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Carbon Critical Developments Carbon Critical Developments 1
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11 in the Middle Eastwe can do them…….in the Middle Eastwe can do them…….
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sustainability th l t t d dthe last two decades
sBruntland
EAM
s
ld f lt
BEA
C b C iti lworld of consultancyEnergy Conservation Era
Sustainable Development Management Era
Carbon Critical Design Era
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Conservation EraEESs, ECMs, EED
gSAMs, SVSs, SSs, SAPs, SOAs SEAs, SIIFs
What is a Carbon Critical Design?What is a Carbon Critical Design?
V lQuality
lower impact on
ValueQuality of Life
lower impact onClimate Change
minimises LOCAL
Recover
Renew
GHG emissions
DURABLERECOVERYEfficiencyemissions
MINIMALEmbodied Carbon
Passive
Operational Carbon
Middle Eastern Building Sightsg g
Changes to the UAE SkylineChanges to the UAE Skyline
Brut Force!Brut Force!
Brut Force!Brut Force!
R i l V i tiRegional Variations –Wind Towers (Barjils) & Wind Catchers (Malqafs)
Reliable Sea Breeze – The Engine for Trade Reliable Sea Breeze – Inspiration
Arabian Wind Towers inspired theArabian Wind Towers inspired the funneling effect between the towers
Traditional understandingunderstanding to a Modern interpretationPlan
B h i W ld T d C tBahrain World Trade Center
The World’s First Large Scale Integration of WindScale Integration of Wind Turbines in a Building
Bahrain’s constant onshore breeze
Bahrain Wind RoseOnshore Breeze70% of Bahrain’s annual wind energy is from north west
Constant onshore sea breeze
Day time microclimate due to rising hot air over the Saudi desert
The Towers Aerodynamicsy
30 ff di lWind tunnel and CFD modeling
Perpendicular to the turbines • The sail-shape profiles funnel the onshore breeze between them, creating more than 30% wind speed than the prevailing wind
30 off perpendicular60 off perpendicular
than the prevailing wind
“S” shaped streamline
Original sketchesOriginal sketches
The ’S’ shaped wind stream increases the turbines’ potential to generate power over a wider range of wind directions and therefore increases the energy generated.
Micro Wind Climate between the buildings:
Wind increasing in velocity with height, together with reduced funning effect of the
goc
ity
tapered towers, creates a near equal wind speed on each turbine
•Reduced R&D effort
160m
win
d ve
lo Reduced R&D effort,•Turbines rotate at same speed •Turbines produce roughly the same energy
110m
60Ons
hore
w
In Plan and Elevation the shape ofthe building is almost carved by the wind to60mO building is almost carved by the wind to optimise the energy yield on the turbines.
Turbines and their energy provided:Turbines and their energy provided:
• Size : 29 m diameter,11 tons, 400V, 225kW each
• Manufactured by Norwin in Denmark, blades in Bangalore
• Operational wind speeds = 4 - 25 m/s (20m/s)
• Max rotational speed = every 1 5 sec (38 rpm)Max rotational speed every 1.5 sec (38 rpm)
• Speed & power is regulated by blade stall and centrifugal tips
Turbines will generate a estimate of around 11% to 15% of the towers requirements
A A l E G t d225kW------------------------- Energy Approx Annual Energy Generated
~ 1300 to 1800 MWh/y
CO
Energy
Equivalent Carbon Emission
CO2e 1,125 to 1,550 tonnes of p.a.CO2e
• Office TowerOffice Tower
• Middle East
• 180,000m2
• 400m tall
• 4,000 population
2 000 space car park• 2,000 space car-park
• 58% energy saving
• 50% water saving
??1996 2004 2007 2012
35% lessemissions
50% less emissions
65% less emissionsemissions emissions emissions
….but what is possible at community level?p y
Energy Cost
Regulation CRegulation
Plant Efficiency
Carbon Incentives
C$/kWe x2Carbon Incentives
TSE Availability
M d t R bl
$/kWe x2
$/TR (x1.5-3.0)Mandatory Renewables
Building Energy Consumption $/m2 (x.8-1.5)
Building Maximum Demand
Development Density energydensity e e op e t e s ty
Energy Poverty
y
Energy Choice / Tariff
Existing Buildings Innovation / fl ibilitCo-generation Opportunity
Community Integration
/ flexibility opportunity
CEfficient Process CEfficient Process Integrated Multi-Cycle
Solutions $/kWe x2Solutions
Grid Networks$/kWe x2
$/TR (x1.5-3.0)
Renewables $/m2 (x.8-1.5)
energydensity
Trading
Innovations yInnovations
Innovation / fl ibilit/ flexibility opportunity
l t i it2020 Carbon Critical Development
electricity
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eat
CaP
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EvcCChWT
Was
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waste
DC
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HTTCH
T
W
WtE
Con
LTTC MTH
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sewagesludge
rodu
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cled
LTTCwaste heat
LDSSTP
pro
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LDS regen
LDS
Annual Available Renewable Energy
Solar
2020 Carbon C i i l D lCritical Development
2020 Carbon Critical Development2020 Carbon Critical Development
Building IntegratedIn PlotNear SiteOffsiteCommunity Integrated
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Thank YouThank You
Richard SmithRichard Smith
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