Gas Exchange and Circulation

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Bianca Marie Isaguirre

Jose Daniel Fortades

BSN 2- 12F



Gas Exchangeamong animals

y Respiration is the exchange of gases between the organism

and the environment.



External respiration- involves the exchange of gases

between the blood and lungs.



Internal respiration- refers to the exchange of gases between

the blood and tissues.



Cellular respiration- is a chemical process by which cells break

down glucose to release energy, using oxygen.



FUNCTIONS

OF

TH

E RESPI

RATO

RYS

YST

EMy Ventilation (breathing)- is the mechanical process that

moves air into and out of the lungs.

y Gas exchange, which occurs between the blood and other

tissues in the body.

y O xygen Ventilation by the tissues in the energy-liberating

reactions of cell respiration.



STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM



ORGANS OF THE

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

yNose

y

warms,moistens andfilters inhaledair as it is

conducted tothe pharynx.



yPharynx (thr oat)

y common passage way of food into the

esophagus and air into the larynx.



y Larynx y Prevents food and

fluid entering the

trachea and lungs

during swallowing;permits passage of

air while breathing;

prevents foreign

materials fromentering the trachea;

and produces sound.



y T rachea (windpipe )

y Serves as passageway forair; cleanses the air.

y Br onchi/br onchi oles

y

Passageway for air;cleanses the air.

y Lungs

y Contain bronchi,bronchioles and alveoli andpulmonary vessels.Surrounded by pleurae; siteof gaseous exchange.



Mechanics of Respirationy The respiratory system may also be divided into

two:

1. conducting division

Includes all of the cavities and structures that transport

gases to the respiratory division

2. respiratory division

Involved in gas exchange between the air and blood



BREATHINGy Consists of ins pirati on and e xpirati on

y In mammals, breathing in, or inhaling, is usually an active

movement, with the contraction of diaphragm muscle.This is known as negativ e pr essur e br eathing.

y Breathing in Humans

y As the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the

pectoralis minor and intercostal muscles pull the rib cageoutward. The chest cavity expands, and air rushes into the

lungs through the trachea to fill the resulting vacuum.

When the diaphragm relaxes to its normal, upwardly

curving position, the lungs contract, and air is forced out.



EXTERNAL RESPIRATIONy the processes by which external air is drawn

into the body in order to supply the lungs with

oxygen, and (used) air is expelled from thelungs in order to remove carbon dioxide from

to body



INTERNAL RESPIRATIONy the processes by which the

gases in the air that has already

been drawn into the lungs byexternal respiration are

exchanged with gases in the

blood/tissues so that carbon

dioxide (CO2) is removed from

the blood and replaced withoxygen (O2).



CELLULAR RESPIRATION

yThe breakdown of food within a cell

to release energy in the form of ATP



Variations in Respirator y Organs Among

AnimalsEarthworm



Frogs



Fishy A fish breathes by absorbing oxygen from the water it

drinks. Water flows into the mouth, through the gills, and

out of the body through gill slits.A

s water flows throughthe gills, the oxygen it contains passes into blood

circulating through gill structures called filaments and

lamellae. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the fishs

bloodstream passes into the water and is carried out of

the body.



Birdsy Unlike humans, birds

have lungs with an

opening at each end.

New air enters the

lungs from one end,

and used air goes out

the other end. The

lungs are connected

to a series of air sacs,

which facilitate the

movement of air.



Insects and other arthropods



D

iseases of the respiratory SystemAsthma



Emphysema



Common cold



Sinusitis



Tonsilitis



Bronchitis



Pneumonia



Tuberculosis



Pleurisy



Bronchogenic carcinoma



GAS EXCHANGE IN

TERRESTRIAL PLANTSy In terrestrial plants, air enters the tissues, and the

gases diffuse into the moisture bathing the internal

cells.y In the leaf of the plant, an abundant supply of carbon

dioxide must be present, and oxygen from

photosynthesis must be removed. Gases do not pass

through the cuticle of the leaf; they pass throughpores called stomata in the cuticle and epidermis.



y Stomata are

abundant on thelower surface of theleaf, and theynormally openduring the day

when the rate of photosynthesis ishighest.Physiologicalchanges in thesurrounding guard

cells account for theopening and closingof the stomata.

Gas Exchange and Circulation

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