, tip tc ln cc trung tm cao hn ca trc no.
ng dn truyn cm gic bt cho sang bn i din.
Dn truyn vn ng i xung, bng hai ng :
ng thp : 9/10 bt cho; 1/10 i thng xung ri cng bt cho sang bn i din.
ng ngoi thp : chi phi phn x thng bng, t th, chnh th.
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Ty sng l trung tm ca phn x
Phn x trng lc c : trng thi bnh thng ca c.
Phn x gn-c : g ln gn ca c no s gy co c.
Phn x thc vt : phn x i tin, tiu tin, cng sinh dc.
Phn x da : gi nh ln da (da bng, da bu, da gan bn chn) gy co c gn hoc di .
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Hin tng chong ty : khi ty sng b t ngang t ngt mt mi cm gic, vn ng, phn x gn xng, mt trng lc, hn m, tt huyt p.
Hi chng Brown-Sequard : hu qu ca t ngang ty.
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Bn phn chnh : thn no, tiu no, gian no, i no.
Thn no : hnh no, cu no, trung no
Gian no : trn trung no, gia hai bn cu i no.
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Hnh thi v cu to : phn phnh to nht ca h thn kinh, nm trn ty sng, cu no pha trn hnh no.
Chc nng :
Dn truyn : cm gic v vn ng
Trung tm phn x : iu ha h hp, tim mch, tiu ha, h hp, gic mc
iu ha trng lc c : hnh no c nhn tin nhtng trng lc c, no gia c nhn gim trng lc c
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Cu trc : No gia trn cu no gm cung no v c no sinh t. Cung no c nhn
Chc nng :
Dn truyn : tng t ty sng v dn truyn thnh gic
C no sinh t trc : trung tm phn x nh hng mt vi nh sng
C no sinh t sau : trung tm phn x nh hng vi m thanh
Nhn : gim trng lc c, phn x t th v chnh th
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Hnh thi : thn no, gian no do thn, si trc, ui gai. Thn neuron to thnh cc nhn.
Chc nng :
Nhn li gian no : K/thchgim phn x ty v gin c.
Nhn li hnh cu no gia : k/thchcon vt thc tnh
Si ca cu to li : dn truyn xung ng lan ta trn v no, hot ha v no.
Hnh thnh thi , hnh vi, x tr, xc cm.
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Nhp ngy m
Xung cm gic
Thnh phn ni mi : O2, CO2 Hormon : adrenalin, noradrenalin, tuyn gip
Thuc : m, ng, an thn.
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Hnh thi, cu to : bu dc, to thnh t nhiu nhn xm, gm 4 nhm nhn : trc, sau, trong, ngoi.
Chc nng : Trm dng ng cm gic
trc khi ln trung tm v. Trung tm di v cm gic
au. iu ha vn ng biu hin
cm xc.
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V tr : nn no, di i th
Chc nng :
iu ha hot ng ni tit
Sinh dc : bit ha th thc hot ng sinh dc thi k bo thai
Chng bi niu
Chuyn ha
Thc vt : na sau l trung tm cao cp , na trc l trung tm cao cp h p
iu nhit : trung tm chng nng, na sau trung tm chng lnh
Dinh dng : trung tm no
Thc ng, xc cm, hnh vi
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Hnh thi, cu to : sau thn no, k bn trc no-ty. Ct ngang : cht xm nm v, cht trng nm bn trong, v c nhiu khe, chia thnh nhiu thy.
Theo tin ha : nguyn tiu no, tiu no c, tiu no mi.
Chc nng tiu no : Dn truyn : cm gic, vn ng
Nguyn tiu no : thng bng c th Tiu no c : iu ha trng lc c, tham gia
phn x t th v chnh th Tiu no mi : iu ha trng lc c
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Gim trng lc c, c ng sai tm, sai hng, lon nhp, lc nhanh, lc chm, c ng cng phc tp th cng run, lay trng mt, mt thng bng
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Lp cht xm bao quanh hai bn cu i no, nhn thng tin cm gic th gic, thnh gic, mi, v v xc gic; iu khin vn ng, tr nh, xc cm, tr tu, ngn ng.
Trn v no c nhng rnh v np chia v no thnh cc hi v thu.
Brodmann chia v no thnh 50 vng nh s t 1 n 50: vn ng, cm gic, phi hp.
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Vng vn ng v no 1. Vng vn ng s cp (vng 4 theo Brodmann):
chi phi vn ng tu na ngi i bn. 2. Vng tin vn ng (vng 6 theo Brodmann): chi
phi c ng phc tp. 3. Vng vn ng b sung (vng 8 theo
Brodmann): to t th khc nhau Vng vn ng c bit trn v no ngi
4. Vng Broca : tn thng khng ni c, nhng vn hiu li, hiu ch vit.
5. Vng Wernicke : tn thng khng ni c, khng hiu c li ni, ch vit.
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Vng cm gic thy nh
Vng cm gic th gic : thy chm
Vng cm gic thnh gic : thy thi dng
Vng v gic : di hi nh thuc thy nh
Vng khu gic : hi hi m thuc thy thi dng
S phn phi vn ng v cm gic theo hai qui lut :
1. Qui lut i bn
2. Qui lut ln ngc
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Gm 12 i, nh s la m
Ni xut pht si vn ng : m t bo su trong thn no (nhn vn ng)
Ni xut pht si cm gic : m t bo nm ngoi no (hch r sau).
Gm :
Thn kinh khu gic (I)
Thn kinh th gic (II)
Thn kinh vn nhn (III)
Thn kinh rng rc (IV)
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Thn kinh sinh ba (V)
Thn kinh mt
Thn kinh hm trn
Thn kinh hm di
Thn kinh ging (VI)
Thn kinh mt (VII)
Thn kinh tin nh c tai (VIII)
Thn kinh li hu (IX)
Thn kinh lang thang (X)
Thn kinh ph (XI)
Thn kinh h thit (XII)
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Phn vn ng thc vt ngoi vi : giao cm () v ph giao cm (p)
Hu ht c quan c chi phi kp Hot ng i khng nhau Gm : hch thc vt, si thn kinh thc vt, m
ri thc vt.
Hch thc vt : hch giao cm v hch ph giao cm
Hot ng da trn cung phn x, gm 3 neuron : mt neuron truyn vo v hai neuron i ra, ni vi nhau bng hch thc vt.
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Si cholinergic v si adrenergic
Si bi tit acetylcholin si cholinergic
Si bi tit noradrenalin si adrenergic
Si trc hch c h , h p l si cholinergic
Si sau hch h p l si cholinergic
Si sau hch h l adrenergic
Cc receptor c quan p ng
Nm mt ngoi mng t bo
Receptor cholinergic tip nhn acetylcholin
C hai loi receptor khc nhau : muscarinic v nicotinic
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Receptor muscarinic co c trn kh qun, tiu ha, tit niu, tng tit dch, gin c trn mch mu, c ch tim, h huyt p.
Receptor nicotinic co c vn, kch thch tim, co mch, tng huyt p, gin ng t.
Receptor adrenergic : alpha () v beta ()
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H TKTV gy ra p ng vi tn s kch thch rt thp
Trng lc giao cm v ph giao cm :mc hot ng c s gia 2 h nygip lm tng hay lm gim hot ng ca mt c quan nht nh no
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Trung tm iu ha : vng di i
Cu to li hnh no, cu no, no gia cng c tc dng iu ha chc nng t ng
Nhiu hot ng v no : xc cm, nhp th, co gin mch nh hng THTV
Hormon tuyn gip, ty thng thn : tng hot ng TK giao cm