Genghis Khan War Council

Background Guide

EagleMUNC

Boston College Model United Nations

Conference

Chairs:

Paul Howard team7@eaglemunc.org

Taylor Belval

Website:

www.EagleMUNC.org

March 17-19 2017

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Letters from the Secretariat

Delegates,

It is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Kerianne

DiBattista, and I am the Secretary-General of EagleMUNC V. I am a senior at Boston

College in the Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences majoring in International Studies

with a concentration in Economics. I am originally from Long Island, NY, and I have

been participating in Model UN conferences since I was in tenth grade, rising to become

Head Delegate and Secretary-General of my high school conference. At BC, I travelled

to several conferences with our MUN team and I have participated EagleMUNC since

my freshman year. As you begin your EagleMUNC V experience, I implore you to

explore the conference theme, "The Interplay of Power and Ethics," and make your

EagleMUNC experience the best it can be! Thank you, and I'll see you at EagleMUNC!

Best Regards,

Kerianne DiBattista

Secretary-General, EagleMUNC V

Dear Delegates,

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Jack

Massih and I am the Under Secretary-General of Political Affairs. I am a senior at

Boston College studying Political Science and Economics. I began participating in MUN

my sophomore year of high school and have been hooked ever since. I joined the

EagleMUNC team as a freshman for the first year we moved off BC’s campus and into

Boston, and it has been a joy to witness the conference continuously grow and evolve

since then. The Political Affairs team has been working incredibly hard to prepare for

the most innovative and exciting conference in EagleMUNC history. I am looking

forward to seeing all of your creative and thoughtful responses to the diplomatic

predicaments and crises you confront over the weekend.

Best,

Jack Massih Under Secretary-General Political Affairs, EagleMUNC V

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Introduction from the Chairs

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to EagleMUNC V! My name is Paul Howard and I am happy to serve as

the chair of the Ad Hoc Committee this year.

I am a senior at Boston College studying Business with concentrations in

Marketing and Management & Leadership and a minor in Environmental Studies. I have

been participating in Model United Nations since my freshmen year of high school. My

experiences at conferences have taught me about many international issues and how to

interpret, analyze, and react to them. I have also learned numerous public speaking

skills and how to listen to others’ arguments and present my own. It’s a great

organization to be a part of and I encourage you all to remain involved at your schools.

During my time at Boston College I have been on the Secretariat of EagleMUNC III and

IV and have loved watching the conference grow into what it is today. I hope you all

have a fantastic time this year and are looking forward to the debating as much as my

co-chair, Taylor, and I are.

In our committee at EagleMUNC V, you will be serving as members of Genghis

Khan’s political and military council, the Kurultai. The year is 1218 and I, Genghis Khan,

have just called you to council after learning that ambassadors which were sent to the

Khwarezmian Shah, Muhammad, have been killed. This is an outrage and affront to the

honor of every person in our great empire. We need to devise a way to punish the

offenders for their betrayal and make sure this never happens again. I look forward to

working with you all as we wage war against these murderers and keep our empire

great and prosperous.

If you have any questions prior to the conference, I encourage you all to reach out to me

via email. I look forward to meeting you at EagleMUNC V!

Regards, Paul Howard Boston College, 2017

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Dear Delegates,

Welcome to EagleMUNC! My name is Taylor Belval and I will be the co-chair for

this year’s Ad Hoc. I am a freshman at Boston College studying marketing. I have been

involved in Model UN since my freshman year of high school and have participated in

around 10 conferences. Model UN has really helped my confidence in public speaking.

My favorite thing about MUN is definitely how creativity can completely change the

course of committees. Last year, I attended EagleMUNC as a delegate and caused a

small amount of mayhem in the Security Council. At BC, I play on the Women’s Club

Ultimate Frisbee team. I am also a member of EagleOps which works with BC’s

marketing team during sporting events. Good luck with your preparation, I cannot wait

to meet you all!

