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Pesticide FormulationsDr. Mickey Taylor, UGA PSEP Associate Coordinator
(706) 540-4108 [email protected]
UGA Pest Management Handbook http://www.ent.uga.edu/pest-management/
UGA Pesticide Safety Education www.tinyurl.com/UGAPSEP
Liquid Bait FlowablePowder
Applying Pesticides CorrectlyFor Certified Applicators
UGA Pesticide Safety Education Program
Acknowledgements
• Washington State University Urban IPM and Pesticide Safety Education Program authored this presentation
• Illustrations were provided by Nevada Dept. of Agriculture, University of Missouri-Lincoln, Virginia Tech., Washington Dept. of Agriculture, Washington State University
• Presentation was reviewed by Ed Crow, Maryland Dept. of Agriculture; Jeanne Kasai, US EPA; Beth Long, University of Tennessee; Susan Whitney King, University of Delaware and Jeanne Kasai, U.S. EPA
Support for this project was made possible through EPA Office of Pesticide Program cooperative agreements with the Council for Agricultural, Science and Technology, and the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views and policies of the EPA.
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Pesticide Formulationsactive ingredient (Ai)
(must be listed!)
+
Not listed!Adjuvants - Emulsifiers,
solvents, carriers, stabilizers, surfactants: spreaders, stickers, wetting agents
Why formulations?
inert ingredients
Easier & safer to mix/apply, improves activity
Image - pbigordon.com
Brand Name Abbreviations
D – dustG – granularSP – soluble powderS – solution WP – wettable powderEC – emulsifiable concentrateDF – dry flowableWDG – water dispersible granuleWSP – water soluble packetULV – ultra low volumeRTU – ready to useGL – gelLO – low odor Image - OHP.com
Ai Code in Trade Names
80SP80% active ingredient by weight
Soluble Powder
1EC1 lb Ai/gallonemulsifiableconcentrate
Image - pbigordon.com
Lexone 2E• Active Ingredient
• Metribuzin* 25%
• Inert Ingredients 75%
• TOTAL 100%
• * contains 2 lb metribuzin per gallon
• Active Ingredient
• Metribuzin 25%
• Inert Ingredients 75%
• TOTAL 100%
Lexone 25DF
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Selecting a Formulation
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Correct application equipment?
• Will the formulation reach the target pest?
Except in cases of pesticide resistance or sites where a particular product is prohibited, the choice of formulation is often more important than the choice of active ingredient. Keith Story, Industry Consultant
Spray Mix Terminology
• solution
• suspension
• emulsion
How does it really mix in the spray
tank?
SolutionActive Ingredient
Either liquid or dry substance TRULY dissolves in water
just like sugar in water*usually transparent*
Suspension
Active Ingredient (high %)impregnated onto Dry Carrier and mixed with anEmulsifier (slick, soapy)
Solid particles suspended in a liquidlike hot chocolate
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Emulsion
AiOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
AIOil
Ai is dissolved in oil (oil/aidroplet) and mixed with an emulsifierAi/Oil mixture is suspended in water forming a white emulsion
One liquid dispersed within another liquidlike fat in milk
Liquid FormulationsEmulsifiable Concentrate (E or EC)
dilutedproduct
Turns white when mixed
Smells of
solvents
• Easy to handle
• Little agitation
• Relatively easy on equipment
• Little residue
• Plant injury
• Easily absorbed by the skin
• Flammable
• Deterioration of rubber and plastic hoses
Liquid FormulationsEmulsifiable Concentrate (E or EC) High Ai%
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Ai dissolves in liquid carrier; once mixed with water, solutions do not settle out
dilutedproduct
Liquid FormulationsSolutions (S)
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• Special-purpose formulation
• Almost 100% active ingredient
• Agriculture, forestry, mosquito control
Liquid FormulationsUltra-Low Volume (ULV)
• Easy to handle
• Little or no agitation
• Easy on equipment
• No residue
• Indoors/outdoors
• Drift & inhalation hazard
• Special equipment
• Solvent wear on rubber and plastic
• Calibration of ULV
Liquid FormulationsUltra-Low Volume (ULV) & aerosol (A)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Some are ready-to-use
• Little active ingredient
• High drift potential
Liquid FormulationsAerosols (A)
Some require highly specialized equipment
Difficult to confine
Respiratory protection needed
Dry FormulationsBaits (B)
A bait is an Ai mixed with food – can be dry or liquid that is applied without mixing
