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Couse Learning Outcomes (CLO): Explain appropriate hardware technical specfication, inputoutput processes and computer architecture in computer system

1.1 Explain the basic concepts of computer architecture.

1.1.1. Describe the five major operations performed by a computer system:

a. Input

b. Storage

c. Processing

d. Output

e. Control (operations inside the computer)

1.1.2. Explain how the three basic computer functional units control

the operations of a computer:

a. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

b. Control unit (CU)c. Central processing unit (CPU)

1.1.3. Draw a block diagram to illustrate the basic organization of

computer system.

1.1.4. Explain the Von Neumann model as applied to todays

personal computer.

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1.2 Explain computers bus system.

1.2.1. State the definition of computers bus.

1.2.2. Describe the two types of computers bus:

a. Internal bus (system bus)

b. External bus (expansion bus)

1.2.3. State the various types of external (expansion)buses.

1.2.. Describe how different devices coordinate the

use of a bus.

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1.1.1. Describe the five major operations performed by a

computer system:

a. Input

b. Storage

c. Processing

d. Output

e. Control (operations inside the computer)

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Input:

This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer

system.Computer is an electronic machine like any other machine, whichtakes as input raw data and performs some processing giving outprocessed data.

Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the computer in anorganized manner for processing.

Uni t masukan:

Uni t in i memperolehi /menerima maklumat (data dan aturc arakom puter) dar i pelbagai perant i masu kan s epert i keyboard, scanner,joys t ick dan lain -l ain .

Uni t in i juga menyediakan maklumat in i untu k dicapai oleh un i t -uni tyang lain contoh nya

ALU, ingatan.

Dalam sistem in du str i perki langan, un i t masukan seperi Bahagianpenerimaan.

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Storage:

The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known

as storage.

Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processingstarts. It is because the processing speed of Central ProcessingUnit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU withthe same speed.

Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for fasteraccess and processing.

This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer system isdesigned to do the above functionality. It provides space forstoring data and instructions.

The storage unit performs the following major functions:

All data and instructions are stored here before and afterprocessing.

Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.

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Unit ingatan:

Uni t in i menyimpan maklumat yang telah d imasukkan m ela lu i

un i t m asukan s upaya maklumat in i sedia dicapai terus untuk

dipro ses apabi la diper lukan.

Uni t in i juga menyimpan maklumat yang telah d iproses oleh

kompu ter (ALU) sehingg amaklumat ini bersedia diter ima oleh

un it keluaran.

Unit in i mengandung i RAM dan ROM yang selalu dipangg i l

ingatan utama/prim er.

Dalam s istem indus tr i perki langan, Unit ingatan sepert i

Bahagian gud ang/ warehou se.

Selain in gatan utama (dalaman) sistem komputer biasanya

diso kong oleh ingatan tambahan yang biasanya dikenal i

sebagai ingatan sekunder ( luaran) sepert i f lopp y disk ,CD-ROM

dan lain -lain.

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Processing:

The task of performing operations like arithmetic

and logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing

Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and

makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and

the type of data provided. The result is then sent back to the storage

unit.

Central Process ing Un it (CPU):

Gabungan kedua-dua unit ALU dan Kawalan akan membentuk CPU,

dan menjadi e lemen u tama sistem komputer seper t i jantung untukmanusia.

CPU selalu dib ina dalam satu chip tunggal un tuk mengasingkan

lain- lain un it dalam satu s istem komputer. Chip CPU ini selalunya

dipanggi l mikroproc essor atau m icroprocessor chip.

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Output:

This is the process of producing results from the data

for getting useful information. The results could either bedisplayed on the screen or may be printed for future reference.The output unit therefore allows the results to be either storedinside the computer for further processing or may give you theresults in human readable form.

Unit Keluaran:

Unit in i memind ah data dan maklumat yang telah dipro ses oleh

kompu ter (ALU) atau maklumat dalam ing atan ke perseki taran

luar kom pu ter melalui peranti-peranti keluaran,

seperti mon itor, pencetak dll .

