Genghis Khan and Mongol

Eurasian Integration

DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of both the Incan and Yuan dynasties?a) Both civilizations developed strict social class

hierarchies, in which upward mobility was difficult

b) Peasant uprisings were responsible for the establishment of both civilizations

c) Both the Yuan and the Inca depended on trade as their primary economic activity

d) Both civilizations flourished under control of outside invaders.

DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION

The Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates, which governed all of the following lands except

a) Russia

b) Persia

c) Japan

d) Ukriane

QUICK WRITE:

What would you argue are the two strongest impacts or most lasting legacies of Mongol rule?

Nomadic Peoples

Nomadic economy and societyOrganized into clans with related languages

Central Asia’s steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers

Nomads and their animals; few settlementsNomads drove their herds in migratory cycles

Lived mostly on animal products

Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

Nomadic Peoples and Their Animals

Sheep

Goats

HorsesMare’s milk

Flock survival

Nomadic Peoples and Their Housing and Clothing

Gers/Yurts

Robes - dei

Caravan Trade Interaction

Nomads and settled peoples sought trade, were prominent on caravan routes

Nomadic Class System

Fluidity of classes in nomadic society

Two social classes; nobles and commoners

Autonomous clans and tribes

Religion

Shamans

Buddhism

Nestorian Christianity

By the tenth century

… Islam

Religion of Genghis Khan

Military Organization

Khan – “RULER”

Organized vast confederation of individual tribes for expansion

Outstanding cavalry forces

Formidable military power

The Mongol Empires

Genghis Khan and the making of the Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan unified Mongol tribes through alliances and conquests

Why was unification necessary?Tribal group v. Mongol identity

Khan’s personal mission

Trade disruption

Ecology – 1180-1220

Mongol Political Organization

Organized new military units and broke up tribal affiliations

Units based on ten…100…1000…

Leaders had close relationship with Genghis

Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty

Established capital at Karakorum

Mongol Strategy

Horsemanship

Archers

Mobility

Psychological warfare

Feigned withdrawal

Mongol Siege Warfare:

Mongol Siege Warfare:

Mongol Conquest of Northern China

Genghis Khan, Mongols raided the Jurchen in north China beginning in 1211

Controlled north China by 1220

South China was still ruled by Song dynasty

Mongol Conquest of Persia

Genghis Khan tried to open trade and diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader Khwarazm shah, the ruler of Persia in 1218

Upon being rejected, Genghis Khan led force to pursue Khwarazm

Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities

Death of Genghis Khan

Died in 1227 having laid foundation for a mighty empire

Mongol Division After Genghis Heirs Divide into Four Regional Empires….

Kubilai Khan-China

Genghis Khan’s grandson

Consolidated Mongol rule in China

Promoted Buddhism, supported the Daoists, Muslims, and Christians

Conquest of Southern China

Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China

Song capital at Hangzhou fell in 1276

Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279

Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan

The Golden Horde

Group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241

Jochi and later Batu will rule…

Batu – r.1224-1255

Further overran Poland, Hungary and eastern Germany, 1241 – 1242

Maintained hegemony in Russia until the mid-fifteenth century

The Ilkhanate of Persia

Khubilai’s brother, Hulegu captured Baghdad in 1258

Mongol rule in PersiaPersians served as ministers, governors, and local officials

Mongols cared only about taxes and order

Ilkan Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295

Massacres of Jews and Christians followed

Mongol Rule in China

1206 Temujin chosen Genghis Khan of the Mongols1227 Death of Genghis KhanMongols conquer northern China in 12341265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 12941271 founding of the Yuan Empire1276 - 1279 Mongol conquest of the Southern Song1368 Ming Empire founded

