Ms.Sastry, AP Biology Unit 7/Chp 42/Circulation and Respiration 1

Chapter 42- Circulation and gas exchange –in class follow along lecture notes

1) What are the evolutionary trends in the development of the circulatory system? a) Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes:

b) Annelida – Earthworm

c) Arthropoda – Insects, Echinoderms - seastar

d) Vertebrates:

Central Questions: check to see if you can answer these! 1) How does the structure of the circulatory and gas exchange system accommodate the goals of getting the

nutrients to all the cells and picking up the wastes? 2) How is this process regulated by nervous and hormonal control to achieve homeostasis in the body? 3) What are the evolutionary trends in the development of the circulatory and respiratory systems across the

different phyla?

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d1) Fishes:

d2) Amphibian

d3)Reptile

d4) Mammal

Label and color (blue/red) to test yourself:

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2) Why do we need a circulatory system? 3) What are the advantages/disadvantages of the open vs closed circulatory systems? 4) Why is the mammalian system the best circulatory system in evolution? 5) Trace the mammalian DOUBLE CIRCULATION LOOP in detail. Why is it called double circulation?

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Test yourself – can you label this without help? Label the heart:

Describe the location, parts and functions of the heart and its blood vessels: a) Auricles:

b) Ventricles: c) Valves (how many, names and

function):

d) Pace maker:

e) Purkinje fibers:

f) Aorta:

g) Pulmonary artery:

h) Pulmonary Vein:

i) Pulmonary circulation: j) Systemic circulation:

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6) What is a cardiac cycle? Explain what is a systole and a diastole and what cardiac output depends upon? 7) What is measured when the pulse is felt? 8) What are the valves in the heart and what is the ‘lub’ and the ‘dub’ you hear in a stethescope? 9) What is an ECG/EKG? What influences it?

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10) What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries? 11) What does blood pressure measure and what instrument is used for it? Explain peripheral resistance. 12) What factors does blood pressure depend upon?

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Read through these figures: Blood composition and platelet mediated blood clotting:

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GAS EXCHANGE:

1) Trace the evolutionary trends in the development of the gas exchange system: Protists: Annelida: Arthropods – Insects: Echinoderms:

What is the relationship between circulatory and respiratory systems?

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Vertebrates: Fishes: Amphibians: Birds: Mammals:

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2) is the countercurrent exchange system? How does it allow gas exchange to be really effective? 3) Why is air better than water as a gas exchange medium? 4) How does the human lung and gas exchange system work by negative pressure? 5) Explain how the alveoli work in gas exchange? 6) How does hemoglobin transport oxygen and pick up CO2 – this is an important concept.

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7) What adaptations do diving mammals and birds have?

8) Explain in detail how circulation and respiration are regulated?

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