Dalam s istem industr i perki langan, Unit keluaran s epert i

Bahagian penghantaran.

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Control:

The process of input, output, processing and storage is

performed under the supervision of a unit called Control Unit.

It decides when to start receiving data, when to stop it, where to

store data, etc. It takes care of step-by-step processing of all

operations inside the computer.

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Unit Kawalan:

Unit in i mengarah operasi kesemua unit dengan menyediakan

isyarat pemasaan d an kawalan (t imin g and control s ignal). Unit ALU

hanya melaksanakan sesuatu tugas hanya dengan arahan dar ipada

unit kawalan dalam b entuk: Apakah? Dari manakah? Ke manakah?

Bi lakah? Berapa lamakah? Unit in i mengandungi l i tar logik dan

pemasaan yang menjana isyarat yang sesuai untu k memantau

perlaksanakan setiap arahan dalam aturc ara. Unit in i melaksanakan

dua kitar utama iaitu k itar capai (fetch ) dan kitar laksana(execute),

dan dua proses ini sahaja sebenarnya akan d iulang-ulang

sepanjang per laksaan sistem komputer. Dalam sis tem indu str i

perki langan, Unit keluaran sepert i Bahagian p entadb iran

(administart ive).

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FUNCTIONAL UNITS

In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previoussection the computer allocates the task between its various

functional units. The computer system is divided into three

separate units for its operation. These are

1) arithmetic logical unit,

2) control unit,

3) central processing unit.

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1.1.2. Explain how the three basic computer functional units control

the operations of a computer:

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(a) Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the

primary storage unit. Arithmetic Logical Unit performs the

actual processing of data and instruction. The major operationsperformed

by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,

logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage

unit when required. After processing, the output is returned

back to storage

unit for further processing or getting stored.

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Unit Ar i tmetik dan Log ik (ALU):

Unit yang melaksanakan operasi k omputer. Ia mener ima

su ruhan-suruh an dan data

un tuk melaksanakan proses ar i thmetik dan logik.

Proses ar i thmetik ialah sepert i campur, tolak, darab dan

bahag i (+, -, x, /).

manakala pros es logik ialah menentuk an samada sama

atau t idak sama melalui o perasi

log ik AND, OR, NOT, EXOR dan s ebagainya.

Dalam sis tem ind ustr i perki langan, Unit ALU sepert i

Bahagian pembuatan

(manufacuring).

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(c) Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as

the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of

any computer system. It is just like a human brain that takes allmajor decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs

different parts of the computer by activating and controlling the

operations.

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Basic computer system

1.1.3. Draw a block diagram to illustrate the basic organization of computer

system.

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1.1.4. EXPLAIN THE VON NEUMANN MODEL AS APPLIED TO

TODAYS PERSONAL COMPUTER.

Conventional digital computers have a common form that is

attributed to von Neumann, although historians agree that the entire

team was responsible for the design. The von Neumann model

consists of five major components as illustrated in the next slide

figure .

The Input Unit provides instructions and data to the system, which

are subsequently stored in the Memory Unit. The instructions anddata are processed by the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) under the

direction of the Control Unit. The results are sent to the Output Unit.

The ALU and control unit are frequently referred to collectively as

the central processing unit (CPU). Most commercial computers can

be decomposed into these five basic units.

The stored program is the most important aspect of the von

Neumann model. A program is stored in the computers memory

along with the data to be processed.

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1. What are the five basic operations performed by the computer?

2. What is the full form of ALU, CU and CPU.

3. Choose the correct answer.

(a) The unit which of performs arithmetic and logical operations is

called

(i) ALU (ii) editing (iii) storage (iv) output

(b) The ALU and CU jointly are known as

(i) RAM (ii) ROM (iii) CPU (iv) none of the above

(c) The process of producing results from the data for getting useful

information is called.(i) output (ii) input (iii) processing (iv) storage

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1. The five basic operations that a computer performs are input, storage,

processing, output and control.

