FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS OF OF

CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

The Neolithic RevolutionThe Neolithic Revolution What was it?

8000 – 3500 BCE Why did it happen? Dwindling game? Why was it such a big deal?

Agricultural GrowthAgricultural Growth Led to permanent settlements

(usually along rivers/lakes) Increased population. More people living in smaller

spacesGreater opportunity for conflict &

growth. Growth= language, religion, society

Conflict= crime, disease, disorder

What makes a Civilization?What makes a Civilization? What are the primary elements of a

civilization? Come up with what you think are the primary

elements of civilization. Limit your list to 10 items

Consider why you feel those items should be recognized as primary elements of civilization

Primary Elements of Primary Elements of CivilizationCivilization

1) Urban Focus Cities become the center of CREPS* development2) Distinct Religious Structure Gods are crucial to success of civilization3) New Political and Military Structures Organized government bureaucracy rises to meet

administrative needs of population Armies organized to gain/maintain land and

power

*Cultural, Religious, Economic, Political, Social

Primary Elements of Primary Elements of Civilization Civilization (cont’d)(cont’d)

4) Social Structure based on economic power Top: Kings, priests, warriors, political leaders Free Common People: Artisans, farmers Bottom: Slaves5) Development of Communication/Writing Used by upper class for record keeping6) New and significant artistic and intellectual

activity For example, monumental architecture (religious)7) Arable land and a good location Allows for food surplus, population growth, and

survival

River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations

Ancient MesopotamiaAncient Mesopotamia“Land between the Rivers”“Land between the Rivers”

Sumer—southern Fertile Crescent (4k-2k BCE)

Civilization of city-states bound together by a common culture

A Hostile LandA Hostile Land Geography Water—unpredictable flooding/drought

(too much or not enough)

Hostile NeighborsHostile Neighbors Defense problems

open, flat land w/no natural barriers for protection

Scarcity of ResourcesScarcity of Resources Resources—limited Lack of forests

= no wood Few mineral/metal

resources WHAT DID THEY

HAVE? Dirt, rock and sand

Perseverance Perseverance Solutions Water---irrigation systems Defense— walled cities and standing armies Resources—broad trading networks with

other regions

Religion - Enter the Religion - Enter the SupernaturalSupernatural

Polytheistic Gods had human qualities

and emotions Interference into human

lives—hostile/care Afterlife—”Land of No

Return”; no joy or emotion, bleak dismal

The ZigguratThe Ziggurat

ZigguratZiggurat

Evolution of Religion in SumerEvolution of Religion in Sumer

Society ruled by kings & priests

In war, power put in hands of military leader

As wars became more common, more military leadership

King eventually a military leader & religious leader

Social ClassesSocial Classes Upper Class

royal families, nobility, priesthood

Middle Classes wealthy merchants, scribes

Lower Classes laborers, farmers

Slaves foreigners captured in war,

family members sold into slavery, criminals; not a permanent situation

Sumerian Sumerian AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Successful agriculture, river management Writing, (cuneiform) Use of wheel 12 month calendar, geometry Polytheistic Ziggurats

Decline and FallDecline and Fall

A millennium of war (3000-2000 BC)

Power changes from on City-State to another

CollapseCollapse Overrun by the Amorites

from the north in about 2000 BC

Amorites were Semitic (ancestors of modern Arabs and Jews) invaders from eastern Syria

Akkadians Overthrew Sumerians 1700 BCE

Babylonians overthrew Akkadians Hammurabi, Code of Law

Fell to Kassites, then Hittites 1500 BCE

Hittites-iron, then fell to

Collapse (cont’d)Collapse (cont’d)

Assyrians organized, cruel, moved capital (Nineveh),

exiles, cultural diffusion Conquered by Medes, Chaldeans, rebuilt

Babylon Eventually becomes part of Persian empire TRENDS OF MESOPOTAMIA

Difficulty maintaining powerCity-state to Empire

THE PHOENICIANSTHE PHOENICIANS

The PhoeniciansThe Phoenicians

“Purple People” Famous for purple cloth and dye

Called “carriers of civilization” because they spread Middle Eastern civilization around the Mediterranean.

