GENOME: an organism’s complete set of genetic materialHumans ~3 billion base pairs

CHROMOSOME: Part of the genome; structure that holds tightly wound DNA around proteins

GENE: part of a chromosomeA sequence of DNA that encodes for a protein- several to hundreds of nucleotides in length

CODON: Part of a gene; three nucleotides that code for an amino acid

T G A C G A T A C C G G A A G G G T C A G T G G A T A A T T A T C A C T

DNA

A C U G C U A U G G C C U U C C C A G U C A C C U A U U A A U A G U G A

mRNA

Protein fragment

MET ALA PHE PRO VAL THR TYR

RIBOSOMEmRNA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls

RIBOSOME

mRNA

Protein Strand

1. mRNA enters the RIBOSOME and is read a CODON at a time (three base pairs at a time)

2. A protein strand is created one amino acid at a time.

tRNA are molecules that havesingle amino acids attached tothem

3. When the code on the tRNA matches up with the correct codon of the mRNA, the molecule is brought into the ribosome

4. As a molecule of tRNA enters, its amino acid is attached to the growing chain of amino acids

5. A growing chain of amino acids forms a protein

6. Empty tRNA leave the ribosome

Final protein shape is determined by the polarity of the amino acids and their order

- hydrophobic = inside - hydrophilic = outside

MUTATIONS

MUTATIONS

SUBSTITUTION FRAMESHIFT

SILENT

REALZIES

A single base pair is substituted for another

DNA G G T C A A T A C C G T T T A

mRNA C C A G U U A U G G C A A A U

Protein PRO VAL MET ALA ASN

T

A

ASP

G

C

NO CHANGE

MUTATIONS

SUBSTITUTION FRAMESHIFT

SILENT

REALZIES INSERTIONDELETION

A single base pair is substituted for another

A single base pair is either added to or removed from

the segment

DNA G G T C A A T A C C G T T T A

mRNA C C A A G U U A U G G C A A A

Protein PRO VAL MET ALA ASN

T

SER TYR GLY LYS

mRNA C C A G U U A U G G C A A A U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzEpkBU-ITA

http://youtu.be/qVmusHZtQms?t=9m17shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVmusHZtQms