Ghengis Khan

Mongols

steppe

nomadism

Ibn Khaldun

Il-Khan

Golden Horde

Rashid al-Din

tax farming

Timur

A "secondary" or "peripheral" khan based inPersia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by

Hülegü, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based atTabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of

Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan'sgrandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and

quickly adopted both the Turkic language andIslam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333)

Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who convertedto Islam on Rashid's advice. (p. 334)

A government's use of private collectors to collecttaxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the

government to collect a fixed amount for thegovernment and are permitted to keep as profit

everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols'Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gainedcontrol over much of Central Asia and Iran. He

consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox,and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his

empire. (336)

The title of Temüjin when he ruled the Mongols(1206-1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal"

leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of theMongol Empire. (p. 325)

A people of this name is mentioned as early as therecords of the Tang Empire, living as nomads innorthern Eurasia. After 1206 they established anenormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking

western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expansesof northern Eurasia, which usually have little rainand are covered with coarse grass. They are good

lands for nomads and their herds. Good forbreeding horses: essential to mongol military.

(326)

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, inwhich groups of people continually migrate to find

pastures and water. (p. 326)

Arab historian. He developed an influential theoryon the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, hespent his later years in Cairo as a teacher andjudge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus tonegotiate the surrender of the city. (336)

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Alexander Nevski

tsar

Ottomans

cottage industries

Mamluks

Yuan Empire

lama

Khubilai Khan

Beijing

Under the Islamic system of military slavery,Turkic military slaves who formed an important

part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphateof the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks

eventually founded their own state, ruling Egyptand Syria (1250-1517)

Empire created in China and Siberia by KhubilaiKhan. (p. 349)

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351)

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294)and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351)

China's northern capital, first used as an imperialcapital in 906 and now the capital of the People's

Republic of China. (p. 351)

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whoseacademy near Tabriz provided the model for the

movement of the planets that helped to inspire theCopernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submittedto the invading Mongols in 1240 and receivedrecognition as the leader of the Russian princes

under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarchwas first used in reference to a Russian ruler by

Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)

Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same waveof migrations as the Seljuks. (344)

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scaleindustries that can be done in the home. The

laborers, frequently women, are usuallyindependent. (p. 353)

Manchuria

Ming Empire

Yongle

Forbidden City

Ashikaga Shogunate

Zheng He

technology transfer

Yi Kingdom

cotton

kamikaze

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by theMing emperor Yongle with a series of state

voyages that took his gigantic ships through theIndian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp.

355, 422)

The communication of specific plans, designs, oreducational programs necessary for the use of newtechnologies from one society or class to another.

(p. 358)

The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of theKoryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by

Japan. (p. 362)

The plant that produces fibers from which cottontextiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread

throughout Asia and then to the New World. It hasbeen a major cash crop in various places, including

early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)

The "divine wind," which the Japanese creditedwith blowing Mongol invaders away from their

shores in 1281. (p. 365)

Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the YaluRiver on the south and the Amur River on the east

and north. (p. 354)

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhangestablished after the overthrow of the Yuan

Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored thebuilding of the Forbidden City and the voyages of

Zheng He. (355)

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the thirdemperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-

1424).Sponsored the building of the ForbiddenCity, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditionsof Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders

to trade and travel (355)

The walled section of Beijing where emperorslived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now aresidence for leaders of the People's Republic of

China. (p. 355)

The second of Japan's military governmentsheaded by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes

called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)

Champa

tropics

Ibn Battuta

monsoon

Swahili Coast

Delhi Sulatanate

Mali

Mansa Kankan Musa

Gujarat

dhow

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent,created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in westernSudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to

fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in thetrans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p.

375)

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimagethrough Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established

the empire's reputation for wealth in theMediterranean world. (p. 376)

Region of western India famous for trade andmanufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati.