Trade via Ship mainly on the Mediterranean Lacked good farmland (Lebanon)

Accomplishments Sailing

Lebanon known for cedar trees, made strong ships Trade Most important contribution – Phoenician Alphabet – 22

Egyptian OverviewEgyptian OverviewRich soil, gentle flooding 3 Kingdoms water management, pyramids,

astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar, gold, spices

Polytheistic Women rulers, buy, sell property,

inherit, will property, dissolve marriages, still subservient to men

Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves

Conquered by (1100 BCE) Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Islam, Ottomans, Europeans

Earliest EgyptEarliest Egypt c. 6000 BCE Agriculturally based 3600 BCE – cities/economies along Nile Little social stratification Writing

Began around 3500 – 3000 (hieroglyphics…hieratic…demotic) Nomes – administrative districts Narmer or Menes unified Egypt…? Polytheistic Society No records of city-states The Rosetta Stone Did they make pyramids? No, tombs! (mummified!) Increasingly became more and more complex

Population, social strat., culture… Irrigation(shaduf)

Old KingdomOld Kingdom Monumental Architecture

Step pyramids Increased administrative and

economic organization Trade extends from North to South Downfall

Weak central power and increasing nomarch power

2181 BCE Old Kingdom falls and parts ruled by nomarchs

First Intermediate Period 100 yrs of disunity

MiddleMiddle KingdomKingdom 2050 BCE - King Mentuhotpe reunites

Egypt Revived trade along Nile to Palestine and

trade along the Mediterranean Fine art and literature flourishes More organization and power than ever

before Becomes an empire

Power spreads to Nubia and Middle East Ends with invasion of the Hyksos and

Nubian pushing Egyptians out

New KingdomNew Kingdom Established after the Second Intermediate Period (1650 – 1550 BCE) 1550 BCE – 1050 BCE Hyksos expelled

Rises and establishes an empire Largest Egyptian empire ever

Parts of Mesopotamia Colonies were more for revenue and less for governance/land holdings

Notable pharaohs Ramses II – rebuilds parts (temples, palaces) Hatshepsut – female ruler Amenhotep – changes name to Akhenaten, adopts a monotheistic religion (never catches on)

Weakness allows them to be overtaken by outsiders in the future.

Indus ValleyIndus Valley

Indus Valley: 2500-1500 Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCEBCE

Outside contact more limited

Kyber Pass connection to outside via trade

Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro Largest Cities (40K

– 100K)

Mohenjo-daro : aerial view

Mohenjo-daro view of the “Citadel”

The “Great Bath”

another view of the “Great Bath”

view of a small, side street

looks like a small tower, but actually it is a neighborhood well

A bathroom on a private residence

A public well in Harappa, or perhaps an ancient laundromat...

A large drain or sewer

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Literate society (writings on bricks and

seals) Master-planned cities as focal point Water system Strong central government Polytheistic Written language Pottery, cotton, cloth Standard weights and measurements Grain storage

Harappan granary

DeclineDecline Cities abandoned, reason unknown domination of an indigenous people ?

who rebelled ? foreign invasion? gradual decline ? climate shift: the monsoon patterns flooding destruction of the forests migrations of new peoples: the Aryans

Possible route of the Aryan invasions

Aryans arrive 1500 BCEAryans arrive 1500 BCE From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea Aryans – Lighter Skinned Dravidians - Darker Nomads who settled Vedas, Upanashads Sacred/historical texts of Aryans

basis for Hinduism Caste system warriors, priests, peasants later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests), warriors, landowners-

merchants, peasants, untouchables (out castes)

Caste System, 1000 BCCaste System, 1000 BC skin color ritual purity “Us--Them” feelings divine order of four castes

Caste System (“Varnas”)Caste System (“Varnas”) Brahmins: the priests Kshatriyas: the warriors Vaisyas: merchants and peasants Sudras: non-Aryans

Caste system, con’tCaste system, con’t produced by Brahmins literature emphasized the divine order hierarchical relationship inheritance and marriage the most powerful organizer of Indian

society thousand of castes today

CastesCastes define a person’s social universe define a person’s standard of conduct define a person’s expectations define a person’s future define how a person deals with others

