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Carbon Critical Developments Carbon Critical Developments 1

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11 in the Middle Eastwe can do them…….in the Middle Eastwe can do them…….

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sustainability th l t t d dthe last two decades

sBruntland

EAM

s

ld f lt

BEA

C b C iti lworld of consultancyEnergy Conservation Era

Sustainable Development Management Era

Carbon Critical Design Era

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Conservation EraEESs, ECMs, EED

gSAMs, SVSs, SSs, SAPs, SOAs SEAs, SIIFs

What is a Carbon Critical Design?What is a Carbon Critical Design?

V lQuality

lower impact on

ValueQuality of Life

lower impact onClimate Change

minimises LOCAL

Recover

Renew

GHG emissions

DURABLERECOVERYEfficiencyemissions

MINIMALEmbodied Carbon

Passive

Operational Carbon

Middle Eastern Building Sightsg g

Changes to the UAE SkylineChanges to the UAE Skyline

Brut Force!Brut Force!

Brut Force!Brut Force!

R i l V i tiRegional Variations –Wind Towers (Barjils) & Wind Catchers (Malqafs)

Reliable Sea Breeze – The Engine for Trade Reliable Sea Breeze – Inspiration

Arabian Wind Towers inspired theArabian Wind Towers inspired the funneling effect between the towers

Traditional understandingunderstanding to a Modern interpretationPlan

B h i W ld T d C tBahrain World Trade Center

The World’s First Large Scale Integration of WindScale Integration of Wind Turbines in a Building

Bahrain’s constant onshore breeze

Bahrain Wind RoseOnshore Breeze70% of Bahrain’s annual wind energy is from north west

Constant onshore sea breeze

Day time microclimate due to rising hot air over the Saudi desert

The Towers Aerodynamicsy

30 ff di lWind tunnel and CFD modeling

Perpendicular to the turbines • The sail-shape profiles funnel the onshore breeze between them, creating more than 30% wind speed than the prevailing wind

30 off perpendicular60 off perpendicular

than the prevailing wind

“S” shaped streamline

Original sketchesOriginal sketches

The ’S’ shaped wind stream increases the turbines’ potential to generate power over a wider range of wind directions and therefore increases the energy generated.

Micro Wind Climate between the buildings:

Wind increasing in velocity with height, together with reduced funning effect of the

goc

ity

tapered towers, creates a near equal wind speed on each turbine

•Reduced R&D effort

160m

win

d ve

lo Reduced R&D effort,•Turbines rotate at same speed •Turbines produce roughly the same energy

110m

60Ons

hore

w

In Plan and Elevation the shape ofthe building is almost carved by the wind to60mO building is almost carved by the wind to optimise the energy yield on the turbines.

Turbines and their energy provided:Turbines and their energy provided:

• Size : 29 m diameter,11 tons, 400V, 225kW each

• Manufactured by Norwin in Denmark, blades in Bangalore

• Operational wind speeds = 4 - 25 m/s (20m/s)

• Max rotational speed = every 1 5 sec (38 rpm)Max rotational speed every 1.5 sec (38 rpm)

• Speed & power is regulated by blade stall and centrifugal tips

Turbines will generate a estimate of around 11% to 15% of the towers requirements

A A l E G t d225kW------------------------- Energy Approx Annual Energy Generated

~ 1300 to 1800 MWh/y

CO

Energy

Equivalent Carbon Emission

CO2e 1,125 to 1,550 tonnes of p.a.CO2e

• Office TowerOffice Tower

• Middle East

• 180,000m2

• 400m tall

• 4,000 population

2 000 space car park• 2,000 space car-park

• 58% energy saving

• 50% water saving

??1996 2004 2007 2012

35% lessemissions

50% less emissions

65% less emissionsemissions emissions emissions

….but what is possible at community level?p y

Energy Cost

Regulation CRegulation

Plant Efficiency

Carbon Incentives

C$/kWe x2Carbon Incentives

TSE Availability

M d t R bl

$/kWe x2

$/TR (x1.5-3.0)Mandatory Renewables

Building Energy Consumption $/m2 (x.8-1.5)

Building Maximum Demand

Development Density energydensity e e op e t e s ty

Energy Poverty

y

Energy Choice / Tariff

Existing Buildings Innovation / fl ibilitCo-generation Opportunity

Community Integration

/ flexibility opportunity

CEfficient Process CEfficient Process Integrated Multi-Cycle

Solutions $/kWe x2Solutions

Grid Networks$/kWe x2

$/TR (x1.5-3.0)

Renewables $/m2 (x.8-1.5)

energydensity

Trading

Innovations yInnovations

Innovation / fl ibilit/ flexibility opportunity

l t i it2020 Carbon Critical Development

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LDSSTP

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Annual Available Renewable Energy

Solar

2020 Carbon C i i l D lCritical Development

2020 Carbon Critical Development2020 Carbon Critical Development

Building IntegratedIn PlotNear SiteOffsiteCommunity Integrated

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Thank YouThank You

Richard SmithRichard Smith