Mongols in China

1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294

By 1279 the Mongols are in control of China

Yuan Dynasty

Short conquest – 1368 the Ming Dynasty is founded

Mongol Khanates

Diplomatic Missions

The four Mongol empires maintained close diplomatic communications

Khanate of Chagatai

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Khanate of the Great Khan

Ilkanate of the Great Khan

Established diplomatic relations with Korea, Vietnam, India, Europe

Mongol Rule in China

Four ClassesMongols

Central Asians and the Middle Easterners

Northern Chinese

Southern Chinese

Mongol Rule in China

Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese

Forbade Chinese from learning the Mongol language

Brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge

Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China

Mongol Ruling Elite

Became enchanted with the Lamaist (Vajrayana) Buddhism of Tibet

Universal leader concept

The Mongols and Eurasian Integration

The Mongols and tradeMongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety of merchants

Elaborate courier network with relay stations

Maintained good order for traveling merchants, ambassadors, and missionaries

ResettlementMongols needed skilled artisans and educated individuals from other places

Often resettled them in different locations to provide services

Uigher Turks served as clerks, secretaries, and administrators

Arab and Persian Muslims also served Mongols far from their homelands

Skilled artisans were often sent to Karakorum; became permanent residents

Decline of the Mongols in Persia and ChinaHad been established by Hulegu by 1260

Ghazan – declared himself a Muslim in 1295

Decline of the Il-kanate state

In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues

Failure of the Il-khan’s paper money

Factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership

The last ruler died without an heir; the Il-khanate collapsed - 1349

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty

Seen as outsiders

Traditional Chinese & outside religions

Rebellions among farmers

Paper money issued by the Mongol rulers lost value

Power struggles, assassinations, and civil war weakened Mongols after 1320s

Bubonic PlagueIn southwest China in 1330s

Spread through Asia and Europe

Depopulation and labor shortage undermined the Mongol regime

By 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols back to the steppes

Surviving Mongol Khanates

The Khanate of Chaghati continued in central Asia

Later –Timur / Tamerlane

The Golden Horde survived until the mid-sixteenth century

Batu KhanSarai – near Volga River

Checking for Understanding:

Why is it argued by historians that the Mongols changed the world, or helped to make the world ‘modern’?

RECOVERY IN CHINAThe Ming DynastyZhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) overthrew Mongol rule and established the Ming dynasty in 1368

Ming centralization of government revived Chinese traditions

Reestablished Confucian educational and civil service systemsEmperor ruled China directly without the aid of chief ministers

Mandarins and eunuchs maintained absolute authority of emperors

Mandarins represented central government to local authoritiesEunuchs could not build family fortunes

The Ming Dynasty

Map

Ming Dynasty Promoted Economic Recovery

Repaired irrigation systems

Agricultural productivity soared

Promoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textiles

Trade within Asia flourished with increased production

Cultural Revival

Actively promoted neo-Confucianism

Yongle – encyclopedia – massive anthology of cultural traditions

The Chinese Reconnaissance

Zheng He’s expeditions

Ming emperors permitted foreigners to trade in Quanzhou and Guangzhou

Refurbished navy and sent seven ships into Indian Ocean

Purposes of expedition?

Largest marine crafts in the world…

The Treasure Ships

Chinese Naval Power

Visited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, Arabia, and east Africa

Zheng He’s voyages were diplomatic-exchange of gifts and envoys

Also military – used force to impress foreign powers – ex. coastal pirates

Voyages enhanced Chinese reputation in the Indian Ocean basin

End of Voyages

1433

New emperor

Confucian ministers mistrusted foreign alliances

Resources redirected to agriculture and defense of northern borders

Technology of building ships was forgotten, charts destroyed

Zheng He

Forbidden City

183 acres

32 feet tall wall

1406 construction begins

14 years

200,000 men

75 buildings, 9,999 rooms

Map of the Forbidden City

Hall of Supreme Harmony

Major Structure

Hall of Earthly Peace

Residence of Empress

Hall of Protective Harmony

Banquet Hall

The Ming Emperor and Empress

From the Air….