GERMANGOVERNMENT

M.K.: Pelayanan Publik

Dosen: A.K.

German Government

Federal: “Bundesregierung”State: 16 State “Bundesland”Local: 14.000 cities, communities and

countries

Local Government in Germany

Local government – local self administration – means participation of the citizens running their local community

Representation through a council which is part of the administration. This is not a parliament.

Local Self - AdministrationIn modern times: municipal self administration

According to: Vom Stein’sche Reform 1808”Accepted by political orientationThe German reform was influenced by the

French and English modelThe new public management and

participation is still the result of international exchange

Local Self – Administration in GermanyThe history of local self

administration is:The history of legal administration

(bureaucracy, Max Weber)The history of service delivery

(Daseinsvorsorge, Ernst Forsthoff)The history of participation (Freiherr

vom Stein)

Local Government TasksEnergy supply (power, water, gas), Saving banks, Local

public, Transportation (subway, tram, buses), Airports, Harbors, Fairs, Waste management, Sewage, housing

programs, Hospitals, Business – support service, Tourism, Theater, Opera, Orchestra and Chorus,

Conservatories, Museums, Archives, Public galleries, Libraries, Adult Education, Municipal road

construction, Sports facilities, Parks, Public swimming pools, Homes for youth and elderly, Kindergarten, Integration of handicapped, facility management, Statistics, Zoos, Cemeteries, Convention centers,

Data processing centers, sanatoriums, City planning, primary schools and much more.

(Police, Secondary school, Universities and Fiscal administration are responsibilities of the states)

ServiceFederal

Government

State Government

Local Government

Normative

service

Almost 90% of the municipal responsibilities is service

Setting an Appropriate Framework for Participation

“Big” and “Small” democracyFramework for public activitiesLocal culture of governanceSuccess factor

“Big” and “Small” Democracy

Citizen

Constitutional Institutions:Mayor/council

City management, Referendum, Plebiscite

Network of Civil SocietyLocal Community:

Initiatives, Associations, Neighborhood groups

“Big Democracy” “Small Democracy”

Vote and communicate

Membership, Sponsorship

And other support

Interaction Cooperation

Framework for Citizen Activities

Individual participation in decision – making processes

Devolution: Civil society as service provider

Infrastructure for public action/involvement

Local Culture of GovernanceNo General benchmark, but different models:

Forum, DK:StrongPoliticalleaderships

Porto Alegre, BS:ParticipativeBudget

Tillburg, NL:StrengthenNeighborhoodFocus

Berlin, D:QuartierManagement

Rosenheim, D:Social City

Phoenix, USA:NeighborhoodServiceDepartment

Monchweiller, D:ParticipativeBudgetAgenda 21

Leipzig, D:Citizen-centerOne-stop-agency

Christchurch, NZ:Better managementTransparentBudget

Success Factors

Transparency: “What you see is what you get! (WYSIWYG)”

Substance: “Where’s the beef?”Open process: “Are we taking partners

seriously?”Concentration of competence: “With

whom do I speak?”

Why Participation?

Strengthens democracyFrom affliction to participationInvolves more peopleIncreases popular consent

Improves service (effectiveness)Improves service delivery (quality)

Continuity of Customer Participation

Info

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Traditional Models ofRepresentative Democracy

The Path to Good GovernanceAuthority : Official regulationsInformation : Building owner information

database with steps and tips for building permitsConsultation : Collecting input from citizens in

decision making processPartnership : Involving parents in kindergarten

managementDelegation : Children planning their own

playground, which is than built by local authorities

Guidance : A global budge for the neighborhood. Citizens achieve their plans without decisions by the administration

New Media and Participation

A revolution is possible with new forms of cooperation through the internet and intranets

Multi-functional service with personalize service

Improved service in rural areasService quality in rural areas can compete

with urban regions“Kiosk” near the information highway

Active Citizen Participation - In Rural Areas Examples -

One-on-one MeetingsTown MeetingsWorkshopsConsultation and

local inspections“Suggestion boxes

village development”Self-help and Ad-Hoc

actions

ExhibitionsActions examplesInformation – and

examination toursLocal consultation

hoursInformation on work

in progressVillage newspaper