Best,

Taylor Belval

Boston College, 2020

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History:

Between 1206 and 1227, Genghis Khan, a native of present day Mongolia,

created the largest contiguous empire in human history.1 The Mongols first emerged as

a powerful tribe around 1130 but then were scattered into clans after being defeated by

the Tartars in 1160. These clans experienced large amounts of conflict and therefore the

Mongols were kept weak and divided. One

of the clan leaders, Yesugei, in 1167, had a

son named Temujin.2 This son was deserted

by his tribe, along with his mother and

siblings, at nine years old when his father

was poisoned and died. At the age of 16, he

enlisted the help of his father’s old friends when his wife was captured, and he used

these allies to become a well-known, powerful figure on the steppes of Mongolia. He

quickly became the head of the family and was

even suspected of killing one of his step-brothers

who stole a fish from him. With his childhood

friend, Jamugha3, he was able to take control

over most of the Mongol clans. Around 1206,

after some setbacks, Temujin took the title

1 History.com Staff. "Genghis Khan." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 30 Aug. 2016. 2 http://www.allempires.com/article/?q=The_Mongol_Empire 3 http://historiarex.com/e/en/333-genghis-khan-1162-1227-temujin

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Chingis Khan (Genghis Khan).4 This made him the Great Khan or the supreme leader of

all the Mongol people.

Genghis was a brilliant strategist and forced people to listen to him. This was

accomplished by his aptitude for psychological warfare and creating high amounts of

terror among his opponents. However, he was also a compassionate leader and sought

surrender wherever possible, not wanting to perform violent acts with no justification.

Military Strength:

Around 1187, Genghis decided to unite more of Mongolia after his longtime

friend, Juamugha, attacked his troops,5 and in order to do this he created an army of

more highly trained warriors. This army was mounted on horseback and capable of

moving 60-120 miles per day which was unheard of for any army of comparable size.

This was possible partially because each Mongol warrior maintained three or four

horses which they could switch between over long journeys.6 This provided a large

advantage in being able to wage quick, accurate strikes against enemy forces and cover

large amounts of distance in minimal time. The army was also organized by a simple,

traditional decimal system which consisted of groups of tens, hundreds, and thousands

of men regardless of ethnic origin.7 This division of troops is contributed to much of the

Mongol military success as orders were able to be delivered to specific units efficiently

and rapidly. Even though they were a highly mobile military, the Mongols were still

4 "Genghis Khan: Terror and Conquest." Infobase.com. A&E Television Networks, 1997. Web. 05 Sept. 2016. 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamukha 6 Morris, Rossabi (October 1994). "All the Khan's Horses" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2007-11-21. 7 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95

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skilled in the art of siege warfare and could construct simple yet effective machines

such as trebuchets and catapults. A more cruel

tactic employed by the Mongol army during

battle was the kharash, which entailed gathering

residents or soldier previously defeated. This

crowd served as a human shield which would

push forward to take the brunt of the enemy

long-range weapons and to break down

obstacles so the Mongol army could move forward unimpeded.8

Campaign in China:

In 1206, at age 40, Genghis began looking toward China. His gathering of the

Mongols to prepare for this venture was the largest in history. In 1210, he sent envoys

to the Jin Empire. The envoys were captured and killed. This was an unforgivable thing

for Genghis and he decided to invade in 1211 after meditating and saying that he was

told by the gods that it was the right thing to do. His forces easily got past the Great

Wall and laid waste to most the of the Jin Empire in northern China.

Campaign in the Middle East (Current Issue):

After campaigns in northern China, he

sent envoys to the ruler, or Shah, of the

Khwarezmid Empire, Ala ad-Din Muhammad,

in the Central Asia/Persia area. In 1218, the

8 http://mongolmania.weebly.com/

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envoys were slaughtered there as well. At the time of this committee, there is no clear

successor of the Mongol Empire should something happen to Genghis Khan, and

decisions are being made regarding what to do regarding the slaughter.