(p. 380)

Ship of small to moderate size used in the westernIndian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail

and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)

A state formerly located in what is now southernVietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexedby Annam and destroyed as an independent entity

in 1500. (p. 366)

Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancerand the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized bygenerally warm or hot temperatures year-round,though much variation exists due to altitude and

other factors. (370)

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widelytraveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailedaccount of his visits to Islamic lands from China to

Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

These strong and predictable winds have long beenridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large

amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts ofIndia, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the

cultivation of several crops a year. (pp. 174, 371)

East African shores of the Indian Ocean betweenthe Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; fromthe Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores." (p. 383)

Great Zimbabwe

Aden

Malacca

Urdu

Hanseatic League

Timbuktu

Latin West

three-field system

Black Death

water wheel

City on the Niger River in the modern country ofMali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonalcamp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali

empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminusof the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic

learning (388

Historians' name for the territories of Europe thatadhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used

the Latin language for intellectual exchange in theperiod ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)

A rotational system for agriculture in which onefield grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies

fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system inmedieval Europe. (p. 396)

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread acrossAsia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-

fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers ofpersons. (p. 397)

A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowingwater to grind grain or to power machinery. It wasused in many parts of the world but was especially

common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398)

City, now in ruins (in the modern African countryof Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures werebuilt between about 1250 and 1450, when it was atrading center and the capital of a large state. (p.

385)

Port city in the modern south Arabian country ofYemen. It has been a major trading center in the

Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385)

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country ofMalaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading centeron the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p.

387)

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi writtenin Arabic characters and used as a literary language

since the 1300s. (p. 388)

An economic and defensive alliance of the freetowns in northern Germany, founded about 1241and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p.

401)

guild

Gothic Cathedrals

Renaissance (European)

universities

new monarchies

scholasticism

humanists (renaissance)

Hundred Years War

printing press

Great Western Schism

A philosophical and theological system, associatedwith Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile

Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholictheology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

European scholars, writers, and teachers associatedwith the study of the humanities (grammar,

rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moralphilosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and

later. (p. 408)

Series of campaigns over control of the throne ofFrance, involving English and French royalfamilies and French noble families. (p. 413)

A mechanical device for transferring text orgraphics from a woodblock or type to paper usingink. Presses using movable type first appeared inEurope in about 1450. See also movable type. (p.

409)

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Churchbetween 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to

the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarelywomen), such as merchants, artisans, or professors,

who worked in a particular trade and bandedtogether to promote their economic and political

interests. (403)

Large churches originating in twelfth-centuryFrance; built in an architectural style featuring

pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flyingbuttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p.

405)

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity,said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture.

Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, fromroughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth

century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance(407,445)

Degree-granting institutions of higher learning.Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200

onward became the model of all modernuniversities. (p. 407)

Historians' term for the monarchies in France,England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The

centralization of royal power was increasing withinmore or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)

reconquest of Iberia

Arawak

Henry the Navigator

caravel

conquistadors

Gold Coast

Bartolomeu Dias

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africaoccupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold

exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the firstexpedition to sail around the southern tip of Africafrom the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p.

428)

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the firstnaval expedition from Europe to sail to India,

opening an important commercial sea route. (p.428)

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain ledexpeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing

contact between the peoples of the Americas andthe Old World and opening the way to Spanish

conquest and colonization. (p. 430)

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanishexpedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail

around the world. (p. 431)

Beginning in the eleventh century, militarycampaigns by various Iberian Christian states torecapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the

last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain andPortugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414)

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the GreaterAntilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus.

(p. 423)

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted thestudy of navigation and directed voyages of

exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p.425)

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted shipused by the Portuguese and Spanish in the

exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers whoconquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

(See Cortés, Hernán; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

Hernan Cortes

Moctezuma II

Fransisco Pizarro

Atahualpa

Holy Roman Empire

papacy

Renaissance

indulgence

Protestant Reformation

Catholic Reformation

The central administration of the Roman CatholicChurch, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258,

445)

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity,said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture.

Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, fromroughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth

century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600(445)

The forgiveness of the punishment due for pastsins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as

a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protestagainst the sale of indulgences is often seen as

touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)

Religious reform movement within the LatinChristian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in

the "protesters" forming several new Christiandenominations, including the Lutheran and

Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p.446)

Religious reform movement within the LatinChristian Church, begun in response to the

Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholictheology and reformed clerical training and

discipline. (p. 447)

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led theconquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

(p. 437)

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanishconquistador Hernán Cortés. (p. 437)

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the IncaEmpire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executedby the Spanish. (p. 438)

Loose federation of mostly German states andprincipalities, headed by an emperor elected by theprinces. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)

Habsburg

absolution

constitutionalism

balance of power

witch-hunt

bourgeoisie

joint-stock company

stock exchange

Little Ice Age

deforestation

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off towndwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing,finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459)

A business, often backed by a government charter,that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its

trading enterprises and to spread the risks (andprofits) among many investors. (p. 460)

A place where shares in a company or businessenterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)

A century-long period of cool climate that began inthe 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern

Europe were notable. (p. 462)

The removal of trees faster than forests can replacethemselves. (p. 462)

A powerful European family that provided manyHoly Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later

Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

The theory popular in France and other earlymodern European monarchies that royal powershould be free of constitutional checks. (p. 452)

The theory developed in early modern England andspread elsewhere that royal power should be

subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)

The policy in international relations by which,beginning in the eighteenth century, the major

European states acted together to prevent any oneof them from becoming too powerful. (p. 455)

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft,especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth

and seventeenth centuries. (p. 464)

Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment

Columbian Exchange

Council of the Indes

mulatto

Bartolome de Las Casas

Potosi

encomienda

creoles

mestizo

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. Hedevoted most of his life to protecting Amerindianpeoples from exploitation. His major achievement

was the New Laws of 1542, which limited theability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians

to labor, (476

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver miningcenters and most populous cities in colonial

Spanish America. (p. 479)

A grant of authority over a population ofAmerindians in the Spanish colonies. It providedthe grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and

periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. Itobliged the grant holder to Christianize the

Amerindians. (479)

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describesomeone of European descent born in the New

World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is usedto describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

The term used by Spanish authorities to describesomeone of mixed Amerindian and European

descent. (p. 484)

The intellectual movement in Europe, initiallyassociated with planetary motion and other aspectsof physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid

the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466)

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-centuryEurope that fostered the belief that one could

reform society by discovering rational laws thatgoverned social behavior and were just as scientific

as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, andtechnologies between the Americas and the rest ofthe world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)

The institution responsible for supervising Spain'scolonies in the Americas from 1524 to the earlyeighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial

responsibilities. (p. 476)

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese coloniesto describe someone of mixed African and

European descent. (p. 484)

indentured servant

House of Burgesses

Pilgrims

Puritans

chartered Company

Iroquois Confederacy

New France

coureurs de bois

Tupac Amaru II

Atlantic System

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindianpeoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on

military and diplomatic issues through a council ofrepresentatives. Allied first with the Dutch and

later with the English, it dominated W. NewEngland. (488)

French colony in North America, with a capital inQuebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the

British in 1763. (p. 489)

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many ofmixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among andoften married with Amerindian peoples of North

America. (p. 489)

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellionagainst Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781.He was captured and executed with his wife and

other members of his family. (p. 493)

The network of trading links after 1500 that movedgoods, wealth, people, and cultures around the

Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas whopaid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term

ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in1618. (p. 486)

Group of English Protestant dissenters whoestablished Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived

briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)

English Protestant dissenters who believed thatGod predestined souls to heaven or hell before

birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in1629. (p. 487)

Groups of private investors who paid an annual feeto France and England in exchange for a monopoly

over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)

Dutch West India Company

plantocracy

driver

seasoning

Great Circuit

manumission

maroon

capitalism

mercantilism

Royal African Company

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p.505)

A slave who ran away from his or her master.Often a member of a community of runaway slaves

in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-

that first developed in early modern Europe.Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the

early modern economy. (506)

European government policies of the sixteenth,seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed topromote overseas trade between a country and its

colonies and accumulate precious metals byrequiring colonies to trade only with their

motherland country 506

A trading company chartered by the Englishgovernment in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade

on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

Trading company chartered by the Dutchgovernment to conduct its merchants' trade in the

Americas and Africa. (p. 498)

In the West Indian colonies, the rich men whoowned most of the slaves and most of the land,especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensurethat a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p.