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• Ready to use
• Coverage not critical
• Pest consumes the pesticideofarea
• Attractive to children
• May kill domestic animals and wildlife
• Dead pest odors
• Old inactive bait may serve as food source
Dry or Solid FormulationsBaits (B)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Dry FormulationsPastes (P), Gels (GL)
A bait formulated as a paste or gel that is applied with a syringe or bait gun
Odorless Minimal exposure Easy to place Melt at high temperatures May stain porous surfaces Repeat application can
create unsightly buildup
• Reach hard to get places
• Very little active ingredient
• Very fine, dry inert carrier
• High drift potential (dusts)
• Distribution and calibration a problem
• Dusts: Irritating to eyes, nose, throat, skin
Dry or Solid FormulationsDusts (D) and Granules (G)
granule
AI
dust
AI
Dry FormulationsGranules (G) and Pellets (P or PS)
Granules Beads Pellets
Granules: can be mistaken for food/feed
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Settle out quickly, require constant agitation
Dry Formulations Added to WaterWettable Powders (WP or W)
Also WaterDispersible Granules (WDG) or Dry Flowables (DF)
dilutedproduct• Easy to store,
measure/mix
• Less harmful to plants, animals and surfaces than ECs
• Less absorption by human skin and eyes
• Inhalation hazard
• Constant agitation
• Difficult to mix in hard water
• Abrasive to pumps and nozzles
• Visible residues
Dry FormulationsWettable Powders – high Ai %
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Forms true solution, like sugar – no agitation needed
• Few pesticides are soluble powders
Dry Formulations
Soluble Powders (SP or WSP)
• Easy to measure/mix
• Form true solution
• Little phytotoxicityconcern
• Less absorption by human skin and eyes
• Inhalation hazard
Dry FormulationsSoluble Powders – high Ai %
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
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Flowables are basically a wettable powder pre-mixed with a liquid carrier
Liquid FormulationsFlowables (F) or Liquids (L)
dilutedproduct
Other Formulations
• Microencapsulated
–High toxicity Ai in encased formulation
• Water-soluble packets
–No human exposure when mixing
• Poisonous gas, penetrates cracks, crevices, and stored commodities
• Highly toxic!
• Specialized protection equipment; enclosed space
• Need special licensing & training! Cat 38 (Ag Fumigation) or FUM
Other FormulationsFumigants
Pesticide Mixtures• Tank mixing multiple products is legal unless
prohibited by the label
• Manufacturer only warranties their product alone or product mixtures listed on the label
• Label notes known incompatibilities
• Incompatibility
– Heat, clumping, precipitate
– Inactivity of active ingredients
– Increased phytotoxicity
– Use Jar-Test to test for incompatibility
– Field incompatibility can still occur
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Jar Test for Compatibility
Mix proportionate amounts of all products
1. Fill jar ½ full with water or carrier
2. Add products one at a time in proper order
3. Shake jar and see what happens
4. Allow jar to stand for 10-15 minutes.
5. Products are not compatible if have a precipitate, heat is given off, or products separate into layers
Mixing Order for Tank Mix
1. ½ water or carrier (fertilizer)
2. Compatibility agent (if needed)
3. Suspension products • Dry – WP, DF, WDG
• Liquid – F, L
4. Solution products (S, SP)
5. Adjuvants (if needed)
6. Emulsion products (EC)
Matching ActivityCredit: Erin Harlow, UF/IFAS, Duval County
• There are 16 household products
• Each product is similar to a pesticide formulation
• Match the products with the formulations
• Think about how the product is made or used.
• Example – Flour
• Formulation most similar
– Wettable Powder (WP)
Q1. Which of the following formulations typically has the lowest rate of active ingredient?
A. Dusts (D)B. Wettable Powders (WP)C. Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)D. Soluble Powder (SP)
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Q2. Which type of nozzle would pose a concern when using soluble powder formulations?
1. no nozzle type poses a concern2. brass nozzles3. aluminum nozzles4. nylon nozzles
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 3 and 4 only
Q3. Which of the following are considered surfactant-type adjuvants?
1. spreaders2. buffers3. wetting agents4. colorant dyes
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 3 and 4 only