2. ALU : Arithmetic Logic Unit

CU : Control Unit

CPU : Central Processing Unit

3. (a) i (b) iii (c) i

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1.2 Explain computers bus system

The CPU has to be able to send various data values, instructions,

and information to all the devices and components inside your

computer as well as the different peripherals and devices

attached.

If you look at the bottom of a motherboard you'll see a whole

network of lines or electronic pathways that join the different

components together. These electronic pathways are nothingmore than tiny wires that carry information, data and different

signals throughout the computer between the different

components.

This network of wires or electronic pathways is called the 'Bus'.

That's not that difficult to comprehend, but you've probably heardmention of the internal bus, the external bus, expansion bus, data

bus, memory bus, PCI bus, ISA bus, address bus, control bus, it

really can get quite confusing.

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The Bus

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A computer's bus can be divided into twodifferent types, Internaland External bus.

The Internal Bus connects the different

components inside the case: The CPU, system

memory, and all other components on the

motherboard. It's also referred to as theSystem Bus.

The system bus model of a computer system

partitions a computer system into three

subunits: CPU, Memory, and Input/Output(I/O).

This refinement of the von Neumann model

combines the ALU and the control unit into one

functional unit, the CPU. The input and output

units are also combined into a single I/O unit.

1.2.2 Describe the two types of computers bus

(a) Internal bus (system bus)

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Most important to the system bus model, the

communications among the components are by means ofa shared pathway called the system bus, which is made

up of the data bus (which carries the information being

transmitted), the address bus (which identifies where the

information is being sent), and the control bus (which

describes aspects of how the information is being sent,

and in what manner). (Remember!!!!!)

There is also a power busfor electrical power to the

components,which is not shown, but its presence is

understood. Some architectures may also have a separate

I/O bus.

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The Internal Bus

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The External Bus connects the different external

devices, peripherals, expansion slots, I/O ports anddrive connections to the rest of the computer. In

other words, the External Bus allows various

devices to be added to the computer. It allows for

the expansion of the computer's capabilities. It isgenerally slower than the system bus. Another

name for the External Bus, is the Expansion Bus.

(b)The External Bus

1 2 3 V i t f t l ( i ) b

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1.2.3 Various types of external (expansion) busses

External Bus (Expansion Bus and Expansion Slots)

Definition: BUS- a set of electronic signal pathways that allows information and

signals to travel between components inside or outside of a computer.

Expansion Slot (connector)

Remember that the expansion bus, or external bus, is made up of the electronic

pathways that connect the different external devices to the rest of your computer.

These external devices (monitor, telephone line, printer, etc.) connect to ports on

the back of the computer. Those ports are actually part of a small circuit board or

'card' that fits into a connector on your motherboard inside the case. Theconnector is called an expansion slot.

Note:Communication ports (com ports), printer ports, hard drive and floppy

connectors, etc., are all devices which used to be installed via adapter cards.

These connectors are now integrated onto the motherboard, but they are still

accessed via the expansion (external) bus and are allocated the same type ofresources as required by expansion cards. As a matter of fact, other devices like

modems, video technology, network and sound cards are now being integrated,

or embedded, right onto the motherboard.

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As with any other part of the computer, technology hasevolved in an effort to increase the speed, capability

and performance of expansion slots. Now you'll hear

about more busses - PCI bus, ISA bus, VESA bus, etc.

These are all just types of expansion (external)busses. They just describe the type of connector and

the particular technology or architecture being used.

Thus, the adapter card being installed must match the

architecture or type of slot that it's going into. An ISA

card fits into an ISA slot, a PCI adapter card must beinstalled into a PCI expansion slot, etc.

External Bus(cont)

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1.2.4 How differnet devices coordinate the use

of a but (Bus Mastering)

Originally, to write from one device to another, the CPU had to

acknowledge the interrupt from the one device, receive the

data, then access the other device via the I/O address, and

transmit the information. The transfer between devices was

controlled by the CPU.

Newer expansion bus types included a bus controller. This

circuitry, included with the circuitry on a particular device,

could allow the device to control its own transfer of data to

another device, freeing up the CPU for other tasks. A devicewith these capabilities is called a Bus Mastering device.