503)

An often difficult period of adjustment to newclimates, disease environments, and work routines,such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in

the Americas. (p. 504)

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routesbetween Europe, Africa, and the Americas that

underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)

Middle Passage

Suleiman the Magnificent

Janissary

devshirme

Mughal Empire

Tulip Period

Safavid Empire

Shi'ite Islam

Hidden Imam

Shah Abbas I

Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan AhmedIII, during which European styles and attitudes

became briefly popular in Istanbul. (p. 530)

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by IsmailSafavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)

Branch of Islam believing that God vestsleadership of the community in a descendant ofMuhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the statereligion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Last in a series of twelve descendants ofMuhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites

consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslimcommunity. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is

expected to return as a messiah at the end of time.(p. 532)

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustriousruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperialcapital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected manypalaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

The part of the Great Circuit involving thetransportation of enslaved Africans across the

Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire(r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni,"The Lawgiver." He significantly expanded the

empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.(p. 526)

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed withfirearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman

army from the fifteenth century until the corps wasabolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526,

675)

"Selection" in Turkish. The system by which boysfrom Christian communities were taken by theOttoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominionover most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries. (p. 536)

Akbar

mansabs

Rajputs

Sikhism

Siberia

Acheh Sultanate

Oman

Swahili

Batavi

Jesuits

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main centerof Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early

seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutchseized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 541)

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in thesouthwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman

succeeded Portugal as a power in the westernIndian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken incoastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)

Fort established ca.1619 as headquarters of DutchEast India Company operations in Indonesia; today

the city of Jakarta. (p. 543)

Members of the Society of Jesus, a RomanCatholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534.

They played an important part in the CatholicReformation and helped create conduits of trade

and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire inIndia (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire andpursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p.

536)

In India, grants of land given in return for serviceby rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste fromnorthwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most

of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar Imarried a Rajput princess. (p. 537)

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India.

After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheadingof the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted

armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538)

The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, includingthe Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russiancoast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and

the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)

Muscovy

tsar

Mikhail Romanov

Cossaks

Manchus

Peter the Great

autocracy

serfs

Ming Empire

dalai lama

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). Heenthusiastically introduced Western languages and

technologies to the Russian elite, moving thecapital from Moscow to the new city of St.

Petersburg. (p. 552)

The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, suchas by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie inEthiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the

aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy.(p. 553)

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legallybound to a lord's property and obligated to perform

set services for the lord. In Russia some serfsworked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was

not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhangestablished after the overthrow of the Yuan

Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored thebuilding of the Forbidden City and the voyages of

Zheng He. (554)

Originally, a title meaning "universal priest" thatthe Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a

Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimatetheir power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the

religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556)

Russian principality that emerged gradually duringthe era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite

dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to1598. (p. 551)

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarchwas first used in reference to a Russian ruler by

Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)

Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of theRussian aristocracy, he became tsar after the oldline of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outsidethe farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries,or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in

the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples whofounded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)

Qing Empire

Kangxi

variolation

Macartney Mission

Joseph Brant

Tokugawa Shogunate

samurai

Enlightenment

Benjamin Franklin

George Washington

The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)

Literally "those who serve," the hereditary militaryelite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (p. 563)

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-centuryEurope that fostered the belief that one could

reform society by discovering rational laws thatgoverned social behavior and were just as scientific

as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

American intellectual, inventor, and politician Hehelped to negotiate French support for the

American Revolution. (p. 577)

Military commander of the American Revolution.He was the first elected president of the United

States (1789-1799). (p. 581)

Empire established in China by Manchus whooverthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various

times the Qing also controlled Manchuria,Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing

emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556)

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw thegreatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

The technique of enhancing immunity by exposingpatients to dried mucous taken from those already

infected. (p. 559)

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire toestablish diplomatic relations with the Qing

Empire. (p. 560)

Mohawk leader who supported the British duringthe American Revolution. (p. 581)

Constitutional Convention

Estates General

National Assembly

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Congress of Vienna

Jacobins

Maximillien Robespierre

Napoleon Bonaparte

gens de couleur

Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

Radical republicans during the French Revolution.They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from

1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.)(p. 588)

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radicalphases of the French Revolution. His execution

ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)

. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and becameemperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat

Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned topower briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in

exile. (p. 591)

Free men and women of color in Haiti. Theysought greater political rights and later supported

the Haitian Revolution. (See also L'Ouverture,François Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed theslaves and gained effective independence for Haiti

despite military interventions by the British andFrench. (p. 593)

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives ofthe thirteen original states to write the Constitution

of the United States. (p. 583)

France's traditional national assembly withrepresentatives of the three estates, or classes, in

French society: the clergy, nobility, andcommoners. The calling of the Estates General in

1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791).Called first as the Estates General, the three estates

came together and demanded radical change. Itpassed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in

1789. (p. 585)

Statement of fundamental political rights adoptedby the French National Assembly at the beginning

of the French Revolution. (p. 586)

Meeting of representatives of European monarchscalled to reestablish the old order after the defeat of

Napoleon I. (p. 594)

Revolutions of 1848

Industrial Revolution

agricultural revolution

mass production

steam engine

Josiah Wedgwood

division of labor

mechanization

Richard Arkwright

Crystal Palace

English industrialist whose pottery works were thefirst to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial

methods. (p. 603)

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craftinto many simple and repetitive tasks that can beperformed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in thepottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other

eighteenth-century factories, increasingproductivity, (603)

The application of machinery to manufacturing andother activities. Among the first processes to be

mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread andthe weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-

nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

English inventor and entrepreneur who became thewealthiest and most successful textile manufacturerof the early Industrial Revolution. He invented thewater frame, a machine that, with minimal human

supervision, could spin several threads at once.(604)

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for theGreat Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass,like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the

industrial age. (p. 606)

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that sweptacross Europe. The monarchy in France wasoverthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and

Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

The transformation of the economy, theenvironment, and living conditions, occurring firstin England in the eighteenth century, that resultedfrom the use of steam engines, the mechanization

of manufacturing in factories, transit, andcommunications (599

The transformation of farming that resulted in theeighteenth century from the spread of new crops,

improvements in cultivation techniques andlivestock breeding, and consolidation of small

holdings into large farms from which tenants wereexpelled (600)

The manufacture of many identical products by thedivision of labor into many small repetitive tasks.This method was introduced into the manufacture

of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into thespinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright.

(602)

A machine that turns the energy released byburning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen builtthe first crude but workable steam engine in 1712.

James Watt vastly improved his device in the1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to

machinery. (607)

James Watt

electric telegraph

business cycle

laissez faire

Confederation of 1867

positivism

utopian socialism

Simon Bolivar

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Jose Maria Morelos

A philosophy developed by the French count ofSaint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and

economic problems could be solved by theapplication of the scientific method, leading to

continuous progress. Popular in France and LatinAmerica. (616)

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman CharlesFourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopiansocialists hoped to create humane alternatives toindustrial capitalism by building self-sustaining

communities whose inhabitants would workcooperatively (616

The most important military leader in the strugglefor independence in South America. Born inVenezuela, he led military forces there and in

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623)

Mexican priest who led the first stage of theMexican independence war in 1810. He was

captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

Mexican priest and former student of MiguelHidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting forMexican independence until he was captured andexecuted in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla,

Miguel.) (p. 626)

Scot who invented the condenser and otherimprovements that made the steam engine apractical source of power for industry and

transportation. The watt, an electricalmeasurement, is named after him. (p. 607)

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission ofinformation over an electric wire. It was introduced

in England and North America in the 1830s and1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized

visual signals such as semaphores. (609)

Recurrent swings from economic hard times torecovery and growth, then back to hard times and a

repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)

The idea that government should refrain frominterfering in economic affairs. The classic

exposition of laissez-faire principles is AdamSmith's Wealth of Nations (1776). (p. 615)

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonialgovernments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick,and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada

with a central government in Ottawa is seen as thebeginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and theirability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens

outside the authority of constitutions and laws.Nineteenth-century examples include José AntonioPáez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US.

(628)