China: Shang on the China: Shang on the HwangHwang

Shang: 1600-1100 BCEShang: 1600-1100 BCE Stable agri-surplus, trade-centered N. China, walled cities, strong army, chariots “The Middle Kingdom” World View Trade with Mesopotamia Bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system,

calendar, water control Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates w/the

gods Stratified into nobles and commoners Ability to control floods led to increased

power

It’s Zhou TimeIt’s Zhou Time Replaced Shang around 1100 BCE Ruled 900 years, kept customs, traditions Mandate of Heaven and the dynastic

cycle Feudal system, nobles gained power,

bureaucracies, middle class emerges War amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse

256 BCE This is the time of Confucius and Lao Zi

THE HEBREWSTHE HEBREWSFrom Establishment to Exile to

Expansion

EstablishmentEstablishment Left a great legacy – monotheistic religion 3000 years prior to Christ Nomadic people Settled along the edges of the Arabian Desert between

Mesopotamia and Egypt. Twelve tribes descended from Abraham(the patriarch)

settled in Canaan but many drifted south, possibly as a result of drought to Egypt.

They lived in peace in Egypt until they were enslaved Appx. 1200 B.C. - The Jews were led out of Egypt by

Moses. Moses led the Hebrew people to Mt. Sinai where they

received the Ten Commandments. Moses then led the Jewish people to the promised land

after wandering through the desert for 40 years but he was not allowed to enter

Establishment:Establishment:Hebrew Rulers and Hebrew Rulers and

KingdomsKingdoms Palestine was now the homeland of the Hebrews but it was inhabited by Canaanites and the land was also susceptible to invasion by other groups of people such as the Philistines The 12 Tribes had to find a way to unify and combat these invading nations. 1029B.C.E. – tribes agree to follow one King King Saul – impressive fighter but unable to win when it was necessary There was a power struggle between David battled Saul and David was victorious

He became king. David was a gifted military leader and completed the conquest of Canaan. Created political unity, established a Hebrew state and capital at Jerusalem

Establishment:Establishment:Hebrew Rulers and KingdomsHebrew Rulers and Kingdoms

King Solomon Brought splendor to the Hebrew nation Known as a shrewd diplomat and great

builder Strengthened the army, rebuilt and

fortified cities and constructed a temple, constructed ships and traded with the Phoenicians

ExileExile and Babylonian and Babylonian CaptivityCaptivity

721 B.C.E. – the northern Kingdom of Israel was exiled by Sennacherib of Assyria(Assyrians)

These Exiles drifted into assimilation and became known as the “Lost Tribes of Israel”. One theory is that that one tribe eventually made it to Ethiopia

586 B.C. E. – The Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed Thousands of Jews were forced into exile in Babylon This exile lasted 60 years However, in that time, their passion for their

homeland never faded and they did not assimilate Psalm 137, “If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand wither! Let my

tongue cling to the roof of my mouth if I do not remember you, if I do not set Jerusalem above my highest Joy”

ExpansionExpansion 539 B.C.E. – King Cyrus the Great begins

to allow the Jewish people to return home Some Jews stayed behind and became

the first Diaspora of the Jewish faith They replaced sacrifices with prayer in

synagogues which replaced The Temple

JIGSAWJIGSAW Number 1 – 5

Using your assigned group, collaborate to create a listing/summary of the information essential to gain an understanding of your element. You should utilize any resources you have available

Convey that importance to your home group

As an individual, create a visual that can convey meaning for all elements

Group TopicsGroup Topics GROUP 1

Element: SSWH1.a Describe the development of Mesopotamian societies including the religious, cultural, economic, and political facets of society including Hammurabi's law code.

GROUP 2 Element: SSWH1.b Describe the relationship of religion and political authority

in Ancient Egypt. GROUP 3

Element: SSWH1.c Explain the development of monotheism including the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews and Zoroastrianism.

GROUP 4 Element: SSWH1.d Identifying early trading networks and writing systems

existent in the Eastern Mediterranean including those of the Phoenicians. GROUP 5

Element: SSWH1.e Explain the development and importance of writing including cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician alphabet.