Continuity of an Organism’s Life
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Transcript of Continuity of an Organism’s Life
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CONTINUITYOFAN ORGANISMS LIFE
By: Dewa Ayu Nadia Taradhita (IX C/15)
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CONCEPT MAP
Continuity of an
Organisms Life
AdaptationNatural
SelectionReproduction
Morphological
adaptation
Physiological
adaptation
Behavioral
adaptation
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ADAPTATION
Adaptation is a characteristic development of anorganism which makes it more suited to live and
reproduce in an environment.
There are three adaptation processes which areperformed by organisms to survive in order to
preserve their species:
1. Morphological adaptation
2. Physiological adaptation
3. Behavioral adaptation
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MORPHOLOGICALADAPTATION
Morphological adaptation is an adaptation of the shape ofbody parts or body organs of organisms to their
environment.
Example:
a. Bird beakThe shape of a birds beak
is adjusted according to
the kinds of food they eat.
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b. Bird feet
A birds feet are also
adjusted based on
where the bird livesand its habit.
c. Insects mouthThe morphological adaptation of an insects mouth is
based in how it gets its food.
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d. Morphological adaption of aquatic organismsAnimals and plants that live in water have body shapes andorgans that have adjusted to water environment. Forexample:
1) Aquatic animals are equipped with organs designed to movein the water, such as fin on fish and webbed feet on frogsand ducks. Aquatic animals are usually streamlined in shapeto make them more easily move in the water.
2) Aquatic plants that live on the waters surface have holes
between cells filled with air to float.3) Aquatic plants also can get water through their surface body.
They also do not need too much stomata.
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e. Morphological adaptation of terrestrial organisms
1) Xerophytic plants (like cacti) store water in their thick, wax-layeredstem. They have very small leaf-shaped spines. The roots are verylong and spread out to absorb water from a wide area.
2) A dessert toad has horned legs to dig a hole.3) A dessert rabbit has big ears to make its body cool.
4) A woodpecker has a solid skull structure and a long tongue toprotect its brain from shock when pecking a hard wood.
5) Striped hair color on tiger as a form of camouflage to the bushes.
6) Hygrophyte plants (any plant that grows in wet or waterlogged soil)have thin and broad leaves to extend the evaporation surface.They also have a lot of stomata to accelerate evaporation.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION Physiological adaptation is an adaptation of organ functions
towards an environment. Example:
1. Physiological adaptation in animals
a. Teredo navalis, which is a worm that can live in wood andwood poles shipbuilding port. In the worms tract, there is a
cellulase enzyme that can digest wood.b. Herbivores have cellulase enzyme so they can digest
cellulose.
c. In termites digestion system, theres flagellata (producescellulase) which helps cellulose digestion to digest wood.
d. Camels have water bag in its hump to store water to beresistant to not drink in the desert for a long time.
e. Seals have a thick layer of fat to survive in cold weather.
f. When cats shelter, its metabolism levels will be lowered sothat the levels of water loss in the body is reduced.
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g. Based on the type of food, animals can be divided into carnivore
(meat eater). herbivore (plant eater), and omnivore (meat and plant
eaters). Adjustment of these animals to the type of food, among
others are the size and the intestinal digestive enzymes are different.
To digest plant cells generally have tough cell walls, the averageintestinal bowel herbivore longer than carnivore.
h. Fish that live in salt water drink more and secrete less urine with
more dense urine so the osmotic pressure in the environment is
same with the osmotic pressure in its body.
i. Fish that live in freshwater drink less and secrete more urine so it willnot become bloated due to the entry of water into the cells by
osmosis because the fishs body has the higher osmotic pressure
than freshwater.
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2. Physiological adaptation in human
a. Total hemoglobin in red blood cells of people living in the
mountains is more than the people who live in coastal /
lowland because the oxygen levels decrease in the higher
place.
b. Athletes heart size in average is bigger than normal
peoples heart size.
c. When the air is cold, people will excrete more urine.
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3. Physiological adaptation in plants
a. Plants pollinated by insects have a specific scent with an
eye-catching corolla
b. Certain plants produce special substances that can inhibitthe growth of other plants or protect themselves against
herbivore. Example, Japanese azalea bush produces toxic
chemicals so deer cant eat the leaves.
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BEHAVIORAL ADAPTION Behavioral adaptation is an adaptation of behavior to an
environment.
Example:
1. Behavioral Adaptation in animals
a. Mimicry, the change of chameleons skin color to be same
with the environment.
b. Mammals living in the water, such as dolphins and whales
occasionally come out to surface to breathe because they
breathe with their lungs.
c. A newborn termite licks an adult termites anus so
flagellata can get into the digestion path of the young
termite.
d. Autotomy, the reflex action by which a lizards tail is
broken off at a special joint when the part is damaged,
then regenerates to deceive the predator.