Political Landscape:

When Genghis first came to power, there was no Mongol capital, empire, or

even nation.9 The Mongols as a group living on the steppes were viewed towards the

bottom of the social order. However, this quickly changed as Genghis made alliances

and conquered other groups. He carefully vetted his allies and chose them accordingly.

In the regions Genghis conquered, he would replace the elite with Mongol rulers to

govern the conquered people but left everyone else in society as they were, promising

to include them into his new rule if they paid respected his leadership. The men he

selected for these roles had to be absolutely loyal to him.10 Genghis’ overall strategy of

trying to assimilate the local groups into the Empire was revolutionary for its time

period. Because the empire’s vast expanse, it featured a significant amount of diversity,

which impacted how Genghis had to rule and create laws. When he became Great

Khan, Genghis believed he had no room for a traditional clan and the ties it brought

along.

Values of Loyalty:

Genghis emphasized his vision of absolute loyalty from his subjects to himself.

As Great Khan, he expected obedience and allegiance from all classes. One of the

9 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.91 10 https://global.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan

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myths about his rise to power to explain his decisions regarding diversity among his

troops involves having a “multiethnic, multicreedal oath of brotherhood [which] would

come to symbolize the form of society” which Genghis wanted to create.11 This was the

idea behind the “arbans,” the groups of ten in the army, which were commanded to be

loyal to one another regardless of their ethnic or religious backgrounds.

Yassa:

The code of law created by Genghis Khan and adopted throughout the empire

was called Yassa.12 This code necessitated severe punishments for minor crimes, strict

obedience to Genghis Khan, and a binding together of the nomad tribes.13 Because of

such strictness, the Mongol Empire was seen as a safe place and the army was

extremely disciplined. Because of Yassa, leaders of the empire, such as chiefs and

generals, were elected based on merit—crimes such as

thievery were banned, and religious intolerance was

prohibited. This was the first set of written laws used

by the Mongols. As the Genghis Khan grew in power,

there was a significant need for laws that the whole

empire would have to follow. The strange aspect to

this code of laws was that the physical script was

supposedly only known to and read by the royal family because there was some semi-

sacred or magic view of the text.

11 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95 12 http://web.archive.org/web/20060112130533/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Pantheon/3055/yasa.htm 13 http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/mongols-sup.htm

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Potential Punishments:

Two of the most common crimes in the steppe were the “stealing of animals and

the kidnapping of women.”14 Under Genghis’s rule, stealing a horse was punishable by

being “cut into two parts.” Beheading was the most common method for killing

someone who was not of noble blood, and even minor offenses such as not picking up

something someone dropped could be punishable by death. Another is examples is that

a hunter could be beaten with sticks or put to death if he let an animal escape during a

community hunt.15 However, if someone was favored by the Khan, they had multiple

strikes before being punished.

Effect on Economics and Trade:

The Mongol Empire created the first direct contact between East and West and

allowed a new flow of technology, people, trade, etc. between different parts of the

world which had no contact before. A postal system called yam was created.16 This

entailed a system of relay stations where riders could pass along messages, rest, and

resupply. Heavy taxes were laid on everyone except artists, lawyers, and teachers.

During his reign, the Mongols essentially controlled trade along the Silk Road. Genghis

Khan’s laws were enforced so well within the empire that it later created a time referred

to as “Pax Mongolica” (Mongol peace) which allowed for more open commerce and

14 Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.96 15 Lamb, Harold. "Genghis Khan Emperor of All Men." Scribd. Scribd, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2017. 16 http://www.warriorsandlegends.com/mongol-warriors/mongol-war-communications/

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communication.17 This peace was parallel to the “Pax Romana” which was the time of

the Roman Empire’s minimal expansion and relative peacefulness.

Kurultai:

The kurultai was the gathering of Genghis Khan and his advisors in order to

make decisions for the Empire. These meetings were often held as a form of war

council. The root word “khurim” in Mongolian

means a “feast” or festive gathering, but today

stands for an event more like a wedding.18 This

body of counselors was modeled after both

Mongol and Chinese tradition. The Khan held the

power of final decision and was heavily involved in

the process, but would delegate some tasks to

those he trusted.

Concerns of the Committee:

What will happen when Genghis Khan cannot find the elixir of life he so

adamantly seeks and he passes away leaving a number of possible successors? That is

one of the issues which this committee is going to resolve. There needs to be a clear

establishment of succession. Genghis Khan had several children who could be suitable

Great Khans after him, but he also had many capable generals, ministers, and even his

wife who may all qualify for the position. This committee can decide what is best

17 http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml 18 http://dictionary.babylon-software.com/kurultai/

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whether the traditional passage of rule based on lineage is applicable or if Genghis’s

ideology of those who are best suited for a position should be given it.

There are also many issues that can plague an empire of such a vast size. A

system of logical steps needs to be established for how problems are to be dealt with

and then it needs to be initiated. Certain policies may need to be implemented in order

to continue the growth of the empire. The current system of communication and trade

throughout the empire may need to be reexamined or perhaps put to different

purposes.

However, the most pressing matter is how we will wage war and be victorious

on the western front of the empire against the Khwarezmian Empire, while also being

cautious of the eastern front and the remnants of the Jin Empire. The outcomes from

how we engage with both these foreign empires may have lasting impacts on the future

of our empire. We must understand what resources will be required and what strategies

will be used so that they are deployed efficiently.

This all must be done while maintaining your roles as delegates. Your positions

require maintaining not just military power, but also an unfaltering loyalty to the Khan

and a good image for the people of the empire to see. This will not be an easy

committee, and much like life on the steppe...only the strong will survive. Think like

Genghis Khan using your intellect, loyalty, and persuasive skills and you will conquer

this committee.

Things to keep in mind:

1. What the current Empire looks like

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2. What you, as leaders of the Empire, want it to look like in the future

3. What kinds of issues may be arising now or in the near future within the Empire

and outside of the Empire

4. Who is going to rule when Genghis is no longer able or willing

5. How the empire will be governed and divided.

As Genghis’s trusted advisors, you should be aware of his two major goals: “to live

forever and conquer the world.”19

Members of the Imperial Council:

Borte Khan – Genghis Khan’s wife

After having a few hiccups early in your marriage such as how you were

kidnapped and held for ransom by an enemy tribe before being rescued by your

husband, as Grand Empress, and wife of Genghis Khan, you are considered one of his

most trusted advisors. You run the kingdom in your husband’s place while he is off on

his numerous military campaigns, and are beloved by the Mongol people.[1] Further

strengthening your position in Mongol society is the fact that you are the mother of

Genghis Khan’s four legitimate sons Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, and Tolui.

Jochi Khan – Genghis Khan’s eldest son

As Genghis Khan’s first son, you are the first in line to succeed your father

should he die in battle or be eliminated by internal political enemies. Recently, your

true paternity has been called into question given that your mother was given as a spoil

of war to another man following her abduction shortly after she and your father were

married.[2] You frequently go on your father’s military campaigns, and command your

own troops while on such campaigns. As one of Genghis Khan’s sons, you are entitled

to your own kingdom within the Mongol empire to rule over, with your respective

territory being the western portion, which is known as the Golden Horde or Kipchak

Khanate.[3] However, while being the heir of your father, you and him sometimes have

disputes about various issues and courses of action your father is planning to

implement or take.

19 Genghis Khan: Terror And Conquest. Prod. Lionel Friedberg. A&E Television Networks, 1995. Alexander Street. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.

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Chagatai Khan – Genghis Khan’s second oldest son

As the second son of Genghis Khan, you also are in line to succeed your father

should something happen to him and your brother Jochi. There are some in the empire

who believe that you should be the rightful heir to your father citing your brother

Jochi’s questioned paternity. Like your older brother, you also accompany your father

on his many military campaigns, and command your own troops as well. You were also

given the responsibility of being the Guardian of the Mongol law code (“Yasa”), which

you strictly enforce.[4] Like Jochi, you also have your own kingdom that you preside

over within the empire, which consists of Turkestan, the Tarim Basin, western Tian

Shan, the Ili river valley, Kashgaria, Turfan and Kucha in China, and Transoxania.[5]

Together, these lands under your control would become known as the Chagatai

Khanate.

Ogedei Khan – Genghis Khan’s third oldest son

Being a rightful Khan born from Borte, you also are in line to succeed your father

should something happen to him and your two older brothers. It is rumored that you

are your father’s favorite son, and that your father would like you to succeed him upon

his death.[6] Similar to your brothers, you also accompany your father on his military

quests, and are often most noted for your willingness to listen to your father’s

generals.[7] In the locations that you have been responsible for capturing, you have

been able to establish a stable political and economic system, and actually lay the

groundwork for increasing trade with Europe.[8] You also have been given a certain

portion of the empire to govern, with your portion consisting of the Emil and Hobok

rivers, or what is western China.[9]

Tolui Khan – Genghis Khan’s youngest son

You are the youngest of your father’s legitimate sons. If your father follows

Mongol custom, you should be the rightful successor to him.[10] Like your brothers,

you also accompany your father on military campaigns to conquer those who pose a

threat to the Mongol empire, and you also control a certain portion of the empire, with

your respective area of control being the Mongol homelands.[11] Aside from being an

effective warrior, you are known to be an alcoholic.[12]

Jebe – Mongol General

You are one of Genghis Khan’s leading military commanders, and one of his

most trusted advisors. After initially shooting Genghis Khan at the Battle of Thirteen

Sides, you asked to be spared by the emperor, and he spared you in part to your

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honesty and loyalty to him.[14] You have control of many troops, as Genghis Khan has

allowed you and Subutai to conduct campaigns into Rus, China, and Central Asia.

Subutai – Mongol General

You are Genghis Khan’s chief military strategist. You come from humble origins

given that your father was a blacksmith, but through your hard work and dedication

you have quickly risen to your current position.[15] Aside from having troops under your

direct command, you also have knowledge of warfare, such as how to conduct sieges,

which few other military commanders have.[16] Genghis Khan has such confidence in

you that he has sent you on various campaigns across the world, with you sometimes

being accompanied by Jebe.

Bo’orchu - Mongol General

Bo’orchu, one of the Four Steeds of the Khan, is a close friend of the Khan who

has known him since boyhood. They met when Genghis Khan (then Temujin) was

looking for his stolen horses. After assisting Temujin, Bo’orchu returned him to his

father. He later helped the Khan retrieve his wife Borte after she was taken by the

Merkits. He, Jelme, and Belgutei spied on the Merkit camps. After Temujin took

Genghis Khan as a title, he made Bo’orchu and Jelme the heads of the Khan’s followers.

He is one of Ogodei’s most trusted friends. Bo’orchu has immunity for up to 9 crimes.

He is in charge of the Right Wing of the army.

Mukhali - Mongol General

Mukhali is the second of the Four Steeds, a four-man team mirroring the Four

Hounds. He was given as a slave in his late twenties to the Khan by his father after he

swore allegiance to the Mongols. He is known as a good planner and an excellent

archer. He and Bo’orchu are some of the Khan’s most loyal followers. Mukhali also has

immunity for up to 9 crimes. He is in charge of the Left Wing of the army.

Yelu Chucai - Prime Minister in Northern China

Yelü Chucai is a statesman of the Mongol Empire and takes the role of “Prime

Minister” and closest advisor to the Khan. He is a Confucian scholar well versed in

Buddhism and Daoism, being a Daoist himself. He is ethnically a Khitan, and was born

just outside Beijing. His wisdom and Chinese-influenced viewpoint may be mocked at

certain times by the Mongols, but none can deny his extremely skillful administrative

practices. He believes in Chinese administrative and economic policies. He is a

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moderating voice in the government and is generally against the bloody shows of force

the Mongols are apt to undertake. He is a close friend of Shikhikhutug.

Shikhikhutug - Expert in Legal Affairs and Yassa

Shikhikhutug is a high-ranking minister and statesman, and a step-brother of

Genghis Khan. He was discovered as a boy by the Khan’s men and brought to the

Khan’s mother Hoelun, who then adopted the boy as a son. He is primarily a lawmaker

and a judge, contributing greatly to the codification of the Yassa. He, like his very close

friend Yelü Chucai, is a more moderate voice but without decisive Chinese influence. He

is capable of leading armies but it not known as an amazingly skilled commander.

Sorkhan Shira - Minister for the Khan

You are one of the Khan’s ministers. Originally a guard for the Tayichuids, you

helped the Khan escape from Tayichuid captivity when he was still a boy. You are the

father of Chiluan, one of the Four Steeds, and as such you have a relatively close

relationship with the other three Steeds: Bo’orchu, Mukhali, and Borokhula. Genghis

Khan is extremely grateful to and trusting of you, as without your help it is likely that he

would have died a slave to the Tayichuids.

Khar Khiruge - Oirat General

A general from the Oirat horde in western Mongolia. The Oirats were

subjugated by Jochi, son of the great Genghis Khan, and control over these people was

given to Jochi while Genghis married one of his daughters to the Oirat Chief. As such,

he had a special relationship with Jochi that usually played out as extra support for the

Khan’s son. He was well-liked amongst the Oirat people, including their chief. He and

the Oirats were also exceptional horse trainers and responsible for providing a

substantial amount of the horses used by the Mongol military.

Belgutei - Half-brother of Khan

Belgutei was the half-brother of the Khan, sharing the same father. He served

sometimes as a general but was primarily known as a wise diplomat and counselor. He

was often employed as a messenger to foreign countries.

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Mahmud Yalavach - Economic Minister and Financial Advisor to Khan

The economic minister and financial advisor to the Khan. He was a Muslim from

Sogdia, an area north of Afghanistan with a heavy Persian influence. Some sources,

however, called him a Khwarezmian from Khwarezmia.

[1] http://www.biography.com/people/borte-ujin-307400#profile

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi

[3] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jochi

[4] http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2013/10/chagatai-khanate.html

[5] http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2013/10/chagatai-khanate.html

[6] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/%C3%96gedei_Khan

[7] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/%C3%96gedei_Khan

[8] http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/%C3%96gedei_Khan

[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan

[10] http://www.tolui.com/

[11] http://www.tolui.com/

[12] http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/09/tului-khan-mongol-leader.html

[13] http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Batu_Khan.aspx

[14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebe

[15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai

[16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai

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Bibliography:

https://global.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire#/media/File:Mongol_Empire_map.gif

http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/link-suggestion/wpcd_2008-

09_augmented/wp/m/Mongol_Empire.htm

https://jspivey.wikispaces.com/JiHyung+and+Ding+Dong

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire

http://web.archive.org/web/20060112130533/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Pantheon

/3055/yasa.htm

http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml

History.com Staff. "Genghis Khan." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009.

Web. 30 Aug. 2016.

"Genghis Khan: Terror and Conquest." Infobase.com. A&E Television Networks, 1997.

Web. 05 Sept. 2016.

Genghis Khan: Terror And Conquest. Prod. Lionel Friedberg. A&E Television Networks,

1995. Alexander Street. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.

http://www.allempires.com/article/?q=The_Mongol_Empire

Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they

fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95

Lamb, Harold. "Genghis Khan Emperor of All Men." Scribd. Scribd, n.d. Web. 22 Feb.

2017.

http://dictionary.babylon-software.com/kurultai/