Fwd thinking

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1 David P. Orr, PE – Cornell Local Roads Program Goals for this Session What is an FWD? Fundamentals of FWD operations and testing Learn about some typical applications for an FWD Pavement Deflection Benkelman beam Isada, 1966

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Transcript of Fwd thinking

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David P. Orr, PE – Cornell Local Roads Program

Goals for this Session

What is an FWD?

Fundamentals of FWD operations and testing

Learn about some typical applications for an FWD

Pavement Deflection

Benkelman beam Isada, 1966

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JILSCarl Bro

DynatestKUAB

FWD Loading System

What Can a Typical FWD Measure?

DeflectionsLoad or PressureTemperature

• Tow Vehicle

• Data Acquisition System

• Testing Device

• Operator

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FWD with GPS

• Deflections

• Load or Pressure

• Temperature 

• (Surface and Air)

‐Dwight D. Eisenhower

FWD Testing ProtocolTravel to siteCoordinate personnel Inspect test sectionRecord temperature & other measurementsPrepare FWD for testingWarm up FWD & check FWD operationCollect FWD dataPerform data checks & basic analysisPrepare FWD for travelReturn to baseProvide data to engineerFinish analysis of FWD data

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Travel to SiteTravel to Site

Test Section Limits

Coordinate Personnel

Traffic control crew

FWD operator

Coordinate Personnel

Sampling and geotechnical testing crew (as appropriate)

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Inspect Test SectionInspect Test Section

General pavement condition

Pavement distress

Who records?

Record Pavement Temperature?

Prepare FWD for Testing

Perform check of equipment

Prep for testing

Computer software

Warm up FWD and Check FWD Operation

Collect Deflection Data

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Testing ConsiderationsType of FWD TestingResearch LevelProject LevelNetwork LevelType of Pavement StructureFlexibleRigid (Jointed or Continuously Reinforced)CompositeOther (aggregate, surface treatment on aggregate, etc.)

Test spacing

Number of drops per point

Number of load levels

Project Level FWD Testing

Spacing 25‐100 ft

Network Level FWD Testing

250‐500 ft spacing

Maximize use of traffic control

Determine average test points per day

Collect Deflection Data

Testing Program

An Effective Testing Program Should:

Minimize errors

Maximize data collection

Be flexible

Perform Data Checks and Basic Analysis 

Before or after leaving traveled way?

What about the FWD software?

Automation

Perform Data Checks and Basic Analysis  Prepare FWD for Travel

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Prepare FWD for Travel

Prepare for high‐speed travel

Create backup of data

Complete hand written notes

Return to Base

Missing data will always be missing

Provide Data to Engineer

Data files

Other documentation

Photographs

Finish Analysis of FWD Data

Finish Analysis of FWD Data

Is the FWD data good? 

Data checks in the field

What is the goal of the testing?• The testing company, the engineer, 

and the County working in collaboration

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• Geotechnical investigation

• Test pits

• Core holes

• GPR?

• Pavement temperature

• Pictures

• Distress investigation

• ….

• NO!

• Depends upon data needs and length of section

• Take advantage of a full day of testing

Flexible PavementsDesign of rehab/overlaySubgrade response Identify weak areasForensicsRigid PavementsLayer moduliSubgrade supportLocate bad joints or voidsNetwork EvaluationPavement parametersSubgrade strength

Typical Applications of an FWD

Landon Road

Where does the poor base area begin and end?

What are the best locations for the test pits?

Will cement stabilization work?

Did the rehab work?

Landon Road

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Visual inspection

Interview with Town Highway Superintendent

FWD testing in Outer Wheel Path

2 test pits

Soil samples

Testing Program Plots of FWD Deflection

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1.5

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Def

lect

ion

(m

ils)

Station (feet)

Dropt Height 4 DeflectionsOuter Deflection 72"

April 02, NB Sept 02, SB

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Dropt Height 4 DeflectionsCenter Deflection

April 02, NB Sept 02, SB

Cement Stabilization Demo After a Chip Seal

• FWD Testing

• Test pits are sited using FWD data Eden‐Evans Center Road – Eric County

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Why does the road heave so badly?

What are the rehabilitation options?

Eden‐Evans Center Road

Visual inspection

Interview with crew leaders

FWD testing in Outer Wheel Path

2 test pits

Soil samples

Testing Program

Material AASHTO Unified % Fines  PI SE

Brown Gravel

A‐2‐4 GM‐GC 30.6% 7 11

Grey Slag

A‐1‐a GP*2.6‐6.5%

NP27‐29

Subgrade A‐4 SM‐SC 44.1% 6 13

Laboratory Tests Brown Gravel

0%

10%

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40%

50%

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70%

80%

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100%

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Per

cent

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Grain size (inches)

Sieve Test - Upper Brown Gravel - Test Pit 1Erie County - Eden-Evans Center Road

Cornell Local Roads Program

Variation in Deflection Data

Overlay

Reconstruction

Recycling the Surface

Full Depth Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation Choices

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Reconstruction or at least removal of the brown gravel is a minimum needed at this site

• Visual inspection

• Test pits

• Laboratory analysis

County Route 5, Lyme, NY – Jefferson County

How good was the construction in 2011?

Are there any weak spots?

What is the expected lifespan?

County Rt 5

Visual inspection

Discussion with County

Road is also in Seasonal Research Study

FWD testing in Outer Wheel Path

Use data from research geotechnical investigation

Soil samples

Testing Program

Can see exposed bedrock 

~6 feet deep

Bedrock at Station 1+50 

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Bedrock at Station 2+80 

9.9 feet deep

Bedrock Depth (from FWD data)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

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25.0

0 100 200 300 400 500

Bedro

ck D

epth (feet)

Distance (feet)

Bedrock Depth (from FWD data)

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Bedro

ck D

epth (feet)

Distance (feet) Layer Thickness (inches)AC 7.5 

Gravel 11.0

Upper Subgrade 24

Lower Subgrade Calculated

Bedrock ∞

Backcalculation Model

Weak Spots

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si)

Distance (feet)

Lower Subgrade Modulus

Terminal ESALs

0.E+00

1.E+09

2.E+09

3.E+09

4.E+09

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ESALs

Distance (feet)

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Terminal ESALs

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20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

ESALs

Distance (feet)

5,000 AADT

• Bedrock (within ~25 feet)

• Weak spots (only a relative value)

• Can also be used with thickness information to determine the strength of the pavement

Conclusions

Non destructive testing device

Lots of data quickly

Not always the right choice

Backcalculation?• An FWD is a non‐destructive testing (NDT) device 

for pavement that ‘simulates’ the loading of a truck traveling at about 40 mph