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e. Hibernation, when certain animals sleep in
winter to save energy. (e.g. polar bears)
f. Estivation, active animals feed at night and not
do activities on a hot day.
g. Some animals migrate, leaving snowy areas toget food and return in spring time. (e.g. birds)
h. Pangolin will furl its body when touched, to
cover the thin-skinned belly.
i. Buffalo wallow in mud to protect their skin from
heat.
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2. Behavioral adaptation in plants
a. When the environment is in dry situation, ginger plants will
turn off most of its body which grows on the surface of the
ground.b. In the dry season. tropophyte plants, such as teak, kapok,
shed leaves.
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NATURAL SELECTION
Natural selection is the gradual, non-random process by
which biological traits become either more or less common in
a population as a function of differential reproduction of their
bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
The continuity of life is influenced by food, predators,parasites, and epidemic diseases. Food comes from
environment, which is limited, but however, the organisms
always reproduce so the population increase and it will cause
competition among those who living in the same area
(interspecific competition). Such competition can have the
following results:
1. Strong members of the population will win and keep living in
that area.
2. Weaker members of the population will die or leave.
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If a certain population goes to another area which is different
from their original area, then there will be two possible
outcomes, they are:
1. Members of the population will not adapt to the new
environment and die.
2. Members of the population will adapt to the new
environment and will stay alive.
The theory of natural selection was developed by Charles
Darwin in 1859. Natural selection can cause the extinction orthe formation of a species.
Examples of natural selection:
1. In the Galapagos Islands there are also examples of natural
selection to another. Cactus that live on the island
uninhabited turtles grow low to the soft spikes. The cactusthat live in the island is inhabited by turtles grow like trees
with thick trunks and tall and protected by a hard and stiff
spines.
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2. Peppered Moths betularia white before the
industrial revolution there are more than
betularia black peppered moth. But after the
industrial revolution, the amount of the peppered
moth betularia less white than black betulariapeppered moth. This occurs due to the inability
of white betularia peppered moth to adapt to the
new environment. At the time before the
revolution in England, the air in the UK is free
from industrial fumes, so the peppered mothpopulation decreased because black betularia
can not beradaptsi its surroundings. but after the
industrial revolution, the UK's air being darkened
by the smoke and industrial dust, so the
peppered moth population decreased white
betularia because it can not adapt to the
environment, resulting in easily caught by
predators.
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3. According to Darwin, finches in the Galapagos Islands which
are originally derived from a species of bird in the South
American mainland, which migrated to the Galapagos
Islands. Variations occur due to geographical and
environmental conditions, especially food resulting offspringfinches (sparrow) morphologic change / shape and function.
Changes that occur for example in the form of half-life. Finch
beak thick and strong initially appropriate to eat grains
changed into half to eat insects (thick, straight beak, and
short-tongued) and eating honey (straight beak rather long).
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4. Environment have an influence on the characteristics and
traits are inherited through the process of environmental
adaptation. Formed features that will be inherited to the
offspring. Organs are often used to grow and grow bigger,
while the organs that are not used will undergo shortening orshrinkage, even disappear. Examples that can be used by
Lamarck was the giraffe. According to Lamarck, the giraffe
had a short neck first. Because food in the form of high
leaves, the giraffe trying to reach them. Because this is so
accustomed to the longer, the giraffe's neck becomes longerand the next generation will be even longer.
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5. Examples of extinct organisms by natural selection is a
dinosaur. Several theories attempt to explain the extinction
of the dinosaurs. One of them mentioned that the dinosaurs
became extinct because of millions of years ago a meteor
crashed into the earth. The collision caused a hugeexplosion which resulted in the release of large amounts of
dust into atmosphere. Dust blocking sunlight that green
plants can not perform photosynthesis. As a result, many
plants die. Dinosaurs which are herbivore did not get food
and die. Meat-eating dinosaurs that do not get the preyeventually extinct.
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REPRODUCTION
Reproduction (orprocreation) is the biological process by
which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from
their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all
known life; each individual organism exists as the result of
reproduction.
Biologists divide the way of reproduction into the
classifications, as follows:
1. Generative reproduction, also called sexual reproduction.
2. Vegetative reproduction, also called asexual reproduction.
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GENERATIVE (ASEXUAL) REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is the process by which an
organism creates a genetically similar or identical
copy of itself without a contribution of genetic
material from another individual.
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GENERATIVEREPRODUCTIONINSEEDPLANTS
a. Generative reproductive organ
1. Female sexual organ (pistils)
The pistil consists of the ovary at the base, the slender
stalks of the style above the ovary, and stigma at the end of
the style.
The ovary contains of one or more ovules.
2. Male sexual organs (stamens)
The stamens consists of the filament and anther. In the
anther, there is a pollen sac containing pollen grains. Each
pollen grain contains a sperm cell.
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Complete and incomplete flower
1. Complete flower is a flower that has organs such as sepals,
petals, stamens, and pistils.
Example: rose, jasmine, hibiscus.
2. Flower that does not have one or several parts is called
incomplete flowers.
Example: grass flower.
Perfect and imperfect flower
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